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Romero Starke K, Bolm-Audorff U, Reissig D, Seidler A. Dose-response-relationship between occupational exposure to diesel engine emissions and lung cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2024; 256:114299. [PMID: 38194821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that diesel engine emissions (DEE) emissions cause cancer in humans. However, there is still controversy surrounding this conclusion, due to several studies since the IARC decision citing a lack of evidence of a dose-response relationship. OBJECTIVES Through a systematic review, we aimed to evaluate all evidence on the association between occupational DEE and lung cancer to investigate whether there is an increased risk of lung cancer for workers exposed to DEE and if so, to describe the dose-response relationship. METHODS We registered the review protocol with PROSPERO and searched for observational studies in relevant literature databases. Two independent reviewers screened the studies' titles/abstracts and full texts, and extracted and assessed their quality. Studies with no direct DEE measurement but with information on length of exposure for high-risk occupations were assigned exposure values based on the DEE Job-Exposure-Matrix (DEE-JEM). After assessing quality and informativeness, we selected appropriate studies for the dose-response meta-analysis. RESULTS Sixty-five reports (from thirty-seven studies) were included in the review; one had a low risk of bias (RoB) (RR per 10 μg/m3-years: 1.014 [95%CI 1.007-1.021]). There was an increased, statistically significant risk of lung cancer with increasing DEE exposure for all studies (RR per 10 μg/m3-years = 1.013 [95%CI 1.004-1.021]) as well as for studies with a low RoB in the exposure category (RR per 10 μg/m3-years = 1.008 [95% CI1.001-1.015]). We obtained a doubling dose of 555 μg/m3-years for all studies and 880 μg/m3-years for studies with high quality in the exposure assessment. DISCUSSION We found a linear positive dose-response relationship for studies with high quality in the exposure domain, even though all studies had an overall high risk of bias. Current threshold levels for DEE exposure at the workplace should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Romero Starke
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Bolm-Audorff
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Reissig
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Seidler
- Institute and Policlinic of Occupational and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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LoPiccolo J, Gusev A, Christiani DC, Jänne PA. Lung cancer in patients who have never smoked - an emerging disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:121-146. [PMID: 38195910 PMCID: PMC11014425 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00844-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Although smoking-related lung cancers continue to account for the majority of diagnoses, smoking rates have been decreasing for several decades. Lung cancer in individuals who have never smoked (LCINS) is estimated to be the fifth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2023, preferentially occurring in women and Asian populations. As smoking rates continue to decline, understanding the aetiology and features of this disease, which necessitate unique diagnostic and treatment paradigms, will be imperative. New data have provided important insights into the molecular and genomic characteristics of LCINS, which are distinct from those of smoking-associated lung cancers and directly affect treatment decisions and outcomes. Herein, we review the emerging data regarding the aetiology and features of LCINS, particularly the genetic and environmental underpinnings of this disease as well as their implications for treatment. In addition, we outline the unique diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms of LCINS and discuss future directions in identifying individuals at high risk of this disease for potential screening efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn LoPiccolo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- The Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Wan W, Peters S, Portengen L, Olsson A, Schüz J, Ahrens W, Schejbalova M, Boffetta P, Behrens T, Brüning T, Kendzia B, Consonni D, Demers PA, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field JK, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Landi MT, Lissowska J, Barul C, Mates D, McLaughlin JR, Merletti F, Migliore E, Richiardi L, Pándics T, Pohlabeln H, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Ge C, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Occupational Benzene Exposure and Lung Cancer Risk: A Pooled Analysis of 14 Case-Control Studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209:185-196. [PMID: 37812782 PMCID: PMC10806413 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202306-0942oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Benzene has been classified as carcinogenic to humans, but there is limited evidence linking benzene exposure to lung cancer. Objectives: We aimed to examine the relationship between occupational benzene exposure and lung cancer. Methods: Subjects from 14 case-control studies across Europe and Canada were pooled. We used a quantitative job-exposure matrix to estimate benzene exposure. Logistic regression models assessed lung cancer risk across different exposure indices. We adjusted for smoking and five main occupational lung carcinogens and stratified analyses by smoking status and lung cancer subtypes. Measurements and Main Results: Analyses included 28,048 subjects (12,329 cases, 15,719 control subjects). Lung cancer odds ratios ranged from 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.22) to 1.32 (95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.48) (Ptrend = 0.002) for groups with the lowest and highest cumulative occupational exposures, respectively, compared with unexposed subjects. We observed an increasing trend of lung cancer with longer duration of exposure (Ptrend < 0.001) and a decreasing trend with longer time since last exposure (Ptrend = 0.02). These effects were seen for all lung cancer subtypes, regardless of smoking status, and were not influenced by specific occupational groups, exposures, or studies. Conclusions: We found consistent and robust associations between different dimensions of occupational benzene exposure and lung cancer after adjusting for smoking and main occupational lung carcinogens. These associations were observed across different subgroups, including nonsmokers. Our findings support the hypothesis that occupational benzene exposure increases the risk of developing lung cancer. Consequently, there is a need to revisit published epidemiological and molecular data on the pulmonary carcinogenicity of benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wan
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Miriam Schejbalova
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul A. Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleonóra Fabiánová
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Guillermo Fernández-Tardón
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias, University Institute of Oncology of Asturias – Cajastur Social Program, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - John K. Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pascal Guénel
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Team Exposome and Heredity, U1018 Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, University of Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, and
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christine Barul
- Université Rennes, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, École des hautes études en santé publique, Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail, UMR_S 1085, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - John R. McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Franco Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik Biometrie Epidemiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - David Zaridze
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, N.N. Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Calvin Ge
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kurt Straif
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Olsson A, Bouaoun L, Schüz J, Vermeulen R, Behrens T, Ge C, Kromhout H, Siemiatycki J, Gustavsson P, Boffetta P, Kendzia B, Radoi L, Barul C, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Merletti F, Migliore E, Richiardi L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Fernández-Tardón G, Zaridze D, Field JK, Lissowska J, Świątkowska B, McLaughlin JR, Demers PA, Schejbalova M, Foretova L, Janout V, Pándics T, Fabianova E, Mates D, Forastiere F, Straif K, Brüning T, Vlaanderen J, Peters S. Lung Cancer Risks Associated with Occupational Exposure to Pairs of Five Lung Carcinogens: Results from a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies (SYNERGY). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:17005. [PMID: 38236172 PMCID: PMC10795675 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While much research has been done to identify individual workplace lung carcinogens, little is known about joint effects on risk when workers are exposed to multiple agents. OBJECTIVES We investigated the pairwise joint effects of occupational exposures to asbestos, respirable crystalline silica, metals (i.e., nickel, chromium-VI), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) on lung cancer risk, overall and by major histologic subtype, while accounting for cigarette smoking. METHODS In the international 14-center SYNERGY project, occupational exposures were assigned to 16,901 lung cancer cases and 20,965 control subjects using a quantitative job-exposure matrix (SYN-JEM). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed for ever vs. never exposure using logistic regression models stratified by sex and adjusted for study center, age, and smoking habits. Joint effects among pairs of agents were assessed on multiplicative and additive scales, the latter by calculating the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). RESULTS All pairwise joint effects of lung carcinogens in men were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. However, asbestos/metals and metals/PAH resulted in less than additive effects; while the chromium-VI/silica pair showed marginally synergistic effect in relation to adenocarcinoma (RERI: 0.24; CI: 0.02, 0.46; p = 0.05). In women, several pairwise joint effects were observed for small cell lung cancer including exposure to PAH/silica (OR = 5.12; CI: 1.77, 8.48), and to asbestos/silica (OR = 4.32; CI: 1.35, 7.29), where exposure to PAH/silica resulted in a synergistic effect (RERI: 3.45; CI: 0.10, 6.8). DISCUSSION Small or no deviation from additive or multiplicative effects was observed, but co-exposure to the selected lung carcinogens resulted generally in higher risk than exposure to individual agents, highlighting the importance to reduce and control exposure to carcinogens in workplaces and the general environment. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13380.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Liacine Bouaoun
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Calvin Ge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Loredana Radoi
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Team Exposome and Heredity, U1018 Inserm, University Paris-Saclay, University Paris Cité, Villejuif, France
| | - Christine Barul
- University Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) -UMR_S 1085, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik Biometrie Epidemiologie, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neil E. Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Franco Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - David Zaridze
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, N.N. Blokhin National Research Centre of Oncology, Moscow, Russia
| | - John K. Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, The Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - John R. McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul A. Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Miriam Schejbalova
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Kurt Straif
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Turner MC, Cogliano V, Guyton K, Madia F, Straif K, Ward EM, Schubauer-Berigan MK. Research Recommendations for Selected IARC-Classified Agents: Impact and Lessons Learned. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:105001. [PMID: 37902675 PMCID: PMC10615125 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs program assembles expert working groups who publish a critical review and evaluation of data on agents of interest. These comprehensive reviews provide a unique opportunity to identify research needs to address classification uncertainties. A multidisciplinary expert review and workshop held in 2009 identified research gaps and needs for 20 priority occupational chemicals, metals, dusts, and physical agents, with the goal of stimulating advances in epidemiological studies of cancer and carcinogen mechanisms. Overarching issues were also described. OBJECTIVES In this commentary we review the current status of the evidence for the 20 priority agents identified in 2009. We examine whether identified Research Recommendations for each agent were addressed and their potential impact on resolving classification uncertainties. METHODS We reviewed the IARC classifications of each of the 20 priority agents and identified major new epidemiological and human mechanistic studies published since the last evaluation. Information sources were either the published Monograph for agents that have been reevaluated or, for agents not yet reevaluated, Advisory Group reports and literature searches. Findings are described in view of recent methodological developments in Monographs evidence evaluation processes. DISCUSSION The majority of the 20 priority agents were reevaluated by IARC since 2009. The overall carcinogen classifications of 9 agents advanced, and new cancer sites with either "sufficient" or "limited" evidence of carcinogenicity were also identified for 9 agents. Examination of published findings revealed whether evidence gaps and Research Recommendations have been addressed and highlighted remaining uncertainties. During the past decade, new research addressed a range of the 2009 recommendations and supported updated classifications for priority agents. This supports future efforts to systematically apply findings of Monograph reviews to identify research gaps and priorities relevant to evaluation criteria established in the updated IARC Monograph Preamble. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12547.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Cogliano
- California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kathryn Guyton
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Federica Madia
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Boston College, Massachusetts, USA
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陈 睿, 王 静, 王 硕, 唐 思, 索 晨. [Construction of a Risk Prediction Model for Lung Cancer Based on Lifestyle Behaviors in the UK Biobank Large-Scale Population Cohort]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2023; 54:892-898. [PMID: 37866943 PMCID: PMC10579072 DOI: 10.12182/20230960209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective To identify the risk factors related to lifestyle behaviors that affect the incidence of lung cancer, to build a lung cancer risk prediction model to identify, in the population, individuals who are at high risk, and to facilitate the early detection of lung cancer. Methods The data used in the study were obtained from the UK Biobank, a database that contains information collected from 502 389 participants between March 2006 and October 2010. Based on domestic and international guidelines for lung cancer screening and high-quality research literature on lung cancer risk factors, high-risk population identification criteria were determined. Univariate Cox regression was performed to screen for risk factors of lung cancer and a multifactor lung cancer risk prediction model was constructed using Cox proportional hazards regression. Based on the comparison of Akaike information criterion and Schoenfeld residual test results, the optimal fitted model assuming proportional hazards was selected. The multiple factor Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to consider the survival time and the population was randomly divided into a training set and a validation set by a ratio of 7:3. The model was built using the training set and the performance of the model was internally validated using the validation set. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve ( AUC) was used to evaluate the efficacy of the model. The population was categorized into low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk groups based on the probability of occurrence of 0% to <25%, 25% to <75%, and 75% to 100%. The respective proportions of affected individuals in each risk group were calculated. Results The study eventually covered 453 558 individuals, and out of the cumulative follow-up of 5 505 402 person-years, a total of 2 330 cases of lung cancer were diagnosed. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to identify 10 independent variables as predictors of lung cancer, including age, body mass index (BMI), education, income, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption frequency, fresh fruit intake, family history of cancer, and tobacco exposure, and a model was established accordingly. Internal validation results showed that 8 independent variables (all the 10 independent variables screened out except for BMI and fresh fruit intake) were significant influencing factors of lung cancer ( P<0.05). The AUC of the training set for predicting lung cancer occurrence at one year, five years, and ten years were 0.825, 0.785, and 0.777, respectively. The AUC of the validation set for predicting lung cancer occurrence at one year, five years, and ten years were 0.857, 0.782, and 0.765, respectively. 68.38% of the individuals who might develop lung cancer in the future could be identified by screening the high-risk population. Conclusion We established, in this study, a model for predicting lung cancer risks associated with lifestyle behaviors of a large population. Showing good performance in discriminatory ability, the model can be used as a tool for developing standardized screening strategies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- 睿琳 陈
- 复旦大学公共卫生学院 流行病学教研室 (上海 200032)Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - 静茹 王
- 复旦大学公共卫生学院 流行病学教研室 (上海 200032)Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - 硕 王
- 复旦大学公共卫生学院 流行病学教研室 (上海 200032)Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - 思琦 唐
- 复旦大学公共卫生学院 流行病学教研室 (上海 200032)Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - 晨 索
- 复旦大学公共卫生学院 流行病学教研室 (上海 200032)Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- 上海市重大传染病和生物安全研究院 (上海 200032)Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- 复旦大学泰州健康科学研究院 (泰州 225316)Fudan University Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou 225316, China
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Cani M, Turco F, Butticè S, Vogl UM, Buttigliero C, Novello S, Capelletto E. How Does Environmental and Occupational Exposure Contribute to Carcinogenesis in Genitourinary and Lung Cancers? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2836. [PMID: 37345174 PMCID: PMC10216822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposures have been associated with an increased risk of different types of cancers, although the exact mechanisms of higher carcinogenesis risk are not always well understood. Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer mortality, and, also, genitourinary neoplasms are among the main causes of cancer-related deaths in Western countries. The purpose of this review is to describe the main environmental and occupational factors that increase the risk of developing lung and genitourinary cancers and to investigate carcinogenesis mechanisms that link these agents to cancer onset. Further objectives are to identify methods for the prevention or the early detection of carcinogenic agents and, therefore, to reduce the risk of developing these cancers or to detect them at earlier stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cani
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Fabio Turco
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Simona Butticè
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Ursula Maria Vogl
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Consuelo Buttigliero
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Silvia Novello
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
| | - Enrica Capelletto
- Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.C.); (F.T.); (C.B.); (E.C.)
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Su AL, Penning TM. Role of Human Aldo-Keto Reductases and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 in the Metabolic Activation of 1-Nitropyrene via Nitroreduction in Human Lung Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:270-280. [PMID: 36693016 PMCID: PMC9974908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) is a constituent of diesel exhaust and classified as a group 2A probable human carcinogen. The metabolic activation of 1-NP by nitroreduction generates electrophiles that can covalently bind DNA to form mutations to contribute to cancer causation. NADPH-dependent P450 oxidoreductase (POR), xanthine oxidase (XO), aldehyde oxidase (AOX), and NAD(P)H/quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) may catalyze 1-NP nitroreduction. We recently found that human recombinant aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) 1C1-1C3 catalyze 1-NP nitroreduction. NQO1 and AKR1C1-1C3 are genes induced by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). Despite this knowledge, the relative importance of these enzymes and NRF2 to 1-NP nitroreduction is unknown. We used a combination of pharmacological and genetic approaches to assess the relative importance of these enzymes and NRF2 in the aerobic nitroreduction of 1-NP in human bronchial epithelial cells, A549 and HBEC3-KT. 1-NP nitroreduction was assessed by the measurement of 1-aminopyrene (1-AP), the six-electron reduced metabolite of 1-NP, based on its intrinsic fluorescence properties (λex and λem). We found that co-treatment of 1-NP with salicylic acid, an AKR1C1 inhibitor, or ursodeoxycholate, an AKR1C2 inhibitor, for 48 h decreased 1-AP production relative to 1-NP treatment alone (control) in both cell lines. R-Sulforaphane or 1-(2-cyano-3,12,28-trioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-yl)-1H-imidazole (CDDO-Im), two NRF2 activators, each increased 1-AP production relative to control only in HBEC3-KT cells, which have inducible NRF2. Inhibitors of POR, NQO1, and XO failed to modify 1-AP production relative to control in both cell lines. Importantly, A549 wild-type cells with constitutively active NRF2 produced more 1-AP than A549 cells with heterozygous expression of NFE2L2/NRF2, which were able to produce more 1-AP than A549 cells with homozygous knockout of NFE2L2/NRF2. Together, these data show dependence of 1-NP metabolic activation on AKR1Cs and NRF2 in human lung cells. This is the second example whereby NFE2L2/NRF2 is implicated in the carcinogenicity of diesel exhaust constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Su
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Scerri MM, Weinbruch S, Delmaire G, Mercieca N, Nolle M, Prati P, Massabò D. Exhaust and non-exhaust contributions from road transport to PM 10 at a Southern European traffic site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120569. [PMID: 36347413 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is a well - established fact that road traffic is one of the main contributors to ambient levels of airborne particulate matter (APM). This study was carried out at a traffic site in which the PM10 levels are monitored all year round. A trend analysis of these levels revealed that over a decade there was no discernible trend, with the PM10 concentrations normally hovering around the EU limit values. In 2018, one of these limit values was exceeded. The contribution of traffic at the site was therefore investigated through a chemical speciation of 209 PM10 samples collected throughout this year. The speciation data were used in a source apportionment exercise in which the output of the PMF model was further refined using the lesser-known, constraint weighted non - negative matrix factorization (CW - NMF) model. This technique enabled the isolation of two factors clearly related to traffic, which were labelled as "exhaust contribution" (responsible for 3.4% of the PM10), "tire/brake wear contribution" (contributing 17% of the PM10). Additionally, a factor including both traffic resuspended dust and crustal material was also isolated and labelled "road dust/crustal" factor. The two contributors to the factor jointly contribute 18% to the PM10 and the contribution of the traffic resuspended dust was estimated at 7.3%. The traffic resuspended component of this factor together with the "tire/brake wear contribution" jointly make up the non-exhaust contribution of traffic - derived dust. Consonant with what has been known for quite some time, the exhaust fraction is the minor component of traffic PM10. It is therefore, clear that policies aimed at controlling traffic derived PM10 pollution at the receptor will have a minimal effect unless the non - exhaust emissions are adequately controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Scerri
- Institute of Earth Systems, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Msida, MSD2080, Malta.
| | - Stephan Weinbruch
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 9, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gilles Delmaire
- Laboratoire d'Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d'Opale (LISIC), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, F62228, Calais, France
| | - Nadine Mercieca
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Michael Nolle
- Environment and Resources Authority, Hexagon House, Spencer Hill, Marsa, MRS1441, Malta
| | - Paolo Prati
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Massabò
- Physics Department & INFN, Università degli studi di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
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10
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Hosseini B, Olsson A, Bouaoun L, Hall A, Hadji M, Rashidian H, Naghibzadeh-Tahami A, Marzban M, Najafi F, Haghdoost AA, Boffetta P, Kamangar F, Pukkala E, Etemadi A, Weiderpass E, Schüz J, Zendehdel K. Lung cancer risk in relation to jobs held in a nationwide case-control study in Iran. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:831-838. [PMID: 36379677 PMCID: PMC9685687 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, lung cancer is the most frequent occupational cancer, but the risk associated with the occupations or occupational environment in Iran is not clear. We aimed to assess occupations with the risk of lung cancer. METHODS We used the IROPICAN nationwide case-control study data including 658 incident lung cancer cases and 3477 controls. We assessed the risk of lung cancer in relation to ever working in major groups of International Standard Classification of Occupations, high-risk occupations for lung cancer and duration of employment and lung cancer subtype among construction workers and farmers while controlling for cigarette smoking and opium consumption. We used unconditional regression logistic models to estimate ORs for the association between increased lung cancer risk and occupations. RESULTS We observed elevated ORs for lung cancer in male construction workers (OR=1.4; 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.8), petroleum industry workers (OR=3.2; 95% CI: 1.1 to 9.8), female farmers (OR=2.6; 95% CI: 1.3 to 5.3) and female bakers (OR=5.5; 95% CI: 1.0 to 29.8). A positive trend by the duration of employment was observed for male construction workers (p< 0.001). Increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma was observed in male construction workers (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.2 to 3.0) and female farmers (OR=4.3; 95% CI: 1.1 to 17.2), who also experienced an increased risk of adenocarcinoma (OR=3.8; 95% CI: 1.4 to 9.9). DISCUSSION Although we observed associations between some occupations and lung cancer consistent with the literature, further studies with larger samples focusing on exposures are needed to better understand the occupational lung cancer burden in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bayan Hosseini
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ann Olsson
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Liacine Bouaoun
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Amy Hall
- Research Directorate, Veterans Affairs Canada, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Maryam Hadji
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, The Islamic Republic of Iran
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hamideh Rashidian
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ahmad Naghibzadeh-Tahami
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, The Islamic Republic of Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Maryam Marzban
- Clinical Research Development Center, The Persian Gulf Martyrs, Boushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Farid Najafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, School of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, The Islamic Republic of Iran
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Haghdoost
- Kerman University of Medical Sciences Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kerman, The Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University School of Computer Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Cancer Society of Finland Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arash Etemadi
- National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Kazem Zendehdel
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, The Islamic Republic of Iran
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, The Islamic Republic of Iran
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11
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Cabréra L, Auguste A, Michineau L, Joachim C, Deloumeaux J, Luce D. Lung Cancer in the French West Indies: Role of Sugarcane Work and Other Occupational Exposures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13444. [PMID: 36294021 PMCID: PMC9603435 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study the role of occupational exposures in lung cancer risk in the French West Indies, with special attention to some specific activities, such as sugarcane work, that can only be studied in a limited number of populations. METHODS We used data from a population-based case-control study that included 147 incident lung cancer cases and 405 controls. Smoking histories and detailed occupational histories with descriptions of tasks and substances were collected by questionnaire during face-to-face interviews. Odds ratios (OR) adjusted for sex, age, region, smoking status, and cigarette pack-years and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Significantly increased risks of lung cancer were found in sugarcane farm workers (OR = 2.7; 95% CI 1.1-6.6) and more generally in the sugarcane-growing sector (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.3) and to a lesser extent in rum production. Elevated risks of lung cancer were also observed among other agricultural workers, painters, warehouse porters, labourers, and maintenance and motor vehicle repair workers. Exposure to herbicides in sugarcane cultivation was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 0.9-7.6). CONCLUSION These results show that occupational exposures contributed to lung cancer risk in the French West Indies, and highlighted the role of exposures related to sugarcane work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léïla Cabréra
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, EHESP, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-97100 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Aviane Auguste
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, EHESP, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-97100 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Léah Michineau
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, EHESP, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-97100 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Clarisse Joachim
- Martinique Cancer Registry, UF 1441 Registre des cancers, Pôle de Cancérologie Hématologie Urologie Pathologie, University Hospital of Martinique, F-97200 Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
| | - Jacqueline Deloumeaux
- General Cancer Registry of Guadeloupe, University Hospital of Guadeloupe, F-97100 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Danièle Luce
- Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S 1085, EHESP, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-97100 Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, France
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Landwehr KR, Nabi MN, Rasul MG, Kicic A, Mullins BJ. Biodiesel Exhaust Toxicity with and without Diethylene Glycol Dimethyl Ether Fuel Additive in Primary Airway Epithelial Cells Grown at the Air-Liquid Interface. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14640-14648. [PMID: 36177943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel usage is increasing steadily worldwide as the push for renewable fuel sources increases. The increased oxygen content in biodiesel fuel is believed to cause decreased particulate matter (PM) and increased nitrous oxides within its exhaust. The addition of fuel additives to further increase the oxygen content may contribute to even further benefits in exhaust composition. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of 10% (v/v) diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGDME) added as a biodiesel fuel additive. Primary human airway epithelial cells were grown at the air-liquid interface and exposed to diluted exhaust from an engine running on either grapeseed, bran, or coconut biodiesel or the same three biodiesels with 10% (v/v) DGDME added to them; mineral diesel and air were used as controls. Exhaust properties, culture permeability, epithelial cell damage, and IL-6 and IL-8 release were measured postexposure. The fuel additive DGDME caused a decrease in PM and nitrous oxide concentrations. However, exhaust exposure with DGDME also caused decreased permeability, increased epithelial cell damage, and increased release of IL-6 and IL-8 (p < 0.05). Despite the fuel additive having beneficial effects on the exhaust properties of the biodiesel, it was found to be more toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Landwehr
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Md Nurun Nabi
- School of Engineering and Technology, Fuel and Energy Research Group, Central Queensland University, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia
| | - Mohammad G Rasul
- School of Engineering and Technology, Fuel and Energy Research Group, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4701, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Department of of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- Occupation, Environment & Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
- St. John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
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13
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Lewandowska A, Lewandowski T, Zych B, Papp K, Zrubcová D, Apay SE, Nagórska M. Risk Factors for the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer in Poland: A Large-Scale, Population-Based Case-Control Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:3299-3307. [PMID: 36308352 PMCID: PMC9924324 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.10.3299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadly malignant neoplasms. Currently, it is one of the main causes of cancer deaths worldwide. The study aimed to identify and evaluate patient characteristics, demographic and lifestyle factors that are associated with lung cancer at diagnosis. METHODS The study included 400 patients diagnosed with lung cancer and 400 within the control group. The research was based on a clinical, direct, individual, structured, in-depth and focused interview. Assessment of activity and BMI was used according to WHO recommendations, as well as the expert system. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 74.53 ± 7.86 years, while in the control group 59.5 (7.93). There was a strong positive relationship between the incidence of tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of lung cancer (p <0.001). The risk of lung cancer was significant in the case of smoking 20 or more than 20 cigarettes a day and smoking for more than 20 years (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Active and passive smoking, are a leading risk factor for lung cancer, which shows that understanding of the long-term and fatal effects of smoking is still very low in society. No significant correlation has been found between lifestyle and risk of lung cancer. However, there was a strong positive correlation between tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of lung cancer. Occupation is a predisposing factor for lung cancer occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lewandowska
- Institute of Healthcare, State School of Technology and Economics, 37-500 Jaroslaw, Poland. ,For Correspondence:
| | - Tomasz Lewandowski
- Institute of Technical Engineering, State School of Technology and Economics in Jaroslaw, 37-500 Jaroslaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Zych
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | - Katalin Papp
- Faculty of Health, University of Debrecen, Sóstói út 2-4 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary.
| | - Dana Zrubcová
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Health Care Constantine the Philosopher, University in Nitra, Kraskova 1 949 74 Nitra, Slovak Republic.
| | - Serap Ejder Apay
- Faculty of Health Science, Midwifery Department, Ataturk University, Bölümü 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Małgorzata Nagórska
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland.
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Xue Y, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Air pollution: A culprit of lung cancer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128937. [PMID: 35452993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a global health problem, especially in the context of rapid economic development and the expansion of urbanization. Herein, we discuss the harmful effects of outdoor and indoor pollution on the lungs. Ambient particulate matters (PMs) from industrial and vehicle exhausts is associated with lung cancer. Workers exposed to asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and toxic metals are also likely to develop lung cancer. Indoors, cooking fumes, second-hand smoke, and radioactive products from house decoration materials play roles in the development of lung cancer. Bacteria and viruses can also be detrimental to health and are important risk factors in lung inflammation and cancer. Specific effects of lung cancer caused by air pollution are discussed in detail, including inflammation, DNA damage, and epigenetic regulation. In addition, advanced materials for personal protection, as well as the current government policies to prevent air pollution, are summarized. This review provides a basis for future research on the relationship between lung cancer and air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueguang Xue
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano safety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; Henan Institute of advanced technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Liuxiang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano safety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; Henan Institute of advanced technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano safety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; Henan Institute of advanced technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano safety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, PR China.
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano safety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, PR China; GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, PR China.
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15
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Interaction between occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and tobacco smoking in determining lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev 2022; 31:1-6. [PMID: 34545021 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While an association between exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) and risk of lung cancer has been reported in several studies, its interaction with tobacco smoking in determining lung cancer risk is not well characterized. This study aims at performing a systematic review and meta-analysis of results of epidemiology studies on this. METHODS Studies included in the systematic review were identified from PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, without limitation of year of publication or language. Two reviewers independently reviewed the studies and abstracted relevant data from selected studies, applied a customized quality assessment tool and calculated the relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the interaction between DE exposure and tobacco smoking on a multiplicative scale. Next, a random-effects meta-analysis of the interaction RR was conducted. RESULTS Seven studies were included in the meta-analysis, of which two were cohort and five case-control studies. Results on the interaction were heterogeneous (I2 = 45.6%). The summary RR for interaction was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.42-1.46). There was no indication of publication bias. There was no increased risk of lung cancer among non-smoking workers exposed to DE. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested a less-than-multiplicative effect between DE exposure and tobacco smoking in determining lung cancer risk, but the hypothesis of multiplicative interaction cannot be rejected. The small number of relevant studies and the high heterogeneity among them prevent from definite conclusions.
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16
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Ambient Cumulative PM2.5 Exposure and the Risk of Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312400. [PMID: 34886127 PMCID: PMC8656990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Smoking, sex, air pollution, lifestyle, and diet may act independently or in concert with each other to contribute to the different outcomes of lung cancer (LC). This study aims to explore their associations with the carcinogenesis of LC, which will be useful for formulating further preventive strategies. This retrospective, longitudinal follow-up cohort study was carried out by connecting to the MJ Health Database, Taiwan Cancer Registry database, and Taiwan cause of death database from 2000 to 2015. The studied subjects were persons attending the health check-ups, distributed throughout the main island of Taiwan. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the risk factors associated with LC development and mortality after stratifying by smoking status, with a special emphasis on ambient two-year average PM2.5 exposure, using a satellite-based spatiotemporal model at a resolution of 1 km2, and on dietary habit including consumption of fruits and vegetables. After a median follow-up of 12.3 years, 736 people developed LC, and 401 people died of LC-related causes. For never smokers, the risk of developing LC (aHR: 1.32, 95%CI: 1.12–1.56) and dying from LC-related causes (aHR: 1.28, 95%CI: 1.01–1.63) rises significantly with every 10 μg/m3 increment of PM2.5 exposure, but not for ever smokers. Daily consumption of more than two servings of vegetables and fruits is associated with lowering LC risk in ever smokers (aHR: 0.68, 95%CI: 0.47–0.97), and preventing PM2.5 exposure is associated with lowering LC risk for never smokers.
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17
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Chen KY, Tseng CH, Feng PH, Sun WL, Ho SC, Lin CW, Van Hiep N, Luo CS, Tseng YH, Chen TT, Liu WT, Lee KY, Wu SM. 3-Nitrobenzanthrone promotes malignant transformation in human lung epithelial cells through the epiregulin-signaling pathway. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:865-887. [PMID: 34036453 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental and occupational contaminants leads to lung cancer. 3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-nitro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one, 3-NBA) is a potential carcinogen in ambient air or diesel particulate matter. Studies have revealed that short-term exposure to 3-NBA induces cell death, reactive oxygen species activation, and DNA adduct formation and damage. However, details of the mechanism by which chronic exposure to 3-NBA influences lung carcinogenesis remain largely unknown. In this study, human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells were continuously exposed to 0-10-μM 3-NBA for 6 months. NanoString analysis was conducted to evaluate gene expression in the cells, revealing that 3-NBA-mediated transformation results in a distinct gene expression signature including carbon cancer metabolism, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Alterations in tumor-promoting genes such as EREG (epiregulin), SOX9, E-cadherin, TWIST, and IL-6 were involved in epithelial cell aggressiveness. Kaplan-Meier plotter analyses indicated that increased EREG and IL-6 expressions in early-stage lung cancer cells are correlated with poor survival. In vivo xenografts on 3-NBA-transformed cells exhibited prominent tumor formation and metastasis. EREG knockout cells exposed to 3-NBA for a short period exhibited high apoptosis and low colony formation. By contrast, overexpression of EREG in 3-NBA-transformed cells markedly activated the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signaling pathways, resulting in tumorigenicity. Furthermore, elevated IL-6 and EREG expressions synergistically led to STAT3 signaling activation, resulting in clonogenic cell survival and migration. Taken together, chronic exposure of human lung epithelial cells to 3-NBA leads to malignant transformation, in which the EREG signaling pathway plays a pivotal mediating role. • Short-term exposure of lung epithelial cells to 3-NBA can lead to ROS production and cell apoptosis. • Long-term chronic exposure to 3-NBA upregulates the levels of tumor-promoting genes such as EREG and IL-6. • Increased EREG expression in 3-NBA-transformed cells markedly contributes to tumorigenesis through PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK activation and synergistically enhances the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway, which promotes tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hua Tseng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hao Feng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Sun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Ho
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nguyen Van Hiep
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,International PhD Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shan Luo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Han Tseng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Tao Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Te Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Ming Wu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Guha N, Bouaoun L, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Brüning T, Behrens T, Peters S, Luzon V, Siemiatycki J, Xu M, Kendzia B, Guenel P, Luce D, Karrasch S, Wichmann HE, Consonni D, Landi MT, Caporaso NE, Gustavsson P, Plato N, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Richiardi L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tse LA, Yu ITS, Tardón A, Boffetta P, Zaridze D, 't Mannetje A, Pearce N, Davies MPA, Lissowska J, Świątkowska B, McLaughlin J, Demers PA, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Pándics T, Fabianova E, Mates D, Forastiere F, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Schüz J, Straif K, Olsson A. Lung cancer risk in painters: results from the SYNERGY pooled case-control study consortium. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78:269-278. [PMID: 33115922 PMCID: PMC7958079 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the risk of lung cancer associated with ever working as a painter, duration of employment and type of painter by histological subtype as well as joint effects with smoking, within the SYNERGY project. METHODS Data were pooled from 16 participating case-control studies conducted internationally. Detailed individual occupational and smoking histories were available for 19 369 lung cancer cases (684 ever employed as painters) and 23 674 age-matched and sex-matched controls (532 painters). Multivariable unconditional logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, centre, cigarette pack-years, time-since-smoking cessation and lifetime work in other jobs that entailed exposure to lung carcinogens. RESULTS Ever having worked as a painter was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in men (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.50). The association was strongest for construction and repair painters and the risk was elevated for all histological subtypes, although more evident for small cell and squamous cell lung cancer than for adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma. There was evidence of interaction on the additive scale between smoking and employment as a painter (relative excess risk due to interaction >0). CONCLUSIONS Our results by type/industry of painter may aid future identification of causative agents or exposure scenarios to develop evidence-based practices for reducing harmful exposures in painters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neela Guha
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA
| | | | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mengting Xu
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Pascal Guenel
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Exposome and Heredity team, Inserm U1018, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Danièle Luce
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munchen, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik Biometrie Epidemiologie, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neil E Caporaso
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Plato
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Occupational Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Franco Merletti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Institute of Statistics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ignatius Tak-Sun Yu
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Department of Public Health, University of Oviedo, ISPA and CIBERESP, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Zaridze
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, N.N. Blokhin National Research Centre of Oncology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrea 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Neil Pearce
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael P A Davies
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool. Roy Castle Lung Cancer Foundation, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Świątkowska
- Health Capital School; Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
| | - John McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A Demers
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Ontario Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Jihomoravský, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Occupational Health and Toxicology, Regional Authority of Public Health, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Former senior scientist, Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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19
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Olsson A, Kromhout H. Occupational cancer burden: the contribution of exposure to process-generated substances at the workplace. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:753-763. [PMID: 33544948 PMCID: PMC7931128 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Respirable crystalline silica in mineral dust, wood dust, diesel engine exhaust emissions and welding fumes are among the most common process-generated substances to which millions of workers are exposed daily. The composition of process-generated substances can vary substantially, depending on the parameters of the underlying processes; for example, the composition and intensity of diesel motor emissions differs among the various generations of diesel engines and working environments (e.g. surface or underground mining). We illustrate how common these occupational exposures are and discuss challenges in estimating their global prevalence and their contribution to the burden of occupational cancer. Estimates of the number and proportion of workers exposed in most countries and on a global scale are generally scarce. A remarkable exception is based on the proactive bottom-up estimates generated within the European Network for Silica. Actions to reduce exposures and research to fill gaps in knowledge adapted to local settings are warranted to mitigate the occupational cancer burden, especially in under-researched settings including low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC)World Health Organization (WHO)LyonFrance
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment SciencesUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
Driven by a small number of niche markets and several decades of application research, fuel cell systems (FCS) are gradually reaching maturity, to the point where many players are questioning the interest and intensity of its deployment in the transport sector in general. This article aims to shed light on this debate from the road transport perspective. It focuses on the description of the fuel cell vehicle (FCV) in order to understand its assets, limitations and current paths of progress. These vehicles are basically hybrid systems combining a fuel cell and a lithium-ion battery, and different architectures are emerging among manufacturers, who adopt very different levels of hybridization. The main opportunity of Fuel Cell Vehicles is clearly their design versatility based on the decoupling of the choice of the number of Fuel Cell modules and hydrogen tanks. This enables manufacturers to meet various specifications using standard products. Upcoming developments will be in line with the crucial advantage of Fuel Cell Vehicles: intensive use in terms of driving range and load capacity. Over the next few decades, long-distance heavy-duty vehicles and fleets of taxis or delivery vehicles will develop based on range extender or mild hybrid architectures and enable the hydrogen sector to mature the technology from niche markets to a large-scale market.
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21
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Steenland K, Schubauer-Berigan M, Vermeulen R, Lunn R, Straif K, Zahm S, Stewart P, Arroyave W, Mehta S, Pearce N. Risk of Bias Assessments and Evidence Syntheses for Observational Epidemiologic Studies of Environmental and Occupational Exposures: Strengths and Limitations. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:95002. [PMID: 32924579 PMCID: PMC7489341 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly, risk of bias tools are used to evaluate epidemiologic studies as part of evidence synthesis (evidence integration), often involving meta-analyses. Some of these tools consider hypothetical randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as gold standards. METHODS We review the strengths and limitations of risk of bias assessments, in particular, for reviews of observational studies of environmental exposures, and we also comment more generally on methods of evidence synthesis. RESULTS Although RCTs may provide a useful starting point to think about bias, they do not provide a gold standard for environmental studies. Observational studies should not be considered inherently biased vs. a hypothetical RCT. Rather than a checklist approach when evaluating individual studies using risk of bias tools, we call for identifying and quantifying possible biases, their direction, and their impacts on parameter estimates. As is recognized in many guidelines, evidence synthesis requires a broader approach than simply evaluating risk of bias in individual studies followed by synthesis of studies judged unbiased, or with studies given more weight if judged less biased. It should include the use of classical considerations for judging causality in human studies, as well as triangulation and integration of animal and mechanistic data. CONCLUSIONS Bias assessments are important in evidence synthesis, but we argue they can and should be improved to address the concerns we raise here. Simplistic, mechanical approaches to risk of bias assessments, which may particularly occur when these tools are used by nonexperts, can result in erroneous conclusions and sometimes may be used to dismiss important evidence. Evidence synthesis requires a broad approach that goes beyond assessing bias in individual human studies and then including a narrow range of human studies judged to be unbiased in evidence synthesis. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6980.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Steenland
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - R. Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Science, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R.M. Lunn
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - K. Straif
- Global Observatory on Pollution and Health, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S. Zahm
- Shelia Zahm Consulting, Hermon, Maine, USA
| | - P. Stewart
- Stewart Exposure Assessments, LLC, Arlington, Virginia, USA
| | - W.D. Arroyave
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - S.S. Mehta
- Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - N. Pearce
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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22
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Ge C, Peters S, Olsson A, Portengen L, Schüz J, Almansa J, Behrens T, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Ahrens W, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Caporaso N, Consonni D, Demers P, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field J, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Ho V, Janout V, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Landi MT, Lissowska J, Luce D, Mates D, McLaughlin J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Plato N, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Rudnai P, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Tardón A, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Brüning T, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Respirable Crystalline Silica Exposure, Smoking, and Lung Cancer Subtype Risks. A Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:412-421. [PMID: 32330394 PMCID: PMC7465090 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201910-1926oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Millions of workers around the world are exposed to respirable crystalline silica. Although silica is a confirmed human lung carcinogen, little is known regarding the cancer risks associated with low levels of exposure and risks by cancer subtype. However, little is known regarding the disease risks associated with low levels of exposure and risks by cancer subtype.Objectives: We aimed to address current knowledge gaps in lung cancer risks associated with low levels of occupational silica exposure and the joint effects of smoking and silica exposure on lung cancer risks.Methods: Subjects from 14 case-control studies from Europe and Canada with detailed smoking and occupational histories were pooled. A quantitative job-exposure matrix was used to estimate silica exposure by occupation, time period, and geographical region. Logistic regression models were used to estimate exposure-disease associations and the joint effects of silica exposure and smoking on risk of lung cancer. Stratified analyses by smoking history and cancer subtypes were also performed.Measurements and Main Results: Our study included 16,901 cases and 20,965 control subjects. Lung cancer odds ratios ranged from 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.27) to 1.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.31-1.60) for groups with the lowest and highest cumulative exposure, respectively. Increasing cumulative silica exposure was associated (P trend < 0.01) with increasing lung cancer risks in nonsilicotics and in current, former, and never-smokers. Increasing exposure was also associated (P trend ≤ 0.01) with increasing risks of lung adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small cell carcinoma. Supermultiplicative interaction of silica exposure and smoking was observed on overall lung cancer risks; superadditive effects were observed in risks of lung cancer and all three included subtypes.Conclusions: Silica exposure is associated with lung cancer at low exposure levels. An exposure-response relationship was robust and present regardless of smoking, silicosis status, and cancer subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Ge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Josué Almansa
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine (BIPS), Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- The National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dario Consonni
- Unità di epidemiologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleonóra Fabiánová
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Guillermo Fernández-Tardón
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias-Foundation for Biosanitary Research of Asturias (ISPA-FINBA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - John Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (CNR-Irib), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Pascal Guénel
- Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Team Exposome and Heredity, Inserm Unit 1018, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Per Gustavsson
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vikki Ho
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social, and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich and
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danièle Luce
- Université de Rennes I, Inserm Unit 1085, École des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - John McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Franco Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Nils Plato
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine (BIPS), Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Adonina Tardón
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias-Foundation for Biosanitary Research of Asturias (ISPA-FINBA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik Biometrie Epidemiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | | | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance-Institute of the Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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23
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Ge C, Peters S, Olsson A, Portengen L, Schüz J, Almansa J, Ahrens W, Bencko V, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Caporaso N, Consonni D, Demers P, Fabiánová E, Fernández-Tardón G, Field J, Forastiere F, Foretova L, Guénel P, Gustavsson P, Janout V, Jöckel KH, Karrasch S, Teresa Landi M, Lissowska J, Luce D, Mates D, McLaughlin J, Merletti F, Mirabelli D, Pándics T, Parent MÉ, Plato N, Pohlabeln H, Richiardi L, Siemiatycki J, Świątkowska B, Tardón A, Wichmann HE, Zaridze D, Straif K, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R. Diesel Engine Exhaust Exposure, Smoking, and Lung Cancer Subtype Risks. A Pooled Exposure-Response Analysis of 14 Case-Control Studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:402-411. [PMID: 32330395 PMCID: PMC7465091 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201911-2101oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Although the carcinogenicity of diesel engine exhaust has been demonstrated in multiple studies, little is known regarding exposure-response relationships associated with different exposure subgroups and different lung cancer subtypes.Objectives: We expanded on a previous pooled case-control analysis on diesel engine exhaust and lung cancer by including three additional studies and quantitative exposure assessment to evaluate lung cancer and subtype risks associated with occupational exposure to diesel exhaust characterized by elemental carbon (EC) concentrations.Methods: We used a quantitative EC job-exposure matrix for exposure assessment. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate lung cancer odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with various metrics of EC exposure. Lung cancer excess lifetime risks (ELR) were calculated using life tables accounting for all-cause mortality. Additional stratified analyses by smoking history and lung cancer subtypes were performed in men.Measurements and Main Results: Our study included 16,901 lung cancer cases and 20,965 control subjects. In men, exposure response between EC and lung cancer was observed: odds ratios ranged from 1.09 (95% CI, 1.00-1.18) to 1.41 (95% CI, 1.30-1.52) for the lowest and highest cumulative exposure groups, respectively. EC-exposed men had elevated risks in all lung cancer subtypes investigated; associations were strongest for squamous and small cell carcinomas and weaker for adenocarcinoma. EC lung cancer exposure response was observed in men regardless of smoking history, including in never-smokers. ELR associated with 45 years of EC exposure at 50, 20, and 1 μg/m3 were 3.0%, 0.99%, and 0.04%, respectively, for both sexes combined.Conclusions: We observed a consistent exposure-response relationship between EC exposure and lung cancer in men. Reduction of workplace EC levels to background environmental levels will further reduce lung cancer ELR in exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Ge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Lützen Portengen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Josué Almansa
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- The National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paul Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleonóra Fabiánová
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Slovakia
| | - Guillermo Fernández-Tardón
- Fundación para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica en el Principado de Asturias – Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado (FINBA-ISPA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Oviedo, Spain
| | - John Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (CNR-Irib), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Pascal Guénel
- Center for research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Cancer and Environment team, Inserm U1018, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Per Gustavsson
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Karrasch
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Inner City Clinic, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M. Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danièle Luce
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, Ecole des hautes études en santé publique (EHESP), Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Pointe-à-Pitre, France
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - John McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Franco Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and ll Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica in Piemonte (CPO-Piemonte), Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and ll Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica in Piemonte (CPO-Piemonte), Torino, Italy
| | | | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, University of Quebec, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nils Plato
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and ll Centro di Riferimento per l’Epidemiologia e la Prevenzione Oncologica in Piemonte (CPO-Piemonte), Torino, Italy
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Adonina Tardón
- Fundación para la Investigación e Innovación Biomédica en el Principado de Asturias – Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado (FINBA-ISPA), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik Biometrie Epidemiologie, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany; and
| | | | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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24
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Santos ASE, Martins AAF, Simões Gonçalves E, Meyer A. Mortality from Selected Cancers among Brazilian Mechanics. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2020; 21:1779-1786. [PMID: 32592378 PMCID: PMC7568884 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2020.21.6.1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mechanics are exposed to known human carcinogens. This study aimed to compare mortality from selected cancers between male mechanics and the general population of the South and Southeast regions of Brazil. Methods: Data on deaths, occurred between 2006-2017, among male mechanics and the general population, were obtained from the Mortality Information System. Occupations were classified using the Brazilian Classification of Occupations. Mortality Odds Ratio (MOR) and confidence intervals (95%) for selected cancers among mechanics, stratified by age (30-49, 50-69 years), race, and education compared to the general population, were estimated using logistic regression models. Results: In general, mechanics showed higher mortality from oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, lung and bladder cancers, but lower mortality for all leukemias. Oropharynx and larynx cancer mortality risk was slightly higher among older mechanics, while hypopharynx cancer mortality was more noticeable among the youngest. Lower mortality from all leukemias was observed only among younger mechanics. Mortality by oropharynx and larynx cancers were higher among white mechanics. They were also the only ones to experience higher mortality by hypopharynx cancer, while lung cancer mortality were increased only among non-white ones. Mechanics of all educational levels were more likely to die by the oropharynx cancer. Those with 1-7 and 8 or more years of schooling also showed excess of death by the cancers of larynx and all leukemias. Significantly higher mortality by pancreas cancer was only observed among mechanics with no education, while those with 1-7 years of schooling showed higher risk to die by lung and bladder cancers. Those with 8 or more years of schooling show increased mortality risk for hypopharynx cancer. Increased mortality risk for myeloid leukemia was only observed when stratified by region of residence. Conclusion: Results of our study suggest a positive association between mechanic occupation and some specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Souza Espindola Santos
- Occupational and Environmental Health Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Alzira Friaes Martins
- Occupational and Environmental Health Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eline Simões Gonçalves
- Center for Studies on Workers' Health and Human Ecology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Armando Meyer
- Occupational and Environmental Health Branch, Public Health Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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25
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Lipfert FW, Wyzga RE. Longitudinal relationships between lung cancer mortality rates, smoking, and ambient air quality: a comprehensive review and analysis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 49:790-818. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Brey C, Gouveia FT, Silva BS, Sarquis LMM, Miranda FMD, Consonni D. Lung cancer related to occupational exposure: an integrative review. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2020; 41:e20190378. [DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2020.20190378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify in the literature the carcinogenic agents found in the work environment, the occupations and the risk for lung cancer. Method: A descriptive and analytical study of the Integrative Literature Review type was carried out in national and international databases from the last ten years in the period from 2009 to 2018, concerning 32 studies referring to association between carcinogenic substances to which the worker is exposed and lung cancer. Results: Nine (28.1%) publications originated in China and only one in Brazil. The most exposed workers were from the secondary sector, 50% being from industry and 6.2% from construction, mostly male. Asbestos and silica stood out among the carcinogenic substances most associated with lung cancer risk, accounting for 37.5% and 28.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The association between occupational exposure and the risk for lung cancer was characterized in this research by the substantial scientific evidence from the described studies that confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Brey
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil; Instituto Federal do Paraná, Brasil
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27
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Wang N, Li Q, Liu H, Lin L, Han W, Hao W. Role of C/EBPα hypermethylation in diesel engine exhaust exposure-induced lung inflammation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109500. [PMID: 31450033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) impairs lung function. But the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term DEE exposure on lung inflammation and the underlying mechanisms. Sprague-Dawley male rats were exposed to DEE with 3 mg/m3 of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) for 12 weeks. Then urine, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue were collected for the determination of biochemistry indexes, DNA methylation status, and histological changes in the lung. The results showed that the metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-OHPh) and 9-OHPh, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were higher in urine of DEE-exposed rats than control group. The level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α was significantly higher in serum (1.8, 3.5, and nearly 1.0-fold increase, respectively), BALF (2.2, 3.8, and 2.0-fold increase, respectively) and lung tissues (3.5, 4.3, and 2.4-fold increase, respectively) of DEE-exposed rats than control group. While the level of clara cell secretory protein (CC16) and pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) with anti-inflammatory property was obviously lower in serum (reduction of 29% and 38%, respectively), BALF (reduction of 50% and 46%, respectively) and lung tissues (reduction of 50% and 55%, respectively) of DEE-exposed rats than control group. Exposure to DEE also resulted in significant increases in total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte number in BALF. Airway inflammation and remolding were apparent in DEE group. The methylation level of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) promoter was markedly increased (about 3.2-fold increase), and its mRNA and protein expression were significantly decreased (about 62% and 68% decrease, respectively) in the lungs of DEE-exposed rats compared with the group. Further, cell experiments were performed to investigate the relationship between C/EBPα and CC16, and CC16 function under DEP conditions. The results showed that DEP inhibited CC16 expression via methylation of C/EBPα promoter, and the increase of CC16 level significantly relieved the proinflammatory effects caused by DEP exposure. In conclusion, our data indicated that long-term exposure to DEE can cause lung inflammation, at least in part via methylation of C/EBPα promoter, and inhibition of CC16 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Qinghai Li
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Li Lin
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China
| | - Wei Han
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China.
| | - Wanming Hao
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266011, China.
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28
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Du M, Mullins BJ, Franklin P, Musk AW, Elliot NSJ, Sodhi-Berry N, Junaldi E, de Klerk N, Reid A. Measurement of urinary 1-aminopyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarkers of exposure to diesel particulate matter in gold miners. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:723-728. [PMID: 31234134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in human samples are often used as biomarkers of exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE). The aim of this study was to assess the changes in urinary levels of 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and their relationship with Elemental Carbon (EC), as a component of diesel engine exhaust exposure, among a hard-rock gold-mining population. Urine samples were collected at the beginning and end of a 12-hour work shift from 100 underground and above ground gold miners. Miners were fitted with personal exposure monitoring equipment to quantify exposure to DEE, measured as Elemental Carbon (EC), across their 12-hour work shift. General linear regression assessed associations of the post-shift urinary 1-AP and 1-OHP concentrations with EC, controlling for age, gender, the pre-shift biomarker level, Body Mass Index (BMI), days on current shift, time in mining, smoking status and second-hand smoke exposure. The concentrations of 1-AP and 1-OHP increased significantly across a 12-hour mining work shift. Moreover, consistent with the sensitivity analysis, the concentration of 1-AP was significantly associated with EC after adjustments. Urinary 1-OHP, but not 1-AP was significantly associated with current smoking. Urinary 1-AP may be a more robust and specific biomarker of DEE than 1-OHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Du
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Franklin
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A W Musk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Novak S J Elliot
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nita Sodhi-Berry
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Edwin Junaldi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas de Klerk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia.
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29
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Ribeiro AG, Downward GS, Freitas CUD, Chiaravalloti Neto F, Cardoso MRA, Latorre MDRDDO, Hystad P, Vermeulen R, Nardocci AC. Incidence and mortality for respiratory cancer and traffic-related air pollution in São Paulo, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 170:243-251. [PMID: 30594696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple lines of evidence have associated exposure to ambient air pollution with an increased risk of respiratory malignancies. However, there is a dearth of evidence from low-middle income countries, including those within South America, where the social inequalities are more marked. OBJECTIVES To quantify the association between exposures to traffic related air pollution and respiratory cancer incidence and mortality within São Paulo, Brazil. Further, we aim to investigate the role of socioeconomic status (SES) upon these outcomes. METHODS Cancer incidence between 2002 and 2011 was derived from the population-based cancer registry. Mortality data (between 2002 and 2013) was derived from the Municipal Health Department. A traffic density database and an annual nitrogen dioxide (NO2) land use regression model were used as markers of exposure. Age-adjusted Binomial Negative Regression models were developed, stratifying by SES and gender. RESULTS We observed an increased rate of respiratory cancer incidence and mortality in association with increased traffic density and NO2 concentrations, which was higher among those regions with the lowest SES. For cancer mortality and traffic exposure, those in the most deprived region, had an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2.19 (95% CI: 1.70, 2.82) when comparing the highest exposure centile (top 90%) to the lowest (lowest 25%). By contrast, in the least deprived area, the IRR for the same exposure contrast was.1.07 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.20). For NO2 in the most deprived regions, the IRR for cancer mortality in the highest exposed group was 1.44 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.88) while in the least deprived area, the IRR for the highest exposed group was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.23). CONCLUSIONS Traffic density and NO2 were associated with an increased rate of respiratory cancer incidence and mortality in São Paulo. Residents from poor regions may suffer more from the impact of traffic air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeylson Guimarães Ribeiro
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - George Stanley Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Clarice Umbelino de Freitas
- Center for Epidemiological Surveillance, State Department of Health, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 351, São Paulo, SP CEP:01246-000, Brazil
| | - Francisco Chiaravalloti Neto
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | - Maria Regina Alves Cardoso
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
| | | | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, 20C Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Adelaide Cassia Nardocci
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP CEP 01246-904, Brazil.
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Abstract
While lung cancer has been the leading cause of cancer-related deaths for many years in the United States, incidence and mortality statistics - among other measures - vary widely worldwide. The aim of this study was to review the evidence on lung cancer epidemiology, including data of international scope with comparisons of economically, socially, and biologically different patient groups. In industrialized nations, evolving social and cultural smoking patterns have led to rising or plateauing rates of lung cancer in women, lagging the long-declining smoking and cancer incidence rates in men. In contrast, emerging economies vary widely in smoking practices and cancer incidence but commonly also harbor risks from environmental exposures, particularly widespread air pollution. Recent research has also revealed clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlates, leading to greater knowledge in molecular profiling and targeted therapeutics, as well as an emphasis on the rising incidence of adenocarcinoma histology. Furthermore, emergent evidence about the benefits of lung cancer screening has led to efforts to identify high-risk smokers and development of prediction tools. This review also includes a discussion on the epidemiologic characteristics of special groups including women and nonsmokers. Varying trends in smoking largely dictate international patterns in lung cancer incidence and mortality. With declining smoking rates in developed countries and knowledge gains made through molecular profiling of tumors, the emergence of new risk factors and disease features will lead to changes in the landscape of lung cancer epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Barta
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Charles A. Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
| | - Juan P. Wisnivesky
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, US
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31
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Lacourt A, Labrèche F, Goldberg MS, Siemiatycki J, Lavoué J. Agreement in Occupational Exposures Between Men and Women Using Retrospective Assessments by Expert Coders. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 62:1159-1170. [PMID: 30124778 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To estimate the level of agreement and identify notable differences in occupational exposures (agents) between men and women from retrospective assessments by expert coders. Methods Lifetime occupational histories of 1657 men and 2073 women from two case-control studies, were translated into exposure estimates to 243 agents, from data on 13882 jobs. Exposure estimates were summarized as proportions and frequency-weighted intensity of exposure for 59 occupational codes by sex. Agreement between metrics of exposure in men's and women's jobs was determined with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and weighted Kappa coefficients, using as unit of analysis ('cell') a combination of occupational code and occupational agent. 'Notable' differences between men and women were identified for each cell, according to a Bayesian hierarchical model for both proportion and frequency-weighted intensity of exposure. Results For cells common to both men and women, the ICC for continuous probability of exposure was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.83-0.84) and 7.4% of cells showed notable differences with jobs held by men being more often exposed. A weighted kappa of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.61-0.73) was calculated for intensity of exposure, and an ICC of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.62-0.71) for frequency-weighted intensity of exposure, with a tendency of higher values of exposure metrics in jobs held by men. Conclusions Exposures were generally in agreement between men and women. Some notable differences were identified, most of them explained by differential sub-occupations or industries or dissimilar reported tasks within the studied occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Lacourt
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH U1219-EPICENE, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - France Labrèche
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark S Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Guzzo-Cancer Research Society Chair on Environment and Cancer, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérôme Lavoué
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Carey RN, Fritschi L, Driscoll TR, Peters S, Glass DC, Benke G, Reid A. Interventions to Reduce Future Cancer Incidence from Diesel Engine Exhaust: What Might Work? Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 12:13-20. [PMID: 30352840 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) contributes appreciably to the burden of occupational cancer. This study aims to estimate the potential impact of a range of interventions on the future burden of cancer from occupational exposure to DEE in Australia. The future excess fraction method, a novel method based on the lifetime risk approach, was used to model changes in the future burden of cancer among the Australian working age population exposed to DEE at work in 2012 under various intervention strategies. The interventions modeled were based on the widely accepted hierarchy of control model. At baseline, 600 (0.4%) future bladder and 4,450 (0.6%) future lung cancer cases over the lifetime of the cohort were estimated to be attributable to occupational exposure to DEE in those exposed in 2012. Up to 2,000 of these cases were estimated to be avoidable through the use of various interventions. Exhaust hoses (engineering controls) were estimated to be particularly effective. This study provides an indication of which intervention strategies may be most useful in reducing the future burden of cancer associated with occupational DEE exposure. These results show the potential effect of changing current exposure, rather than focusing on past exposures, and thus provide relevant information for policy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee N Carey
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia.
| | - Lin Fritschi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
| | - Timothy R Driscoll
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Peters
- School of Global and Population Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah C Glass
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geza Benke
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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Hedmer M, Wierzbicka A, Li H, Albin M, Tinnerberg H, Broberg K. Diesel Exhaust Exposure Assessment Among Tunnel Construction Workers-Correlations Between Nitrogen Dioxide, Respirable Elemental Carbon, and Particle Number. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 61:539-553. [PMID: 28371844 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Occupational exposure to diesel exhaust is common due the widespread use of diesel-powered combustion engines. Diesel exhaust is chemically complex and consists of thousands of compounds present as gases and particulate matter. Both nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and elemental carbon (EC) have been used as markers for diesel exhaust exposure. Currently EC is regarded as the best surrogate of diesel exhaust. The objective was to quantify the occupational exposure to diesel exhaust in underground tunnel construction work using a multi-metric approach, and to investigate the correlations between NO2, respirable EC, respirable organic carbon (OC), respirable total carbon (TC), respirable dust (RD), and particle number. Also, the use of NO2 as a proxy for diesel exhaust was evaluated, how much of the variability in the diesel exhaust exposure was attributed to within and between individual factors and if there was a difference between expert and self-administered measurements of NO2. Methods The personal exposure to diesel exhaust was assessed by expert supervised measurements of NO2, EC, OC, TC, RD and particle number in the breathing zones of underground tunnel workers. Stationary sampling of NO2, EC, OC, TC, RD, size-fractioned mass concentration, and particle number were conducted. The personal and stationary measurements were conducted on three occasions simultaneously. The workers measured their exposure by repeated self-administered measurements of NO2. The self-administered measurements were performed twice for each worker with at least one month lag between the samplings. Results In the simultaneous sampling of diesel exhaust, the geometric mean (GM) concentration of NO2 and respirable EC were 72 µg m-3 (10th-90th percentile 34-140 µg m-3) and 2.6 µg m-3 (10th-90th percentile 1.6-7.3 µg m-3), respectively. The GM for OC and TC was 28 µg m-3 (10th-90th percentile 20-42 µg m-3) and 31 µg m-3 (10th-90th percentile 20-50 µg m-3), respectively. The GM for RD and particle number was 180 µg m-3 (10th-90th percentile 20-530 µg m-3) and 47 900 cm-3 (10th-90th percentile 27500-94100 cm-3), respectively. A significant correlation was found between NO2 and respirable EC [Spearman's correlation r = 0.53 (P = 0.05)]. The within-worker variability of NO2 was 45.5% and the between-worker variability was 54.5%. The self-administered measured concentrations of NO2 (GM 70 µg m-3) did not statistically differ from the NO2 concentrations measured by an expert (P > 0.35). Conclusion The diesel exhaust exposure in tunnel construction work was low. A significant correlation between NO2 and EC was observed. This indicates that NO2 could be used as a proxy for diesel exhaust in tunnel work if diesel exhaust is the only source of NO2 and if the ratio between EC and NO2 is known and constant. Passive sampling of NO2 is much easier and cheaper to perform compared with active sampling of EC. It is possible to utilize self-administered NO2 measurements in extreme and inaccessible work environments. This study adds support to continued use of NO2 as an exposure marker in combination with EC for diesel exhaust exposure. In tunnel construction work, the variability in the diesel exhaust exposure was high both between- and within-workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hedmer
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Huiqi Li
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, PO Box 118, Lund SE-22100, Sweden
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 210, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
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Hime NJ, Marks GB, Cowie CT. A Comparison of the Health Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution from Five Emission Sources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1206. [PMID: 29890638 PMCID: PMC6024892 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article briefly reviews evidence of health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution from five common outdoor emission sources: traffic, coal-fired power stations, diesel exhaust, domestic wood combustion heaters, and crustal dust. The principal purpose of this review is to compare the evidence of health effects associated with these different sources with a view to answering the question: Is exposure to PM from some emission sources associated with worse health outcomes than exposure to PM from other sources? Answering this question will help inform development of air pollution regulations and environmental policy that maximises health benefits. Understanding the health effects of exposure to components of PM and source-specific PM are active fields of investigation. However, the different methods that have been used in epidemiological studies, along with the differences in populations, emission sources, and ambient air pollution mixtures between studies, make the comparison of results between studies problematic. While there is some evidence that PM from traffic and coal-fired power station emissions may elicit greater health effects compared to PM from other sources, overall the evidence to date does not indicate a clear ‘hierarchy’ of harmfulness for PM from different emission sources. Further investigations of the health effects of source-specific PM with more advanced approaches to exposure modeling, measurement, and statistics, are required before changing the current public health protection approach of minimising exposure to total PM mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Hime
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
- The Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Guy B Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
- South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Christine T Cowie
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia.
- South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
- Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
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Hovanec J, Siemiatycki J, Conway DI, Olsson A, Stücker I, Guida F, Jöckel KH, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Gustavsson P, Consonni D, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Fortes C, Parent ME, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Field J, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Boffetta P, Straif K, Schüz J, Kendzia B, Pesch B, Brüning T, Behrens T. Lung cancer and socioeconomic status in a pooled analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192999. [PMID: 29462211 PMCID: PMC5819792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between low socioeconomic status (SES) and lung cancer has been observed in several studies, but often without adequate control for smoking behavior. We studied the association between lung cancer and occupationally derived SES, using data from the international pooled SYNERGY study. METHODS Twelve case-control studies from Europe and Canada were included in the analysis. Based on occupational histories of study participants we measured SES using the International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI) and the European Socio-economic Classification (ESeC). We divided the ISEI range into categories, using various criteria. Stratifying by gender, we calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, study, and smoking behavior. We conducted analyses by histological subtypes of lung cancer and subgroup analyses by study region, birth cohort, education and occupational exposure to known lung carcinogens. RESULTS The analysis dataset included 17,021 cases and 20,885 controls. There was a strong elevated OR between lung cancer and low SES, which was attenuated substantially after adjustment for smoking, however a social gradient persisted. SES differences in lung cancer risk were higher among men (lowest vs. highest SES category: ISEI OR 1.84 (95% CI 1.61-2.09); ESeC OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.44-1.63)), than among women (lowest vs. highest SES category: ISEI OR 1.54 (95% CI 1.20-1.98); ESeC OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.19-1.52)). CONCLUSION SES remained a risk factor for lung cancer after adjustment for smoking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hovanec
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal, Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada
| | - David I. Conway
- Dental School, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Guida
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
- Institute for Statistics, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Irene Brüske
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dario Consonni
- Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Merletti
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Fortes
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI-IRCCS-FLMM), Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Paul Demers
- Cancer Care Ontario, Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Neil Caporaso
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Adonina Tardón
- Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, University of Oviedo-Ciber de Epidemiologia, CIBERESP, Oviedo, Spain
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Peter Rudnai
- National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Regional Authority of Public Health, Preventive Occupational Medicine, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - John Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Dept. of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- Palacky University, Faculty of Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Behrens
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Wichmann HE. Epidemiology in Germany-general development and personal experience. Eur J Epidemiol 2017; 32:635-656. [PMID: 28815360 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Did you ever hear about epidemiology in Germany? Starting from an epidemiological desert the discipline has grown remarkably, especially during the last 10-15 years: research institutes have been established, research funding has improved, multiple curriculae in Epidemiology and Public Health are offered. This increase has been quite steep, and now the epidemiological infrastructure is much better. Several medium-sized and even big population cohorts are ongoing, and the number and quality of publications from German epidemiologists has reached a respectable level. My own career in epidemiology started in the field of environmental health. After German reunification I concentrated for many years on environmental problems in East Germany and observed the health benefits after improvement of the situation. Later, I concentrated on population-based cohorts in newborns (GINI/LISA) and adults (KORA, German National Cohort), and on biobanking. This Essay describes the development in Germany after worldwar 2, illustrated by examples of research results and build-up of epidemiological infractructures worth mentioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, 2, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Chair of Epidemiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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37
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Ilar A, Plato N, Lewné M, Pershagen G, Gustavsson P. Occupational exposure to diesel motor exhaust and risk of lung cancer by histological subtype: a population-based case-control study in Swedish men. Eur J Epidemiol 2017; 32:711-719. [PMID: 28585123 PMCID: PMC5591361 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated occupational exposure to diesel motor exhaust (DME) and the risk of lung cancer by histological subtype among men, using elemental carbon (EC) as a marker of DME exposure. 993 cases and 2359 controls frequency-matched on age and year of study inclusion were analyzed by unconditional logistic regression in this Swedish case-control study. Work and smoking histories were collected by a questionnaire and telephone interviews. DME was assessed by a job-exposure matrix. We adjusted for age, year of study inclusion, smoking, occupational exposure to asbestos and combustion products (other than motor exhaust), residential exposure to radon and exposure to air pollution from road traffic. The OR for lung cancer for ever vs. never exposure to DME was 1.15 (95% CI 0.94-1.41). The risk was higher for squamous and large cell, anaplastic or mixed cell carcinoma than for alveolar cell cancer, adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma. The OR in the highest quartile of exposure duration (≥34 years) vs. never exposed was 1.66 (95% CI 1.08-2.56; p for trend over all quartiles: 0.027) for lung cancer overall, 1.73 (95% CI 1.00-3.00; p: 0.040) for squamous cell carcinoma and 2.89 (95% CI 1.37-6.11; p: 0.005) for the group of undifferentiated, large cell, anaplastic and mixed cell carcinomas. We found no convincing association between exposure intensity and lung cancer risk. Long-term DME exposure was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, particularly to squamous cell carcinoma and the group of undifferentiated, large cell, anaplastic or mixed carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ilar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nils Plato
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Lewné
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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Fehringer G, Brenner DR, Zhang ZF, Lee YCA, Matsuo K, Ito H, Lan Q, Vineis P, Johansson M, Overvad K, Riboli E, Trichopoulou A, Sacerdote C, Stucker I, Boffetta P, Brennan P, Christiani DC, Hong YC, Landi MT, Morgenstern H, Schwartz AG, Wenzlaff AS, Rennert G, McLaughlin JR, Harris CC, Olivo-Marston S, Orlow I, Park BJ, Zauderer M, Barros Dios JM, Raviña AR, Siemiatycki J, Koushik A, Lazarus P, Fernández-Somoano A, Tardon A, Le Marchand L, Brenner H, Saum KU, Duell EJ, Andrew AS, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Zaridze D, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Mates D, Foretova L, Janout V, Bencko V, Holcatova I, Pesatori AC, Consonni D, Olsson A, Straif K, Hung RJ. Alcohol and lung cancer risk among never smokers: A pooled analysis from the international lung cancer consortium and the SYNERGY study. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1976-1984. [PMID: 28120396 PMCID: PMC5356930 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is not clear whether alcohol consumption is associated with lung cancer risk. The relationship is likely confounded by smoking, complicating the interpretation of previous studies. We examined the association of alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in a large pooled international sample, minimizing potential confounding of tobacco consumption by restricting analyses to never smokers. Our study included 22 case-control and cohort studies with a total of 2548 never-smoking lung cancer patients and 9362 never-smoking controls from North America, Europe and Asia within the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO) and SYNERGY Consortium. Alcohol consumption was categorized into amounts consumed (grams per day) and also modelled as a continuous variable using restricted cubic splines for potential non-linearity. Analyses by histologic sub-type were included. Associations by type of alcohol consumed (wine, beer and liquor) were also investigated. Alcohol consumption was inversely associated with lung cancer risk with evidence most strongly supporting lower risk for light and moderate drinkers relative to non-drinkers (>0-4.9 g per day: OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.70-0.90; 5-9.9 g per day: OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.69-0.99; 10-19.9 g per day: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.65-0.96). Inverse associations were found for consumption of wine and liquor, but not beer. The results indicate that alcohol consumption is inversely associated with lung cancer risk, particularly among subjects with low to moderate consumption levels, and among wine and liquor drinkers, but not beer drinkers. Although our results should have no relevant bias from the confounding effect of smoking we cannot preclude that confounding by other factors contributed to the observed associations. Confounding in relation to the non-drinker reference category may be of particular importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Fehringer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darren R. Brenner
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yuan-Chin Amy Lee
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Division of Epidemiology, Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Piedmont Children Cancer Registry, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital and CPO Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Isabelle Stucker
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, INSERM U170, Villejuif, France
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - David. C. Christiani
- Harvard School of Public Health, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hal Morgenstern
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ann G. Schwartz
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Gad Rennert
- Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology and Clalit Health Services National Cancer Control Center, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Curtis C. Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | | | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Bernard J. Park
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Marjorie Zauderer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Juan M. Barros Dios
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ruano Raviña
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anita Koushik
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public Health, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, USA
| | | | - Adonina Tardon
- IUOPA, University Institute of Oncology, University of Oviedo, and CIBERESP, Spain
| | | | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Saum
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric J. Duell
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angeline S. Andrew
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, USA
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Cancer Center Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Zaridze
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- Specialized Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Dana Mates
- National Institute of Public Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Holcatova
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Cecilia Pesatori
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda–Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Consonni
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda–Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ann Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Rayjean J. Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Canada
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Möhner M, Wendt A. A critical review of the relationship between occupational exposure to diesel emissions and lung cancer risk. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:185-224. [PMID: 28322628 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1266598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In 2012, a working group of the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified diesel exhaust (DE) as a human carcinogen (Group 1). This decision was primarily based on the findings of the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS). The disparity between the results of various methodological approaches applied to the DEMS led to several critical commentaries. An expert panel was subsequently set up by the Health Effects Institute to evaluate the DEMS results, together with a large study in the trucking industry. The panel concluded that both studies provided a useful basis for quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) of DE exposure. However, the results of both studies were non-definitive as the studies suffer from several methodological shortcomings. We conducted a critical review of the studies used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) working group to evaluate the relationship between DE and lung cancer. The aim was to assess whether the available studies support the statement of a causal relationship and, secondarily if they could be used for QRA. Our review highlights several methodological flaws in the studies, amongst them overadjustment bias, selection bias, and confounding bias. The conclusion from our review is that the currently published studies provide little evidence for a definite causal link between DE exposure and lung cancer risk. Based on two studies in miners, the DEMS and the German Potash Miners study, QRA may be conducted. However, the DEMS data should be reanalyzed in advance to avoid bias that affects the presently published risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Möhner
- a Division Work and Health , Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Berlin , Germany
| | - Andrea Wendt
- a Division Work and Health , Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Berlin , Germany
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40
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ZHANG LP, ZHANG X, DUAN HW, MENG T, NIU Y, HUANG CF, GAO WM, YU SF, ZHENG YX. Long-term exposure to diesel engine exhaust induced lung function decline in a cross sectional study. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2017; 55:13-26. [PMID: 27334424 PMCID: PMC5285310 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the effects of lung function following exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE), we recruited 137 diesel engine testing workers exposed to DEE and 127 non-DEE-exposed workers as study subjects. We performed lung function tests and measured cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome index and levels of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites. There was a significant decrease of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/ FVC), maximal mid expiratory flow curve (MMF), forced expiratory flow at 50% of FVC (FEF50%), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC (FEF75%) in the DEE-exposed workers than non-DEE-exposed workers (all p<0.05). Among all study subjects, the decreases of FEF75% were associated with the increasing levels of PAHs meta-bolites (p<0.05), and there were negative correlations between FEV1, FEV1/FVC, MMF, FEF50%, and FEF75% with CBMN cytome index (all p<0.05). Our results show that long-term exposure to DEE can induce lung function decline which shows mainly obstructive changes and influence of small airways function. The decreased lung function is associated with internal dosage of DEE exposure, and accompany with the increasing CBMN cytome index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping ZHANG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xiao ZHANG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Hua Wei DUAN
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Tao MENG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yong NIU
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Chuan Feng HUANG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Wei Min GAO
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, USA
| | - Shan Fa YU
- Henan Provincial Institute for Occupational Health, China
| | - Yu Xin ZHENG
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
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41
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Bigert C, Gustavsson P, Straif K, Taeger D, Pesch B, Kendzia B, Schüz J, Stücker I, Guida F, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Pesatori AC, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Tse LA, Ignatius Tak-sun Y, Siemiatycki J, Lavoué J, Richiardi L, Mirabelli D, Simonato L, Jöckel KH, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Tardón A, Zaridze D, Field JK, Mannetje A‘, Pearce N, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Fabianova E, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Boffetta P, Peters S, Vermeulen R, Kromhout H, Brüning T, Olsson AC. Lung Cancer Among Firefighters: Smoking-Adjusted Risk Estimates in a Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies. J Occup Environ Med 2016; 58:1137-1143. [PMID: 27820764 PMCID: PMC7254920 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore lung cancer risk among firefighters, with adjustment for smoking. METHODS We used pooled information from the SYNERGY project including 14 case-control studies conducted in Europe, Canada, New Zealand, and China, with lifetime work histories and smoking habits for 14,748 cases of lung cancer and 17,543 controls. We estimated odds ratios by unconditional logistic regression with adjustment for smoking and having ever been employed in a job known to present an excess risk of lung cancer. RESULTS There was no increased lung cancer risk overall or by specific cell type among firefighters (n = 190), neither before nor after smoking adjustment. We observed no significant exposure-response relationship in terms of work duration. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of an excess lung cancer risk related to occupational exposure as a firefighter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bigert
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Gustavsson
- The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Dirk Taeger
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Guida
- Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Irene Brüske
- Institut für Epidemiologie I, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute of Epidemiology I, Germany
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Angela C. Pesatori
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano and IRCCS Cá Granda Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Lap Ah Tse
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Ignatius Tak-sun
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Research Centre of University of Montréal Hospital Centre, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jérôme Lavoué
- Research Centre of University of Montréal Hospital Centre, University of Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Mirabelli
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - John K. Field
- Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, Cancer Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrea ‘t Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Neil Pearce
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Paul Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jolanta Lissowska
- The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Rudnai
- National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vladimir Janout
- Palacky University, Faculty of Medicine, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Medicine, Ostrava University, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Susan Peters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Occupational Respiratory Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance – Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Germany
| | - Ann C. Olsson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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42
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Espina C, Straif K, Friis S, Kogevinas M, Saracci R, Vainio H, Schüz J. Quatrième Code européen contre le cancer : environnement, profession et cancer. PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11839-016-0579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Coëtmeur D, Leveiller G, Frappat V, Martin M, Peureux M, Dehette S, Carbonnelle M, Dayen C, Debieuvre D, Grivaux M. Relation entre cancer bronchique primitif et consommation tabagique. Résultats de l’étude KBP-2010-CPHG du Collège des pneumologues des hôpitaux généraux. Rev Mal Respir 2016; 33:583-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Malhotra J, Malvezzi M, Negri E, La Vecchia C, Boffetta P. Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:889-902. [PMID: 27174888 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00359-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplasm in most countries, and the main cancer-related cause of mortality worldwide in both sexes combined.The geographic and temporal patterns of lung cancer incidence, as well as lung cancer mortality, on a population level are chiefly determined by tobacco consumption, the main aetiological factor in lung carcinogenesis.Other factors such as genetic susceptibility, poor diet, occupational exposures and air pollution may act independently or in concert with tobacco smoking in shaping the descriptive epidemiology of lung cancer. Moreover, novel approaches in the classification of lung cancer based on molecular techniques have started to bring new insights to its aetiology, in particular among nonsmokers. Despite the success in delineation of tobacco smoking as the major risk factor for lung cancer, this highly preventable disease remains among the most common and most lethal cancers globally.Future preventive efforts and research need to focus on non-cigarette tobacco smoking products, as well as better understanding of risk factors underlying lung carcinogenesis in never-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Malhotra
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Matteo Malvezzi
- Dept of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Dept of Epidemiology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Eva Negri
- Dept of Epidemiology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Dept of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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46
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Behrens T, Groß I, Siemiatycki J, Conway DI, Olsson A, Stücker I, Guida F, Jöckel KH, Pohlabeln H, Ahrens W, Brüske I, Wichmann HE, Gustavsson P, Consonni D, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Simonato L, Fortes C, Parent ME, McLaughlin J, Demers P, Landi MT, Caporaso N, Zaridze D, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Rudnai P, Lissowska J, Fabianova E, Tardón A, Field JK, Dumitru RS, Bencko V, Foretova L, Janout V, Kromhout H, Vermeulen R, Boffetta P, Straif K, Schüz J, Hovanec J, Kendzia B, Pesch B, Brüning T. Occupational prestige, social mobility and the association with lung cancer in men. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:395. [PMID: 27388894 PMCID: PMC4936282 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nature of the association between occupational social prestige, social mobility, and risk of lung cancer remains uncertain. Using data from the international pooled SYNERGY case-control study, we studied the association between lung cancer and the level of time-weighted average occupational social prestige as well as its lifetime trajectory. METHODS We included 11,433 male cases and 14,147 male control subjects. Each job was translated into an occupational social prestige score by applying Treiman's Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale (SIOPS). SIOPS scores were categorized as low, medium, and high prestige (reference). We calculated odds ratios (OR) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for study center, age, smoking, ever employment in a job with known lung carcinogen exposure, and education. Trajectories in SIOPS categories from first to last and first to longest job were defined as consistent, downward, or upward. We conducted several subgroup and sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results. RESULTS We observed increased lung cancer risk estimates for men with medium (OR = 1.23; 95 % CI 1.13-1.33) and low occupational prestige (OR = 1.44; 95 % CI 1.32-1.57). Although adjustment for smoking and education reduced the associations between occupational prestige and lung cancer, they did not explain the association entirely. Traditional occupational exposures reduced the associations only slightly. We observed small associations with downward prestige trajectories, with ORs of 1.13, 95 % CI 0.88-1.46 for high to low, and 1.24; 95 % CI 1.08-1.41 for medium to low trajectories. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that occupational prestige is independently associated with lung cancer among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Behrens
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Isabelle Groß
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- />Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM) and School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - David I. Conway
- />Dental School, College of Medicine Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G2 3JZ UK
| | - Ann Olsson
- />International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
- />Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Stücker
- />Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807 Villejuif, France
- />University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Florence Guida
- />Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, F-94807 Villejuif, France
- />University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, F-94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- />Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann Pohlabeln
- />Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- />Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology -BIPS GmbH, Bremen, Germany
- />Institute for Statistics, University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Irene Brüske
- />Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Heinz-Erich Wichmann
- />Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- />Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Per Gustavsson
- />Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dario Consonni
- />Unit of Epidemiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Merletti
- />Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- />Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Simonato
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Public Health and Population Studies, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Fortes
- />Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- />INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, Québec Canada
| | - John McLaughlin
- />Cancer Care Ontario, Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul Demers
- />Cancer Care Ontario, Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- />National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, USA
| | - Neil Caporaso
- />National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, USA
| | - David Zaridze
- />Institute of Carcinogenesis, Russian Cancer Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Peter Rudnai
- />National Centre for Public Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- />The M Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eleonora Fabianova
- />Regional Authority of Public Health, Preventive Occupational Medicine, Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Adonina Tardón
- />Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer Unit, University of Oviedo-Ciber de Epidemiologia, CIBERESP, Oviedo, Spain
| | - John K. Field
- />Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, The University of Liverpool Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK
- />Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Vladimir Bencko
- />Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- />Department of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Janout
- />Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- />Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hans Kromhout
- />Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- />Environmental Epidemiology Division, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- />The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Kurt Straif
- />International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Joachim Schüz
- />International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Jan Hovanec
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kendzia
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Beate Pesch
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- />Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany
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Facteurs de risque professionnels du cancer bronchopulmonaire. Rev Mal Respir 2016; 33:444-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tual S, Silverman DT, Koutros S, Blair A, Sandler DP, Lebailly P, Andreotti G, Hoppin JA, Freeman LEB. Use of Dieselized Farm Equipment and Incident Lung Cancer: Findings from the Agricultural Health Study Cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:611-8. [PMID: 26452295 PMCID: PMC4858397 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust is a known lung carcinogen. Farmers use a variety of dieselized equipment and thus may be at increased risk of lung cancer, but farm exposures such as endotoxins may also be protective for lung cancer. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the relative risk of incident lung cancer, including histological subtype, from enrollment (1993-1997) to 2010-2011 in relation to farm equipment use in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a prospective cohort study of pesticide applicators and spouses in Iowa and North Carolina, USA. METHODS Farm equipment use was reported by 21,273 farmers and 29,840 spouses. Rate ratios (RRs) were estimated separately for farmers and spouses with Poisson regression models adjusted for smoking and other confounders. We conducted stratified analyses by exposure to animals or stored grain, a surrogate for endotoxin exposure. RESULTS Daily diesel tractor use (vs. no use) was positively associated with lung cancer in farmers (RR = 1.48; 95% CI: 0.87, 2.50; 35 exposed, 32 unexposed cases), particularly adenocarcinoma (RR = 3.39; 95% CI: 1.23, 9.33; 12 exposed, 7 unexposed cases). The association of adenocarcinoma with daily (vs. low/no) use of diesel tractors was stronger for farmers with no animal or stored grain exposures (RR = 6.23; 95% CI: 2.25, 17.25; 5 exposed, 18 unexposed cases) than among farmers with these exposures (RR = 1.19; 95% CI: 0.51, 2.79; 7 exposed, 27 unexposed cases) (p-interaction = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence of an increased risk of lung adenocarcinoma among daily drivers of diesel tractors and suggests that exposure to endotoxins may modify the impact of diesel exposure on lung cancer risk. Confirmation of these findings with more exposed cases and more detailed exposure information is warranted. CITATION Tual S, Silverman DT, Koutros S, Blair A, Sandler DP, Lebailly P, Andreotti G, Hoppin JA, Beane Freeman LE. 2016. Use of dieselized farm equipment and incident lung cancer: findings from the Agricultural Health Study Cohort. Environ Health Perspect 124:611-618; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409238.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Tual
- INSERM, UMR 1086 Cancers et Préventions, Caen, France
- Université de Caen, Normandie, Caen, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Debra T. Silverman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Blair
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Dale P. Sandler
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pierre Lebailly
- INSERM, UMR 1086 Cancers et Préventions, Caen, France
- Université de Caen, Normandie, Caen, France
- Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jane A. Hoppin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura E. Beane Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Porru S, Carta A, Toninelli E, Bozzola G, Arici C. Reducing the underreporting of lung cancer attributable to occupation: outcomes from a hospital-based systematic search in Northern Italy. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:981-9. [PMID: 27137812 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Occupational exposure to lung carcinogens is and was common in workplaces. 5-25 % of lung cancers (LCs) could be causally attributable to occupation; however, LC underreporting and undercompensation are widespread, with remarkable tolls paid by individuals and society. This work aims to: describe an ongoing hospital-based systematic search (SS) of occupational LC; improve aetiological diagnosis; increase number and quality of LC notifications. METHODS Through a short form, physicians at a public hospital referred incident LC to the Occupational Health Unit (OHU). Only patients selected through the form were interviewed; a personal, occupational and clinical history was collected; reports were sent to the ward and Local Health Authority, with aetiological diagnosis criteria and probability of causation. RESULTS From 1998 to 2013, 3274 cases of LC were notified to the OHU; prior to the system, just couple of dozens were assessed. A total of 1522 patients were fully interviewed; in 395 cases, causation was attributed to occupation (26 % of interviewed patients); all were notified to authorities, as compared to the handful reported before the system was adopted. Main aetiological agents were silica, asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, truck driving, painting, multiple exposures. Compensation rate was remarkable (39 %). CONCLUSIONS Through SS, many occupational LCs were found that otherwise would have been lost. Aetiological diagnosis proved to be rich of scientific advantages and practical implications, with attention to equity and social aspects. SS was easy, accountable and fostered multidisciplinary collaboration among medical specialties, significantly reducing underreporting and undercompensation of occupational LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Porru
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Angela Carta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Toninelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giordano Bozzola
- Division of Pneumology, Spedali Civili of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Arici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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Dai Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Zhao X, Duan H, Niu Y, Huang C, Meng T, Ye M, Bin P, Shen M, Jia X, Wang H, Yu S, Zheng Y. Long-term exposure to diesel engine exhaust affects cytokine expression among occupational population. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:674-681. [PMID: 30090380 PMCID: PMC6060680 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00462d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel engine exhaust (DEE) is a predominant contributor to urban air pollution. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified DEE as a group I carcinogen. Inflammatory response is considered to be associated with various health outcomes including carcinogenesis. However, human data linking inflammation with long-term DEE exposure are still lacking. In this study, a total of 137 diesel engine testing workers with an average exposure of 8.2 years and 108 unexposed controls were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all subjects, and the association of DEE exposure with inflammatory biomarkers was analyzed. Overall, DEE exposed workers had a significant increase in the C-reactive protein (CRP) and a significant decrease in cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β compared to controls after adjusting for age, BMI, smoking status, and alcohol use, and findings were highly consistent when stratified by smoking status. In addition, exposure time dependent patterns for IL-6 and CRP were also found (Ptrend = 0.006 and 0.026, respectively); however, the levels of IL-1β and MIP-1β were significantly lower in subjects with a DEE working time of less than 10 years compared with the controls and then recovered to control levels in workers exposed for >10 years. There were no significant differences in blood cell counts and major lymphocyte subsets between exposed workers and the controls. Our results provide epidemiological evidence for the relationship between DEE exposure and immunotoxicity considering the important roles of cytokines in immunological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
- Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , 050017 , China
| | - Xuezheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
- Beijing Xicheng District Tianqiao Community Health Service Center , Beijing , 100050 , China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Yong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Chuanfeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Tao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Meng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Ping Bin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Meili Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- School and Hospital of Stomatology , Peking University , Beijing , 100081 , China
| | - Haisheng Wang
- Luoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Luoyang , Henan Province 471000 , China
| | - Shanfa Yu
- Henan Provincial Institute for Occupational Health , Zhengzhou , 450052 , China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , 10050 , China . ; ; Tel: +86-10-83132593
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