1
|
Latvala S, Lehtinen MJ, Mäkelä SM, Nedveck D, Zabel B, Ahonen I, Lehtoranta L, Turner RB, Liljavirta J. The effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04 on innate antiviral responses invitro. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29588. [PMID: 38665561 PMCID: PMC11043947 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumption of certain probiotic strains may be beneficial for reducing the risk of acute upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), however, underlying immunological mechanisms are elusive. Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04™ has been reported in humans to significantly reduce the risk of URTIs, affect the innate immunity in the nasal mucosa, and reduce nasal lavage virus titer after a rhinovirus (RV) challenge. To study the immunological mechanisms, we investigated the effect of Bl-04 on cytokine production and transcriptomes of human monocyte-derived macrophages (Mfs) and dendritic cells (DCs), and further on RV replication and cytokine production in MRC-5 fibroblasts. The results showed that Bl-04 modulates antiviral immune responses and potentiates cytokine production during viral challenge mimic in immune cells. However, effect of Bl-04 on RV replication and cytokine production in fibroblasts was negligible. Overall, the findings suggest that Bl-04 mildly stimulates antiviral immunity in Mfs and DCs, and potentially influences viral replication in fibroblasts that however warrants further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bryan Zabel
- IFF Health & Biosciences, Madison, WI, 53716, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald B. Turner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Joo H, Min S, Cho SW. Advanced lung organoids for respiratory system and pulmonary disease modeling. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241232502. [PMID: 38406820 PMCID: PMC10894554 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241232502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amidst the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, respiratory system research has made remarkable progress, particularly focusing on infectious diseases. Lung organoid, a miniaturized structure recapitulating lung tissue, has gained global attention because of its advantages over other conventional models such as two-dimensional (2D) cell models and animal models. Nevertheless, lung organoids still face limitations concerning heterogeneity, complexity, and maturity compared to the native lung tissue. To address these limitations, researchers have employed co-culture methods with various cell types including endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and immune cells, and incorporated bioengineering platforms such as air-liquid interfaces, microfluidic chips, and functional hydrogels. These advancements have facilitated applications of lung organoids to studies of pulmonary diseases, providing insights into disease mechanisms and potential treatments. This review introduces recent progress in the production methods of lung organoids, strategies for improving maturity, functionality, and complexity of organoids, and their application in disease modeling, including respiratory infection and pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyebin Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Min
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Young ON, Bourke JE, Widdop RE. Catch your breath: The protective role of the angiotensin AT 2 receptor for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115839. [PMID: 37778444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease whereby excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) ultimately leads to respiratory failure. While there have been advances in pharmacotherapies for pulmonary fibrosis, IPF remains an incurable and irreversible disease. There remains an unmet clinical need for treatments that reverse fibrosis, or at the very least have a more tolerable side effect profile than currently available treatments. Transforming growth factor β1(TGFβ1) is considered the main driver of fibrosis in IPF. However, as our understanding of the role of the pulmonary renin-angiotensin system (PRAS) in the pathogenesis of IPF increases, it is becoming clear that targeting angiotensin receptors represents a potential novel treatment strategy for IPF - in particular, via activation of the anti-fibrotic angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R). This review describes the current understanding of the pathophysiology of IPF and the mediators implicated in its pathogenesis; focusing on TGFβ1, angiotensin II and related peptides in the PRAS and their contribution to fibrotic processes in the lung. Preclinical and clinical assessment of currently available AT2R agonists and the development of novel, highly selective ligands for this receptor will also be described, with a focus on compound 21, currently in clinical trials for IPF. Collectively, this review provides evidence of the potential of AT2R as a novel therapeutic target for IPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia N Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Christenson JL, Williams MM, Richer JK. The underappreciated role of resident epithelial cell populations in metastatic progression: contributions of the lung alveolar epithelium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C1777-C1790. [PMID: 36252127 PMCID: PMC9744653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00181.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is difficult to treat and is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. After cancer cells initiate metastasis and successfully seed a distant site, resident cells in the tissue play a key role in determining how metastatic progression develops. The lung is the second most frequent site of metastatic spread, and the primary site of metastasis within the lung is alveoli. The most abundant cell type in the alveolar niche is the epithelium. This review will examine the potential contributions of the alveolar epithelium to metastatic progression. It will also provide insight into other ways in which alveolar epithelial cells, acting as immune sentinels within the lung, may influence metastatic progression through their various interactions with cells in the surrounding microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Christenson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michelle M Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer K Richer
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sandlin CW, Gu S, Xu J, Deshpande C, Feldman MD, Good MC. Epithelial cell size dysregulation in human lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274091. [PMID: 36201559 PMCID: PMC9536599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cells tightly control their dimensions, but in some cancers, normal cell size control is lost. In this study we measure cell volumes of epithelial cells from human lung adenocarcinoma progression in situ. By leveraging artificial intelligence (AI), we reconstruct tumor cell shapes in three dimensions (3D) and find airway type 2 cells display up to 10-fold increases in volume. Surprisingly, cell size increase is not caused by altered ploidy, and up to 80% of near-euploid tumor cells show abnormal sizes. Size dysregulation is not explained by cell swelling or senescence because cells maintain cytoplasmic density and proper organelle size scaling, but is correlated with changes in tissue organization and loss of a novel network of processes that appear to connect alveolar type 2 cells. To validate size dysregulation in near-euploid cells, we sorted cells from tumor single-cell suspensions on the basis of size. Our study provides data of unprecedented detail for cell volume dysregulation in a human cancer. Broadly, loss of size control may be a common feature of lung adenocarcinomas in humans and mice that is relevant to disease and identification of these cells provides a useful model for investigating cell size control and consequences of cell size dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clifford W. Sandlin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CWS); (MCG)
| | - Song Gu
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Charuhas Deshpande
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Good
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CWS); (MCG)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kadota T, Fujita Y, Araya J, Ochiya T, Kuwano K. Extracellular vesicle-mediated cellular crosstalk in lung repair, remodelling and regeneration. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/163/210106. [PMID: 35082125 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0106-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unperturbed lung is highly quiescent, with a remarkably low level of cell turnover. However, once damaged, the lung shows an extensive regenerative capacity, with resident progenitor cell populations re-entering the cell cycle and differentiating to promote repair. This quick and dramatic repair response requires interactions among more than 40 different cell lineages in the lung, and defects in any of these processes can lead to various lung pathologies. Understanding the mechanisms of interaction in lung injury, repair and regeneration thus has considerable practical and therapeutic implications. Moreover, therapeutic strategies for replacing lung progenitor cells and their progeny through cell therapy have gained increasing attention. In the last decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have been recognised as paracrine mediators through the transfer of biological cargo. Recent work has revealed that EVs are involved in lung homeostasis and diseases. In addition, EVs derived from specific cells or tissues have proven to be a promising cell-free modality for the treatment of lung diseases. This review highlights the EV-mediated cellular crosstalk that regulates lung homeostasis and discusses the potential of EV therapeutics for lung regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kadota
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Dept of Translational Research for Exosomes, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Fujita
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan .,Dept of Translational Research for Exosomes, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Araya
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Dept of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tu S, Mao D, Shi M, Zhang H, Liu C, Li X, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Liu Y. Icaritin ameliorates extracellular microparticles‐induced inflammatory pre‐metastatic niche via modulating the
cGAS‐STING
signaling. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2127-2142. [PMID: 35257426 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Tu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Dengxuan Mao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Mengxin Shi
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Huangqin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Congyan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Yan Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| | - Yuping Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nanjing China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mitsuboshi S, Homma J, Sekine H, Takagi R, Shimizu T, Kanzaki M. A novel alveolar epithelial cell sheet fabricated under feeder-free conditions for potential use in pulmonary regenerative therapy. Regen Ther 2022; 19:113-121. [PMID: 35582208 PMCID: PMC9073894 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Conclusions Alveolar epithelial cells were cultured and expanded under feeder-free conditions. Alveolar epithelial cell sheets were generated using temperature-responsive dishes. Alveolar epithelial cell sheets engrafted after transplantation onto rat lung. The sheets retained alveolar epithelial cell characteristics after transplantation. These cell sheets potentially could be used for pulmonary regenerative therapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
An itch for things remote: The journey of Wnts. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 150:91-128. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Basil MC, Katzen J, Engler AE, Guo M, Herriges MJ, Kathiriya JJ, Windmueller R, Ysasi AB, Zacharias WJ, Chapman HA, Kotton DN, Rock JR, Snoeck HW, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Whitsett JA, Morrisey EE. The Cellular and Physiological Basis for Lung Repair and Regeneration: Past, Present, and Future. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 26:482-502. [PMID: 32243808 PMCID: PMC7128675 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system, which includes the trachea, airways, and distal alveoli, is a complex multi-cellular organ that intimately links with the cardiovascular system to accomplish gas exchange. In this review and as members of the NIH/NHLBI-supported Progenitor Cell Translational Consortium, we discuss key aspects of lung repair and regeneration. We focus on the cellular compositions within functional niches, cell-cell signaling in homeostatic health, the responses to injury, and new methods to study lung repair and regeneration. We also provide future directions for an improved understanding of the cell biology of the respiratory system, as well as new therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Basil
- Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jeremy Katzen
- Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna E Engler
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Minzhe Guo
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael J Herriges
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jaymin J Kathiriya
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rebecca Windmueller
- Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra B Ysasi
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William J Zacharias
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Hal A Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason R Rock
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Fu R, Tu S, Qu D, Liu C, Li X, Zhao Y, Ma C, Chen Y, Tao L. Extracellular Microparticles Encapsulated with Diallyl Trisulfide Interfere with the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment and Lung Metastasis of Invasive Melanoma. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:822-835. [PMID: 33586986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lung metastasis is a fatal and late-stage event for many solid tumors. Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that diallyl trisulfide (DATS), an active ingredient of garlic, possesses striking antimetastatic effects. However, the lack of highly efficient organ-compatible carriers restricts its application. In the present study, we showed that extracellular microparticles encapsulated with DATS (DATS-MPs) were capable of interfering with the prometastatic inflammatory microenvironment in local tissues. DATS-MPs were successfully prepared and exhibited typical characteristics of B16BL6-derived extracellular vesicles. The DATS-MPs preferentially fused with cancer cells and endogenous cells (mouse lung epithelial MLE-12 cells) from the metastatic organs in vitro. More interestingly, the systemically administered MPs predominantly accumulated in the lung tissue that serves as their main metastatic organ. The drug-loaded MPs exerted higher antimetastatic effects than DATS alone in both the spontaneous and the experimental metastasis models in mice (*p < 0.05). Additionally, we found that DATS-MPs inhibited tumor cell migration and interfered with the prometastatic inflammatory microenvironment via decreasing the release of S100A8/A9, serum amyloid A (SAA), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inhibiting the expression of fibronectin, MRP8, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-Myd88 in the lung tissues. Collectively, DATS-MPs appeared to enhance the antimetastatic efficiency of DATS in animal models under study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Rongping Fu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Shumei Tu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Ding Qu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Congyan Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengyao Ma
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.,Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Li Tao
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The mammalian lung epithelium is composed of a wide array of specialized cells that have adapted to survive environmental exposure and perform the tasks necessary for respiration. Although the majority of these cells are remarkably quiescent during adult lung homeostasis, a growing body of literature has demonstrated the capacity of these epithelial lineages to proliferate in response to injury and regenerate lost or damaged cells. In this review, we focus on the regionally distinct lung epithelial cell types that contribute to repair after injury, and we address current controversies regarding whether elite stem cells or frequent facultative progenitors are the predominant participants. We also shed light on the newly emerging approaches for exogenously generating similar lung epithelial lineages from pluripotent stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos-Dionysios Alysandratos
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA;
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Michael J Herriges
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA;
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Darrell N Kotton
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA;
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Since its entry into biomedical research in the first half of the twentieth century, electron microscopy has been a valuable tool for lung researchers to explore the lung's delicate ultrastructure. Among others, it proved the existence of a continuous alveolar epithelium and demonstrated the surfactant lining layer. With the establishment of serial sectioning transmission electron microscopy, as the first "volume electron microscopic" technique, electron microscopy entered the third dimension and investigations of the lung's three-dimensional ultrastructure became possible. Over the years, further techniques, ranging from electron tomography over serial block-face and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy to array tomography became available. All techniques cover different volumes and resolutions, and, thus, different scientific questions. This review gives an overview of these techniques and their application in lung research, focusing on their fields of application and practical implementation. Furthermore, an introduction is given how the output raw data are processed and the final three-dimensional models can be generated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schneider
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Wrede
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The lungs are constantly exposed to the external environment and are therefore vulnerable to insults that can cause infection and injury. Maintaining the integrity and barrier function of the lung epithelium requires complex interactions of multiple cell lineages. Elucidating the cellular players and their regulation mechanisms provides fundamental information to deepen understanding about the responses and contributions of lung stem cells. This Review focuses on advances in our understanding of mammalian alveolar epithelial stem cell subpopulations and discusses insights about the regeneration-specific cell status of alveolar epithelial stem cells. We also consider how these advances can inform our understanding of post-injury lung repair processes and lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Nan Tang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu B, Tang L, Kapoor M. Fibroblasts and their responses to chronic injury in pulmonary fibrosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2020; 51:310-317. [PMID: 33440304 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of pulmonary fibrosis is rapidly expanding as new insights highlight novel mechanisms that influence fibroblast biology and likely promote aberrant and chronic activation of the tissue repair response. Current paradigms suggest repeated epithelial microinjury as a driver for pathology; however, the rapid expansion of pulmonary fibrosis research calls for an overview on how fibroblasts respond to both neighbouring cells and the injury microenvironment. This review seeks to highlight recent discoveries and identify areas that require further research regarding fibroblasts, and their role in pulmonary fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Wu
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Surgery and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Tang
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Surgery and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Kapoor
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Surgery and of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Juul NH, Stockman CA, Desai TJ. Niche Cells and Signals that Regulate Lung Alveolar Stem Cells In Vivo. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a035717. [PMID: 32179507 PMCID: PMC7706567 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The distal lung is a honeycomb-like collection of delicate gas exchange sacs called alveoli lined by two interspersed epithelial cell types: the cuboidal, surfactant-producing alveolar type II (AT2) and the flat, gas-exchanging alveolar type I (AT1) cell. During aging, a subset of AT2 cells expressing the canonical Wnt target gene, Axin2, function as stem cells, renewing themselves while generating new AT1 and AT2 cells. Wnt activity endows AT2 cells with proliferative competency, enabling them to respond to activating cues, and simultaneously blocks AT2 to AT1 cell transdifferentiation. Acute alveolar injury rapidly expands the AT2 stem cell pool by transiently inducing Wnt signaling activity in "bulk" AT2 cells, facilitating rapid epithelial repair. AT2 cell "stemness" is thus tightly regulated by access to Wnts, supplied by a specialized single-cell fibroblast niche during maintenance and by AT2 cells themselves during injury repair. Two non-AT2 "reserve" cell populations residing in the distal airways also contribute to alveolar repair, but only after widespread epithelial injury, when they rapidly proliferate, migrate, and differentiate into airway and alveolar lineages. Here, we review alveolar renewal and repair with a focus on the niches, rather than the stem cells, highlighting what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which they control stem cell activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Juul
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Courtney A Stockman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma J, Zhang H, Tang K, Huang B. Tumor-derived microparticles in tumor immunology and immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1653-1662. [PMID: 32976623 PMCID: PMC7702100 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles or microparticles, a type of cytoplasm membrane-derived extracellular vesicles, can be released by cancer cells or normal cell types. Alteration of F-actin cytoskeleton by various signals may lead to the cytoplasm membrane encapsulating cellular contents to form microparticles, which contain various messenger molecules, including enzymes, RNAs and even DNA fragments, and are released to extracellular space. The release of microparticles by tumor cells (T-MPs) is a very common event in tumor microenvironments. As a result, T-MPs not only influence tumor cell biology but also profoundly forge tumor immunology. Moreover, T-MPs can act as a natural vehicle that delivers therapeutic drugs to tumor cells and immune cells, thus, remodeling tumor microenvironments and resetting antitumor immune responses, thus, conferring T-MPs a potential role in tumor immunotherapies and tumor vaccines. In this review, we focus on the double-edged sword role of T-MPs in tumor immunology, specifically in TAMs and DCs, and emphasize the application of drug-packaging T-MPs in cancer patients. We aim to provide a new angle to understand immuno-oncology and new strategies for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Ma
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China.,Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China.,Clinical Immunology Center, CAMS, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bersini S, Arrojo E Drigo R, Huang L, Shokhirev MN, Hetzer MW. Transcriptional and Functional Changes of the Human Microvasculature during Physiological Aging and Alzheimer Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000044. [PMID: 32402127 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aging of the circulatory system correlates with the pathogenesis of a large spectrum of diseases. However, it is largely unknown which factors drive the age-dependent or pathological decline of the vasculature and how vascular defects relate to tissue aging. The goal of the study is to design a multianalytical approach to identify how the cellular microenvironment (i.e., fibroblasts) and serum from healthy donors of different ages or Alzheimer disease (AD) patients can modulate the functionality of organ-specific vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Long-living human microvascular networks embedding VECs and fibroblasts from skin biopsies are generated. RNA-seq, secretome analyses, and microfluidic assays demonstrate that fibroblasts from young donors restore the functionality of aged endothelial cells, an effect also achieved by serum from young donors. New biomarkers of vascular aging are validated in human biopsies and it is shown that young serum induces angiopoietin-like-4, which can restore compromised vascular barriers. This strategy is then employed to characterize transcriptional/functional changes induced on the blood-brain barrier by AD serum, demonstrating the importance of PTP4A3 in the regulation of permeability. Features of vascular degeneration during aging and AD are recapitulated, and a tool to identify novel biomarkers that can be exploited to develop future therapeutics modulating vascular function is established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bersini
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research at The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Rafael Arrojo E Drigo
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ling Huang
- The Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core (IGC), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- The Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core (IGC), The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Martin W Hetzer
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schneider JP, Wrede C, Mühlfeld C. The Three-Dimensional Ultrastructure of the Human Alveolar Epithelium Revealed by Focused Ion Beam Electron Microscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031089. [PMID: 32041332 PMCID: PMC7038159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin type 1 alveolar epithelial (AE1) and surfactant producing type 2 alveolar epithelial (AE2) cells line the alveoli in the lung and are essential for normal lung function. Function is intimately interrelated to structure, so that detailed knowledge of the epithelial ultrastructure can significantly enhance our understanding of its function. The basolateral surface of the cells or the epithelial contact sites are of special interest, because they play an important role in intercellular communication or stabilizing the epithelium. The latter is in particular important for the lung with its variable volume. The aim of the present study was to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure of the human alveolar epithelium focusing on contact sites and the basolateral cell membrane of AE2 cells using focused ion beam electron microscopy and subsequent 3D reconstructions. The study provides detailed surface reconstructions of two AE1 cell domains and two AE2 cells, showing AE1/AE1, AE1/AE2 and AE2/AE2 contact sites, basolateral microvilli pits at AE2 cells and small AE1 processes beneath AE2 cells. Furthermore, we show reconstructions of a surfactant secretion pore, enlargements of the apical AE1 cell surface and long folds bordering grooves on the basal AE1 cell surface. The functional implications of our findings are discussed. These findings may lay the structural basis for further molecular investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Schneider
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.W.); (C.M.)
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Christoph Wrede
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.W.); (C.M.)
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (C.W.); (C.M.)
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Since the first description of 'interstitial cells of Cajal' in the mammalian gut in 1911, scientists have found structurally similar cells, now termed telocytes, in numerous tissues throughout the body. These cells have recently sparked renewed interest, facilitated through the development of a molecular handle to genetically manipulate their function in tissue homeostasis and disease. In this Primer, we discuss the discovery of telocytes, their physical properties, distribution and function, focusing on recent developments in the functional analysis of Foxl1-positive telocytes in the intestinal stem cell niche, and, finally, the current challenges of studying telocytes as a distinct cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Kondo
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Correll KA, Edeen KE, Zemans RL, Redente EF, Serban KA, Curran-Everett D, Edelman BL, Mikels-Vigdal A, Mason RJ. Transitional human alveolar type II epithelial cells suppress extracellular matrix and growth factor gene expression in lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L283-L294. [PMID: 31166130 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00337.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-fibroblast interactions are thought to be very important in the adult lung in response to injury, but the specifics of these interactions are not well defined. We developed coculture systems to define the interactions of adult human alveolar epithelial cells with lung fibroblasts. Alveolar type II cells cultured on floating collagen gels reduced the expression of type 1 collagen (COL1A1) and α-smooth muscle actin (ACTA2) in fibroblasts. They also reduced fibroblast expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7, KGF), and FGF10. When type II cells were cultured at an air-liquid interface to maintain high levels of surfactant protein expression, this inhibitory activity was lost. When type II cells were cultured on collagen-coated tissue culture wells to reduce surfactant protein expression further and increase the expression of some type I cell markers, the epithelial cells suppressed transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-stimulated ACTA2 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in lung fibroblasts. Our results suggest that transitional alveolar type II cells and likely type I cells but not fully differentiated type II cells inhibit matrix and growth factor expression in fibroblasts. These cells express markers of both type II cells and type I cells. This is probably a normal homeostatic mechanism to inhibit the fibrotic response in the resolution phase of wound healing. Defining how transitional type II cells convert activated fibroblasts into a quiescent state and inhibit the effects of TGF-β may provide another approach to limiting the development of fibrosis after alveolar injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel L Zemans
- National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine/Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ng-Blichfeldt JP, de Jong T, Kortekaas RK, Wu X, Lindner M, Guryev V, Hiemstra PS, Stolk J, Königshoff M, Gosens R. TGF-β activation impairs fibroblast ability to support adult lung epithelial progenitor cell organoid formation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L14-L28. [PMID: 30969812 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00400.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation contributes to remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, but whether this impacts the ability of fibroblasts to support lung epithelial repair remains little explored. We pretreated human lung fibroblasts [primary (phFB) or MRC5 cells] with recombinant human TGF-β to induce myofibroblast differentiation, then cocultured them with adult mouse lung epithelial cell adhesion molecule-positive cells (EpCAM+) to investigate their capacity to support epithelial organoid formation in vitro. While control phFB and MRC5 lung fibroblasts supported organoid formation of mouse EpCAM+ cells, TGF-β pretreatment of both phFB and MRC5 impaired organoid-supporting ability. We performed RNA sequencing of TGF-β-treated phFB, which revealed altered expression of key Wnt signaling pathway components and Wnt/β-catenin target genes, and modulated expression of secreted factors involved in mesenchymal-epithelial signaling. TGF-β profoundly skewed the transcriptional program induced by the Wnt/β-catenin activator CHIR99021. Supplementing organoid culture media recombinant hepatocyte growth factor or fibroblast growth factor 7 promoted organoid formation when using TGF-β pretreated fibroblasts. In conclusion, TGF-β-induced myofibroblast differentiation results in Wnt/β-catenin pathway skewing and impairs fibroblast ability to support epithelial repair likely through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of secreted growth factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John-Poul Ng-Blichfeldt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Lung Repair and Regeneration Unit, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, Member of the German Center of Lung Research , Munich , Germany
| | - Tristan de Jong
- European Research Institute for Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Rosa K Kortekaas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Xinhui Wu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Michael Lindner
- Translational Lung Research and CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Munich , Germany
| | - Victor Guryev
- European Research Institute for Biology of Ageing, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stolk
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Lung Repair and Regeneration Unit, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, University Hospital Grosshadern, Member of the German Center of Lung Research , Munich , Germany.,Translational Lung Research and CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Munich , Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Xiao Z, Sperl B, Gärtner S, Nedelko T, Stacher-Priehse E, Ullrich A, Knyazev PG. Lung cancer stem cells and their aggressive progeny, controlled by EGFR/MIG6 inverse expression, dictate a novel NSCLC treatment approach. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2546-2560. [PMID: 31069016 PMCID: PMC6493460 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung cancer stem cell (LuCSC) model comprises an attractive framework to explore acquired drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Here, we used NSCLC cell line model to translate cellular heterogeneity into tractable populations to understand the origin of lung cancers and drug resistance. The epithelial LuCSCs, presumably arising from alveolar bipotent stem/progenitor cells, were lineage naïve, noninvasive, and prone to creating aggressive progeny expressing AT2/AT1 markers. LuCSC-holoclones were able to initiate rimmed niches, where their specialization created pseudo-alveoli structures. Mechanistically, LuCSC transitioning from self-renewal (β-catenin and Nanog signaling) to malignant lineage differentiation is regulated by EGFR activation and the inverse inhibition of tumor suppressor MIG6. We further identified the functional roles of endogenous EGFR signaling in mediating progeny invasiveness and their ligands in LuCSC differentiation. Importantly, drug screening demonstrated that EGFR driving progeny were strongly responsive to TKIs; however, the LuCSCs were exclusively resistant but sensitive to AMPK agonist Metformin, antibiotic Salinomycin and to a lesser degree Carboplatin. Our data reveals previously an unknown mechanism of NSCLC resistance to EGFR-TKIs, which is associated with LuCSCs bearing a silenced EGFR and inversely expressed MIG6 suppressor gene. Taken altogether, successful NSCLC treatment requires development of a novel combination of drugs, efficiently targeting both LuCSCs and heterogeneous progeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Xiao
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany,2 Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bianca Sperl
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - Silvia Gärtner
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - Tatiana Nedelko
- 3 Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM, Munich, 81675, Germany
| | | | - Axel Ullrich
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| | - Pjotr G. Knyazev
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany,5 Current address: DoNatur GmbH, Martinsried, Munich, 82152, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sandbo N. Mechanisms of Fibrosis in IPF. Respir Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99975-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
25
|
Tuder RM. Bringing Light to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathogenesis and Resilience. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2018; 15:S227-S233. [PMID: 30759011 PMCID: PMC6944393 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201808-583mg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remains elusive; investigators in the field have struggled to decipher the cellular and molecular processes underlying chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Studies in the past 20 years have underscored that the tissue destruction, notably in emphysema, involves a multitude of injurious stresses, with progressive engagement of endogenous destructive processes triggered by decades of exposure to cigarette smoke and/or pollutants. These lead to an aged lung, with evidence of macromolecular damage that is unlikely to repair. Here we discuss these key pathogenetic elements in the context of organismal evolution as this concept may best capture the challenges facing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubin M Tuder
- Program in Translational Lung Research and Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Knudsen L, Ochs M. The micromechanics of lung alveoli: structure and function of surfactant and tissue components. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:661-676. [PMID: 30390118 PMCID: PMC6267411 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian lung´s structural design is optimized to serve its main function: gas exchange. It takes place in the alveolar region (parenchyma) where air and blood are brought in close proximity over a large surface. Air reaches the alveolar lumen via a conducting airway tree. Blood flows in a capillary network embedded in inter-alveolar septa. The barrier between air and blood consists of a continuous alveolar epithelium (a mosaic of type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells), a continuous capillary endothelium and the connective tissue layer in-between. By virtue of its respiratory movements, the lung has to withstand mechanical challenges throughout life. Alveoli must be protected from over-distension as well as from collapse by inherent stabilizing factors. The mechanical stability of the parenchyma is ensured by two components: a connective tissue fiber network and the surfactant system. The connective tissue fibers form a continuous tensegrity (tension + integrity) backbone consisting of axial, peripheral and septal fibers. Surfactant (surface active agent) is the secretory product of type II alveolar epithelial cells and covers the alveolar epithelium as a biophysically active thin and continuous film. Here, we briefly review the structural components relevant for gas exchange. Then we describe our current understanding of how these components function under normal conditions and how lung injury results in dysfunction of alveolar micromechanics finally leading to lung fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany. .,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Rodríguez-Castillo JA, Pérez DB, Ntokou A, Seeger W, Morty RE, Ahlbrecht K. Understanding alveolarization to induce lung regeneration. Respir Res 2018; 19:148. [PMID: 30081910 PMCID: PMC6090695 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0837-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gas exchange represents the key physiological function of the lung, and is dependent upon proper formation of the delicate alveolar structure. Malformation or destruction of the alveolar gas-exchange regions are key histopathological hallmarks of diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis; all of which are characterized by perturbations to the alveolo-capillary barrier structure. Impaired gas-exchange is the primary initial consequence of these perturbations, resulting in severe clinical symptoms, reduced quality of life, and death. The pronounced morbidity and mortality associated with malformation or destruction of alveoli underscores a pressing need for new therapeutic concepts. The re-induction of alveolarization in diseased lungs is a new and exciting concept in a regenerative medicine approach to manage pulmonary diseases that are characterized by an absence of alveoli. Main text Mechanisms of alveolarization first need to be understood, to identify pathways and mediators that may be exploited to drive the induction of alveolarization in the diseased lung. With this in mind, a variety of candidate cell-types, pathways, and molecular mediators have recently been identified. Using lineage tracing approaches and lung injury models, new progenitor cells for epithelial and mesenchymal cell types – as well as cell lineages which are able to acquire stem cell properties – have been discovered. However, the underlying mechanisms that orchestrate the complex process of lung alveolar septation remain largely unknown. Conclusion While important progress has been made, further characterization of the contributing cell-types, the cell type-specific molecular signatures, and the time-dependent chemical and mechanical processes in the developing, adult and diseased lung is needed in order to implement a regenerative therapeutic approach for pulmonary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Rodríguez-Castillo
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - David Bravo Pérez
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Aglaia Ntokou
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinistrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinistrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ahlbrecht
- Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Parkstrasse 1, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Germany. .,Member of the German Lung Research Center (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine (Pulmonology), University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Klinistrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zhang H, Yu Y, Zhou L, Ma J, Tang K, Xu P, Ji T, Liang X, Lv J, Dong W, Zhang T, Chen D, Xie J, Liu Y, Huang B. Circulating Tumor Microparticles Promote Lung Metastasis by Reprogramming Inflammatory and Mechanical Niches via a Macrophage-Dependent Pathway. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1046-1056. [PMID: 30002156 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the frequency of lung metastasis and its associated mortality, the mechanisms behind metastatic tumor cell survival and colonization in the lungs remain elusive. Here, we show that tumor cell-released microparticles (T-MPs) from the primary tumor site play a critical role in the metastatic process. The T-MPs remodeled the lung parenchyma via a macrophage-dependent pathway to create an altered inflammatory and mechanical response to tumor cell invasion. Mechanistically, we show that circulating T-MPs readily enter the lung parenchyma where they are taken up by local macrophages and induce CCL2 production. CCL2 recruits CD11b+Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes to the lungs where they mature into F4/80+CD11b+Ly6C- macrophages that not only produce IL6 but also trigger fibrin deposition. IL6 and the deposited fibrin facilitate the survival and growth of tumor-repopulating cells in the lungs by providing chemical and mechanical signals, respectively, thus setting the stage for lung metastasis. These data illustrate that T-MPs reprogram the lung microenvironment promoting metastasis. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(9); 1046-56. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuandong Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pingwei Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tiantian Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadi Lv
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqian Dong
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Degao Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. .,Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- Brigid Hogan
- From the Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chung MI, Bujnis M, Barkauskas CE, Kobayashi Y, Hogan BLM. Niche-mediated BMP/SMAD signaling regulates lung alveolar stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Development 2018; 145:dev163014. [PMID: 29752282 PMCID: PMC5992594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, including antagonists, functions in lung development and regeneration of tracheal epithelium from basal stem cells. Here, we explore its role in the alveolar region, where type 2 epithelial cells (AT2s) and Pdgfrα+ type 2-associated stromal cells (TASCs) are components of the stem cell niche. We use organoids and in vivo alveolar regrowth after pneumonectomy (PNX) - a process that requires proliferation of AT2s and differentiation into type 1 cells (AT1s). BMP signaling is active in AT2s and TASCs, transiently declines post-PNX in association with upregulation of antagonists, and is restored during differentiation of AT2s to AT1s. In organoids, BMP4 inhibits AT2 proliferation, whereas antagonists (follistatin, noggin) promote AT2 self-renewal at the expense of differentiation. Gain- and loss-of-function genetic manipulation reveals that reduced BMP signaling in AT2s after PNX allows self-renewal but reduces differentiation; conversely, increased BMP signaling promotes AT1 formation. Constitutive BMP signaling in Pdgfrα+ cells reduces their AT2 support function, both after PNX and in organoid culture. Our data reveal multiple cell-type-specific roles for BMP signaling during alveolar regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-I Chung
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Melissa Bujnis
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yoshihiko Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li J, Wang Z, Chu Q, Jiang K, Li J, Tang N. The Strength of Mechanical Forces Determines the Differentiation of Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Dev Cell 2018; 44:297-312.e5. [PMID: 29408236 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) and type II (AT2) cells is essential for the lung gas exchange function. Disruption of this process results in neonatal death or in severe lung diseases that last into adulthood. We developed live imaging techniques to characterize the mechanisms that control alveolar epithelial cell differentiation. We discovered that mechanical forces generated from the inhalation of amniotic fluid by fetal breathing movements are essential for AT1 cell differentiation. We found that a large subset of alveolar progenitor cells is able to protrude from the airway epithelium toward the mesenchyme in an FGF10/FGFR2 signaling-dependent manner. The cell protrusion process results in enrichment of myosin in the apical region of protruded cells; this myosin prevents these cells from being flattened by mechanical forces, thereby ensuring their AT2 cell fate. Our study demonstrates that mechanical forces and local growth factors synergistically control alveolar epithelial cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qiqi Chu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 China
| | - Kewu Jiang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875 China
| | - Juan Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Nan Tang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schneberger D, Sethi RS, Singh B. Comparative View of Lung Vascular Endothelium of Cattle, Horses, and Water Buffalo. MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL INSIGHTS INTO THE PULMONARY VASCULATURE 2018; 228:21-39. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68483-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
33
|
Yamamoto Y, Gotoh S, Korogi Y, Seki M, Konishi S, Ikeo S, Sone N, Nagasaki T, Matsumoto H, Muro S, Ito I, Hirai T, Kohno T, Suzuki Y, Mishima M. Long-term expansion of alveolar stem cells derived from human iPS cells in organoids. Nat Methods 2017; 14:1097-1106. [DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
34
|
Medal RM, Im AM, Yamamoto Y, Lakhdari O, Blackwell TS, Hoffman HM, Sahoo D, Prince LS. The innate immune response in fetal lung mesenchymal cells targets VEGFR2 expression and activity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L861-L872. [PMID: 28336813 PMCID: PMC5495951 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00554.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In preterm infants, soluble inflammatory mediators target lung mesenchymal cells, disrupting airway and alveolar morphogenesis. However, how mesenchymal cells respond directly to microbial stimuli remains poorly characterized. Our objective was to measure the genome-wide innate immune response in fetal lung mesenchymal cells exposed to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). With the use of Affymetrix MoGene 1.0st arrays, we showed that LPS induced expression of unique innate immune transcripts heavily weighted toward CC and CXC family chemokines. The transcriptional response was different between cells from E11, E15, and E18 mouse lungs. In all cells tested, LPS inhibited expression of a small core group of genes including the VEGF receptor Vegfr2 Although best characterized in vascular endothelial populations, we demonstrated here that fetal mouse lung mesenchymal cells express Vegfr2 and respond to VEGF-A stimulation. In mesenchymal cells, VEGF-A increased cell migration, activated the ERK/AKT pathway, and promoted FOXO3A nuclear exclusion. With the use of an experimental coculture model of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, we also showed that VEGFR2 inhibition prevented formation of three-dimensional structures. Both LPS and tyrosine kinase inhibition reduced three-dimensional structure formation. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for inflammation-mediated defects in lung development involving reduced VEGF signaling in lung mesenchyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Medal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Amanda M Im
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Developmental and Cell Biology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yasutoshi Yamamoto
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Developmental and Cell Biology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Omar Lakhdari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Developmental and Cell Biology, and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| | - Lawrence S Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California; and
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Andreeva-Gateva PA, Stamenova E, Gatev T. The place of inhaled corticosteroids in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a narrative review. Postgrad Med 2017; 128:474-84. [PMID: 27153510 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2016.1186487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) belong to the armament for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and as such, they are widely used in real life. This is a narrative review on evidence-based papers published in the English language listed in Medline between 1990 and March 2016 discussing ICS application in COPD. Recent meta-analyses clearly show that ICSs are able to decrease the rate of exacerbation and to delay the decline of lung function, although they do not prolong life, nor stop the progression of the disease. ICSs are included in guidelines for COPD treatment, exclusively in combination with bronch-15 odilators. However, adverse effects as pneumonia, cataracts, osteoporosis, etc. seem obvious. Newer studies show that patients with COPD are not a homogeneous population, and recently several phenotypes were identified, including asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS), among others. The efficacy of ICSs seems to be unequal for different subpopulations of patients with COPD and further research is needed to address a personalized approach in the treatment of COPD patients, and to 20 identify predictors for ICS treatment success. Usage of ICSs in patients with COPD needs to be précised especially in patients with COPD without asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina A Andreeva-Gateva
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Medical University - Sofia , Sofia , Bulgaria.,b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Diseases, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases, and Skin Diseases , Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski' , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Eleonora Stamenova
- b Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Diseases, Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Pediatrics, Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases, and Skin Diseases , Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski' , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Tzvetelin Gatev
- c Department of Forensic Medicine , Military Hospital , Sofia , Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schmidt EP, Kuebler WM, Lee WL, Downey GP. Adhesion Molecules: Master Controllers of the Circulatory System. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:945-73. [PMID: 27065171 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript will review our current understanding of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) relevant to the circulatory system, their physiological role in control of vascular homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses, and their importance in pathophysiological (disease) processes such as acute lung injury, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension. This is a complex and rapidly changing area of research that is incompletely understood. By design, we will begin with a brief overview of the structure and classification of the major groups of adhesion molecules and their physiological functions including cellular adhesion and signaling. The role of specific CAMs in the process of platelet aggregation and hemostasis and leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration will be reviewed as examples of the complex and cooperative interplay between CAMs during physiological and pathophysiological processes. The role of the endothelial glycocalyx and the glycobiology of this complex system related to inflammatory states such as sepsis will be reviewed. We will then focus on the role of adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of specific disease processes involving the lungs and cardiovascular system. The potential of targeting adhesion molecules in the treatment of immune and inflammatory diseases will be highlighted in the relevant sections throughout the manuscript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Schmidt
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Warren L Lee
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Respirology and the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Departments of Medicine, and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Lung injury and repair is a broad topic that includes many cell types and is relevant to the pathogenesis of most lung diseases. Here, we focus on injury and repair of the alveolus, the principal function of which is to achieve gas exchange. The many cell types and structures present in the alveolus are discussed, with emphasis on their interactions in both health and disease. We define injury as damage resulting in impaired gas exchange; physiologic repair, then, requires restoration of normal alveolar architecture and function. The role of inflammation in both injury and repair of structural alveolar cells, particularly epithelial cells, as well as mechanisms of resolution of inflammation will be addressed. Finally, emphasis is placed on the importance of addressing quantitatively the dynamic and complex multidirectional interactions between the many alveolar cell types and structures in three dimensions over time and in relating such mechanistic studies to physiologic outcomes and human disease.
Collapse
|
38
|
Intratracheal Cell Transfer Demonstrates the Profibrotic Potential of Resident Fibroblasts in Pulmonary Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2939-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
39
|
Cellular mechanisms of alveolar pathology in childhood interstitial lung diseases: current insights from mouse genetics. Curr Opin Pediatr 2015; 27:341-7. [PMID: 25888154 PMCID: PMC4466102 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Childhood interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a diverse class of disorders affecting the alveolar gas exchange region that lack specific treatments and are usually fatal. Here, we integrate recent insights into alveolar cell biology with histopathology from well characterized mutations of surfactant-associated genes. We take a reductionist approach by parsing discrete histological features and correlating each to perturbation of a particular function of the alveolar epithelial type II (AT2) cell, the central driver of disease, to generate a working model for the cellular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The application of genetically modified mice and single cell genomics has yielded new insights into lung biology, including the identification of a bipotent alveolar progenitor in development, mapping of adult AT2 stem cells in vivo, and demonstration that latent cooperative interactions with fibroblasts can be pathologically activated by targeted injury of the AT2 cell. SUMMARY As we learn more about individual and cooperative roles for alveolar cells in health, we can dissect how perturbations of specific cellular functions contribute to disease in childhood ILDs. We hope our updated model centered around the AT2 cell as the initiator of disease provides a cellular framework that researchers can build upon and revise as they identify the specific molecular signals within and between alveolar cells that mediate the diverse pathologic features, so that targeted pharmacologic and cell-based treatments for patients can ultimately be engineered.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ito H, Uchida T, Makita K. Interactions between rat alveolar epithelial cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: an in vitro co-culture model. Intensive Care Med Exp 2015. [PMID: 26215817 PMCID: PMC4480799 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-015-0053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) reduced the severity of acute lung injury after transplantation in multiple experimental studies, and several paracrine soluble factors secreted by the cells likely contribute to their therapeutic effect. The direct interactions between BMSCs and alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) may be an important part of their beneficial effects. Therefore, we assessed the interactions between BMSCs and AECs using a co-culture model of these two cell types from rats. Methods BMSCs and AECs were co-cultured using a Transwell system under the following conditions: (1) separated co-culture—AECs seeded on the insert and BMSCs in the base of the well; and (2) mixed co-culture—AECs on top of the monolayer of BMSCs on the culture insert and no cells in the base of the well. After 21 days of culture, the cells on the membrane of the culture insert were fixed and stained with antibodies against the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), surfactant protein D (SP-D), and zona occludens protein-1, and then analyzed by confocal microscopy. Results In the separated co-culture condition, the phenotype of the AECs was maintained for 21 days, and cluster formation of SP-D-positive cells was induced in the AEC monolayer. We also found cluster formations of phospholipid-positive cells covered with RAGE-positive epithelial cells. In the mixed co-culture condition, the BMSCs induced alveolar-like structures covered with an epithelial cell layer. To determine the effect of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on this three-dimensional structure formation, we treated the mixed co-cultures with siRNA for KGF. While KGF siRNA treatment induced a significant reduction in surfactant protein transcript expression, formation of the alveolar-like structure was unaffected. We also assessed whether Gap26, a functional inhibitor of connexin-43, could mitigate the effect of the BMSCs on the AECs. However, even at 300 μM, Gap26 did not inhibit formation of the alveolar-like structure. Conclusions BMSCs release soluble factors that help maintain and sustain the AEC phenotype for 21 days, and direct interaction between these two cell types can induce a cyst-like, three-dimensional structure covered with AECs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40635-015-0053-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Birkelbach B, Lutz D, Ruppert C, Henneke I, Lopez-Rodriguez E, Günther A, Ochs M, Mahavadi P, Knudsen L. Linking progression of fibrotic lung remodeling and ultrastructural alterations of alveolar epithelial type II cells in the amiodarone mouse model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L63-75. [PMID: 25957292 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00279.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic injury of alveolar epithelial type II cells (AE2 cells) represents a key event in the development of lung fibrosis in animal models and in humans, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Intratracheal delivery of amiodarone to mice results in a profound injury and macroautophagy-dependent apoptosis of AE2 cells. Increased autophagy manifested in AE2 cells by disturbances of the intracellular surfactant. Hence, we hypothesized that ultrastructural alterations of the intracellular surfactant pool are signs of epithelial stress correlating with the severity of fibrotic remodeling. With the use of design-based stereology, the amiodarone model of pulmonary fibrosis in mice was characterized at the light and ultrastructural level during progression. Mean volume of AE2 cells, volume of lamellar bodies per AE2 cell, and mean size of lamellar bodies were correlated to structural parameters reflecting severity of fibrosis like collagen content. Within 2 wk amiodarone leads to an increase in septal wall thickness and a decrease in alveolar numbers due to irreversible alveolar collapse associated with alveolar surfactant dysfunction. Progressive hypertrophy of AE2 cells and increase in mean individual size and total volume of lamellar bodies per AE2 cell were observed. A high positive correlation of these AE2 cell-related ultrastructural changes and the deposition of collagen fibrils within septal walls were established. Qualitatively, similar alterations could be found in IPF samples with mild to moderate fibrosis. We conclude that ultrastructural alterations of AE2 cells including the surfactant system are tightly correlated with the progression of fibrotic remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Birkelbach
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Dennis Lutz
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Clemens Ruppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Ingrid Henneke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Andreas Günther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; European IPF Network, Giessen, Germany; Excellence Cluster "Cardiopulmonary System ECCPS," Giessen, Germany; Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany; and
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany; REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover, Germany
| | - Poornima Mahavadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Lars Knudsen
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sheridan JA, Zago M, Nair P, Li PZ, Bourbeau J, Tan WC, Hamid Q, Eidelman DH, Benedetti AL, Baglole CJ. Decreased expression of the NF-κB family member RelB in lung fibroblasts from Smokers with and without COPD potentiates cigarette smoke-induced COX-2 expression. Respir Res 2015; 16:54. [PMID: 25943190 PMCID: PMC4427974 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened inflammation, including expression of COX-2, is associated with COPD pathogenesis. RelB is an NF-κB family member that attenuates COX-2 in response to cigarette smoke by a mechanism that may involve the miRNA miR-146a. There is no information on the expression of RelB in COPD or if RelB prevents COX-2 expression through miR-146a. METHODS RelB, Cox-2 and miR-146a levels were evaluated in lung fibroblasts and blood samples derived from non-smokers (Normal) and smokers (At Risk) with and without COPD by qRT-PCR. RelB and COX-2 protein levels were evaluated by western blot. Human lung fibroblasts from Normal subjects and smokers with and without COPD, along with RelB knock-down (siRNA) in Normal cells, were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in vitro and COX-2 mRNA/protein and miR-146a levels assessed. RESULTS Basal expression of RelB mRNA and protein were significantly lower in lung cells derived from smokers with and without COPD, the latter of which expressed more Cox-2 mRNA and protein in response to CSE. Knock-down of RelB in Normal fibroblasts increased Cox-2 mRNA and protein induction by CSE. Basal miR-146a levels were not different between the three groups, and only Normal fibroblasts increased miR-146a expression in response to smoke. There was a positive correlation between systemic RelB and Cox-2 mRNA levels and circulating miR-146a levels were higher only in GOLD stage I subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that RelB attenuates COX-2 expression in lung structural cells, such that loss of pulmonary RelB may be an important determinant in the aberrant, heightened inflammation associated with COPD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Sheridan
- Department of Medicine, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Michela Zago
- Department of Medicine, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | | | - Pei Z Li
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jean Bourbeau
- Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Montreal Chest Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Wan C Tan
- The UBC James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Department of Medicine, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - David H Eidelman
- Department of Medicine, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Andrea L Benedetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Medicine, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hogan BLM, Barkauskas CE, Chapman HA, Epstein JA, Jain R, Hsia CCW, Niklason L, Calle E, Le A, Randell SH, Rock J, Snitow M, Krummel M, Stripp BR, Vu T, White ES, Whitsett JA, Morrisey EE. Repair and regeneration of the respiratory system: complexity, plasticity, and mechanisms of lung stem cell function. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:123-38. [PMID: 25105578 PMCID: PMC4212493 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disease is the third leading cause of death in the industrialized world. Consequently, the trachea, lungs, and cardiopulmonary vasculature have been the focus of extensive investigations. Recent studies have provided new information about the mechanisms driving lung development and differentiation. However, there is still much to learn about the ability of the adult respiratory system to undergo repair and to replace cells lost in response to injury and disease. This Review highlights the multiple stem/progenitor populations in different regions of the adult lung, the plasticity of their behavior in injury models, and molecular pathways that support homeostasis and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigid L M Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - Christina E Barkauskas
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Harold A Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Connie C W Hsia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Laura Niklason
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Calle
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Andrew Le
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason Rock
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Melinda Snitow
- Perleman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew Krummel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Thiennu Vu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kaisani A, Delgado O, Fasciani G, Kim SB, Wright WE, Minna JD, Shay JW. Branching morphogenesis of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells in three-dimensional culture. Differentiation 2014; 87:119-26. [PMID: 24830354 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
While mouse models have contributed in our understanding of lung development, repair and regeneration, inherent differences between the murine and human airways requires the development of new models using human airway epithelial cells. In this study, we describe a three-dimensional model system using human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) cultured on reconstituted basement membrane. HBECs form complex budding and branching structures on reconstituted basement membrane when co-cultured with human lung fetal fibroblasts. These structures are reminiscent of the branching epithelia during lung development. The HBECs also retain markers indicative of epithelial cell types from both the central and distal airways suggesting their multipotent potential. In addition, we illustrate how the model can be utilized to understand respiratory diseases such as lung cancer. The 3D novel cell culture system recapitulates stromal-epithelial interactions in vitro that can be utilized to understand important aspects of lung development and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aadil Kaisani
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Oliver Delgado
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gail Fasciani
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sang Bum Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Woodring E Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Center for Excellence in Genomics Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ito Y, Correll K, Schiel JA, Finigan JH, Prekeris R, Mason RJ. Lung fibroblasts accelerate wound closure in human alveolar epithelial cells through hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L94-105. [PMID: 24748602 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00233.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There are 190,600 cases of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) each year in the United States, and the incidence and mortality of ALI/ARDS increase dramatically with age. Patients with ALI/ARDS have alveolar epithelial injury, which may be worsened by high-pressure mechanical ventilation. Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are the progenitor cells for the alveolar epithelium and are required to reestablish the alveolar epithelium during the recovery process from ALI/ARDS. Lung fibroblasts (FBs) migrate and proliferate early after lung injury and likely are an important source of growth factors for epithelial repair. However, how lung FBs affect epithelial wound healing in the human adult lung has not been investigated in detail. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is known to be released mainly from FBs and to stimulate both migration and proliferation of primary rat ATII cells. HGF is also increased in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and serum in patients with ALI/ARDS. Therefore, we hypothesized that HGF secreted by FBs would enhance wound closure in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). Wound closure was measured using a scratch wound-healing assay in primary human AEC monolayers and in a coculture system with FBs. We found that wound closure was accelerated by FBs mainly through HGF/c-Met signaling. HGF also restored impaired wound healing in AECs from the elderly subjects and after exposure to cyclic stretch. We conclude that HGF is the critical factor released from FBs to close wounds in human AEC monolayers and suggest that HGF is a potential strategy for hastening alveolar repair in patients with ALI/ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado;
| | - Kelly Correll
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - John A Schiel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jay H Finigan
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert J Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Thane K, Ingenito EP, Hoffman AM. Lung regeneration and translational implications of the postpneumonectomy model. Transl Res 2014; 163:363-76. [PMID: 24316173 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung regeneration research is yielding data with increasing translational value. The classical models of lung development, postnatal alveolarization, and postpneumonectomy alveolarization have contributed to a broader understanding of the cellular participants including stem-progenitor cells, cell-cell signaling pathways, and the roles of mechanical deformation and other physiologic factors that have the potential to be modulated in human and animal patients. Although recent information is available describing the lineage fate of lung fibroblasts, genetic fate mapping, and clonal studies are lacking in the study of lung regeneration and deserve further examination. In addition to increasing knowledge concerning classical alveolarization (postnatal, postpneumonectomy), there is increasing evidence for remodeling of the adult lung after partial pneumonectomy. Though limited in scope, compelling data have emerged describing restoration of lung tissue mass in the adult human and in large animal models. The basis for this long-term adaptation to pneumonectomy is poorly understood, but investigations into mechanisms of lung regeneration in older animals that have lost their capacity for rapid re-alveolarization are warranted, as there would be great translational value in modulating these mechanisms. In addition, quantitative morphometric analysis has progressed in conjunction with developments in advanced imaging, which allow for longitudinal and nonterminal evaluation of pulmonary regenerative responses in animals and humans. This review focuses on the cellular and molecular events that have been observed in animals and humans after pneumonectomy because this model is closest to classical regeneration in other mammalian systems and has revealed several new fronts of translational research that deserve consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Thane
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Mass
| | - Edward P Ingenito
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Andrew M Hoffman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Mass.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Robertson GN, Croll RP, Smith FM. The structure of the caudal wall of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) swim bladder: Evidence of localized lamellar body secretion and a proximate neural plexus. J Morphol 2014; 275:933-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- George N. Robertson
- Department of Medical Neuroscience; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
- Department of Biology; Saint Francis Xavier University; Antigonish Nova Scotia Canada B2G 2W5
| | - Roger P. Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Frank M. Smith
- Department of Medical Neuroscience; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Stahl FR, Heller K, Halle S, Keyser KA, Busche A, Marquardt A, Wagner K, Boelter J, Bischoff Y, Kremmer E, Arens R, Messerle M, Förster R. Nodular inflammatory foci are sites of T cell priming and control of murine cytomegalovirus infection in the neonatal lung. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003828. [PMID: 24348257 PMCID: PMC3861546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates, including mice and humans, are highly susceptible to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. However, many aspects of neonatal CMV infections such as viral cell tropism, spatio-temporal distribution of the pathogen as well as genesis of antiviral immunity are unknown. With the use of reporter mutants of the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) we identified the lung as a primary target of mucosal infection in neonatal mice. Comparative analysis of neonatal and adult mice revealed a delayed control of virus replication in the neonatal lung mucosa explaining the pronounced systemic infection and disease in neonates. This phenomenon was supplemented by a delayed expansion of CD8+ T cell clones recognizing the viral protein M45 in neonates. We detected viral infection at the single-cell level and observed myeloid cells forming “nodular inflammatory foci” (NIF) in the neonatal lung. Co-localization of infected cells within NIFs was associated with their disruption and clearance of the infection. By 2-photon microscopy, we characterized how neonatal antigen-presenting cells (APC) interacted with T cells and induced mature adaptive immune responses within such NIFs. We thus define NIFs of the neonatal lung as niches for prolonged MCMV replication and T cell priming but also as sites of infection control. Neonates are highly susceptible to a number of infections that usually cause disease only in immunocompromised individuals, most likely because of their incompletely developed immune system. Although this phenomenon has been frequently observed, immune responses of neonates remain largely undefined upon infections with viruses. There is lack of knowledge about the spatio-temporal dynamics of host-virus interaction, especially in comparative infection models of neonates and adults. In this study, with the use of virus reporter mutants, we provide elaborate insight into these aspects in the mouse model of CMV infection. We define hallmarks of virus tropism, early cellular immune responses and general infection dynamics, findings that are fundamental to understand neonatal antiviral immunity. Furthermore, we found that neonatal APCs induce T cell responses in nodular inflammatory foci of the lung, a process which was supposed to be restricted to lymphoid organs. However, the MCMV-specific T cell response was qualitatively different in neonates from that in adults, possibly explaining - in part - the higher susceptibility of newborns. These observations expand our understanding of where adaptive immunity can be initiated, highlights the importance of early local cellular immune responses and sheds more light on neonatal antiviral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix R. Stahl
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (FRS); (RF)
| | - Katrin Heller
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Busche
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Marquardt
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Wagner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasmin Boelter
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Bischoff
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (FRS); (RF)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Williams AE, Chambers RC. The mercurial nature of neutrophils: still an enigma in ARDS? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L217-30. [PMID: 24318116 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00311.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition resulting from direct and indirect insults to the lung. It is characterized by disruption of the endothelial-epithelial barrier, alveolar damage, pulmonary edema, and respiratory failure. A key feature of ARDS is the accumulation of neutrophils in the lung microvasculature, interstitium, and alveolar space. Despite a clear association between neutrophil influx into the lung and disease severity, there is some debate as to whether neutrophils directly contribute to disease pathogenesis. The primary function of neutrophils is to provide immediate host defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Neutrophils release numerous antimicrobial factors such as reactive oxygen species, proteinases, and neutrophil extracellular traps. However, these factors are also toxic to host cells and can result in bystander tissue damage. The excessive accumulation of neutrophils in ARDS may therefore contribute to disease progression. Central to neutrophil recruitment is the release of chemokines, including the archetypal neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8, from resident pulmonary cells. However, the chemokine network in the inflamed lung is complex and may involve several other chemokines, including CXCL10, CCL2, and CCL7. This review will therefore focus on the experimental and clinical evidence supporting neutrophils as key players in ARDS and the chemokines involved in recruiting them into the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Williams
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, Univ. College London, Rayne Institute, 5 Univ. St., London WC1E 6JF, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Townsley MI. Structure and composition of pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:675-709. [PMID: 23606929 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pulmonary vasculature comprises three anatomic compartments connected in series: the arterial tree, an extensive capillary bed, and the venular tree. Although, in general, this vasculature is thin-walled, structure is nonetheless complex. Contributions to structure (and thus potentially to function) from cells other than endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as those from the extracellular matrix should be considered. This review is multifaceted, bringing together information regarding (i) classification of pulmonary vessels, (ii) branching geometry in the pulmonary vascular tree, (iii) a quantitative view of structure based on morphometry of the vascular wall, (iv) the relationship of nerves, a variety of interstitial cells, matrix proteins, and striated myocytes to smooth muscle and endothelium in the vascular wall, (v) heterogeneity within cell populations and between vascular compartments, (vi) homo- and heterotypic cell-cell junctional complexes, and (vii) the relation of the pulmonary vasculature to that of airways. These issues for pulmonary vascular structure are compared, when data is available, across species from human to mouse and shrew. Data from studies utilizing vascular casting, light and electron microscopy, as well as models developed from those data, are discussed. Finally, the need for rigorous quantitative approaches to study of vascular structure in lung is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary I Townsley
- University of South Alabama, Department of Physiology, and Center for Lung Biology, Mobile, Alabama, USA.
| |
Collapse
|