1
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Kalsi KK, Jackson S, Baines DL. Lipoxin receptor agonist and inhibition of LTA4 hydrolase prevent tight junction disruption caused by P. aeruginosa filtrate in airway epithelial cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287183. [PMID: 37406028 PMCID: PMC10321624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway diseases can disrupt tight junction proteins, compromising the epithelial barrier and making it more permeable to pathogens. In people with pulmonary disease who are prone to infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pro-inflammatory leukotrienes are increased and anti-inflammatory lipoxins are decreased. Upregulation of lipoxins is effective in counteracting inflammation and infection. However, whether combining a lipoxin receptor agonist with a specific leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) inhibitor could enhance these protective effects has not to our knowledge been investigated. Therefore, we explored the effect of lipoxin receptor agonist BML-111 and JNJ26993135 a specific LTA4H inhibitor that prevents the production of pro-inflammatory LTB4 on tight junction proteins disrupted by P. aeruginosa filtrate (PAF) in human airway epithelial cell lines H441 and 16HBE-14o. Pre-treatment with BML-111 prevented an increase in epithelial permeability induced by PAF and conserved ZO-1 and claudin-1 at the cell junctions. JNJ26993135 similarly prevented the increased permeability induced by PAF, restored ZO-1 and E-cadherin and reduced IL-8 but not IL-6. Cells pre-treated with BML-111 plus JNJ26993135 restored TEER and permeability, ZO-1 and claudin-1 to the cell junctions. Taken together, these data indicate that the combination of a lipoxin receptor agonist with a LTA4H inhibitor could provide a more potent therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameljit K. Kalsi
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sonya Jackson
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmune (RIA), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Deborah L. Baines
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Teder T, König S, Singh R, Samuelsson B, Werz O, Garscha U, Haeggström JZ. Modulation of the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway by Chalcogen-Containing Inhibitors of Leukotriene A 4 Hydrolase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087539. [PMID: 37108702 PMCID: PMC10145651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway gives rise to bioactive inflammatory lipid mediators, such as leukotrienes (LTs). 5-LOX carries out the oxygenation of arachidonic acid to the 5-hydroperoxy derivative and then to the leukotriene A4 epoxide which is converted to a chemotactic leukotriene B4 (LTB4) by leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). In addition, LTA4H possesses aminopeptidase activity to cleave the N-terminal proline of a pro-inflammatory tripeptide, prolyl-glycyl-proline (PGP). Based on the structural characteristics of LTA4H, it is possible to selectively inhibit the epoxide hydrolase activity while sparing the inactivating, peptidolytic, cleavage of PGP. In the current study, chalcogen-containing compounds, 4-(4-benzylphenyl) thiazol-2-amine (ARM1) and its selenazole (TTSe) and oxazole (TTO) derivatives were characterized regarding their inhibitory and binding properties. All three compounds selectively inhibit the epoxide hydrolase activity of LTA4H at low micromolar concentrations, while sparing the aminopeptidase activity. These inhibitors also block the 5-LOX activity in leukocytes and have distinct inhibition constants with recombinant 5-LOX. Furthermore, high-resolution structures of LTA4H with inhibitors were determined and potential binding sites to 5-LOX were proposed. In conclusion, we present chalcogen-containing inhibitors which differentially target essential steps in the biosynthetic route for LTB4 and can potentially be used as modulators of inflammatory response by the 5-LOX pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarvi Teder
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefanie König
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Singh
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Samuelsson
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Haeggström JZ, Newcomer ME. Structures of Leukotriene Biosynthetic Enzymes and Development of New Therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:407-428. [PMID: 36130059 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-085014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are potent immune-regulating lipid mediators with patho-genic roles in inflammatory and allergic diseases, particularly asthma. These autacoids also contribute to low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and tumor diseases. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves release and oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and proceeds via a set of cytosolic and integral membrane enzymes that are typically expressed by cells of the innate immune system. In activated cells, these enzymes traffic and assemble at the endoplasmic and perinuclear membrane, together comprising a biosynthetic complex. Here we describe recent advances in our molecular understanding of the protein components of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme machinery and also briefly touch upon the leukotriene receptors. Moreover, we discuss emerging opportunities for pharmacological intervention and development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
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4
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LTA4H rs2660845 association with montelukast response in early and late-onset asthma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257396. [PMID: 34550981 PMCID: PMC8457475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes play a central pathophysiological role in both paediatric and adult asthma. However, 35% to 78% of asthmatics do not respond to leukotriene inhibitors. In this study we tested the role of the LTA4H regulatory variant rs2660845 and age of asthma onset in response to montelukast in ethnically diverse populations. We identified and genotyped 3,594 asthma patients treated with montelukast (2,514 late-onset and 1,080 early-onset) from seven cohorts (UKBiobank, GoSHARE, BREATHE, Tayside RCT, PAGES, GALA II and SAGE). Individuals under montelukast treatment experiencing at least one exacerbation in a 12-month period were compared against individuals with no exacerbation, using logistic regression for each cohort and meta-analysis. While no significant association was found with European late-onset subjects, a meta-analysis of 523 early-onset individuals from European ancestry demonstrated the odds of experiencing asthma exacerbations by carriers of at least one G allele, despite montelukast treatment, were increased (odds-ratio = 2.92, 95%confidence interval (CI): 1.04–8.18, I2 = 62%, p = 0.0412) compared to those in the AA group. When meta-analysing with other ethnic groups, no significant increased risk of asthma exacerbations was found (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 0.61–4.19, I2 = 85%, p = 0.342). Our study demonstrates that genetic variation in LTA4H, together with timing of asthma onset, may contribute to variability in montelukast response. European individuals with early-onset (≤18y) carrying at least one copy of rs2660845 have increased odd of exacerbation under montelukast treatment, presumably due to the up-regulation of LTA4H activity. These findings support a precision medicine approach for the treatment of asthma with montelukast.
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5
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Nakamura T. The roles of lipid mediators in type I hypersensitivity. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 147:126-131. [PMID: 34294363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate immune reaction that involves IgE-mediated activation of mast cells. Activated mast cells release chemical mediators, such as histamine and lipid mediators, which cause allergic reactions. Recent developments in detection devices have revealed that mast cells simultaneously release a wide variety of lipid mediators. Mounting evidence has revealed that mast cell-derived mediators exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions and positively and negatively regulate the development of allergic inflammation. This review presents the roles of major lipid mediators released from mast cells. Author believes this review will be helpful for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Nakamura
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Wang C, Zhou J, Wang J, Li S, Fukunaga A, Yodoi J, Tian H. Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:248. [PMID: 33110061 PMCID: PMC7588592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD has increased over the last decade and the drugs most commonly used to treat it, such as glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, have significant therapeutic effects; however, they also cause side effects, including infection and immunosuppression. Here we reviewed the pathogenesis and progression of COPD and elaborated on the effects and mechanisms of newly developed molecular targeted COPD therapeutic drugs. Among these new drugs, we focussed on thioredoxin (Trx). Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. The mechanism by which Trx affects COPD is different from glucocorticoid-based mechanisms which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. In addition, Trx also improves the insensitivity of COPD to steroids by inhibiting the production and internalisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Taken together, these findings suggest that Trx may be the ideal drug for treating COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixue Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jiedong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Department of Biological Response, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- Jiaozhimei Biotechnology (Shaoxing) Co, Ltd, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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7
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Perrem L, Ratjen F. Designing Clinical Trials for Anti-Inflammatory Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:576293. [PMID: 33013419 PMCID: PMC7516261 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.576293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response in the CF airway begins early in the disease process and becomes persistent through life in most patients. Inflammation, which is predominantly neutrophilic, worsens airway obstruction and plays a critical role in the development of structural lung damage. While cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator modulators will likely have a dramatic impact on the trajectory of CF lung disease over the coming years, addressing other important aspects of lung disease such as inflammation will nevertheless remain a priority. Considering the central role of neutrophils and their products in the inflammatory response, potential therapies should ultimately affect neutrophils and their products. The ideal anti-inflammatory therapy would exert a dual effect on the pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution arms of the inflammatory cascade, both of which contribute to dysregulated inflammation in CF. This review outlines the key factors to be considered in the design of clinical trials evaluating anti-inflammatory therapies in CF. Important lessons have been learned from previous clinical trials in this area and choosing the right efficacy endpoints is key to the success of any anti-inflammatory drug development program. Identifying and validating non-invasive biomarkers, novel imaging techniques and sensitive lung function tests capable of monitoring disease activity and therapeutic response are important areas of research and will be useful for the design of future anti-inflammatory drug trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Perrem
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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8
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Audat SA, Al-Shar’i NA, Al-Oudat BA, Bryant-Friedrich A, Bedi MF, Zayed AL, Al-Balas QA. Identification of Human Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase Inhibitors Using Structure-Based Pharmacophore Modeling and Molecular Docking. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122871. [PMID: 32580506 PMCID: PMC7356593 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent, proinflammatory lipid mediator implicated in the pathologies of an array of inflammatory diseases and cancer. The biosynthesis of LTB4 is regulated by the leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). Compounds capable of limiting the formation of LTB4, through selective inhibition of LTA4H, are expected to provide potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents. The aim of the current study is to obtain potential LTA4H inhibitors using computer-aided drug design. A hybrid 3D structure-based pharmacophore model was generated based on the crystal structure of LTA4H in complex with bestatin. The generated pharmacophore was used in a virtual screen of the Maybridge database. The retrieved hits were extensively filtered, then docked into the active site of the enzyme. Finally, they were consensually scored to yield five hits as potential LTA4H inhibitors. Consequently, the selected hits were purchased and their biological activity assessed in vitro against the epoxide hydrolase activity of LTA4H. The results were very promising, with the most active compound showing 73.6% inhibition of the basal epoxide hydrolase activity of LTA4H. The results from this exploratory study provide valuable information for the design and development of more potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suaad A. Audat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +962-772046922; Fax: +962-7201071
| | - Nizar A. Al-Shar’i
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (N.A.A.-S.); (B.A.A.-O.); (A.L.Z.); (Q.A.A.-B.)
| | - Buthina A. Al-Oudat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (N.A.A.-S.); (B.A.A.-O.); (A.L.Z.); (Q.A.A.-B.)
| | - Amanda Bryant-Friedrich
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (A.B.-F.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Mel F. Bedi
- Department of Medicinal and Biological Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (A.B.-F.); (M.F.B.)
| | - Aref L. Zayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (N.A.A.-S.); (B.A.A.-O.); (A.L.Z.); (Q.A.A.-B.)
| | - Qosay A. Al-Balas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (N.A.A.-S.); (B.A.A.-O.); (A.L.Z.); (Q.A.A.-B.)
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9
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Perrem L, Ratjen F. Anti-inflammatories and mucociliary clearance therapies in the age of CFTR modulators. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54 Suppl 3:S46-S55. [PMID: 31715088 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic and life-limiting disease caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. This multi-system disease is characterized by progressive lung disease and pancreatic insufficiency amongst other manifestations. CFTR primarily functions as a chloride channel that transports ions across the apical membrane of epithelial cells but has other functions, including bicarbonate secretion and inhibition of sodium transport. Defective CFTR disrupts these functions, causing viscous and dehydrated mucus to accumulate, compromising the airway lumen and contributing to obstructive pulmonary disease. The combination of CFTR dysfunction, mucus obstruction, and infection drive an exaggerated and dysfunctional inflammatory response, which contributes to irreversible airway destruction and fibrosis. CFTR modulators, an exciting new class of drugs, increase the expression and/or function of CFTR variant protein and improve multiple clinical endpoints, such as lung function, pulmonary exacerbation rates, and nutritional status. However, these genotype-specific drugs are not universally available, the clinical response is variable, and lung function still declines over time when bronchiectasis is established. Consequently, even in the age of CFTR modulators, we must target other important aspects of the CF airway disease, such as inflammation and mucociliary clearance. This review highlights the mechanisms of inflammation and mucus accumulation in the CF lung and discusses anti-inflammatory and mucociliary clearance agents that are currently in development focusing on compounds for which clinical trial data have recently become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Perrem
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, The Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Translational Medicine Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Patel DF, Peiró T, Shoemark A, Akthar S, Walker SA, Grabiec AM, Jackson PL, Hussell T, Gaggar A, Xu X, Trevor JL, Li J, Steele C, Tavernier G, Blalock JE, Niven RM, Gregory LG, Simpson A, Lloyd CM, Snelgrove RJ. An extracellular matrix fragment drives epithelial remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/455/eaaq0693. [PMID: 30135247 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is anticipated that bioactive fragments of the extracellular matrix (matrikines) can influence the development and progression of chronic diseases. The enzyme leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) mediates opposing proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities, through the generation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and degradation of proneutrophilic matrikine Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP), respectively. We show that abrogation of LTB4 signaling ameliorated inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in a murine asthma model, yet global loss of LTA4H exacerbated AHR, despite the absence of LTB4 This exacerbated AHR was attributable to a neutrophil-independent capacity of PGP to promote pathological airway epithelial remodeling. Thus, we demonstrate a disconnect between airway inflammation and AHR and the ability of a matrikine to promote an epithelial remodeling phenotype that negatively affects lung function. Subsequently, we show that substantial quantities of PGP are detectable in the sputum of moderate-severe asthmatics in two distinct cohorts of patients. These studies have implications for our understanding of remodeling phenotypes in asthma and may rationalize the failure of LTA4H inhibitors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiren F Patel
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Teresa Peiró
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia 46115, Spain
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Samia Akthar
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simone A Walker
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aleksander M Grabiec
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Patricia L Jackson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jennifer L Trevor
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jindong Li
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Chad Steele
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Gael Tavernier
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.,Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robert M Niven
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.,Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Lisa G Gregory
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Angela Simpson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK.,Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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11
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Patel DF, Gaggar A, Blalock JE, Gregory LG, Lloyd CM, Snelgrove RJ. Response to Comment on "An extracellular matrix fragment drives epithelial remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness". Sci Transl Med 2019; 11:eaaw0462. [PMID: 31217333 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We provide further evidence to support our assertion that PGP is a potent regulator of epithelial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiren F Patel
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Amit Gaggar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - J Edwin Blalock
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Program in Protease and Matrix Biology, Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Lung Health Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lisa G Gregory
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert J Snelgrove
- Inflammation Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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12
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Thatcher TH, Woeller CF, McCarthy CE, Sime PJ. Quenching the fires: Pro-resolving mediators, air pollution, and smoking. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 197:212-224. [PMID: 30759375 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution and other environmental inhalation hazards, such as occupational exposures to dusts and fumes, aeroallergens, and tobacco smoke, is a significant cause of chronic lung inflammation leading to respiratory disease. It is now recognized that resolution of inflammation is an active process controlled by a novel family of small lipid mediators termed "specialized pro-resolving mediators" or SPMs, derived mainly from dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Chronic inflammation results from an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution pathways. Research is ongoing to develop SPMs, and the pro-resolution pathway more generally, as a novel therapeutic approach to diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. Here, we will review evidence that the resolution pathway is dysregulated in chronic lung inflammatory diseases, and that SPMs and related molecules have exciting therapeutic potential to reverse or prevent chronic lung inflammation, with a focus on lung inflammation due to inhalation of environmental hazards including urban particulate matter, organic dusts and tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Thatcher
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Collynn F Woeller
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Claire E McCarthy
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Biology, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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13
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Robida PA, Puzzovio PG, Pahima H, Levi-Schaffer F, Bochner BS. Human eosinophils and mast cells: Birds of a feather flock together. Immunol Rev 2019; 282:151-167. [PMID: 29431215 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While the origin of the phrase "birds of a feather flock together" is unclear, it has been in use for centuries and is typically employed to describe the phenomenon that people with similar tastes or interests tend to seek each other out and congregate together. In this review, we have co-opted this phrase to compare innate immune cells of related origin, the eosinophil and mast cell, because they very often accumulate together in tissue sites under both homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. To highlight overlapping yet distinct features, their hematopoietic development, cell surface phenotype, mediator release profiles and roles in diseases have been compared and contrasted. What emerges is a sense that these two cell types often interact with each other and their tissue environment to provide synergistic contributions to a variety of normal and pathologic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper A Robida
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pier Giorgio Puzzovio
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hadas Pahima
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Bruce S Bochner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Leukotrienes are powerful immune-regulating lipid mediators with established pathogenic roles in inflammatory allergic diseases of the respiratory tract - in particular, asthma and hay fever. More recent work indicates that these lipids also contribute to low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases as well as cancer. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and proceeds via a set of soluble and membrane enzymes that are primarily expressed by cells of myeloid origin. In activated immune cells, these enzymes assemble at the endoplasmic and perinuclear membrane, constituting a biosynthetic complex. This Review describes recent advances in our understanding of the components of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme machinery, emerging opportunities for pharmacological intervention, and the development of new medicines exploiting both antiinflammatory and pro-resolving mechanisms.
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15
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Kolmert J, Piñeiro-Hermida S, Hamberg M, Gregory JA, López IP, Fauland A, Wheelock CE, Dahlén SE, Pichel JG, Adner M. Prominent release of lipoxygenase generated mediators in a murine house dust mite-induced asthma model. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2018; 137:20-29. [PMID: 29763661 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The profile of activation of lipid mediator (LM) pathways in asthmatic airway inflammation remains unclear. This experimental study quantified metabolite levels of ω3-, ω6- and ω9-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after 4-weeks of repeated house dust mite (HDM) exposure in a murine (C57BL/6) asthma model. The challenge induced airway hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary eosinophil infiltration, but with low and unchanged mast cell numbers. Of the 112 screened LMs, 26 were increased between 2 to >25-fold in BALF with HDM treatment (p < 0.05, false discovery rate = 5%). While cysteinyl-leukotrienes were the most abundant metabolites at baseline, their levels did not increase after HDM treatment, whereas elevation of PGD2, LTB4 and multiple 12/15-lipoxygenase products, such as 5,15-DiHETE, 15-HEDE and 15-HEPE were observed. We conclude that this model has identified a global lipoxygenase activation signature, not linked to mast cells, but with aspects that mimic chronic allergic airway inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kolmert
- Unit for Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergio Piñeiro-Hermida
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joshua A Gregory
- Unit for Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Icíar P López
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Alexander Fauland
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Unit for Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José G Pichel
- Lung Cancer and Respiratory Diseases Unit, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja (CIBIR), Fundación Rioja Salud, Logroño, Spain
| | - Mikael Adner
- Unit for Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Numao S, Hasler F, Laguerre C, Srinivas H, Wack N, Jäger P, Schmid A, Osmont A, Röthlisberger P, Houguenade J, Bergsdorf C, Dawson J, Carte N, Hofmann A, Markert C, Hardaker L, Billich A, Wolf RM, Penno CA, Bollbuck B, Miltz W, Röhn TA. Feasibility and physiological relevance of designing highly potent aminopeptidase-sparing leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13591. [PMID: 29051536 PMCID: PMC5648829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase (LTA4H) is a bifunctional zinc metalloenzyme that comprises both epoxide hydrolase and aminopeptidase activity, exerted by two overlapping catalytic sites. The epoxide hydrolase function of the enzyme catalyzes the biosynthesis of the pro-inflammatory lipid mediator leukotriene (LT) B4. Recent literature suggests that the aminopeptidase function of LTA4H is responsible for degradation of the tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) for which neutrophil chemotactic activity has been postulated. It has been speculated that the design of epoxide hydrolase selective LTA4H inhibitors that spare the aminopeptidase pocket may therefore lead to more efficacious anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, we conducted a high throughput screen (HTS) for LTA4H inhibitors and attempted to rationally design compounds that would spare the PGP degrading function. While we were able to identify compounds with preference for the epoxide hydrolase function, absolute selectivity was not achievable for highly potent compounds. In order to assess the relevance of designing such aminopeptidase-sparing LTA4H inhibitors, we studied the role of PGP in inducing inflammation in different settings in wild type and LTA4H deficient (LTA4H KO) animals but could not confirm its chemotactic potential. Attempting to design highly potent epoxide hydrolase selective LTA4H inhibitors, therefore seems to be neither feasible nor relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Numao
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Hasler
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claire Laguerre
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Honnappa Srinivas
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Wack
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra Jäger
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andres Schmid
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Osmont
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Röthlisberger
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Houguenade
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bergsdorf
- Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janet Dawson
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Carte
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Markert
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Liz Hardaker
- Respiratory Research, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Billich
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romain M Wolf
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Penno
- Analytical Sciences & Imaging, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Bollbuck
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Miltz
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till A Röhn
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
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17
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Wan M, Tang X, Stsiapanava A, Haeggström JZ. Biosynthesis of leukotriene B 4. Semin Immunol 2017; 33:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Bhatt L, Roinestad K, Van T, Springman E. Recent advances in clinical development of leukotriene B4 pathway drugs. Semin Immunol 2017; 33:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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The development of novel LTA 4H modulators to selectively target LTB 4 generation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44449. [PMID: 28303931 PMCID: PMC5355877 DOI: 10.1038/srep44449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is implicated in the pathologies of an array of diseases and thus represents an attractive therapeutic target. The enzyme leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) catalyses the distal step in LTB4 synthesis and hence inhibitors of this enzyme have been actively pursued. Despite potent LTA4H inhibitors entering clinical trials all have failed to show efficacy. We recently identified a secondary anti-inflammatory role for LTA4H in degrading the neutrophil chemoattractant Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP) and rationalized that the failure of conventional LTA4H inhibitors may be that they inadvertently prevented PGP degradation. We demonstrate that these inhibitors do indeed fail to discriminate between the dual activities of LTA4H, and enable PGP accumulation in mice. Accordingly, we have developed novel compounds that potently inhibit LTB4 generation whilst leaving PGP degradation unperturbed. These novel compounds could represent a safer and superior class of LTA4H inhibitors for translation into the clinic.
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20
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Zhang Y, Olson RM, Brown CR. Macrophage LTB 4 drives efficient phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi via BLT1 or BLT2. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:494-503. [PMID: 28053185 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m068882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresolved experimental Lyme arthritis in C3H 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX)-/- mice is associated with impaired macrophage phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi In the present study, we further investigated the effects of the 5-LOX metabolite, leukotriene (LT)B4 on phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from 5-LOX-/- mice were defective in the uptake and killing of B. burgdorferi from the earliest stages of spirochete internalization. BMDMs from mice deficient for the LTB4 high-affinity receptor (BLT1-/-) were also unable to efficiently phagocytose B. burgdorferi Addition of exogenous LTB4 augmented the phagocytic capability of BMDMs from both 5-LOX-/- and BLT1-/- mice, suggesting that the low-affinity LTB4 receptor, BLT2, might be involved. Blocking BLT2 activity with the specific antagonist, LY255283, inhibited phagocytosis in LTB4-stimulated BLT1-/- BMDMs, demonstrating a role for BLT2. However, the lack of a phagocytic defect in BLT2-/- BMDMs suggested that this was a compensatory effect. In contrast, 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5Z,8E,10E-trienoic acid, a natural BLT2-specific high-affinity ligand, and resolvin E1, a BLT1 agonist, were both unable to boost phagocytosis in BMDMs from either 5-LOX-/- or BLT1-/- mice, suggesting a specific role for LTB4 in mediating phagocytosis in murine macrophages. This study demonstrates that LTB4 promotes macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria via BLT1, and that BLT2 can fulfill this role in the absence of BLT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Rachel M Olson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Charles R Brown
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
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21
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Elborn JS, Bhatt L, Grosswald R, Ahuja S, Springman EB. Phase I Studies of Acebilustat: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Food Effect, and CYP3A Induction. Clin Transl Sci 2016; 10:20-27. [PMID: 27792868 PMCID: PMC5351008 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acebilustat is a new once-daily oral antiinflammatory drug in development for treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) and other diseases. It is an inhibitor of leukotriene A4 hydrolase; therefore, production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in biological fluids provides a direct measure of the pharmacodynamic (PD) response to acebilustat treatment. Here we compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) and PD between CF patients and healthy volunteers, and investigate the food effect and CYP3A4 induction in healthy volunteers. No significant differences between study populations were observed for peak plasma level (Cmax ) or exposure (AUC). In healthy volunteers, a shift in time to Cmax (Tmax ) was observed after a high-fat meal, but there was no change in AUC. LTB4 production was reduced in the blood of both populations and in sputum from CF patients. Acebilustat did not induce CYP3A4. These results support continued clinical study of once-daily oral acebilustat in CF at doses of 50 and 100 mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Elborn
- Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - L Bhatt
- Celtaxsys, Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - R Grosswald
- Celtaxsys, Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - S Ahuja
- Celtaxsys, Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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22
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Jung KH, Baek H, Shin D, Lee G, Park S, Lee S, Choi D, Kim W, Bae H. Protective Effects of Intratracheally-Administered Bee Venom Phospholipase A2 on Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100269. [PMID: 27669297 PMCID: PMC5086630 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic disease characterized by bronchial inflammation, reversible airway obstruction, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Current therapeutic options for the management of asthma include inhaled corticosteroids and β2 agonists, which elicit harmful side effects. In the present study, we examined the capacity of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), one of the major components of bee venom (BV), to reduce airway inflammation and improve lung function in an experimental model of asthma. Allergic asthma was induced in female BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal administration of ovalbumin (OVA) on days 0 and 14, followed by intratracheal challenge with 1% OVA six times between days 22 and 30. The infiltration of immune cells, such as Th2 cytokines in the lungs, and the lung histology, were assessed in the OVA-challenged mice in the presence and absence of an intratracheal administration of bvPLA2. We showed that the intratracheal administration of bvPLA2 markedly suppressed the OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation by reducing AHR, overall area of inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia. Furthermore, the suppression was associated with a significant decrease in the production of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and a reduction in the number of total cells, including eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hwa Jung
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyunjung Baek
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Dasom Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Gihyun Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Sangwon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Sujin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Dabin Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Woojin Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
| | - Hyunsu Bae
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea.
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23
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Elias I, Ferré T, Vilà L, Muñoz S, Casellas A, Garcia M, Molas M, Agudo J, Roca C, Ruberte J, Bosch F, Franckhauser S. ALOX5AP Overexpression in Adipose Tissue Leads to LXA4 Production and Protection Against Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2016; 65:2139-50. [PMID: 27207555 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids, such as leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4), may play a key role during obesity. While LTB4 is involved in adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance, LXA4 may exert anti-inflammatory effects and alleviate hepatic steatosis. Both lipid mediators derive from the same pathway, in which arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) and its partner, arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (ALOX5AP), are involved. ALOX5 and ALOX5AP expression is increased in humans and rodents with obesity and insulin resistance. We found that transgenic mice overexpressing ALOX5AP in adipose tissue had higher LXA4 rather than higher LTB4 levels, were leaner, and showed increased energy expenditure, partly due to browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Upregulation of hepatic LXR and Cyp7a1 led to higher bile acid synthesis, which may have contributed to increased thermogenesis. In addition, transgenic mice were protected against diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. Finally, treatment of C57BL/6J mice with LXA4, which showed browning of WAT, strongly suggests that LXA4 is responsible for the transgenic mice phenotype. Thus, our data support that LXA4 may hold great potential for the future development of therapeutic strategies for obesity and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivet Elias
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tura Ferré
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Vilà
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Muñoz
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Casellas
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Garcia
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Molas
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Agudo
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Roca
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Ruberte
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fatima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sylvie Franckhauser
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
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Considerations for the Conduct of Clinical Trials with Antiinflammatory Agents in Cystic Fibrosis. A Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 12:1398-406. [PMID: 26146892 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201506-361ot] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation leads to lung destruction and loss of pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Drugs that modulate the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) have recently been approved. Although the impact of CFTR modulators on sweat chloride and lung function are exciting, they have not yet demonstrated an effect on inflammation. Therefore, CF antiinflammatory drug development must continue. Unfortunately, the lack of clarity with this process has left investigators and industry sponsors frustrated. The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation established a working group in early 2014 to address this issue. There are many inflammatory processes disrupted in CF, and, therefore, there are many potential targets amenable to antiinflammatory therapy. Regardless of a drug's specific mechanism of action, it must ultimately affect the neutrophil or its products to impact CF. The working group concluded that before bringing new antiinflammatory drugs to clinical trial, preclinical safety studies must be conducted in disease-relevant models to assuage safety concerns. Furthermore, although studies of antiinflammatory therapies must first establish safety in adults, subsequent studies must involve children, as they are most likely to reap the most benefit. The working group also recommended that pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies and early-phase safety studies be performed before proceeding to larger studies of longer duration. In addition, innovative study designs may improve the likelihood of adequately assessing treatment response and mitigating risk before conducting multiyear studies. Learning from past experiences and incorporating this knowledge into new drug development programs will be instrumental in bringing new antiinflammatory therapies to patients.
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Lehmann C, Homann J, Ball AK, Blöcher R, Kleinschmidt TK, Basavarajappa D, Angioni C, Ferreirós N, Häfner AK, Rådmark O, Proschak E, Haeggström JZ, Geisslinger G, Parnham MJ, Steinhilber D, Kahnt AS. Lipoxin and resolvin biosynthesis is dependent on 5-lipoxygenase activating protein. FASEB J 2015; 29:5029-43. [PMID: 26289316 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of acute inflammation is an active process coordinated by proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) such as lipoxins (LXs) and resolvins (Rvs), which are formed by the concerted action of 2 lipoxygenases (LOs). Because the exact molecular mechanisms of SPM biosynthesis are not completely understood, we aimed to investigate LX and D-type Rv formation in human leukocytes and HEK293T cells overexpressing leukotriene (LT) pathway enzymes. Activity assays in precursor (15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, 17-HDoHE)-treated granulocytes [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs)] showed a strict dependence of LXA4/RvD1 biosynthesis on cell integrity, and incubation with recombinant human 5-LO did not lead to LX or Rv formation. Pharmacologic inhibition of 5-LO activating protein (FLAP) by MK-886 inhibited LXA4/RvD1 biosynthesis in precursor-treated PMNLs (drug concentration causing 50% inhibition ∼ 0.3/0.2 µM), as did knockdown of the enzyme in MM6 cells, and precursor-treated HEK293T overexpressing 5-LO produced high amounts of LXA4 only in the presence of FLAP. In addition, inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) interfered with LXA4/RvD1 formation from exogenous precursors in PMNLs. Furthermore, inhibition of the LT synthases LTA4 hydrolase and LTC4 synthase in PMNL/platelet coincubations augmented LXA4 levels. These findings show that several enzymes known to be involved in the biosynthesis of proinflammatory LTs, such as FLAP and cPLA2α, also contribute to LX and Rv formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Lehmann
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Homann
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Katrin Ball
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - René Blöcher
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thea K Kleinschmidt
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Angioni
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann-Kathrin Häfner
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Rådmark
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael J Parnham
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Stefanie Kahnt
- *Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, and Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gao W, Li L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ, Huang M, Yao X. Bronchial epithelial cells: The key effector cells in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Respirology 2015; 20:722-9. [PMID: 25868842 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of the bronchial epithelium is to act as a defensive barrier aiding the maintenance of normal airway function. Bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) form the interface between the external environment and the internal milieu, making it a major target of inhaled insults. However, BEC can also serve as effectors to initiate and orchestrate immune and inflammatory responses by releasing chemokines and cytokines, which recruit and activate inflammatory cells. They also produce excess reactive oxygen species as a result of an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance that contributes to chronic pulmonary inflammation and lung tissue damage. Accumulated mucus from hyperplastic BEC obstructs the lumen of small airways, whereas impaired cell repair, squamous metaplasia and increased extracellular matrix deposition underlying the epithelium is associated with airway remodelling particularly fibrosis and thickening of the airway wall. These alterations in small airway structure lead to airflow limitation, which is critical in the clinical diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this review, we discuss the abnormal function of BEC within a disturbed immune homeostatic environment consisting of ongoing inflammation, oxidative stress and small airway obstruction. We provide an overview of recent insights into the function of the bronchial epithelium in the pathogenesis of COPD and how this may provide novel therapeutic approaches for a number of chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sini Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Mao Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
The resolution of inflammation (RoI), once believed to be a passive process, has lately been shown to be an active and delicately orchestrated process. During the resolution phase of acute inflammation, novel mediators, including lipoxins and resolvins, which are members of the specialized pro-resolving mediators of inflammation, are produced. FPR2/ALXR, a receptor modulated by some of these lipids as well as by peptides (e.g., annexin A1), has been shown to be one of the receptors involved in the RoI. The aim of this perspective is to present the concept of the RoI from a medicinal chemistry point of view and to highlight the effort of the research community to discover and develop anti-inflammatory/pro-resolution small molecules to orchestrate inflammation by activation of FPR2/ALXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Corminboeuf
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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28
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El-Sherbeni AA, El-Kadi AOS. The role of epoxide hydrolases in health and disease. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2013-32. [PMID: 25248500 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epoxide hydrolases (EH) are ubiquitously expressed in all living organisms and in almost all organs and tissues. They are mainly subdivided into microsomal and soluble EH and catalyze the hydration of epoxides, three-membered-cyclic ethers, to their corresponding dihydrodiols. Owning to the high chemical reactivity of xenobiotic epoxides, microsomal EH is considered protective enzyme against mutagenic and carcinogenic initiation. Nevertheless, several endogenously produced epoxides of fatty acids function as important regulatory mediators. By mediating the formation of cytotoxic dihydrodiol fatty acids on the expense of cytoprotective epoxides of fatty acids, soluble EH is considered to have cytotoxic activity. Indeed, the attenuation of microsomal EH, achieved by chemical inhibitors or preexists due to specific genetic polymorphisms, is linked to the aggravation of the toxicity of xenobiotics, as well as the risk of cancer and inflammatory diseases, whereas soluble EH inhibition has been emerged as a promising intervention against several diseases, most importantly cardiovascular, lung and metabolic diseases. However, there is reportedly a significant overlap in substrate selectivity between microsomal and soluble EH. In addition, microsomal and soluble EH were found to have the same catalytic triad and identical molecular mechanism. Consequently, the physiological functions of microsomal and soluble EH are also overlapped. Thus, studying the biological effects of microsomal or soluble EH alterations needs to include the effects on both the metabolism of reactive metabolites, as well as epoxides of fatty acids. This review focuses on the multifaceted role of EH in the metabolism of xenobiotic and endogenous epoxides and the impact of EH modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A El-Sherbeni
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2142J Katz Group-Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
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29
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Barchuk W, Lambert J, Fuhr R, Jiang JZ, Bertelsen K, Fourie A, Liu X, Silkoff PE, Barnathan ES, Thurmond R. Effects of JNJ-40929837, a leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor, in a bronchial allergen challenge model of asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:15-23. [PMID: 25018015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a chemotactic mediator implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. JNJ-40929837 is an oral inhibitor of LTA4 hydrolase, which catalyzes LTB4 production. We evaluated the effects of JNJ-40929837 in a human bronchial allergen challenge (BAC) model. In this double-blind, 3-period crossover study, 22 patients with mild, atopic asthma were randomized to one of three treatments per period: 100 mg/day JNJ-40929837 for 6 days followed by 50 mg/day on day 7; 10 mg/day montelukast for 6 days; and matched placebo. The BAC was performed on day 6 of each treatment period. Primary outcome was BAC-induced late asthmatic response (LAR) measured by maximal percent reduction in forced expiratory volume (FEV1) in one second. Secondary outcomes included early asthmatic response (EAR) by maximal percent reduction in FEV1, EAR and LAR evaluated by area under the FEV1/time curve (AUC0-2, AUC3-10, respectively), change in baseline FEV1 after 5-day treatment, safety, and correlation of JNJ-40929837 to the divalent cation ionophore A23187-stimulated whole blood LTB4 levels and sputum basal LTB4 levels. No significant differences were observed in the primary or secondary FEV1 endpoints with JNJ-40929837 versus placebo. Compared with placebo (n = 17, LS mean = 27.7), there was no significant attenuation of the maximal percent reduction in the LAR FEV1 with JNJ-40929837 (n = 16, LS mean = 28.6, P = 0.63) but montelukast (n = 17, LS mean = 22.6, P = 0.01) significantly attenuated the LAR. JNJ-40929837 substantially inhibited LTB4 production in whole blood, decreased sputum LTB4 levels and was well-tolerated. The number of adverse events leading to study withdrawal was the same in JNJ-40929837 and placebo groups. In conclusion, JNJ-40929837 demonstrated target engagement in blood and sputum. No significant impact in response to allergen inhalation was observed with JNJ-40929837 versus placebo. REGISTRATION This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01241422.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Barchuk
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - J Lambert
- Early Phase Clinical Unit, PAREXEL International, Harrow, UK
| | - R Fuhr
- Early Phase Clinical Unit, PAREXEL International, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Z Jiang
- Biostatistics, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - K Bertelsen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - A Fourie
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - X Liu
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - P E Silkoff
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - E S Barnathan
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - R Thurmond
- Immunology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA, USA
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30
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Tian W, Jiang X, Tamosiuniene R, Sung YK, Qian J, Dhillon G, Gera L, Farkas L, Rabinovitch M, Zamanian RT, Inayathullah M, Fridlib M, Rajadas J, Peters-Golden M, Voelkel NF, Nicolls MR. Blocking macrophage leukotriene b4 prevents endothelial injury and reverses pulmonary hypertension. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:200ra117. [PMID: 23986401 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious condition that affects mainly young and middle-aged women, and its etiology is poorly understood. A prominent pathological feature of PH is accumulation of macrophages near the arterioles of the lung. In both clinical tissue and the SU5416 (SU)/athymic rat model of severe PH, we found that the accumulated macrophages expressed high levels of leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), the biosynthetic enzyme for leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Moreover, macrophage-derived LTB4 directly induced apoptosis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs). Further, LTB4 induced proliferation and hypertrophy of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. We found that LTB4 acted through its receptor, BLT1, to induce PAEC apoptosis by inhibiting the protective endothelial sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1)-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) pathway. Blocking LTA4H decreased in vivo LTB4 levels, prevented PAEC apoptosis, restored Sphk1-eNOS signaling, and reversed fulminant PH in the SU/athymic rat model of PH. Antagonizing BLT1 similarly reversed established PH. Inhibition of LTB4 biosynthesis or signal transduction in SU-treated athymic rats with established disease also improved cardiac function and reopened obstructed arterioles; this approach was also effective in the monocrotaline model of severe PH. Human plexiform lesions, one hallmark of PH, showed increased numbers of macrophages, which expressed LTA4H, and patients with connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension exhibited significantly higher LTB4 concentrations in the systemic circulation than did healthy subjects. These results uncover a possible role for macrophage-derived LTB4 in PH pathogenesis and identify a pathway that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System/Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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31
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Stsiapanava A, Olsson U, Wan M, Kleinschmidt T, Rutishauser D, Zubarev RA, Samuelsson B, Rinaldo-Matthis A, Haeggström JZ. Binding of Pro-Gly-Pro at the active site of leukotriene A4 hydrolase/aminopeptidase and development of an epoxide hydrolase selective inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:4227-32. [PMID: 24591641 PMCID: PMC3964119 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402136111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene (LT) A4 hydrolase/aminopeptidase (LTA4H) is a bifunctional zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the committed step in the formation of the proinflammatory mediator LTB4. Recently, the chemotactic tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro was identified as an endogenous aminopeptidase substrate for LTA4 hydrolase. Here, we determined the crystal structure of LTA4 hydrolase in complex with a Pro-Gly-Pro analog at 1.72 Å. From the structure, which includes the catalytic water, and mass spectrometric analysis of enzymatic hydrolysis products of Pro-Gly-Pro, it could be inferred that LTA4 hydrolase cleaves at the N terminus of the palindromic tripeptide. Furthermore, we designed a small molecule, 4-(4-benzylphenyl)thiazol-2-amine, denoted ARM1, that inhibits LTB4 synthesis in human neutrophils (IC50 of ∼0.5 μM) and conversion of LTA4 into LTB4 by purified LTA4H with a Ki of 2.3 μM. In contrast, 50- to 100-fold higher concentrations of ARM1 did not significantly affect hydrolysis of Pro-Gly-Pro. A 1.62-Å crystal structure of LTA4 hydrolase in a dual complex with ARM1 and the Pro-Gly-Pro analog revealed that ARM1 binds in the hydrophobic pocket that accommodates the ω-end of LTA4, distant from the aminopeptidase active site, thus providing a molecular basis for its inhibitory profile. Hence, ARM1 selectively blocks conversion of LTA4 into LTB4, although sparing the enzyme's anti-inflammatory aminopeptidase activity (i.e., degradation and inactivation of Pro-Gly-Pro). ARM1 represents a new class of LTA4 hydrolase inhibitor that holds promise for improved anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Wan
- Divisions of Physiological Chemistry II and
| | | | - Dorothea Rutishauser
- Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A. Zubarev
- Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Montuschi P, Santini G, Valente S, Mondino C, Macagno F, Cattani P, Zini G, Mores N. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry measurement of leukotrienes in asthma and other respiratory diseases. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:12-25. [PMID: 24656639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs), including cysteinyl-LTs (LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4) and LTB4, are potent inflammatory lipid mediators which have been involved in the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases. LC-MS/MS techniques for measuring LT concentrations in sputum supernatants, serum, urine and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) have been developed. In asthmatic adults, reported LTB4 and LTE4 concentrations in sputum range from 79 to 7,220 pg/ml and from 11.9 to 891 pg/ml, respectively. Data on sputum LT concentrations in healthy subjects are not available. In EBC, reported LTE4 concentrations range from 38 to 126 pg/ml (95% CI) in adult asthma patients and from 34 to 48 pg/ml in healthy subjects. LTB4 concentrations in EBC range from 175 to 315 pg/ml (interquartile range) in asthmatic children, and from 25 to 245 pg/ml in healthy children. Enabling an accurate quantitative assessment of LTs in biological fluids, LC-MS/MS techniques provide a valuable tool for exploring the pathophysiological role of LTs in respiratory disease and might be useful for assessing the effects of therapeutic intervention. This review presents the analytical aspects of the LC-MS/MS techniques for measuring LT concentrations in biological fluids and discusses their potential utility for the assessment of airway inflammation and monitoring of pharmacological treatment in patients with asthma phenotypes and other respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Santini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Valente
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondino
- Department of Immunodermatology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IDI, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Macagno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Cattani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Gina Zini
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Mores
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart , Rome, Italy
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Matsuse H, Kohno S. Leukotriene receptor antagonists pranlukast and montelukast for treating asthma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 15:353-63. [PMID: 24350802 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.872241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of bronchial asthma, which is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway, is increasing worldwide. Although inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) play a central role in the treatment of asthma, they cannot achieve good control for all asthmatics, and medications such as leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) with bronchodilatory and anti-inflammatory effects often serve as alternatives or add-on drugs. AREAS COVERED Clinical trials as well as basic studies of montelukast and pranlukast in animal models are ongoing. This review report clarifies the current status of these two LTRAs in the treatment of asthma and their future direction. EXPERT OPINION LTRAs could replace ICS as first-line medications for asthmatics who are refractory to ICS or cannot use inhalant devices. Further, LTRAs are recommended for asthmatics under specific circumstances that are closely associated with cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs). Considering the low incidence of both severe adverse effects and the induction of tachyphylaxis, oral LTRAs should be more carefully considered for treating asthma in the clinical environment. Several issues such as predicted responses, effects of peripheral airway and airway remodeling and alternative administration routes remain to be clarified before LTRAs could serve a more effective role in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Matsuse
- Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Second Department of Internal Medicine , 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501 , Japan +81 95 819 7273 ; +81 95 849 7285 ;
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: enzymes. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1797-867. [PMID: 24528243 PMCID: PMC3892293 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Enzymes are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Di Gennaro A, Haeggström JZ. Targeting leukotriene B4 in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 18:79-93. [PMID: 24090264 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.843671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leukotriene (LT) B(4) is a powerful proinflammatory lipid mediator and triggers adherence to the endothelium, activates and recruits leukocytes to the site of injury. When formed in excess, LTB(4) plays a pathogenic role and may sustain chronic inflammation in diseases such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Recent investigations have also indicated that LTB(4) is involved in cardiovascular diseases. AREAS COVERED As the 5-lipoxygenase pathway involves several discrete, tightly coupled, enzymes, which convert the substrate, 'step by step', into bioactive products, several different strategies have been used to target LTB(4) as a means to treat inflammation. Here, we discuss recent findings regarding the development of selective enzyme inhibitors and antagonists for LTB(4) receptors, as well as their application in preclinical and clinical studies. EXPERT OPINION Components of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway have received considerable attention as candidate drug targets resulting in one new class of medications against asthma, that is, the antileukotrienes. However, efforts to specifically target LTB(4) have not yet been fruitful in the clinical setting, in spite of very promising preclinical data. Recently, crystal structures along with hitherto unknown functions of key enzymes in the leukotriene cascade have emerged, offering new opportunities for drug development and, with time, pharmacological intervention in LTB(4)-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Gennaro
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2 , Scheeles väg 2, Stockholm, S-171 77 , Sweden
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Abstract
Asthma control remains a significant challenge in the pediatric age range in which ongoing loss of lung function in children with persistent asthma has been reported, despite the use of regular preventer therapy. This has important implications for observed mortality and morbidity during adulthood. Over the past decade, there has been an emergence of other treatment adjuncts, such as anti-Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-directed therapy, low dose theophylline, and the use of macrolide antibiotics, yet their exact role in asthma management remains unclear, despite omalizumab now being incorporated into several international asthma guidelines. As with many aspects of pediatric care, this is driven by a lack of appropriately designed pediatric trials. Extrapolation of data reported in adult studies may be appropriate for adolescent asthma, but is not for younger age groups, in which important pathophysiological differences exist. Novel drugs under development offer potential for benefit in the future, but to date existing data are in most cases limited to adults. Pediatric asthma also offers unique potential to prevent or modify the underlying pathophysiology. Although attempts to do so have been unsuccessful to date, advances may yet come from this approach, as our understanding about the interaction between genetics, environmental factors, and viral illness improve. This review provides an overview of the newer treatment options available for management of pediatric asthma and discusses the merits of other novel therapies in development, as we search to optimize management and improve future outcomes.
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Di Gennaro A, Haeggström JZ. The leukotrienes: immune-modulating lipid mediators of disease. Adv Immunol 2013; 116:51-92. [PMID: 23063073 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394300-2.00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The leukotrienes are important lipid mediators with immune modulatory and proinflammatory properties. Classical bioactions of leukotrienes include chemotaxis, endothelial adherence, and activation of leukocytes, chemokine production, as well as contraction of smooth muscles in the microcirculation and respiratory tract. When formed in excess, these compounds play a pathogenic role in several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. An increasing number of diseases have been linked to inflammation implicating the leukotrienes as potential mediators. For example, recent investigations using genetic, morphological, and biochemical approaches have pointed to the involvement of leukotrienes in cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Moreover, new insights have changed our previous notion of leukotrienes as mediators of inflammatory reactions to molecules that can fine-tune the innate and adaptive immune response. Here, we review the most recent understanding of the leukotriene cascade with emphasis on recently identified roles in immune reactions and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Di Gennaro
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Development of predictive quantitative structure–activity relationship model and its application in the discovery of human leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitors. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:27-40. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human LTA4H catalyzes the conversion of LTA4 to LTB4 and plays a key role in innate immune responses. Inhibition of this enzyme can be a valid method in the treatment of inflammatory response exhibited through LTB4. Results & discussion: The quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models were developed using genetic function approximation and validated. A training set of 26 diverse compounds and their molecular descriptors were used to develop highly correlating QSAR models. A six-descriptor model explaining the biological activity of the training and test sets with correlation values of 0.846 and 0.502, respectively, was selected as the best model and used in a database screening of drug-like Maybridge database followed by molecular docking. Conclusion: Based on the predicted potent inhibitory activities, expected binding mode and molecular interactions at the active site of hLTA4H final leads were selected as to be utilized in designing future hLTA4H inhibitors.
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Tanis VM, Bacani GM, Blevitt JM, Chrovian CC, Crawford S, De Leon A, Fourie AM, Gomez L, Grice CA, Herman K, Kearney AM, Landry-Bayle AM, Lee-Dutra A, Nelson J, Riley JP, Santillán A, Wiener JJ, Xue X, Young AL. Azabenzthiazole inhibitors of leukotriene A4 hydrolase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7504-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Iron supplementation decreases severity of allergic inflammation in murine lung. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45667. [PMID: 23029172 PMCID: PMC3447873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and severity of allergic asthma have increased over the last century, particularly in the United States and other developed countries. This time frame was characterized by marked environmental changes, including enhanced hygiene, decreased pathogen exposure, increased exposure to inhaled pollutants, and changes in diet. Although iron is well-known to participate in critical biologic processes such as oxygen transport, energy generation, and host defense, iron deficiency remains common in the United States and world-wide. The purpose of these studies was to determine how dietary iron supplementation affected the severity of allergic inflammation in the lungs, using a classic model of IgE-mediated allergy in mice. Results showed that mice fed an iron-supplemented diet had markedly decreased allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity, eosinophil infiltration, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, compared with control mice on an unsupplemented diet that generated mild iron deficiency but not anemia. In vitro, iron supplementation decreased mast cell granule content, IgE-triggered degranulation, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines post-degranulation. Taken together, these studies show that iron supplementation can decrease the severity of allergic inflammation in the lung, potentially via multiple mechanisms that affect mast cell activity. Further studies are indicated to determine the potential of iron supplementation to modulate the clinical severity of allergic diseases in humans.
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Braddock M. Cambridge Healthtech Institute's Third Annual Anti-inflammatories: Small Molecules Meeting, April 17 th– 18 th2012, San Diego, USA. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.707194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Braddock
- Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG England, UK
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GRICE CHERYLA, FOURIE ANNEM, LEE-DUTRA ALICE. Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase: Biology, Inhibitors and Clinical Applications. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase is a zinc-containing cytosolic enzyme with both hydrolase and aminopeptidase activity. LTA4H stereospecifically catalyzes the transformation of the unstable epoxide LTA4 to the potent pro-inflammatory mediator LTB4. Variations in the lta4h gene have been linked to susceptibility to multiple diseases including myocardial infarction, stroke and asthma. Pre-clinical animal models and human biomarker data have implicated LTB4 in inflammatory diseases. Several groups have now identified selective inhibitors of LTA4H, many of which were influenced by the disclosure of a protein crystal structure a decade ago. Clinical validation of LTA4H remains elusive despite the progression of inhibitors into pre-clinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHERYL A. GRICE
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
| | - ANNE M. FOURIE
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
| | - ALICE LEE-DUTRA
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego California 92121 USA
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Barnes PJ. Severe asthma: advances in current management and future therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:48-59. [PMID: 22196524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment of severe asthma is a major unmet need because patients' symptoms are not controlled on maximum treatment with inhaled therapy. Asthma symptoms can be poorly controlled because of poor adherence to controller therapy, and this might be addressed by using combination inhalers that contain a corticosteroid and long-acting β(2)-agonist as reliever therapy in addition to maintenance treatment. New bronchodilators with a longer duration of action are in development, and recent studies have demonstrated the benefit of a long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator in addition to β(2)-agonists in patients with severe asthma. Anti-IgE therapy is beneficial in selected patients with severe asthma. Several new blockers of specific mediators, including prostaglandin D(2), IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13, are also in clinical trials and might benefit patients with subtypes of severe asthma. Several broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory therapies that target neutrophilic inflammation are in clinical development for the treatment of severe asthma, but adverse effects after oral administration might necessitate inhaled delivery. Macrolides might benefit some patients with infection by atypical bacteria, but recent results are not encouraging, although there could be an effect in patients with predominant neutrophilic asthma. Corticosteroid resistance is a major problem in patients with severe asthma, and several molecular mechanisms have been described that might lead to novel therapeutic approaches, including drugs that could reverse this resistance, such as theophylline and nortriptyline. In selected patients with severe asthma, bronchial thermoplasty might be beneficial, but thus far, clinical studies have not been encouraging. Finally, several subtypes of severe asthma are now recognized, and in the future, it will be necessary to find biomarkers that predict responses to specific forms of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.
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Lavoie JP, Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Leclere M, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Chamberland A, Laprise C, Lussier J. Profiling of differentially expressed genes using suppression subtractive hybridization in an equine model of chronic asthma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29440. [PMID: 22235296 PMCID: PMC3250435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression analyses are used to investigate signaling pathways involved in diseases. In asthma, they have been primarily derived from the analysis of bronchial biopsies harvested from mild to moderate asthmatic subjects and controls. Due to ethical considerations, there is currently limited information on the transcriptome profile of the peripheral lung tissues in asthma. Objective To identify genes contributing to chronic inflammation and remodeling in the peripheral lung tissue of horses with heaves, a naturally occurring asthma-like condition. Methods Eleven adult horses (6 heaves-affected and 5 controls) were studied while horses with heaves were in clinical remission (Pasture), and during disease exacerbation induced by a 30-day natural antigen challenge during stabling (Challenge). Large peripheral lung biopsies were obtained by thoracoscopy at both time points. Using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), lung cDNAs of controls (Pasture and Challenge) and asymptomatic heaves-affected horses (Pasture) were subtracted from cDNAs of horses with heaves in clinical exacerbation (Challenge). The differential expression of selected genes of interest was confirmed using quantitative PCR assay. Results Horses with heaves, but not controls, developed airway obstruction when challenged. Nine hundred and fifty cDNA clones isolated from the subtracted library were screened by dot blot array and 224 of those showing the most marked expression differences were sequenced. The gene expression pattern was confirmed by quantitative PCR in 15 of 22 selected genes. Novel genes and genes with an already defined function in asthma were identified in the subtracted cDNA library. Genes of particular interest associated with asthmatic airway inflammation and remodeling included those related to PPP3CB/NFAT, RhoA, and LTB4/GPR44 signaling pathways. Conclusions Pathways representing new possible targets for anti-inflammatory and anti-remodeling therapies for asthma were identified. The findings of genes previously associated with asthma validate this equine model for gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsah Kazani
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Haeggström JZ, Funk CD. Lipoxygenase and leukotriene pathways: biochemistry, biology, and roles in disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5866-98. [PMID: 21936577 DOI: 10.1021/cr200246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pal I, Ramsey JD. The role of the lymphatic system in vaccine trafficking and immune response. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:909-22. [PMID: 21683103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development and improvement of vaccines has been a significant endeavor on the part of the medical community for more than the last two centuries, and the success of these efforts is obvious when one considers the millions of lives that have been saved. Recent work in the field of vaccines, however, indicates that vaccines may be developed for even more challenging diseases than those previously addressed. It will be important in achieving this feat to account for the physical and chemical processes related to vaccine trafficking, rather than solely relying on our knowledge of the pathogen and our empirical experience. A thorough understanding of the lymphatic system is essential considering the role it plays in antigen trafficking and all immunological activity. This review describes the results of recent work that provides insight into the physiological processes of the lymphatic system and its various components with an emphasis on vaccine antigen trafficking from the administration site to secondary lymphoid tissues and the ensuing immune response. The review also discusses current challenges in designing vaccines and presents modern strategies for designing vaccines to better interface with the lymphatic system.
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Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs), including cysteinyl LTs (CysLTs) and LTB(4) , are potent lipid mediators that have a role in the pathophysiology of asthma. At least two receptor subtypes for CysLTs, CysLT(1) and CysLT(2) , have been identified. The activation of the CysLT(1) receptor is responsible for most of the pathophysiological effects of CysLTs in asthma, including increased airway smooth muscle activity, microvascular permeability, and airway mucus secretion. LTB(4) might have a role in severe asthma, asthma exacerbations, and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness. CysLT(1) receptor antagonists can be given orally as monotherapy in patients with mild persistent asthma, but these drugs are generally less effective than inhaled glucocorticoids. Combination of CysLT(1) receptor antagonists and inhaled glucocorticoids in patients with more severe asthma may improve asthma control and enable the dose of inhaled glucocorticoids to be reduced while maintaining similar efficacy. The identification of subgroups of asthmatic patients who respond to CysLT(1) receptor antagonists is relevant for asthma management as the response to these drugs is variable. CysLT(1) receptor antagonists have a potential anti-remodelling effect that might be important for preventing or reversing airway structural changes in patients with asthma. This review discusses the role of LTs in asthma and the role of LT modifiers in asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Montuschi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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Schmidt LM, Belvisi MG, Bode KA, Bauer J, Schmidt C, Suchy MT, Tsikas D, Scheuerer J, Lasitschka F, Gröne HJ, Dalpke AH. Bronchial epithelial cell-derived prostaglandin E2 dampens the reactivity of dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2095-105. [PMID: 21228345 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells regulate immune reactivity of local dendritic cells (DCs), thus contributing to microenvironment homeostasis. In this study, we set out to identify factors that mediate this regulatory interaction. We show that tracheal epithelial cells secrete soluble factors that downregulate TNF-α and IL-12p40 secretion by bone marrow-derived DCs but upregulate IL-10 and arginase-1. Size exclusion chromatography identified small secreted molecules having high modulatory activity on DCs. We observed that airway tracheal epithelial cells constitutively release the lipid mediator PGE(2). Blocking the synthesis of PGs within airway epithelial cells relieved DCs from inhibition. Cyclooxygenase-2 was found to be expressed in primary tracheal epithelial cell cultures in vitro and in vivo as shown by microdissection of epithelial cells followed by real-time PCR. Paralleling these findings we observed that DCs treated with an antagonist for E-prostanoid 4 receptor as well as DCs lacking E-prostanoid 4 receptor showed reduced inhibition by airway epithelial cells with respect to secretion of proinflammatory cytokines measured by ELISA. Furthermore, PGE(2) mimicked the effects of epithelial cells on DCs. The results indicate that airway epithelial cell-derived PGE(2) contributes to the modulation of DCs under homeostatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte M Schmidt
- Department of Infectious Diseases-Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kim JY, Kim JH, Park BL, Cheong HS, Park JS, Jang AS, Uh ST, Choi JS, Kim YH, Kim MK, Choi IS, Cho SH, Choi BW, Park CS, Shin HD. Putative association of SMAPIL polymorphisms with risk of aspirin intolerance in asthmatics. J Asthma 2010; 47:959-65. [PMID: 20831471 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2010.514637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA), as a clinical syndrome caused by aspirin, is characterized by lung inflammation and reversible bronchoconstriction. Recently, the altered trafficking and diminished airway reactivity have been implicated in allergic airway remodeling. The stromal membrane-associated protein 1-like (SMAP1L) exerts common and distinct functions in vesicle trafficking including endocytosis. The disturbance of pulmonary surfactant synthesis has been elucidated to be associated with asthma experimentally. Moreover, in alveolar type II (ATII) cells that synthesize pulmonary surfactant, alterations of clathrin-dependent endocytosis cause disturbance at the surfactant function, suggesting that SMAP1L, which directly interacts with clathrin, could be associated with asthma and related phenotypes. OBJECTIVE To verify our hypothesis that SMAP1L could play a role in the development of AIA, this study investigated associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the SMAP1L gene and AIA. METHODS We conducted an association study between 19 SNPs of the SMAP1L gene and AIA in a total of 592 Korean subjects including 163 AIA and 429 aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) patients. Associations between polymorphisms of SMAP1L and AIA were analyzed with sex, smoking status, atopy, and body mass index as covariates. RESULTS Logistic analyses revealed that three common polymorphisms, rs2982510, rs2294752, and rs446738, were putatively associated with the increased susceptibility to AIA (p = .003, p(corr) = .004, OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.09-0.62 for rs2982510 and rs2294752; p = .008, p(corr) = .03, OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.24-0.80 for rs446738, in the recessive model). In addition, rs2982510 and rs2294752 were significantly associated with the fall of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) by aspirin provocation (p = .001, p(corr) = .04 in the recessive model for both SNPs). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that SMAP1L might be a susceptible gene to AIA, providing a new strategy for the control of aspirin intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Yongha Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Shinsu-dong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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