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Aimulajiang K, Chu W, Liao S, Wen Z, He R, Lu M, Xu L, Song X, Li X, Yan R. Succinate coenzyme A ligase β-like protein from Trichinella spiralis is a potential therapeutic molecule for allergic asthma. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1321. [PMID: 38888451 PMCID: PMC11184933 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For decades, studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potential of proteins secreted by helminths in allergies and asthma. Previous studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory capabilities of Succinate Coenzyme A ligase beta-like protein (SUCLA-β) derived from Trichinella spiralis, a crucial excretory product of this parasite. OBJECTIVE To explore the therapeutic potential of SUCLA-β in alleviating and controlling ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma, as well as its influence on host immune modulation. METHODS In this research, we utilized the rTs-SUCLA-β protein derived from T. spiralis to investigate its potential in mitigating airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma induced by OVA sensitization/stimulation, both pre- and post-challenge. The treatment's efficacy was assessed by quantifying the extent of inflammation in the lungs. RESULTS Treatment with rTs-SUCLA-β demonstrated efficacy in ameliorating OVA-induced airway inflammation, as evidenced by a reduction in eosinophil infiltration, levels of OVA-specific Immunoglobulin E, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-9, and IL-17A, along with an elevation in IL-10. The equilibrium between Th17 and Treg cells plays a pivotal role in modulating the abundance of inflammatory cells within the organism, thereby ameliorating inflammation and alleviating symptoms associated with allergic asthma. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data revealed that T. spiralis-derived Ts-SUCLA-β protein may inhibit the allergic airway inflammation by regulating host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE Joint International Research, College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine InstituteThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangP. R. China
| | - Wen Chu
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE Joint International Research, College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Shuyi Liao
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE Joint International Research, College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Changsha Animal and Plant Disease Control CenterChangshaHunanP. R. China
| | - Zhaohai Wen
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE Joint International Research, College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural SciencesGuangdong Ocean UniversityZhanjiangP. R. China
| | - Rongdong He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medicine InstituteThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityUrumqiXinjiangP. R. China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE Joint International Research, College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE Joint International Research, College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE Joint International Research, College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE Joint International Research, College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, MOE Joint International Research, College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingJiangsuP. R. China
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Administration of Hookworm Excretory/Secretory Proteins Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050637. [PMID: 35625566 PMCID: PMC9138508 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is recognised as the world’s fastest growing chronic condition globally. Helminth infections have been shown to be associated with a lower prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), in part due to their ability to induce a type 2 immune response. Therefore, to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of T2D-induced insulin resistance, we treated mice fed on normal or diabetes-promoting diets with excretory/secretory products (ES) from the gastrointestinal helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We demonstrated that treatment with crude ES products from adult worms (AES) or infective third-stage larvae (L3ES) from N. brasiliensis improved glucose tolerance and attenuated body weight gain in mice fed on a high glycaemic index diet. N. brasiliensis ES administration to mice was associated with a type 2 immune response measured by increased eosinophils and IL-5 in peripheral tissues but not IL-4, and with a decrease in the level of IL-6 in adipose tissue and corresponding increase in IL-6 levels in the liver. Moreover, treatment with AES or L3ES was associated with significant changes in the community composition of the gut microbiota at the phylum and order levels. These data highlight a role for N. brasiliensis ES in modulating the immune response associated with T2D, and suggest that N. brasiliensis ES contain molecules with therapeutic potential for treating metabolic syndrome and T2D.
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Maizels RM. Ascarosides from helminths pack a punch against allergy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202250119. [PMID: 35353624 PMCID: PMC9169083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202250119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Nematode ascarosides attenuate mammalian type 2 inflammatory responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2108686119. [PMID: 35210367 PMCID: PMC8892368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108686119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal proof-of-concept studies have shown that roundworms have a protective effect against immune-dysregulated disorders, but it has been difficult to study in human trials without individual nematode-derived molecules to develop and test. We discovered that ascarosides, molecules that are secreted by diverse nematodes, suppress asthma in a rodent model via modulation of expression of Il33, a key epithelial cytokine for induction of type 2 immunity, in addition to decreasing memory-type pathogenic Th2 cells and ILC2s and increasing the Il10-expressing subpopulation of interstitial macrophages in the lung. Thus, ascarosides suppress type 2 immune response by affecting both innate and adaptive immunity and could define a potent class of small molecule drugs to treat allergic airway diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that nematode infection can protect against disorders of immune dysregulation. Administration of live parasites or their excretory/secretory (ES) products has shown therapeutic effects across a wide range of animal models for immune disorders, including asthma. Human clinical trials of live parasite ingestion for the treatment of immune disorders have produced promising results, yet concerns persist regarding the ingestion of pathogenic organisms and the immunogenicity of protein components. Despite extensive efforts to define the active components of ES products, no small molecules with immune regulatory activity have been identified from nematodes. Here we show that an evolutionarily conserved family of nematode pheromones called ascarosides strongly modulates the pulmonary immune response and reduces asthma severity in mice. Screening the inhibitory effects of ascarosides produced by animal-parasitic nematodes on the development of asthma in an ovalbumin (OVA) murine model, we found that administration of nanogram quantities of ascr#7 prevented the development of lung eosinophilia, goblet cell metaplasia, and airway hyperreactivity. Ascr#7 suppressed the production of IL-33 from lung epithelial cells and reduced the number of memory-type pathogenic Th2 cells and ILC2s in the lung, both key drivers of the pathology of asthma. Our findings suggest that the mammalian immune system recognizes ascarosides as an evolutionarily conserved molecular signature of parasitic nematodes. The identification of a nematode-produced small molecule underlying the well-documented immunomodulatory effects of ES products may enable the development of treatment strategies for allergic diseases.
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Hu X, Liu X, Li C, Zhang Y, Li C, Li Y, Chen Y, Guo H, Bai X, Liu M. Time-resolved transcriptional profiling of Trichinella-infected murine myocytes helps to elucidate host-pathogen interactions in the muscle stage. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:130. [PMID: 33648561 PMCID: PMC7919990 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasites of the genus Trichinella are the pathogenic agents of trichinellosis, which is a widespread and severe foodborne parasitic disease. Trichinella spiralis resides primarily in mammalian skeletal muscle cells. After invading the cells of the host organism, T. spiralis must elude or invalidate the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses to survive. It is necessary to characterize the pathogenesis of trichinellosis to help to prevent the occurrence and further progression of this disease. The aims of this study were to elucidate the mechanisms of nurse cell formation, pathogenesis and immune evasion of T. spiralis, to provide valuable information for further research investigating the basic cell biology of Trichinella-infected muscle cells and the interaction between T. spiralis and its host. Methods We performed transcriptome profiling by RNA sequencing to identify global changes at 1, 3, 7, 10 and 15 days post-infection (dpi) in gene expression in the diaphragm after the parasite entered and persisted within the murine myocytes; the mice were infected by intravenous injection of newborn larvae. Gene expression analysis was based on the alignment results. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified based on their expression levels in various samples, and functional annotation and enrichment analysis were performed. Results The most extensive and dynamic gene expression responses in host diaphragms were observed during early infection (1 dpi). The number of DEGs and genes annotated in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology databases decreased significantly in the infected mice compared to the uninfected mice at 3 and 7 dpi, suddenly increased sharply at 10 dpi, and then decreased to a lower level at 15 dpi, similar to that observed at 3 and 7 dpi. The massive initial reaction of the murine muscle cells to Trichinella infection steadied in the later stages of infection, with little additional changes detected for the remaining duration of the studied process. Although there were hundreds of DEGs at each time point, only 11 genes were consistently up- or downregulated at all 5 time points. Conclusions The gene expression patterns identified in this study can be employed to characterize the coordinated response of T. spiralis-infected myocytes in a time-resolved manner. This comprehensive dataset presents a distinct and sensitive picture of the interaction between host and parasite during intracellular infection, which can help to elucidate how pathogens evade host defenses and coordinate the biological functions of host cells to survive in the mammalian environment. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yulu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yingxi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Heng Guo
- Beijing Hi-Tech Institute, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Abdelaziz MH, Ji X, Wan J, Abouelnazar FA, Abdelwahab SF, Xu H. Mycobacterium-Induced Th1, Helminths-Induced Th2 Cells and the Potential Vaccine Candidates for Allergic Asthma: Imitation of Natural Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:696734. [PMID: 34413850 PMCID: PMC8369065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is one of the most chronic pulmonary diseases and major public health problems. In general, asthma prevails in developed countries than developing countries, and its prevalence is increasing in the latter. For instance, the hygiene hypothesis demonstrated that this phenomenon resulted from higher household hygienic standards that decreased the chances of infections, which would subsequently increase the occurrence of allergy. In this review, we attempted to integrate our knowledge with the hygiene hypothesis into beneficial preventive approaches for allergic asthma. Therefore, we highlighted the studies that investigated the correlation between allergic asthma and the two different types of infections that induce the two major antagonizing arms of T cells. This elucidation reflects the association between various types of natural infections and the immune system, which is predicted to support the main objective of the current research on investigating of the benefits of natural infections, regardless their immune pathways for the prevention of allergic asthma. We demonstrated that natural infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) prevents the development of allergic asthma, thus Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is suggested at early age to mediate the same prevention particularly with increasing its efficiency through genetic engineering-based modifications. Likewise, natural helminth infections might inhabit the allergic asthma development. Therefore, helminth-derived proteins at early age are good candidates for designing vaccines for allergic asthma and it requires further investigation. Finally, we recommend imitation of natural infections as a general strategy for preventing allergic asthma that increased dramatically over the past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamed Abdelaziz
- International Genomics Research Center (IGRC), Institute of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- International Genomics Research Center (IGRC), Institute of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Wan
- International Genomics Research Center (IGRC), Institute of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fatma A. Abouelnazar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Sayed F. Abdelwahab
- Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Huaxi Xu, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-7393; Sayed F. Abdelwahab, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-7485
| | - Huaxi Xu
- International Genomics Research Center (IGRC), Institute of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Huaxi Xu, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-7393; Sayed F. Abdelwahab, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-7485
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Immunomodulatory effect of different extracts from Angiostrongylus cantonensis on airway inflammation in an allergic asthma model. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3719-3728. [PMID: 32955617 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of early-life exposure to different extracts of Angiostrongylus cantonensis (A. cantonensis) on airway inflammation in an allergic asthma model. The total soluble extract (TE) and the soluble extracts of the digestive (AcD), reproductive (AcR), and cuticle (AcC) systems of A. cantonensis were used for immunisation before ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitisation/challenge in an OVA-induced allergic asthma model. The initial hypothesis of the study was that some soluble extract of the systems (AcD, AcR, or AcC) could be more potent to the modulation of inflammation than the TE. Our data, however, shows that immunisation with the TE is more promising because it decreased the high influx of inflammatory cells on airways and promoted an increase of interferon-γ (IFN-ɣ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. Besides this, the immunisation with the TE also led to a reduction of goblet cells and mucus overproduction in the lung tissue of asthmatic mice. We believe that the extracts have a distinct capacity to modulate the immune system, due to the TE possessing a greater variability of molecules, which together leads to control of airway inflammation. In conclusion, this is the first study to reveal that the TE of A. cantonensis adult worms has a greater potential for developing a novel therapeutic for allergic asthma.
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L S Alves C, F Santiago L, B R Santana M, C P Figueiredo B, B Morais S, C Oliveira S, G C Pacheco L, M Alcantara-Neves N, S Pinheiro C. Immunomodulatory properties of Schistosoma mansoni proteins Sm200 and SmKI-1 in vitro and in a murine model of allergy to the mite Blomia tropicalis. Mol Immunol 2020; 124:91-99. [PMID: 32544656 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases in Brazil is one of the biggest in the world. Among these pathologies, we highlight asthma as one of the most importance. Asthma is characterized as a chronic inflammatory disease of airways, associated with hyperresponsiveness. Many environmental factors can trigger asthma symptoms, among them house dust mites can stimulate hypersensitivity type I reaction. The most common in house dust mite, in tropical countries, are Dermatophagoides pteronysinus and Blomia tropicalis. Several studies have shown that helminths, especially Schistosoma mansoni, lead to reduction of symptoms of atopy and allergic diseases. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the ability of recombinant S. mansoni proteins Sm200, and SmKI-1 to induce immunomodulation in vitro, using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from atopic and non-atopic individuals, stimulated or not with B. tropicalis extract, and in vivo, in a murine model of allergy to the mite B. tropicalis. As results, we observed that the fragment called rSm200-3 and the protein rSmKI-1 stood out for their immunomodulatory potential, stimulating IL-10 production by human PBMCs in vitro. When these proteins were associated with B. tropicalis extract, it was observed the reduction of the production of the cytokine IL-5, with a statistically significant difference in non-atopic individual's cells. In vivo, both proteins presented similar results, with a reduction of IL-5 and IL-4 levels in lung homogenates and of serum IgE. SmKI-1 was also able to decrease the levels of EPO in lung homogenates and in BAL. These results showed that both proteins were able to downmodulate Th2 cells on human PBMCs, and in a murine model of allergy. However, SmKI-1 also reduced significantly the levels of EPO in BAL and lungs showing that this protein may be a good candidate to be used as a possible replacement or in conjunction with pharmacotherapy in individuals with unregulated immune response in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camile L S Alves
- Institute of Health Science - ICS, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Santiago
- Institute of Health Science - ICS, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marina B R Santana
- Institute of Health Science - ICS, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Suellen B Morais
- Institute of Biological Science - ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Institute of Biological Science - ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luis G C Pacheco
- Institute of Health Science - ICS, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Carina S Pinheiro
- Institute of Health Science - ICS, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
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Preliminary Trichinella spiralis Infection Ameliorates Subsequent RSV Infection-Induced Inflammatory Response. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051314. [PMID: 32466130 PMCID: PMC7290565 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection affects the lives of neonates throughout the globe, causing a high rate of mortality upon hospital admission. Yet, therapeutic options to deal with this pulmonary pathogen are currently limited. Helminth therapy has been well received for its immunomodulatory role in hosts, which are crucial for mitigating a multitude of diseases. Therefore, in this study, we used the helminth Trichinella spiralis and assessed its capabilities for modulating RSV infection as well as the inflammatory response induced by it in mice. Our results revealed that RSV-specific antibody responses were enhanced by pre-existing T. spiralis infection, which also limited pulmonary viral replication. Diminished lung inflammation, indicated by reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cell influx was confirmed, as well as through histopathological assessment. We observed that inflammation-associated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancement of activated B cells (NF-κB) and its phosphorylated forms were down-regulated, whereas antioxidant-associated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression was upregulated in mice co-infected with T. spiralis and RSV. Upregulated Nrf2 expression contributed to increased antioxidant enzyme expression, particularly NQO1 which relieved the host of oxidative stress-induced pulmonary inflammation caused by RSV infection. These findings indicate that T. spiralis can mitigate RSV-induced inflammation by upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes.
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Vacca F, Chauché C, Jamwal A, Hinchy EC, Heieis G, Webster H, Ogunkanbi A, Sekne Z, Gregory WF, Wear M, Perona-Wright G, Higgins MK, Nys JA, Cohen ES, McSorley HJ. A helminth-derived suppressor of ST2 blocks allergic responses. eLife 2020; 9:54017. [PMID: 32420871 PMCID: PMC7234810 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-33-ST2 pathway is an important initiator of type 2 immune responses. We previously characterised the HpARI protein secreted by the model intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus, which binds and blocks IL-33. Here, we identify H. polygyrus Binds Alarmin Receptor and Inhibits (HpBARI) and HpBARI_Hom2, both of which consist of complement control protein (CCP) domains, similarly to the immunomodulatory HpARI and Hp-TGM proteins. HpBARI binds murine ST2, inhibiting cell surface detection of ST2, preventing IL-33-ST2 interactions, and inhibiting IL-33 responses in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model of asthma. In H. polygyrus infection, ST2 detection is abrogated in the peritoneal cavity and lung, consistent with systemic effects of HpBARI. HpBARI_Hom2 also binds human ST2 with high affinity, and effectively blocks human PBMC responses to IL-33. Thus, we show that H. polygyrus blocks the IL-33 pathway via both HpARI which blocks the cytokine, and also HpBARI which blocks the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vacca
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Chauché
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Abhishek Jamwal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C Hinchy
- Bioscience Asthma, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Heieis
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Webster
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adefunke Ogunkanbi
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Zala Sekne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - William F Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Division of Microbiology & Parasitology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wear
- The Edinburgh Protein Production Facility (EPPF), Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology (WTCCB), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia Perona-Wright
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Josquin A Nys
- Bioscience Asthma, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - E Suzanne Cohen
- Bioscience Asthma, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Wellcome Trust Building, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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Sun S, Li H, Yuan Y, Wang L, He W, Xie H, Gao S, Cheng R, Qian H, Jiang H, Wang X, Zhan B, Fang Q, Yang X. Preventive and therapeutic effects of Trichinella spiralis adult extracts on allergic inflammation in an experimental asthma mouse model. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:326. [PMID: 31253164 PMCID: PMC6599242 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helminths immunomodulate the host immune system by secreting proteins to create an inhibitory environment as a strategy for survival in the host. As a bystander effect, this balances the host immune system to reduce hypersensitivity to allergens or autoantigens. Based on this, helminth therapy has been used to treat some allergic or autoimmune diseases. As a tissue-dwelling helminth, Trichinella spiralis infection has been identified to have strong immunomodulatory effects; the effective components in the worm have not yet been identified. Methods The soluble extracts of T. spiralis adult worms and muscle larvae were used to treat airway inflammation before and after an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitization/challenge in an OVA-induced asthma mouse model. The therapeutic effects were observed by measuring the level of inflammation in the lungs. Results The soluble products derived from T. spiralis parasites, especially from adult worms, were able to ameliorate OVA-induced airway inflammatory responses which were associated with reduced eosinophil infiltration, OVA-specific IgE, Th2 cytokine IL-4, and increased IL-10 and TGF-β. The stimulation of the Treg response may contribute to the alleviated allergic inflammation. Conclusions Trichinella spiralis worm extracts stimulate regulatory cytokines that are associated with reduced allergic airway inflammation. The identification of effective components in the adult worm extracts will be a crucial approach for developing a novel therapeutic for allergic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Wenxin He
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Shifang Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Ruoxue Cheng
- Pharmacy College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Haichun Qian
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Section of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China.
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, China.
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12
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Abstract
Helminth infections may inhibit the development of allergic diseases, including asthma. On the other hand, some helminth species may induce or worsen symptoms of asthma. This article discusses the impact of helminth infections on asthma as well as the potencial of helminth-derived molecules with regulatory characteristics in the prevention or treatment of this disease. The ability to induce regulation has been observed in animal models of asthma or cells of asthmatic individuals in vitro. Potential future clinical applications of helminth antigens or infection for prevention of asthma merit further translational research.
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13
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Brosschot TP, Reynolds LA. The impact of a helminth-modified microbiome on host immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1039-1046. [PMID: 29453411 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths have well-characterized modulatory effects on mammalian immune pathways. Ongoing helminth infection has been associated with both the suppression of allergies and an altered susceptibility to microbial infections. Enteric helminths share a niche with the intestinal microbiota, and the presence of helminths alters the microbiota composition and the metabolic signature of the host. Recent studies have demonstrated that the helminth-modified intestinal microbiome has the capacity to modify host immune responses even in the absence of live helminth infection. This article discusses the mechanisms by which helminths modify the intestinal microbiome of mammals, and reviews the evidence for a helminth-modified microbiome directly influencing host immunity during infectious and inflammatory diseases. Understanding the multifaceted mechanisms that underpin helminth immunomodulation will pave the way for novel therapies to combat infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara P Brosschot
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Lisa A Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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14
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Eichenberger RM, Ryan S, Jones L, Buitrago G, Polster R, Montes de Oca M, Zuvelek J, Giacomin PR, Dent LA, Engwerda CR, Field MA, Sotillo J, Loukas A. Hookworm Secreted Extracellular Vesicles Interact With Host Cells and Prevent Inducible Colitis in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:850. [PMID: 29760697 PMCID: PMC5936971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites, hookworms in particular, have evolved to cause minimal harm to their hosts, allowing them to establish chronic infections. This is mediated by creating an immunoregulatory environment. Indeed, hookworms are such potent suppressors of inflammation that they have been used in clinical trials to treat inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and celiac disease. Since the recent description of helminths (worms) secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosome-like EVs from different helminths have been characterized and their salient roles in parasite–host interactions have been highlighted. Here, we analyze EVs from the rodent parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which has been used as a model for human hookworm infection. N. brasiliensis EVs (Nb-EVs) are actively internalized by mouse gut organoids, indicating a role in driving parasitism. We used proteomics and RNA-Seq to profile the molecular composition of Nb-EVs. We identified 81 proteins, including proteins frequently present in exosomes (like tetraspanin, enolase, 14-3-3 protein, and heat shock proteins), and 27 sperm-coating protein-like extracellular proteins. RNA-Seq analysis revealed 52 miRNA species, many of which putatively map to mouse genes involved in regulation of inflammation. To determine whether GI nematode EVs had immunomodulatory properties, we assessed their potential to suppress GI inflammation in a mouse model of inducible chemical colitis. EVs from N. brasiliensis but not those from the whipworm Trichuris muris or control vesicles from grapes protected against colitic inflammation in the gut of mice that received a single intraperitoneal injection of EVs. Key cytokines associated with colitic pathology (IL-6, IL-1β, IFNγ, and IL-17a) were significantly suppressed in colon tissues from EV-treated mice. By contrast, high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were detected in Nb-EV-treated mice. Proteins and miRNAs contained within helminth EVs hold great potential application in development of drugs to treat helminth infections as well as chronic non-infectious diseases resulting from a dysregulated immune system, such as IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon M Eichenberger
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephanie Ryan
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Linda Jones
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Geraldine Buitrago
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Ramona Polster
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Marcela Montes de Oca
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer Zuvelek
- Pathology Queensland Cairns Laboratory, Queensland Health, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul R Giacomin
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Lindsay A Dent
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christian R Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew A Field
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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15
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Schwartz C, Hams E, Fallon PG. Helminth Modulation of Lung Inflammation. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:388-403. [PMID: 29339033 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths must establish chronic infections to complete their life cycle and therefore are potent modulators of multiple facets of host physiology. Parasitic helminths have coevolved with humans to become arguably master selectors of our immune system, whereby they have impacted on the selection of genes with beneficial mutations for both host and parasite. While helminth infections of humans are a significant health burden, studies have shown that helminths or helminth products can alter susceptibility to unrelated infectious or inflammatory diseases. This has generated interest in the use of helminth infections or molecules as therapeutics. In this review, we focus on the impact of helminth infections on pulmonary immunity, especially with regard to homeostatic lung function, pulmonary viral and bacterial (co)infections, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwartz
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Emily Hams
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Padraic G Fallon
- School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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16
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Finlay CM, Stefanska AM, Coleman MM, Jahns H, Cassidy JP, McLoughlin RM, Mills KHG. Secreted products of Fasciola hepatica inhibit the induction of T cell responses that mediate allergy. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28815724 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence from epidemiology studies of a negative association between infection with helminth parasites and the development of allergy and asthma. Here, we demonstrate that the excretory/secretory products of the helminth Fasciola hepatica (FHES) protected mice against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma when administered at time of allergen sensitization. FHES reduced the accumulation of mucus, eosinophils and lymphocytes into the airways of allergen-challenged mice. Furthermore, FHES treatment suppressed Th2 responses in the airways. Interestingly, systemic administration of FHES at allergen challenge had no effect on airway inflammation, demonstrating that alum-induced Th2 response is set following initial allergen sensitization. Our findings highlight the immunomodulatory potential of molecules secreted by F. hepatica.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Finlay
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A M Stefanska
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M M Coleman
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - H Jahns
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J P Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - K H G Mills
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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17
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Crowe J, Lumb FE, Harnett MM, Harnett W. Parasite excretory-secretory products and their effects on metabolic syndrome. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28066896 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, one of the main causes of metabolic syndrome (MetS), is an increasingly common health and economic problem worldwide, and one of the major risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is associated with MetS and obesity. A dominant type 2/anti-inflammatory response is required for metabolic homoeostasis within adipose tissue: during obesity, this response is replaced by infiltrating, inflammatory macrophages and T cells. Helminths and certain protozoan parasites are able to manipulate the host immune response towards a TH2 immune phenotype that is beneficial for their survival, and there is emerging data that there is an inverse correlation between the incidence of MetS and helminth infections, suggesting that, as with autoimmune and allergic diseases, helminths may play a protective role against MetS disease. Within this review, we will focus primarily on the excretory-secretory products that the parasites produce to modulate the immune system and discuss their potential use as therapeutics against MetS and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Crowe
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - F E Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - M M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - W Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Borji H, Jabbari Azad F, Kiaee F, Rezaei A, Farid Hosseini R, Soleimani N. Response letter to "What should be taken into account during study on immunoregulatory effects of helminths: a critical analyzing on downregulation of immune responses in asthmatic patients by ES products of Marshallagia marshalli". THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2017; 11:132-133. [PMID: 28033666 DOI: 10.1111/crj.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Kiaee
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Abdorahim Rezaei
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Reza Farid Hosseini
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Nushinmehr Soleimani
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Iran
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19
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Ivanović J, Baltić MŽ, Bošković M, Kilibarda N, Dokmanović M, Marković R, Janjić J, Baltić B. Anisakis allergy in human. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Maizels RM, McSorley HJ. Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:666-675. [PMID: 27476889 PMCID: PMC5010150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Helminth parasite infections are associated with a battery of immunomodulatory mechanisms that affect all facets of the host immune response to ensure their persistence within the host. This broad-spectrum modulation of host immunity has intended and unintended consequences, both advantageous and disadvantageous. Thus the host can benefit from suppression of collateral damage during parasite infection and from reduced allergic, autoimmune, and inflammatory reactions. However, helminth infection can also be detrimental in reducing vaccine responses, increasing susceptibility to coinfection and potentially reducing tumor immunosurveillance. In this review we will summarize the panoply of immunomodulatory mechanisms used by helminths, their potential utility in human disease, and prospective areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Henry J McSorley
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Reynolds LA, Finlay BB, Maizels RM. Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 195:4059-66. [PMID: 26477048 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both intestinal helminth parasites and certain bacterial microbiota species have been credited with strong immunomodulatory effects. Recent studies reported that the presence of helminth infection alters the composition of the bacterial intestinal microbiota and, conversely, that the presence and composition of the bacterial microbiota affect helminth colonization and persistence within mammalian hosts. This article reviews recent findings on these reciprocal relationships, in both human populations and mouse models, at the level of potential mechanistic pathways and the implications these bear for immunomodulatory effects on allergic and autoimmune disorders. Understanding the multidirectional complex interactions among intestinal microbes, helminth parasites, and the host immune system allows for a more holistic approach when using probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, and anthelmintics, as well as when designing treatments for autoimmune and allergic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Reynolds
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; and
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection, and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom
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22
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Shepherd C, Navarro S, Wangchuk P, Wilson D, Daly NL, Loukas A. Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:293-303. [PMID: 25854639 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory components of helminths offer great promise as an entirely new class of biologics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we discuss the emerging themes in helminth-driven immunomodulation in the context of therapeutic drug discovery. We broadly define the approaches that are currently applied by researchers to identify these helminth molecules, highlighting key areas of potential exploitation that have been mostly neglected thus far, notably small molecules. Finally, we propose that the investigation of immunomodulatory compounds will enable the translation of current and future research efforts into potential treatments for autoimmune and allergic diseases, while at the same time yielding new insights into the molecular interface of host-parasite biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shepherd
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
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23
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Pitrez PM, Gualdi LP, Barbosa GL, Sudbrack S, Ponzi D, Cao RG, Silva ACA, Machado DC, Jones MH, Stein RT, Graeff-Teixeira C. Effect of different helminth extracts on the development of asthma in mice: The influence of early-life exposure and the role of IL-10 response. Exp Parasitol 2015; 156:95-103. [PMID: 26093162 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is not currently clear whether different parasites have distinct effects on the airway inflammatory response in asthma and whether exposure in early life to helminths have a stronger impact in a potential inhibitory effect on asthma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of exposure to different helminth extracts on the development of allergic pulmonary response in mice, including early-life exposure. Different helminth extracts (Angiostrongylus costaricensis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis and Ascaris lumbricoides) were studied in female adult BALB/c and C57BL/6 IL-10-deficient mice in a protocol of murine asthma, injected intraperitoneally in different periods of exposure (early, pre-sensitization and post-sensitization). Cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) from lung tissue, cytokine levels from BAL/spleen cell cultures, and lung histology were analyzed. Airway cellular influx induced by OVA was significantly inhibited by extracts of A. cantonensis and A. lumbricoides. Extracts of A. lumbricoides and A. costaricensis led to a significant reduction of IL-5 in BAL (p < 0.001). Only the exposure to A. lumbricoides led to an increased production of IL-10 in the lungs (p < 0.001). In IL-10-deficient mice exposed to A. costaricensis pre-sensitization, eosinophil counts and IL-5 levels in BAL and EPO in lung tissue were significantly reduced. In the early exposure to A. cantonensis, lung inflammation was clearly inhibited. In conclusion, different helminth extracts inhibit allergic lung inflammation in mice. IL-10 may not play a central role in some helminth-host interactions. Early exposure to helminth extracts could be a potential strategy to explore primary prevention in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Pitrez
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - L P Gualdi
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - G L Barbosa
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S Sudbrack
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D Ponzi
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R G Cao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A C A Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - D C Machado
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Respiratory Diseases, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M H Jones
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R T Stein
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Infant Center, Laboratory of Pediatric Respirology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C Graeff-Teixeira
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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24
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McSorley HJ, Blair NF, Robertson E, Maizels RM. Suppression of OVA-alum induced allergy by Heligmosomoides polygyrus products is MyD88-, TRIF-, regulatory T- and B cell-independent, but is associated with reduced innate lymphoid cell activation. Exp Parasitol 2015; 158:8-17. [PMID: 25728231 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The murine intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus exerts multiple immunomodulatory effects in the host, including the suppression of allergic inflammation in mice sensitized to allergen presented with alum adjuvant. Similar suppression is attained by co-administration of H. polygyrus excretory/secretory products (HES) with the sensitizing dose of ovalbumin (OVA) in alum. We investigated the mechanism of suppression by HES in this model, and found it was maintained in MyD88xTRIF-deficient mice, implying no role for helminth- or host-derived TLR ligands, or IL-1 family cytokines that signal in a MyD88- or TRIF-dependent manner. We also found suppression was unchanged in µMT mice, which lack B2 B cells, and that suppression was not abrogated when regulatory T cells were depleted in Foxp3.LuciDTR-4 mice. However, reduced IL-5 production was seen in the first 12 h after injection of OVA-alum when HES was co-administered, associated with reduced activation of IL-5(+) and IL-13(+) group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Thus, the suppressive effects of HES on alum-mediated OVA sensitization are reflected in the very earliest innate response to allergen exposure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J McSorley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK; Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Natalie F Blair
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Elaine Robertson
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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25
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Finlay CM, Walsh KP, Mills KHG. Induction of regulatory cells by helminth parasites: exploitation for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Immunol Rev 2014; 259:206-30. [PMID: 24712468 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites are highly successful pathogens, chronically infecting a quarter of the world's population, causing significant morbidity but rarely causing death. Protective immunity and expulsion of helminths is mediated by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells, type 2 (M2) macrophages, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and eosinophils. Failure to mount these type 2 immune responses can result in immunopathology mediated by Th1 or Th17 cells. Helminths have evolved a wide variety of approaches for immune suppression, especially the generation of regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β. This is a very effective strategy for subverting protective immune responses to prolong their survival in the host but has the bystander effect of modulating immune responses to unrelated antigens. Epidemiological studies in humans have shown that infection with helminth parasites is associated with a low incidence of allergy/asthma and autoimmunity in developing countries. Experimental studies in mice have demonstrated that regulatory immune responses induced by helminth can suppress Th2 and Th1/Th17 responses that mediate allergy and autoimmunity, respectively. This has provided a rational explanation of the 'hygiene hypothesis' and has also led to the exploitation of helminths or their immunomodulatory products in the development of new immunosuppressive therapies for inflammatory diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Finlay
- Immune Regulation Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Helminth extracts inhibit eosinophilic inflammation in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2014; 42:632-4. [PMID: 24657133 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Glycans expressed on Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory antigens are important for anti-inflamatory immune response polarization. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 37:355-67. [PMID: 25467036 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae excretory-secretory antigens (ES L1) are most likely responsible for the induction of immune response during infection by this parasitic. The antigens bear carbohydrate structures that may contribute to immune system activation resulting in a Th2/anti-inflammatory immune response. We show that T. spiralis glycans affect the expression and the production of IL-4 and IL-10 in vivo. Alteration of carbohydrate structures on ES L1 altered dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Periodate treatment of ES L1 led to the reduction in both ERK and p38 phosphorylation which may be the cause of reduced IL-10 and IL-12p70 production. In vitro priming of naïve T cells with DCs stimulated with native and periodate-treated ES L1 emphasized the importance of intact glycans for IL-10 production. We conclude that T. spiralis glycans affect the anti-inflammatory environment and can interfere with the development of inflammatory diseases.
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28
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Evans H, Mitre E. Worms as therapeutic agents for allergy and asthma: understanding why benefits in animal studies have not translated into clinical success. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:343-53. [PMID: 25174866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections are associated with decreased rates of autoimmunity and allergy, and several clinical studies have demonstrated that intentional infection with helminths can reduce symptoms of autoimmune diseases. In contrast, though numerous animal studies have demonstrated that helminth infections ameliorate allergic diseases, clinical trials in humans have not shown benefit. In this article, we review in detail the 2 human studies that have prospectively tested whether helminth infections protect against allergy. We next review the research designs and results obtained from animal studies, and compare these to the human trials. We then postulate possible reasons for the lack of efficacy observed in clinical trials to date and discuss potential future areas of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md
| | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Md.
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29
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Obieglo K, van Wijck Y, de Kleijn S, Smits HH, Taube C. Microorganism-induced suppression of allergic airway disease: novel therapies on the horizon? Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 8:717-30. [PMID: 25138640 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2014.949244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Allergic airway disease is a major global health burden, and novel treatment options are urgently needed. Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that certain helminths and bacteria protect against respiratory allergies. These microorganisms are strong regulators of the immune system, and various potential regulatory mechanisms by which they protect against allergic airway inflammation have been proposed. Whereas early studies addressed the beneficial effect of natural infections, the focus now shifts toward identifying the dominant protective molecules and exploring their efficacy in models of allergic airway disease. In this article, we will review the evidence for microbe-mediated protection from allergic airway disease, the potential modes of action involved and discuss advances as well as limitations in the translation of this knowledge into novel treatment strategies against allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Obieglo
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Duechs MJ, Tilp C, Tomsic C, Gantner F, Erb KJ. Development of a novel severe triple allergen asthma model in mice which is resistant to dexamethasone and partially resistant to TLR7 and TLR9 agonist treatment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91223. [PMID: 24618687 PMCID: PMC3949744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma is characterised by persistent inflammation, hyperreactivity and remodeling of the airways. No efficient treatment is available, this is particularly the case for steroid resistant phenotypes. Our aim therefore was to develop a preclinical model showing characteristics of severe human asthma including steroid insensitivity. Mice were first sensitized with ovalbumin, extracts of cockroach or house dust mite followed by a challenge period of seven weeks. Further to this, an additional group of mice was sensitized with all three allergens and then challenged with allergen alternating weekly between allergens. All three allergens applied separately to the mice induced comparably strong Th2-type airway inflammation, airway hyperreactivity and airway remodeling, which was characterised by fibrosis and increased smooth muscle thickness. In contrast, application of all three allergens together resulted in a greater Th2 response and increased airway hyperreactivity and a stronger albeit not significant remodeling phenotype compared to using HDM or CRA. In this triple allergen model dexamethasone application, during the last 4 weeks of challenge, showed no suppressive effects on any of these parameters in this model. In contrast, both TLR7 agonist resiquimod and TLR9 agonist CpG-ODN reduced allergen-specific IgE, eosinophils, and collagen I in the lungs. The TLR9 agonist also reduced IL-4 and IL-5 whilst increasing IFN-γ and strongly IL-10 levels in the lungs, effects not seen with the TLR7 agonist. However, neither TLR agonist had any effect on airway hyperreactivity and airway smooth muscle mass. In conclusion we have developed a severe asthma model, which is steroid resistant and only partially sensitive to TLR7 and TLR9 agonist treatment. This model may be particular useful to test new potential therapeutics aiming at treating steroid resistant asthma in humans and investigating the underlying mechanisms responsible for steroid insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J. Duechs
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - Cornelia Tilp
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - Christopher Tomsic
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - Florian Gantner
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - Klaus J. Erb
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
- * E-mail:
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31
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Schabussova I, Ul-Haq O, Hoflehner E, Akgün J, Wagner A, Loupal G, Joachim A, Ruttkowski B, Maizels RM, Wiedermann U. Oesophagostomum dentatum extract modulates T cell-dependent immune responses to bystander antigens and prevents the development of allergy in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67544. [PMID: 23844022 PMCID: PMC3699627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One third of the human population is currently infected by one or more species of parasitic helminths. Certain helminths establish long-term chronic infections resulting in a modulation of the host’s immune system with attenuated responsiveness to “bystander” antigens such as allergens or vaccines. In this study we investigated whether parasite-derived products suppress the development of allergic inflammation in a mouse model. We show that extract derived from adult male Oesophagostomum dentatum (eMOD) induced Th2 and regulatory responses in BALB/c mice. Stimulation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells induced production of regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-beta. In a mouse model of birch pollen allergy, co-administration of eMOD with sensitizing allergen Bet v 1 markedly reduced the production of allergen-specific antibodies in serum as well as IgE-dependent basophil degranulation. Furthermore, eMOD prevented the development of airway inflammation, as demonstrated by attenuation of bronchoalveolar lavages eosinophil influx, peribronchial inflammatory infiltrate, and mucus secretion in lungs and IL-4 and IL-5 levels in lung cell cultures. Reduced secretion of Th2-related cytokines by birch pollen-re-stimulated splenocytes and mesenteric lymph node cells was observed in eMOD-treated/sensitized and challenged mice in comparison to sensitized and challenged controls. The suppressive effects of eMOD were heat-stable. Immunization with model antigens in the presence of eMOD reduced production of antibodies to thymus-dependent but not to thymus-independent antigen, suggesting that suppression of the immune responses by eMOD was mediated by interference with antigen presenting cell or T helper cell function but did not directly suppress B cell function. In conclusion, we have shown that eMOD possesses immunomodulatory properties and that heat-stable factors in eMOD are responsible for the dramatic suppression of allergic responses in a mouse model of type I allergy. The identification and characterization of parasite-derived immune-modulating molecules might have potential for designing novel prophylactic/therapeutic strategies for immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Schabussova
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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32
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Nematode-derived proteins suppress proliferation and cytokine production of antigen-specific T cells via induction of cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68380. [PMID: 23861729 PMCID: PMC3693813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to establish long-lasting infections in their mammalian host, filarial
nematodes have developed sophisticated strategies to dampen their host’s immune
response. Proteins that are actively secreted by the parasites have been shown
to induce the expansion of regulatory T cells and to directly interfere with
effector T cell function. Here, we analyze the suppressive capacity of
Onchocercavolvulus-derived excreted/secreted
proteins. Addition of two recombinant O. volvulus proteins, abundant larval
transcript-2 (OvALT-2) and novel larval transcript-1
(OvNLT-1) to cell cultures of T cell receptor transgenic
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells suppressed antigen-specific
stimulation in vitro. Ovalbumin-specific CD4+
DO11.10 and OT-II T cells that had been stimulated with their cognate antigen in
the presence of OvALT-2 or OvNLT-1 displayed
reduced DNA synthesis quantified by 3H-thymidine incorporation and
reduced cell division quantified by CFSE dilution. Furthermore, the IL-2 and
IFN-γ response of ovalbumin-specific CD8+ OT-I T cells was suppressed
by OvALT-2 and OvNLT-1. In contrast, another
recombinant O.
volvulus protein,
microfilariae surface-associated antigen (Ov103), did not
modulate T cell activation, thus serving as internal control for
non-ESP-mediated artifacts. Suppressive capacity of the identified ESP was
associated with induction of apoptosis in T cells demonstrated by increased
exposure of phosphatidylserine on the plasma membrane. Of note, the digestion of
recombinant proteins with proteinase K did not abolish the suppression of
antigen-specific proliferation although the suppressive capacity of the
identified excreted/secreted products was not mediated by low molecular weight
contaminants in the undigested preparations. In summary, we identified two
suppressive excreted/secreted products from O. volvulus, which interfere with the
function of antigen-specific T cells in vitro.
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33
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Helminths: Immunoregulation and Inflammatory Diseases-Which Side Are Trichinella spp. and Toxocara spp. on? J Parasitol Res 2013; 2013:329438. [PMID: 23365718 PMCID: PMC3556843 DOI: 10.1155/2013/329438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropathogens, such as multicellular helminths, are considered masters of immunoregulation due to their ability to escape host defense and establish chronic infections. Molecular crosstalk between the host and the parasite starts immediately after their encounter, which influences the course and development of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. Helminths can modulate dendritic cells (DCs) function and induce immunosuppression which is mediated by a regulatory network that includes regulatory T (Treg) cells, regulatory B (Breg) cells, and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). In this way, helminths suppress and control both parasite-specific and unrelated immunopathology in the host such as Th1-mediated autoimmune and Th2-mediated allergic diseases. However, certain helminths favour the development or exacerbation of allergic responses. In this paper, the cell types that play an essential role in helminth-induced immunoregulation, the consequences for inflammatory diseases, and the contrasting effects of Toxocara and Trichinella infection on allergic manifestations are discussed.
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34
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Potaczek DP, Kabesch M. Current concepts of IgE regulation and impact of genetic determinants. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 42:852-71. [PMID: 22909159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated immune responses seem to be directed against parasites and neoplasms, but are best known for their involvement in allergies. The IgE network is tightly controlled at different levels as outlined in this review. Genetic determinants were suspected to influence IgE regulation and IgE levels considerably for many years. Linkage and candidate gene studies suggested a number of loci and genes to correlate with total serum IgE levels, and recently genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provided the power to identify genetic determinants for total serum IgE levels: 1q23 (FCER1A), 5q31 (RAD50, IL13, IL4), 12q13 (STAT6), 6p21.3 (HLA-DRB1) and 16p12 (IL4R, IL21R). In this review, we analyse the potential role of these GWAS hits in the IgE network and suggest mechanisms of how genes and genetic variants in these loci may influence IgE regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Potaczek
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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35
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McSorley HJ, Hewitson JP, Maizels RM. Immunomodulation by helminth parasites: defining mechanisms and mediators. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:301-10. [PMID: 23291463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and interventional human studies, as well as experiments in animal models, strongly indicate that helminth parasitic infections can confer protection from immune dysregulatory diseases such as allergy, autoimmunity and colitis. Here, we review the immunological pathways that helminths exploit to downregulate immune responses, both against bystander specificities such as allergens and against antigens from the parasites themselves. In particular, we focus on a highly informative laboratory system, the mouse intestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, as a tractable model of host-parasite interaction at the cellular and molecular levels. Analysis of the molecules released in vitro (as excretory-secretory products) and their cellular targets is identifying individual parasite molecules and gene families implicated in immunomodulation, and which hold potential for future human therapy of immunopathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J McSorley
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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36
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Tilp C, Kapur V, Loging W, Erb KJ. Prerequisites for the pharmaceutical industry to develop and commercialise helminths and helminth-derived product therapy. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:319-25. [PMID: 23291462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the past 10 years, immunologists, epidemiologists and parasitologists have made many new exciting discoveries in the field of helminth-mediated immune regulation. In addition, many animal experiments have shown that certain helminths or products derived from helminths can protect mice from developing allergic or autoimmune disease. Some clinical trials utilising Trichuris suis or Necator americanus for the treatment of allergic disorders and inflammatory bowel disease have been conducted. The outcomes of these trials suggest that they may be used to treat these disorders. However, to date no helminth therapy is routinely being applied to patients and no helminth-derived product therapy has been developed. In order to bring new drugs to the market and shoulder the enormous costs involved in developing such therapies, pharmaceutical companies need to be involved. However, currently the resources from the pharmaceutical industry devoted to this concept are relatively small and there are good reasons why the industry may have been reluctant to invest in developing these types of therapies. In this review article, the hurdles that must be overcome before the pharmaceutical industry might invest in these novel therapies are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Tilp
- Department of Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biberach, Germany
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37
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Bourke CD, Mutapi F, Nausch N, Photiou DMF, Poulsen LK, Kristensen B, Arnved J, Rønborg S, Roepstorff A, Thamsborg S, Kapel C, Melbye M, Bager P. Trichuris suisova therapy for allergic rhinitis does not affect allergen-specific cytokine responses despite a parasite-specific cytokine response. Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1582-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.04063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. D. Bourke
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh; UK
| | - F. Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh; UK
| | - N. Nausch
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh; UK
| | - D. M. F. Photiou
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh; UK
| | - L. K. Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic; National University Hospital; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | | | - J. Arnved
- Pulmonology and Allergy Clinic of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - S. Rønborg
- Pulmonology and Allergy Clinic of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - A. Roepstorff
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - S. Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - C. Kapel
- Department of Agriculture and Ecology; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg; Denmark
| | - M. Melbye
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - P. Bager
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research; Copenhagen; Denmark
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38
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McSorley HJ, O'Gorman MT, Blair N, Sutherland TE, Filbey KJ, Maizels RM. Suppression of type 2 immunity and allergic airway inflammation by secreted products of the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:2667-82. [PMID: 22706967 PMCID: PMC4916998 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is less prevalent in countries with parasitic helminth infections, and mice infected with parasites such as Heligmosomoides polygyrus are protected from allergic airway inflammation. To establish whether suppression of allergy could be mediated by soluble products of this helminth, we tested H. polygyrus excretory-secretory (HES) material for its ability to impair allergic inflammation. When HES was added to sensitising doses of ovalbumin, the subsequent allergic airway response was suppressed, with ablated cell infiltration, a lower ratio of effector (CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(-) ) to regulatory (CD4(+) Foxp3(+) ) T (Treg) cells, and reduced Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokine production. HES exposure reduced IL-5 responses and eosinophilia, abolished IgE production and inhibited the type 2 innate molecules arginase-1 and RELM-α (resistin-like molecule-α). Although HES contains a TGF-β-like activity, similar effects in modulating allergy were not observed when administering mammalian TGF-β alone. HES also protected previously sensitised mice, suppressing recruitment of eosinophils to the airways when given at challenge, but no change in Th or Treg cell populations was apparent. Because heat-treatment of HES did not impair suppression at sensitisation, but compromised its ability to suppress at challenge, we propose that HES contains distinct heat-stable and heat-labile immunomodulatory molecules, which modulate pro-allergic adaptive and innate cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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39
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Abstract
Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower prevalences of allergies and autoimmune diseases, suggesting that parasites may protect against immunopathological syndromes. Most helminth diseases are spectral in nature, with a large proportion of relatively asymptomatic cases and a subset of patients who develop severe pathologies. The maintenance of the asymptomatic state is now recognized as reflecting an immunoregulatory environment, which may be promoted by parasites, and involves multiple levels of host regulatory cells and cytokines; a breakdown of this regulation is observed in pathological disease. Currently, there is much interest in whether helminth-associated immune regulation may ameliorate allergy and autoimmunity, with investigations in both laboratory models and human trials. Understanding and exploiting the interactions between these parasites and the host regulatory network are therefore likely to highlight new strategies to control both infectious and immunological diseases.
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40
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Caramori G, Papadopoulos N, Contoli M, Marku B, Forini G, Pauletti A, Johnston SL, Papi A. Asthma: a chronic infectious disease? Clin Chest Med 2012; 33:473-84. [PMID: 22929096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
There are increasing data to support the "hygiene" and "microbiota" hypotheses of a protective role of infections in modulating the risk of subsequent development of asthma. There is less evidence that respiratory infections can actually cause the development of asthma. There is some evidence that rhinovirus respiratory infections are associated with the development of asthma, particularly in childhood, whereas these infections in later life seem to have a weaker association with the development of asthma. The role of bacterial infections in chronic asthma remains unclear. This article reviews the available evidence indicating that asthma may be considered as a chronic infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Caramori
- Section of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio, University of Ferrara, via Savonarola 9, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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41
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Modulation of specific and allergy-related immune responses by helminths. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:821578. [PMID: 22219659 PMCID: PMC3248237 DOI: 10.1155/2011/821578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminths are master regulators of host immune responses utilising complex mechanisms to dampen host protective Th2-type responses and favour long-term persistence. Such evasion mechanisms ensure mutual survival of both the parasite and the host. In this paper, we present recent findings on the cells that are targeted by helminths and the molecules and mechanisms that are induced during infection. We discuss the impact of these factors on the host response as well as their effect in preventing the development of aberrant allergic inflammation. We also examine recent findings on helminth-derived molecules that can be used as tools to pinpoint the underlying mechanisms of immune regulation or to determine new anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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42
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Abstract
A relationship between infections and allergic airway disease has long been recognized, and many reviews have been written on this topic. However, both clinical and basic science studies published in the last 3 years provide new insights into the relationship between infection and allergic conditions. In this review, we focus on these very recent studies, which address the role of infection in the development, maintenance, and exacerbation of asthma. Bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections have each been examined and provide a framework for these novel concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sevin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA
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43
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Reddy MVR. Immunomodulators of helminthes: Promising therapeutics for autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases x. Indian J Clin Biochem 2010; 25:109-10. [PMID: 23105895 PMCID: PMC3453099 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-010-0021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. V. R. Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry & JB Tropical Disease Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, 442102 Maharashtra India
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44
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45
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Cardoso LS, Oliveira SC, Góes AM, Oliveira RR, Pacífico LG, Marinho FV, Fonseca CT, Cardoso FC, Carvalho EM, Araujo MI. Schistosoma mansoni antigens modulate the allergic response in a murine model of ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:266-74. [PMID: 20132231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni infection has been associated with protection against allergies. The mechanisms underlying this association may involve regulatory cells and cytokines. We evaluated the immune response induced by the S. mansoni antigens Sm22.6, PIII and Sm29 in a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation. BALB/c mice were sensitized with subcutaneously injected OVA-alum and challenged with aerolized OVA. Mice were given three doses of the different S. mansoni antigens. Lung histopathology, cellularity of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and eosinophil peroxidase activity in lung were evaluated. Immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels in serum and cytokines in BAL were also measured. Additionally, we evaluated the frequency of CD4+forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ T cells in cultures stimulated with OVA and the expression of interleukin (IL)-10 by these cells. The number of total cells and eosinophils in BAL and the levels of OVA-specific IgE were reduced in the immunized mice. Also, the levels of IL-4 and IL-5 in the BAL of mice immunized with PIII and Sm22.6 were decreased, while the levels of IL-10 were higher in mice immunized with Sm22.6 compared to the non-immunized mice. The frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ T cells was higher in the groups of mice who received Sm22.6, Sm29 and PIII, being the expression of IL-10 by these cells only higher in mice immunized with Sm22.6. We concluded that the S. mansoni antigens used in this study are able to down-modulate allergic inflammatory mediators in a murine model of airway inflammation and that the CD4+FoxP3+ T cells, even in the absence of IL-10 expression, might play an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Cardoso
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Thorburn AN, Hansbro PM. Harnessing regulatory T cells to suppress asthma: from potential to therapy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 43:511-9. [PMID: 20097830 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0342tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an essential role in maintaining the homeostatic balance of immune responses. Asthma is an inflammatory condition of the airways that is driven by dysregulated immune responses toward normally innocuous antigens. Individuals with asthma have fewer and less functional Tregs, which may lead to uncontrolled effector cell responses and promote proasthmatic responses of T helper type 2, T helper 17, natural killer T, antigen-presenting, and B cells. Tregs have the capacity to either directly or indirectly suppress these responses. Hence, the induced expansion of functional Tregs in predisposed or individuals with asthma is a potential approach for the prevention and treatment of asthma. Infection by a number of micro-organisms has been associated with reduced prevalence of asthma, and many infectious agents have been shown to induce Tregs and reduce allergic airways disease in mouse models. The translation of the regulatory and therapeutic properties of infectious agents for use in asthma requires the identification of key modulatory components and the development and trial of effective immunoregulatory therapies. Further translational and clinical research is required for the induction of Tregs to be harnessed as a therapeutic strategy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison N Thorburn
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease and Hunter Medical Research Institute, the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 88:27-38. [PMID: 19844667 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infection is a worldwide health problem. In addition to directly causing disease, helminthic infection also affects the incidence and progression of other diseases by exerting immune modulatory effects. In animal models, infection with helminthic parasites can prevent autoimmune diseases and allergic inflammatory diseases, but worsens protective immunity to certain infectious pathogens. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity. Investigating these mechanisms could lead to treatment strategies that specifically modulate the immune response as well as address fundamental questions in immunobiology.
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Bager P, Arnved J, Rønborg S, Wohlfahrt J, Poulsen LK, Westergaard T, Petersen HW, Kristensen B, Thamsborg S, Roepstorff A, Kapel C, Melbye M. Trichuris suis ova therapy for allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 125:123-30.e1-3. [PMID: 19800680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic helminth infections can protect against allergic airway inflammation in experimental models and have been associated with a reduced risk of atopy and a reduced course of asthma in some observational studies. Although no clinical evidence exists to support the use of helminth therapy for allergic disease, the helminth Trichuris suis has demonstrated efficacy in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. OBJECTIVE To determine efficacy of helminth therapy for allergic rhinitis. METHODS We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group trial in which 100 subjects age 18 to 65 years with grass pollen-induced allergic rhinitis were randomly assigned to ingest a total of 8 doses with 2500 live T suis ova or placebo with an interval of 21 days. The primary outcome was a change in mean daily total symptom score for runny, itchy, sneezing nose (maximum change, 9.0) or in percentage of well days during the grass pollen season. RESULTS Treatment with T suis ova (N = 49) compared with placebo (N = 47) caused transient diarrhea peaking at day 41 in 33% of participants (placebo, 2%), and increased eosinophil counts (P < .001) and T suis-specific IgE (P < .05), IgG (P < .001), IgG(4) (P < .003), and IgA (P < .001), whereas there was no significant change in symptom scores (0.0; 95% CI, -0.5 to 0.4; P = .87), well days (3%; 95% CI, -9% to 14%; P = .63), total histamine (P = .44), grass-specific IgE (P = .76), or diameter of wheal reaction on skin prick testing with grass (P = .85) or 9 other allergens. CONCLUSION Repeated treatment with the helminth T suis induced a substantial clinical and immunologic response as evidence of infection, but had no therapeutic effect on allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bager
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hewitson JP, Grainger JR, Maizels RM. Helminth immunoregulation: the role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2009; 167:1-11. [PMID: 19406170 PMCID: PMC2706953 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 529] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Helminths are masterful immunoregulators. A characteristic feature of helminth infection is a Th2-dominated immune response, but stimulation of immunoregulatory cell populations, such as regulatory T cells and alternatively activated macrophages, is equally common. Typically, Th1/17 immunity is blocked and productive effector responses are muted, allowing survival of the parasite in a "modified Th2" environment. Drug treatment to clear the worms reverses the immunoregulatory effects, indicating that a state of active suppression is maintained by the parasite. Hence, research has focussed on "excretory-secretory" products released by live parasites, which can interfere with every aspect of host immunity from initial recognition to end-stage effector mechanisms. In this review, we survey our knowledge of helminth secreted molecules, and summarise current understanding of the growing number of individual helminth mediators that have been shown to target key receptors or pathways in the mammalian immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rick M. Maizels
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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Park SK, Cho MK, Park HK, Lee KH, Lee SJ, Choi SH, Ock MS, Jeong HJ, Lee MH, Yu HS. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor homologs of anisakis simplex suppress Th2 response in allergic airway inflammation model via CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cell recruitment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:6907-14. [PMID: 19454687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-like protein (Anisakis simplex (As)-MIF) from larvae of the whale worm (Anisakis simplex third-stage larvae). Asthma was induced in the mice using OVA/alum, with or without various concentrations of rAs-MIF treatment before OVA/alum challenge. Treatment with rAs-MIF coupled with OVA/alum during the challenge period induced a complete inhibition of eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia within the lung and profoundly ameliorated the development of lung hyperreactivity. Also, rAs-MIF was shown to reduce profoundly the quantity of Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid and allergen-specific IgG2a in sera. IL-10 and TGF-beta levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the rAs-MIF-treated group were significantly higher than in the other groups. Additionally, CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (regulatory T) were recruited to the spleen and lungs of the rAs-MIF-treated mice, but this recruitment was inhibited by anti-rAs-MIF Ab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyun Park
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University Busan, Busan, Korea
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