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Li C, Jiang X, Wei Y, Wang Y, Lao X, Yue Q, Chong KC. Air pollutants, seasonal influenza, and acute otitis media in children: a population-based analysis using 22-year hospitalization data. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1581. [PMID: 38867184 PMCID: PMC11170825 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is a prevalent childhood acute illness, with 13.6 million pediatric office visits annually, often stemming from upper respiratory tract infections (URI) and affected by environmental factors like air pollution and cold seasons. METHODS Herein, we made use of territory-wide hospitalization data to investigate the relationships between meteorological factors, air pollutants, influenza infection, and AOM for children observed from 1998 to 2019 in Hong Kong. Quasi-Poisson generalized additive model, combined with a distributed-lag non-linear model, was employed to examine the relationship between weekly AOM admissions in children and weekly influenza-like illness-positive (ILI +) rates, as well as air pollutants (i.e., oxidant gases, sulfur dioxide, and fine particulate matter), while accounting for meteorological variations. RESULTS There were 21,224 hospital admissions due to AOM for children aged ≤ 15 years throughout a 22-year period. The cumulative adjusted relative risks (ARR) of AOM were 1.15 (95% CI, 1.04-1.28) and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.97-1.18) at the 95th percentile concentration of oxidant gases (65.9 ppm) and fine particulate matter (62.2 μg/m3) respectively, with reference set to their medians of concentration. The ARRs exhibited a monotone increasing trend for all-type and type-specific ILI + rates. Setting the reference to zero, the cumulative ARRs of AOM rose to 1.42 (95% CI, 1.29-1.56) at the 95th percentile of ILI + Total rate, and to 1.07 (95% CI, 1.01-1.14), 1.19 (95% CI, 1.11-1.27), and 1.22 (95% CI, 1.13-1.32) for ILI + A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that policy on air pollution control and influenza vaccination for children need to be implemented, which might have significant implications for preventing AOM in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conglu Li
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiaoting Jiang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yuchen Wei
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Xiangqian Lao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Qianying Yue
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Ka Chun Chong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Laboratory, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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Solarat B, Perea L, Faner R, de La Rosa D, Martínez-García MÁ, Sibila O. Pathophysiology of Chronic Bronchial Infection in Bronchiectasis. Arch Bronconeumol 2023; 59:101-108. [PMID: 36180278 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a complex and heterogeneous disease. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood, but chronic bronchial infection plays an important role in its natural history, and is associated with poor quality of life, more exacerbations and increased mortality. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common bacteria related to chronic bronchial infection. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria, fungi and respiratory viruses are also present during clinical stability, and may increase the risk of acute exacerbation. Chronic inflammation is present in bronchiectasis, especially neutrophilic inflammation. However, macrophages and eosinophils also play a key role in the disease. Finally, airway epithelium has innate mechanisms such as mucociliary clearance and antibacterial molecules like mucins and antimicrobial peptides that protect the airways from pathogens. This review addresses how the persistence of microorganisms in the airways and the imbalance of the immune system contribute to the development of chronic bronchial infection in bronchiectasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Solarat
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, C. de Villaroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Perea
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, C. de Villaroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Faner
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, C. de Villaroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David de La Rosa
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Sant Pau, C. Sant Quintí, 89, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-García
- Respiratory Department, Hospital La Fe, CIBERES, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026 València, Spain
| | - Oriol Sibila
- Respiratory Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERES, C. de Villaroel, 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Fathieh S, Grieve SM, Negishi K, Figtree GA. Potential Biological Mediators of Myocardial and Vascular Complications of Air Pollution-A State-of-the-Art Review. Heart Lung Circ 2023; 32:26-42. [PMID: 36585310 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2022.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is recognised globally as a significant contributor to the burden of cardiovascular diseases. The evidence from both human and animal studies supporting the cardiovascular impact of exposure to air pollution has grown substantially, implicating numerous pathophysiological pathways and related signalling mediators. In this review, we summarise the list of activated mediators for each pathway that lead to myocardial and vascular injury in response to air pollutants. We performed a systematic search of multiple databases, including articles between 1990 and Jan 2022, summarising the evidence for activated pathways in response to each significant air pollutant. Particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) was the most studied pollutant, followed by particulate matter between 2.5 μm-10 μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). Key pathogenic pathways that emerged included activation of systemic and local inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and autonomic dysfunction. We looked at how potential mediators of each of these pathways were linked to both cardiovascular disease and air pollution and included the overlapping mediators. This review illustrates the complex relationship between air pollution and cardiovascular diseases, and discusses challenges in moving beyond associations, towards understanding causal contributions of specific pathways and markers that may inform us regarding an individual's exposure, response, and likely risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Fathieh
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart M Grieve
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Radiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kazuaki Negishi
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan; Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre Nepean, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gemma A Figtree
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Lakhdar R, Mumby S, Abubakar-Waziri H, Porter A, Adcock IM, Chung KF. Lung toxicity of particulates and gaseous pollutants using ex-vivo airway epithelial cell culture systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119323. [PMID: 35447256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution consists of a multi-faceted mix of gases and ambient particulate matter (PM) with diverse organic and non-organic chemical components that contribute to increasing morbidity and mortality worldwide. In particular, epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that respiratory health is adversely affected by exposure to air pollution by both causing and worsening (exacerbating) diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer. The molecular mechanisms of air pollution-induced pulmonary toxicity have been evaluated with regards to different types of PM of various sizes and concentrations with single and multiple exposures over different time periods. These data provide a plausible interrelationship between cellular toxicity and the activation of multiple biological processes including proinflammatory responses, oxidative stress, mitochondrial oxidative damage, autophagy, apoptosis, cell genotoxicity, cellular senescence and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. However, these molecular changes have been studied predominantly in cell lines rather than in primary bronchial or nasal cells from healthy subjects or those isolated from patients with airways disease. In addition, they have been conducted under different cell culture conditions and generally in submerged culture rather than the more relevant air-liquid interface culture and with a variety of air pollutant exposure protocols. Cell types may respond differentially to pollution delivered as an aerosol rather than being bathed in media containing agglomerations of particles. As a result, the actual pathophysiological pathways activated by different PMs in primary cells from the airways of healthy and asthmatic subjects remains unclear. This review summarises the literature on the different methodologies utilised in studying the impact of submicron-sized pollutants on cells derived from the respiratory tract with an emphasis on data obtained from primary human cell. We highlight the critical underlying molecular mechanisms that may be important in driving disease processes in response to air pollution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Lakhdar
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Sharon Mumby
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Hisham Abubakar-Waziri
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Alexandra Porter
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute and *Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a complex, heterogeneous disorder defined by both a radiological abnormality of permanent bronchial dilatation and a clinical syndrome. There are multiple underlying causes including severe infections, mycobacterial disease, autoimmune conditions, hypersensitivity disorders, and genetic conditions. The pathophysiology of disease is understood in terms of interdependent concepts of chronic infection, inflammation, impaired mucociliary clearance, and structural lung damage. Neutrophilic inflammation is characteristic of the disease, with elevated levels of harmful proteases such as neutrophil elastase associated with worse outcomes. Recent data show that neutrophil extracellular trap formation may be the key mechanism leading to protease release and severe bronchiectasis. Despite the dominant of neutrophilic disease, eosinophilic subtypes are recognized and may require specific treatments. Neutrophilic inflammation is associated with elevated bacterial loads and chronic infection with organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Loss of diversity of the normal lung microbiota and dominance of proteobacteria such as Pseudomonas and Haemophilus are features of severe bronchiectasis and link to poor outcomes. Ciliary dysfunction is also a key feature, exemplified by the rare genetic syndrome of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Mucus symptoms arise through goblet cell hyperplasia and metaplasia and reduced ciliary function through dyskinesia and loss of ciliated cells. The contribution of chronic inflammation, infection, and mucus obstruction leads to progressive structural lung damage. The heterogeneity of the disease is the most challenging aspect of management. An understanding of the pathophysiology of disease and their biomarkers can help to guide personalized medicine approaches utilizing the concept of "treatable traits."
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Keir
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - James D Chalmers
- Scottish Centre for Respiratory Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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How to improve infectious disease prediction by integrating environmental data: an application of a novel ensemble analysis strategy to predict HFMD. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e34. [PMID: 33446283 PMCID: PMC8060825 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study proposed a novel ensemble analysis strategy to improve hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) prediction by integrating environmental data. The approach began by establishing a vector autoregressive model (VAR). Then, a dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) model was used for variable selection of environmental factors. Finally, a VAR model with constraints (CVAR) was established for predicting the incidence of HFMD in Chengdu city from 2011 to 2017. DBN showed that temperature was related to HFMD at lags 1 and 2. Humidity, wind speed, sunshine, PM10, SO2 and NO2 were related to HFMD at lag 2. Compared with the autoregressive integrated moving average model with external variables (ARIMAX), the CVAR model had a higher coefficient of determination (R2, average difference: + 2.11%; t = 6.2051, P = 0.0003 < 0.05), a lower root mean-squared error (−24.88%; t = −5.2898, P = 0.0007 < 0.05) and a lower mean absolute percentage error (−16.69%; t = −4.3647, P = 0.0024 < 0.05). The accuracy of predicting the time-series shape was 88.16% for the CVAR model and 86.41% for ARIMAX. The CVAR model performed better in terms of variable selection, model interpretation and prediction. Therefore, it could be used by health authorities to identify potential HFMD outbreaks and develop disease control measures.
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Filippini T, Rothman KJ, Goffi A, Ferrari F, Maffeis G, Orsini N, Vinceti M. Satellite-detected tropospheric nitrogen dioxide and spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Northern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:140278. [PMID: 32758963 PMCID: PMC7297152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Following the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) last December 2019 in China, Italy was the first European country to be severely affected, with the first local case diagnosed on 20 February 2020. The virus spread quickly, particularly in the North of Italy, with three regions (Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna) being the most severely affected. These three regions accounted for >80% of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases when the tight lockdown was established (March 8). These regions include one of Europe's areas of heaviest air pollution, the Po valley. Air pollution has been recently proposed as a possible risk factor of SARS-CoV-2 infection, due to its adverse effect on immunity and to the possibility that polluted air may even carry the virus. We investigated the association between air pollution and subsequent spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection within these regions. We collected NO2 tropospheric levels using satellite data available at the European Space Agency before the lockdown. Using a multivariable restricted cubic spline regression model, we compared NO2 levels with SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence rate at different time points after the lockdown, namely March 8, 22 and April 5, in the 28 provinces of Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna. We found little association of NO2 levels with SARS-CoV-2 prevalence up to about 130 μmol/m2, while a positive association was evident at higher levels at each time point. Notwithstanding the limitations of the use of aggregated data, these findings lend some support to the hypothesis that high levels of air pollution may favor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Kenneth J Rothman
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nicola Orsini
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ogen Y. Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:138605. [PMID: 32302812 PMCID: PMC7151460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an ambient trace-gas result of both natural and anthropogenic processes. Long-term exposure to NO2 may cause a wide spectrum of severe health problems such as hypertension, diabetes, heart and cardiovascular diseases and even death. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between long-term exposure to NO2 and coronavirus fatality. The Sentinel-5P is used for mapping the tropospheric NO2 distribution and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis for evaluating the atmospheric capability to disperse the pollution. The spatial analysis has been conducted on a regional scale and combined with the number of death cases taken from 66 administrative regions in Italy, Spain, France and Germany. Results show that out of the 4443 fatality cases, 3487 (78%) were in five regions located in north Italy and central Spain. Additionally, the same five regions show the highest NO2 concentrations combined with downwards airflow which prevent an efficient dispersion of air pollution. These results indicate that the long-term exposure to this pollutant may be one of the most important contributors to fatality caused by the COVID-19 virus in these regions and maybe across the whole world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ogen
- The Department of Remote Sensing and Cartography, Institute of Geosciences and Geography, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 4, Room: H4 2.23, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany.
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Glencross DA, Ho TR, Camiña N, Hawrylowicz CM, Pfeffer PE. Air pollution and its effects on the immune system. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 151:56-68. [PMID: 32007522 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A well-functioning immune system is vital for a healthy body. Inadequate and excessive immune responses underlie diverse pathologies such as serious infections, metastatic malignancies and auto-immune conditions. Therefore, understanding the effects of ambient pollutants on the immune system is vital to understanding how pollution causes disease, and how that pathology could be abrogated. The immune system itself consists of multiple types of immune cell that act together to generate (or fail to generate) immune responses and in this article we review evidence of how air pollutants can affect different immune cell types such as particle-clearing macrophages, inflammatory neutrophils, dendritic cells that orchestrate adaptive immune responses and lymphocytes that enact those responses. Common themes that emerge are of the capacity of air pollutants to stimulate pro-inflammatory immune responses across multiple classes of immune cell. Air pollution can enhance T helper lymphocyte type 2 (Th2) and T helper lymphocyte type 17 (Th17) adaptive immune responses, as seen in allergy and asthma, and dysregulate anti-viral immune responses. The clinical effects of air pollution, in particular the known association between elevated ambient pollution and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are consistent with these identified immunological mechanisms. Further to this, as inhaled air pollution deposits primarily on the respiratory mucosa this review focuses on mechanisms of respiratory disease. However, as discussed in the article, air pollution also affects the wider immune system for example in the neonate and gastrointestinal tract. Whilst the many identified actions of air pollution on the immune system are notably diverse, immunological research does suggest potential strategies to ameliorate such effects, for example with vitamin D supplementation. An in-depth understanding of the immunological effects of ambient pollutants should hopefully yield new ideas on how to reduce the adverse health effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Glencross
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Tzer-Ren Ho
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Nuria Camiña
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Catherine M Hawrylowicz
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Paul E Pfeffer
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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Abstract
RATIONALE The relationship between air pollution and pneumonia is poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To examine relationships between short-term air pollution exposure and number and severity of pneumonia cases along the Wasatch Front in Utah, a region with periodic high levels of outdoor air pollution. METHODS We applied time-stratified case-crossover analyses with distributed lag to patients presenting to seven emergency departments with pneumonia over a 2-year period. We compared levels of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone at patient residences with emergency department cases, hospitalizations, objectively defined severe pneumonia, and mortality. We calculated direct cost impacts of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter reduction. RESULTS We evaluated 4,336 pneumonia cases in seven hospitals. Among adults aged 65 years and older, we found consistently positive associations between particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter within 6 days of presentation and instances of pneumonia (Lag Day 1 adjusted odds ratio, 1.35 per 10 μg/m3 over 12 μg/m3; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.57), severe pneumonia (Lag Day 1 adjusted odds ratio, 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.80), and inpatient mortality (Lag Day 5 adjusted odds ratio, 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.16). Smaller associations were found between nitrogen dioxide exposure and pneumonia occurrence, severity, and inpatient and 30-day mortality. Ozone exposure was modestly associated with increased instance and severity of pneumonia in younger adults. Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter and nitrogen dioxide effects were greatest in colder months, and ozone effects were greatest in warmer months. Reduction of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter levels to less than 12.0 mg/m3 could prevent 76-112 cases of pneumonia per year in these hospitals serving approximately half of the Wasatch Front's population, reducing direct medical facility costs by $807,000 annually. CONCLUSIONS Among older adults, short-term ambient particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter exposure is associated with more emergency department visits and hospitalizations for pneumonia, severe pneumonia, increased mortality, and increased healthcare costs. Nitrogen dioxide and ozone modestly increase pneumonia risk and illness severity.
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Mirowsky JE, Dailey LA, Devlin RB. Differential expression of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators induced by nitrogen dioxide and ozone in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 28:374-82. [PMID: 27206323 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2016.1185199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT NO2 and O3 are ubiquitous air toxicants capable of inducing lung damage to the respiratory epithelium. Due to their oxidizing capabilities, these pollutants have been proposed to target specific biological pathways, but few publications have compared the pathways activated. OBJECTIVE This work will test the premise that NO2 and O3 induce toxicity by activating similar cellular pathways. METHODS Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs, n = 3 donors) were exposed for 2 h at an air-liquid interface to 3 ppm NO2, 0.75 ppm O3, or filtered air and harvested 1 h post-exposure. To give an overview of pathways that may be influenced by each exposure, gene expression was measured using PCR arrays for toxicity and oxidative stress. Based on the results, genes were selected to quantify whether expression changes were changed in a dose- and time-response manner using NO2 (1, 2, 3, or 5 ppm), O3 (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, or 1.00 ppm), or filtered air and harvesting 0, 1, 4 and 24 h post-exposure. RESULTS Using the arrays, genes related to oxidative stress were highly induced with NO2 while expression of pro-inflammatory and vascular function genes was found subsequent to O3. NO2 elicited the greatest HMOX1 response, whereas O3 more greatly induced IL-6, IL-8 and PTGS2 expression. Additionally, O3 elicited a greater response 1 h post-exposure and NO2 produced a maximal response after 4 h. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that these two oxidant gases stimulate differing mechanistic responses in vitro and these responses occur at dissimilar times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E Mirowsky
- a Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill , NC , USA .,b Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Lisa A Dailey
- c Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Robert B Devlin
- c Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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Perng DW, Chen PK. The Relationship between Airway Inflammation and Exacerbation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2017; 80:325-335. [PMID: 28905537 PMCID: PMC5617848 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with abnormal inflammatory response and airflow limitation. Acute exacerbation involves increased inflammatory burden leading to worsening respiratory symptoms, including dyspnea and sputum production. Some COPD patients have frequent exacerbations (two or more exacerbations per year). A substantial proportion of COPD patients may remain stable without exacerbation. Bacterial and viral infections are the most common causative factors that breach airway stability and lead to exacerbation. The increasing prevalence of exacerbation is associated with deteriorating lung function, hospitalization, and risk of death. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of airway inflammation in COPD and discuss how bacterial or viral infection, temperature, air pollution, eosinophilic inflammation, and concomitant chronic diseases increase airway inflammation and the risk of exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diahn Warng Perng
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei Ku Chen
- Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Tsai CH, Su MW, Lee YL. Interactions between traffic air pollution and glutathione S-transferase genes on childhood asthma. World J Respirol 2016; 6:33-41. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v6.i1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the role of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) genetic polymorphisms potentially modifying the association between NO2 and asthma/wheeze in Taiwanese children.
METHODS: We investigated 3714 schoolchildren in Taiwan Children Health Study from 14 communities. Children’s information was measured from questionnaire by parents. The traffic air pollutant was available from Environmental Protection Administration monitoring stations.
RESULTS: A two-stage hierarchical model and a multiple logistic regression model were fitted to estimate the effects of NO2 exposures and GSTs polymorphisms on the prevalence of asthma and wheeze. Among children with GSTP1 Ile/Val or Val/Val genotypes, those residing in high-NO2 communities had significantly increased risks of asthma (OR = 1.76, 95%CI: 1.15-2.70), late-onset asthma (OR = 2.59, 95%CI: 1.24-5.41), active asthma (OR = 1.93, 95%CI: 1.05-3.57), asthma under medication (OR = 2.95, 95%CI: 1.37-6.32) and wheeze (OR = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.09-2.18) when compared with children in low-NO2 communities. Significant interactions were noted between ambient NO2 and GSTP1 on asthma, late-onset asthma, asthma under medication and wheeze (P for interaction < 0.05). However, we did not find any association with polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1.
CONCLUSION: Children under high traffic air pollution exposure are more susceptible to asthma, especially among those with GSTP1 Val allele.
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Abdel-Salam BKA, Shoker NIA, Mohamad AMR. Amelioration of some immunological disorders caused by the faeces of the dominant true house dust mites in El-Minia Governorate, Egypt. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:23-31. [PMID: 25982575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mites (HDMs) faeces are the main factor involved in respiratory disorder. The true HDMs, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae, detected in the samples collected from the house dust are the most important causes of allergic disorders such as asthma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was to study the curcuma and karkade amelioration of the allergenic immunological disorder, especially some cytokines, IgE and ROS, caused by the faeces of the dominant true HDM, D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae in valley and desert houses in EL-Minia Governorate, respectively. METHODS HDM cultures, faeces isolation, plant extraction and ELISA techniques were used. Male albino rats were classified into control, inhaled, and treated groups. RESULTS The present immunological study on the dominant allergenic true HDMs, D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae, revealed that significantly higher serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-13 and IgE were found in rats treated with both D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae faeces than the other groups. In addition, statistical analysis of ROS data showed significant difference between the curcuma- and karkade-treated groups and either the control or the faeces-treated groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Some immunological disturbances caused by repeated exposure to the faeces of two dominant allergenic true HDM species (D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae) in the valley and desert houses could be ameliorated by curcuma and karkade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa K A Abdel-Salam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, 61519 El-Minia, Egypt; Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities in Quwiaya, Shaqra University, 11961 Shaqra, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nagiba I A Shoker
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, 61519 El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M R Mohamad
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, 61519 El-Minia, Egypt
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15
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Abdel-Salam BK, Shoker NI, Mohamad AM. Amelioration of some immunological disorders caused by the faeces of the dominant true house dust mites in El-Minia Governorate, Egypt. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Juárez LA, Costero AM, Parra M, Gil S, Ródenas J, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R. Biphenyl derivatives containing trimethylsilyl benzyl ether or oxime groups as probes for NO 2 detection. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New chromogenic biphenyl-based probes for selectively detecting NO2 gas with limits of detection around 0.02 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Alberto Juárez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia
| | - Ana M. Costero
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia
| | - Margarita Parra
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia
| | - Salvador Gil
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia
| | - Javier Ródenas
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica. Universidad de Valencia
- Valencia
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia
- Spain
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM)
- Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Universidad de Valencia
- Spain
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Politécnica de Valencia
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Immune Homeostasis in Epithelial Cells: Evidence and Role of Inflammasome Signaling Reviewed. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:828264. [PMID: 26355424 PMCID: PMC4556877 DOI: 10.1155/2015/828264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelium regulates the interaction between the noxious xenogenous, as well as the microbial environment and the immune system, not only by providing a barrier but also by expressing a number of immunoregulatory membrane receptors, and intracellular danger sensors and their downstream effectors. Amongst these are a number of inflammasome sensor subtypes, which have been initially characterized in myeloid cells and described to be activated upon assembly into multiprotein complexes by microbial and environmental triggers. This review compiles a vast amount of literature that supports a pivotal role for inflammasomes in the various epithelial barriers of the human body as essential factors maintaining immune signaling and homeostasis.
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18
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Liu FF, Peng C, Ng JC. BTEX in vitro exposure tool using human lung cells: trips and gains. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 128:321-6. [PMID: 25754011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) to human lung cells was explored using three different exposure methods: Method 1 - in normal 96-well plates using DMSO as a carrier vehicle, we exposed (a) human lung carcinoma A549 cells, (b) A549 cells over-expressed with cytochrome P450 2E1 cells, and (c) normal lung fibroblast LL-24 cells to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene individually and in a mixture which models car exhaust gases for between 1-88 h. We found that the order of the BTEX potency is benzene<toluene<ethylbenzene=m-xylene with acute BTEX toxicity to A549≈LL-24>CYP2E1 over-expressed A549 cells. A significant difference was found between inter-assay responses for all 24h exposures (P<0.005) suggesting a poor assay repeatability. No sign of potency increase was found from 6 to 72 h exposures. Method 2 - Using sealed vials to expose A549 cells to benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene, we observed a twenty-fold increase in their cytotoxicity, but also with no time-course effect. Method 3 - Using air exposed hanging-drop cell culture, we were able to see both an increase of demonstration of toxicity and a time-course effect from 1 to 12h exposure. We conclude that exposing cells in sealed and unsealed media using DMSO as a carrier vehicle was not suitable for BTEX exposure studies. Hanging-drop air exposure has more potential. It should be noted that if there are any changes in their exposure matrixes, its exposure mass distribution in cells could differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye F Liu
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Jack C Ng
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Rd., Coopers Plains, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia.
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19
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Jeannet N, Fierz M, Schneider S, Künzi L, Baumlin N, Salathe M, Burtscher H, Geiser M. Acute toxicity of silver and carbon nanoaerosols to normal and cystic fibrosis human bronchial epithelial cells. Nanotoxicology 2015; 10:279-91. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1049233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jeannet
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
| | - Martin Fierz
- Institute of Aerosol and Sensor Technology, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, Switzerland, and
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
| | - Lisa Künzi
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Heinz Burtscher
- Institute of Aerosol and Sensor Technology, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Windisch, Switzerland, and
| | - Marianne Geiser
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,
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20
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Gandhi VD, Vliagoftis H. Airway epithelium interactions with aeroallergens: role of secreted cytokines and chemokines in innate immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:147. [PMID: 25883597 PMCID: PMC4382984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are the first line of defense against the constituents of the inhaled air, which include allergens, pathogens, pollutants, and toxic compounds. The epithelium not only prevents the penetration of these foreign substances into the interstitium, but also senses their presence and informs the organism’s immune system of the impending assault. The epithelium accomplishes the latter through the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit and activate innate immune cells at the site of assault. These epithelial responses aim to eliminate the inhaled foreign substances and minimize their detrimental effects to the organism. Quite frequently, however, the innate immune responses of the epithelium to inhaled substances lead to chronic and high level release of pro-inflammatory mediators that may mediate the lung pathology seen in asthma. The interactions of airway epithelial cells with allergens will be discussed with particular focus on interactions-mediated epithelial release of cytokines and chemokines and their role in the immune response. As pollutants are other major constituents of inhaled air, we will also discuss how pollutants may alter the responses of airway epithelial cells to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek D Gandhi
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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21
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Woodman LB, Wan WYH, Milone R, Grace K, Sousa A, Williamson R, Brightling CE. Synthetic response of stimulated respiratory epithelium: modulation by prednisolone and iKK2 inhibition. Chest 2013; 143:1656-1666. [PMID: 23238614 PMCID: PMC3673662 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The airway epithelium plays a central role in wound repair and host defense
and is implicated in the immunopathogenesis of asthma. Whether there are
intrinsic differences between the synthetic capacity of epithelial cells
derived from subjects with asthma and healthy control subjects and how this
mediator release is modulated by antiinflammatory therapy remains uncertain.
We sought to examine the synthetic function of epithelial cells from
different locations in the airway tree from subjects with and without asthma
and to determine the effects of antiinflammatory therapies upon this
synthetic capacity. Methods: Primary epithelial cells were derived from 17 subjects with asthma and 16
control subjects. The release of 13 cytokines and chemokines from nasal,
bronchial basal, and air-liquid interface differentiated epithelial cells
before and after stimulation with IL-1β, IL-1β and
interferon-γ, or Poly-IC (Toll-like receptor 3 agonist) was measured
using MesoScale discovery or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the
effects of prednisolone and an inhibitor of nuclear factor κ-B2
(IKK2i) were determined. Results: The pattern of release of cytokines and chemokines was significantly
different between nasal, bronchial basal, and differentiated epithelial
cells but not between health and disease. Stimulation of the epithelial
cells caused marked upregulation of most mediators, which were broadly
corticosteroid unresponsive but attenuated by IKK2i. Conclusion: Synthetic capacity of primary airway epithelial cells varied between location
and degree of differentiation but was not disease specific. Activation of
epithelial cells by proinflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptor 3
agonism is attenuated by IKK2i, but not corticosteroids, suggesting that
IKK2i may represent an important novel therapy for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Bianca Woodman
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England
| | - Wing Yan Heidi Wan
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England
| | - Roberta Milone
- GlaxoSmithKline, Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, Respiratory CEDD Biomarker Discovery Group, Stevenage, England
| | - Ken Grace
- GlaxoSmithKline, Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, Respiratory CEDD Biomarker Discovery Group, Stevenage, England
| | - Ana Sousa
- GlaxoSmithKline, Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, Respiratory CEDD Biomarker Discovery Group, Stevenage, England
| | - Rick Williamson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Refractory Respiratory Inflammation DPU, Respiratory CEDD Biomarker Discovery Group, Stevenage, England
| | - Christopher Edward Brightling
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, England.
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22
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Ross K, Chmiel JF, Ferkol T. The impact of the Clean Air Act. J Pediatr 2012; 161:781-6. [PMID: 22920509 PMCID: PMC4133758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Ross
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - James F. Chmiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Thomas Ferkol
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Normalization of deranged signal transduction in lymphocytes of COPD patients by the novel calcium channel blocker H-DHPM. Biochimie 2011; 93:1146-56. [PMID: 21527308 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on the role of intracellular Ca(2+) ion concentration in the mechanism of development of COPD in smokers and non-smokers were carried out. The intracellular Ca(2+) levels were found to be increased in human lymphocytes in patients with COPD as compared to non-smokers and smokers without COPD. The investigations reveal an association in altered intracellular Ca(2+) regulation in lymphocytes and severity of COPD, by means of significant activation of Protein kinase C and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The effect of a novel calcium channel blocker ethyl 4-(4'-heptanoyloxyphenyl)-6-methyl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-one-5-carboxylate (H-DHPM) as a potential candidate for the treatment of COPD was also investigated. H-DHPM treated cells showed a decrease in intracellular Ca(2+) level as compared to the control cells. Molecular studies were carried out to evaluate the expression profile of NOS isoforms in human lymphocytes and it was shown that H-DHPM decreases the increased iNOS in COPD along with reestablishing the normal levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The results of H-DHPM were comparable with those of Amlodipine, a known calcium channel blocker. Calcium channel blocker H-DHPM proves to be a potential candidate for the treatment of COPD and further clinical studies are required to prove its role in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH).
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24
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Kastner PE, Casset A, Pons F. Formaldehyde interferes with airway epithelium integrity and functions in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Toxicol Lett 2010; 200:109-16. [PMID: 21087659 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a common indoor air pollutant. To assess its potential role and mechanism of action in asthma, we exposed the bronchial epithelial cell lines Calu-3 and 16HBE to HCHO (70-7000 μM) according to two exposure schedules (30 min and 24 h), before measuring cell viability, necrosis and apoptosis, reactive oxygen species production, cytokine release, as well as trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of cell monolayers. Whereas exposure to HCHO for 30 min had a limited effect on cell viability, exposure for 24h to 1400-7000 μM HCHO induced a pronounced dose-dependent cell death. The important decrease in cell viability observed after 24h exposure to the highest concentrations of HCHO (1400-7000 μM) was accompanied by important LDH release and ROS production, whereas a 4h exposure to lower HCHO concentrations (350 μM) induced cell apoptosis. Also, exposure to HCHO for 30 min dose-dependently inhibited basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 production by bronchial epithelial cells. As well, HCHO triggered a dose- and time-dependent decrease in TEER of Calu-3 cell monolayers. The present work demonstrates that HCHO interferes with airway epithelium integrity and functions, and may thus modulate the onset and the severity of asthma. However, importantly, conditions of exposure to HCHO, e.g. level and duration, are determinant in the nature of the effects triggered by the pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Edouard Kastner
- Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Boactives, UMR 7199 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
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25
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Modestou MA, Manzel LJ, El-Mahdy S, Look DC. Inhibition of IFN-gamma-dependent antiviral airway epithelial defense by cigarette smoke. Respir Res 2010; 11:64. [PMID: 20504369 PMCID: PMC2890646 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although individuals exposed to cigarette smoke are more susceptible to respiratory infection, the effects of cigarette smoke on lung defense are incompletely understood. Because airway epithelial cell responses to type II interferon (IFN) are critical in regulation of defense against many respiratory viral infections, we hypothesized that cigarette smoke has inhibitory effects on IFN-gamma-dependent antiviral mechanisms in epithelial cells in the airway. METHODS Primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells were first treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) followed by exposure to both CSE and IFN-gamma. Epithelial cell cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma-induced signaling, gene expression, and antiviral effects against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were tested without and with CSE exposure. RESULTS CSE inhibited IFN-gamma-dependent gene expression in airway epithelial cells, and these effects were not due to cell loss or cytotoxicity. CSE markedly inhibited IFN-gamma-induced Stat1 phosphorylation, indicating that CSE altered type II interferon signal transduction and providing a mechanism for CSE effects. A period of CSE exposure combined with an interval of epithelial cell exposure to both CSE and IFN-gamma was required to inhibit IFN-gamma-induced cell signaling. CSE also decreased the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on RSV mRNA and protein expression, confirming effects on viral infection. CSE effects on IFN-gamma-induced Stat1 activation, antiviral protein expression, and inhibition of RSV infection were decreased by glutathione augmentation of epithelial cells using N-acetylcysteine or glutathione monoethyl ester, providing one strategy to alter cigarette smoke effects. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that CSE inhibits the antiviral effects of IFN-gamma, thereby presenting one explanation for increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infection in individuals exposed to cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modestos A Modestou
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1081, USA
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26
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Weinmayr G, Romeo E, De Sario M, Weiland SK, Forastiere F. Short-term effects of PM10 and NO2 on respiratory health among children with asthma or asthma-like symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:449-57. [PMID: 20064785 PMCID: PMC2854719 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to quantify the short-term effects of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on respiratory health of asthmatic children from published panel studies, and to investigate the influence of study and population characteristics as effect modifiers. DATA EXTRACTION After a systematic literature review, we extracted quantitative estimates of the association of PM10 and/or NO2 with respiratory symptoms and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Combined effect estimates for an increase of 10 microg/m3 were calculated by random effects meta-analysis for all studies and for different strata defined by study characteristics. The effect of publication bias was investigated with Egger's and Begg's tests and "trim-and-fill" analyses. DATA SYNTHESIS We identified 36 studies; 14 were part of the European Pollution Effects on Asthmatic Children in Europe (PEACE) study. Adverse associations of PM10 with asthma symptoms were statistically significant [odds ratio (OR) = 1.028; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.006-1.051]. There were also associations, although not statistically significant, of PM10 with cough (OR = 1.012; 95% CI, 0.997-1.026) and on PEF (decrease of -0.082 L/min; 95% CI, -0.214 to 0.050). NO2 had statistically significant associations with asthma symptoms in the overall analysis considering all possible lags (OR = 1.031; 95% CI, 1.001-1.062), but not when we evaluated only the 0-1 lag. We found no publication bias, although it appeared when excluding the PEACE studies. When we applied the trim-and-fill method to the data set without the PEACE studies, the results were similar to the overall estimates from all studies. There was an indication for stronger PM10 associations for studies conducted in summer, outside of Europe, with longer lags, and in locations with higher NO2 concentrations. CONCLUSIONS We found clear evidence of effects of PM10 on the occurrence of asthma symptom episodes, and to a lesser extent on cough and PEF. The results for NO2 are more difficult to interpret because they depend on the lag times examined. There was an indication of effect modification by several study conditions.
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27
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Ather JL, Alcorn JF, Brown AL, Guala AS, Suratt BT, Janssen-Heininger YMW, Poynter ME. Distinct functions of airway epithelial nuclear factor-kappaB activity regulate nitrogen dioxide-induced acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 43:443-51. [PMID: 19901348 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0416oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxidants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) injure the pulmonary epithelium, causing airway damage and inflammation. We previously demonstrated that nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB) activation within airway epithelial cells occurs in response to NO(2) inhalation, and is critical for lipopolysaccharide-induced or antigen-induced inflammatory responses. Here, we investigated whether manipulation of NF-κB activity in lung epithelium affected severe lung injuries induced by NO(2) inhalation. Wild-type C57BL/6J, CC10-IκBα(SR) transgenic mice with repressed airway epithelial NF-κB function, or transgenic mice expressing a doxycycline-inducible, constitutively active I κ B kinase β (CC10-rTet-(CA)IKKβ) with augmented NF-κB function in airway epithelium, were exposed to toxic levels of 25 ppm or 50 ppm NO(2) for 6 hours a day for 1 or 3 days. In wild-type mice, NO(2) caused the activation of NF-κB in airway epithelium after 6 hours, and after 3 days resulted in severe acute lung injury, characterized by neutrophilia, peribronchiolar lesions, and increased protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and inflammatory cytokines. Compared with wild-type mice, neutrophilic inflammation and elastase activity, lung injury, and several proinflammatory cytokines were significantly suppressed in CC10-IκBα(SR) mice exposed to 25 or 50 ppm NO(2). Paradoxically, CC10-rTet-(CA)IKKβ mice that received doxycycline showed no further increase in NO(2)-induced lung injury compared with wild-type mice exposed to NO(2), instead displaying significant reductions in histologic parameters of lung injury, despite elevations in several proinflammatory cytokines. These intriguing findings demonstrate distinct functions of airway epithelial NF-κB activities in oxidant-induced severe acute lung injury, and suggest that although airway epithelial NF-κB activities modulate NO(2)-induced pulmonary inflammation, additional NF-κB-regulated functions confer partial protection from lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ather
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Melén E, Nyberg F, Lindgren CM, Berglind N, Zucchelli M, Nordling E, Hallberg J, Svartengren M, Morgenstern R, Kere J, Bellander T, Wickman M, Pershagen G. Interactions between glutathione S-transferase P1, tumor necrosis factor, and traffic-related air pollution for development of childhood allergic disease. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:1077-84. [PMID: 18709160 PMCID: PMC2516580 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollutants may induce airway inflammation and sensitization due to generation of reactive oxygen species. The genetic background to these mechanisms could be important effect modifiers. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to assess interactions between exposure to air pollution and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the beta2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) genes for development of childhood allergic disease. METHODS In a birth cohort originally of 4,089 children, we assessed air pollution from local traffic using nitrogen oxides (traffic NO(x)) as an indicator based on emission databases and dispersion modeling and estimated individual exposure through geocoding of home addresses. We measured peak expiratory flow rates and specific IgE for inhalant and food allergens at 4 years of age, and selected children with asthma symptoms up to 4 years of age (n = 542) and controls (n = 542) for genotyping. RESULTS Interaction effects on allergic sensitization were indicated between several GSTP1 SNPs and traffic NO(x) exposure during the first year of life (p(nominal) < 0.001-0.06). Children with Ile105Val/Val105Val genotypes were at increased risk of sensitization to any allergen when exposed to elevated levels of traffic NO(x) (for a difference between the 5th and 95th percentile of exposure: odds ratio = 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-5.3). In children with TNF-308 GA/AA genotypes, the GSTP1-NO(x) interaction effect was even more pronounced. We observed no conclusive interaction effects for ADRB2. CONCLUSION The effect of air pollution from traffic on childhood allergy appears to be modified by GSTP1 and TNF variants, supporting a role of genes controlling the antioxidative system and inflammatory response in allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Melén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Widegren H, Erjefält J, Korsgren M, Andersson M, Greiff L. Effects of intranasal TNFalpha on granulocyte recruitment and activity in healthy subjects and patients with allergic rhinitis. Respir Res 2008; 9:15. [PMID: 18234086 PMCID: PMC2253533 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TNFα may contribute to the pathophysiology of airway inflammation. For example, we have recently shown that nasal administration of TNFα produces late phase co-appearance of granulocyte and plasma exudation markers on the mucosal surface. The objective of the present study was to examine indices of granulocyte presence and activity in response to intranasal TNFα challenge. Methods Healthy subjects and patients with allergic rhinitis (examined out of season) were subjected to nasal challenge with TNFα (10 μg) in a sham-controlled and crossover design. Nasal lavages were carried out prior to and 24 hours post challenge. Nasal biopsies were obtained post challenge. Nasal lavage fluid levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) were analyzed as indices of neutrophil and eosinophil activity. Moreover, IL-8 and α2-macroglobulin were analyzed as markers of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and plasma exudation. Nasal biopsy numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils were monitored. Results Nasal lavage fluid levels of MPO recorded 24 hours post TNFα challenge were increased in healthy subjects (p = 0.0081) and in patients with allergic rhinitis (p = 0.0081) (c.f. sham challenge). Similarly, α2-macroglobulin was increased in healthy subjects (p = 0.014) and in patients with allergic rhinitis (p = 0.0034). Lavage fluid levels of ECP and IL-8 were not affected by TNFα challenge. TNFα increased the numbers of subepithelial neutrophils (p = 0.0021), but not the numbers of eosinophils. Conclusion TNFα produces a nasal inflammatory response in humans that is characterised by late phase (i.e., 24 hours post challenge) neutrophil activity and plasma exudation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Widegren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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Widegren H, Korsgren M, Andersson M, Greiff L. Effects of TNFalpha on the human nasal mucosa in vivo. Respir Med 2007; 101:1982-7. [PMID: 17532197 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNFalpha is a cytokine that may contribute to the pathophysiology of airway inflammation. Inhalation of TNFalpha produces granulocyte recruitment and airway hyperresponsiveness in man. Anti-TNFalpha treatment may inhibit allergen-induced plasma exudation in guinea-pig airways. Increased nasal mucosal output of TNFalpha has been demonstrated in allergic rhinitis, but the effect of TNFalpha on the human nasal mucosa has not been examined in vivo. OBJECTIVE To examine effects of topical TNFalpha on the human nasal mucosa in vivo. METHODS In a dose-finding study, healthy subjects received intranasal TNFalpha (0-7.5 microg). Nasal lavages were carried out before as well as 10 min and 24 h post challenge and alpha(2)-macroglobulin was measured as an index of plasma exudation. In a second study, involving patients with allergic rhinitis examined out of season, a sham-controlled nasal challenge with TNFalpha (10 microg) was performed and followed 24 h later by an allergen challenge. Lavages were performed before the TNFalpha challenge, 24 h thereafter, and 10 min post allergen challenge. alpha(2)-Macroglobulin, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and IL-8 were analyzed as indices of plasma exudation, eosinophil activity, neutrophil activity, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, respectively. RESULTS In the dose-finding study, TNFalpha produced significant increases in alpha(2)-macroglobulin 24h post challenge (p<0.01). In allergic rhinitis, 10 microg of TNFalpha also produced this effect (p<0.01) as well as increases in ECP and IL-8 (p<0.01). MPO was increased 24 h post challenge, but this change did not reach statistical significance. TNFalpha did not produce any acute effects and did not affect the responsiveness to allergen. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that topical TNFalpha produces a human nasal inflammatory response. These data suggest a role of TNFalpha in nasal conditions characterized by mucosal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Widegren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Ayyagari VN, Januszkiewicz A, Nath J. Effects of nitrogen dioxide on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, neutrophil adhesion, and cytotoxicity: studies in human bronchial epithelial cells. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:181-94. [PMID: 17169865 DOI: 10.1080/08958370601052121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is a product of high-temperature combustion and an environmental oxidant of concern. We have recently reported that early changes in NO2-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells are causally linked to increased generation of proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide/nitrite and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-8. The objective of the present in vitro study was to further delineate the cellular mechanisms of NO2-mediated toxicity, and to define the nature of cell death that ensues upon exposure of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells to a brief high dose of NO2. Our results demonstrate that the NHBE cells undergo apoptotic cell death during the early post-NO2 period, but this is independent of any significant increase in caspase-3 activity. However, necrotic cell death was more prevalent at later time intervals. Interestingly, an increased expression of HO-1, a redox-sensitive stress protein, was observed in NO2-exposed NHBE cells at 24 h. Since neutrophils (PMNs) play an active role in acute lung inflammation and resultant oxidative injury, we also investigated changes in human PMN-NHBE cell interactions. As compared to normal cells, increased adhesion of PMNs to NO2-exposed cells was observed, which resulted in an increased NHBE cell death. The latter was also increased in the presence of IL-8 and TNF-alpha + interferon (IFN)-gamma, which correlated with upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Our results confirmed an involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in NO2-induced cytotoxicity. By using NO synthase inhibitors such as L-NAME and 3-aminoguanidine (AG), a significant decrease in cell death, PMN adhesion, and ICAM-1 expression was observed. These findings indicate a role for the L-arginine/NO synthase pathway in the observed NO2-mediated toxicity in NHBE cells. Therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling excess generation of NO and/or inflammatory cytokines may be useful in alleviating NO2-mediated adverse effects on the bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi N Ayyagari
- Department of Respiratory Research, Division of Military Casualty Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA
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Forteza R, Casalino-Matsuda SM, Monzon ME, Fries E, Rugg MS, Milner CM, Day AJ. TSG-6 potentiates the antitissue kallikrein activity of inter-alpha-inhibitor through bikunin release. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:20-31. [PMID: 16873769 PMCID: PMC1899306 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0018oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TSG-6 (the protein product of TNF-stimulated gene-6), an inflammation-associated protein, forms covalent complexes with heavy chains (HCs) from inter-alpha-inhibitor and pre-alpha-inhibitor and associates noncovalently with their common bikunin chain, potentiating the antiplasmin activity of this serine protease inhibitor. We show that TSG-6 and TSG-6.HC complexes are present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with asthma and increase after allergen challenge. Immunodetection demonstrated elevated TSG-6 in the airway tissue and secretions of smokers. Experiments conducted in vitro with purified components revealed that bikunin.HC complexes (byproducts of TSG-6.HC formation) release bikunin. Immunoprecipitation revealed that bikunin accounts for a significant proportion of tissue kallikrein inhibition in bronchoalveolar lavage after allergen challenge but not in baseline conditions, confirming that bikunin in its free state, but not when associated with HCs, is a relevant protease inhibitor in airway secretions. In primary cultures of differentiated human airway epithelial and submucosal gland cells, TSG-6 is induced by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, which suggests that these cells are responsible for TSG-6 release in vivo. Bikunin and HC3 (i.e., pre-alpha-inhibitor) were also induced by TNF-alpha in primary cultures. Our results suggest that TSG-6 may play an important protective role in bronchial epithelium by increasing the antiprotease screen on the airway lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Forteza
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R-47), University of Miami School of Medicine, RMSB 7072A, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Casset A, Purohit A, Marchand C, Le Calvé S, Donnay C, Uring-Lambert B, Bahram S, Pauli G, de Blay F. Le formaldéhyde inhalé et la réponse bronchique. Rev Mal Respir 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(06)73414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Association between nitrogen dioxide and heart rate variability in a susceptible population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/00149831-200512000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sakai H, Otogoto S, Chiba Y, Abe K, Misawa M. TNF-alpha augments the expression of RhoA in the rat bronchus. J Smooth Muscle Res 2004; 40:25-34. [PMID: 15170075 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.40.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a central feature of allergic bronchial asthma, the mechanism underlying the development of AHR is not clearly understood. We have previously demonstrated in vitro hyperresponsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to acetylcholine (ACh) in rats that were actively sensitized and repeatedly challenged with aerosolized antigen. It has also been demonstrated that the ACh-induced, RhoA-mediated Ca(2+) sensitization is markedly augmented concomitantly with an increased expression and activation of RhoA protein in the bronchial smooth muscle of the antigen-treated rats. In the present study, we have investigated whether TNF-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine which is involved in bronchial asthma, causes upregulation of RhoA mRNA and protein in the rat bronchus. Treatment of rat bronchial smooth muscle preparations with TNF-alpha (300 ng/ml for 24 hr) significantly shifted the concentration-response curve to ACh upwards, but did not alter the response to high K(+), when compared to that of control tissues. Levels of RhoA mRNA and protein in the TNF-alpha-treated bronchus were significantly greater than those in the control group. In conclusion, it is suggested that the augmentation of the ACh-induced contractile response evoked by TNF-alpha might be mediated by an upregulation of RhoA in rat bronchial smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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36
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Zhou L, Tan A, Hershenson MB. Yersinia YopJ inhibits pro-inflammatory molecule expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2004; 140:89-97. [PMID: 15109931 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human bronchial epithelial cell pro-inflammatory molecule expression plays a role in the pathogenesis of airway diseases. We hypothesize that Yersinia outer protein-J (YopJ), a Yersinia virulence effector which inhibits mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase kinases (MKKs), attenuates epithelial cell pro-inflammatory molecule expression. 16HBE14o-cells were co-transfected with cDNAs encoding Yersinia pseudotuberculosis YopJ or empty vector. Expression of YopJ reduced activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)-2, Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK)-1 and IkappaB kinase (IKK)-beta. YopJ also blocked transactivation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 promoter sequences which has been shown to regulate chemokine expression. Finally, expression of YopJ reduced transcription from the IL-8, RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 promoters. We conclude that YopJ expression blocks the innate immune response in lung epithelial cells, the site of Yersinia pestis infection. Inhibition of bronchial epithelial cell responses by YopJ is consistent with the notion that MAP kinases regulates bronchial epithelial cell pro-inflammatory molecule expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637-1470, USA
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Sabatini F, Silvestri M, Sale R, Serpero L, Raynal ME, Di Blasi P, Rossi GA. Modulation of the constitutive or cytokine-induced bronchial epithelial cell functions in vitro by fluticasone propionate. Immunol Lett 2004; 89:215-24. [PMID: 14556981 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to proinflammatory mediators, human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) upregulate the 'constitutive' adhesion molecule expression and cytokine/chemokine release. We tested whether and to what extent the inhibitory effect of fluticasone propionate on HBECs could involve the 'constitutive' and 'cytokine-induced' proinflammatory functions. Stimulation of the HBECs with interleukin (IL)-4 plus tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was more effective in upregulating intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 ( approximately 2.2-fold increase) than vascular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 ( approximately 1.6-fold increase) expression (P<0.05) and in increasing the release of 'regulated on activation normal T cell expressed' (RANTES, 5.7-fold increase) than of IL-8 (3.5-fold increase) and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF, 2.8-fold increase), (P<0.01). Fluticasone propionate, at the two concentrations tested (10 and 100 nM), was more effective in inhibiting the 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' ICAM-1 expression than VCAM-1 expression (P<0.05) and in downregulating RANTES than IL-8 or GM-CSF secretion (P<0.05). The degree of inhibition demonstrated by fluticasone propionate appeared to be related to the degree of cell activation. In addition, for both adhesion molecules, the effect of fluticasone propionate at both concentrations tested appeared to be related to a complete inhibition of 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' expression with no involvement of the 'constitutive' expression. Slightly different results were observed for cytokine/chemokine release. Indeed, evaluating RANTES, a complete inhibition of the 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' release with a partial inhibition also of the 'constitutive' release at both concentrations of the drug tested was found, whereas for GM-CSF and IL-8, only a partial inhibition of the 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' release in the presence of fluticasone propionate 10 and 100 nM. Thus, HBECs can constitutively or upon activation express adhesion molecules and secrete proinflammatory proteins at various levels and the different ability of fluticasone propionate to modulate the HBEC functions appears to be mostly related to the different inhibition of the various 'IL-4 plus TNF-alpha-induced' responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sabatini
- Pulmonary Diseases Unit, G. Gaslini Institute, Largo G. Gaslini 5, 16147, Genoa, Italy
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Koksal N, Yildirim Z, Gokirmak M, Hasanoglu HC, Mehmet N, Avci H. The role of nitric oxide and cytokines in asthma-like syndrome induced by sulfur dioxide exposure in agricultural environment. Clin Chim Acta 2004; 336:115-22. [PMID: 14500043 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that apricot sulfurization workers are exposed to high concentrations of SO(2), subsequently causing asthma-like syndrome. This study investigated the effects of SO(2) exposure on serum TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, nitrite and nitrate levels to understand the mechanism of SO(2)-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma-like syndrome. METHODS We measured the serum levels of the cytokines, direct nitrite, total nitrite and nitrate obtained from 40 volunteer workers after an hour of exposure to SO(2) and 23 healthy controls. RESULTS The concentrations of the cytokines, direct nitrite, total nitrite and nitrate were significantly (p<0.0001) higher in the workers than in the controls. The mean serum concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, direct nitrite, total nitrite and nitrate were 430.60+/-397.03 pg/ml, 436.67+/-316.31 pg/ml, 752.11+/-394.95 pg/ml, 262.12+/-287.99 pg/ml, 7.75+/-3.34 micromol/l, 115.72+/-48.78 micromol/l and 107.97+/-46.19 micromol/l in the workers, while they were 9.83+/-3.12 pg/ml, <5 pg/ml, 7.49+/-1.27 pg/ml, 9.38+/-1.99 pg/ml, 2.17+/-0.77 micromol/l, 59.91+/-7.56 micromol/l and 57.74+/-7.20 micromol/l in the controls, respectively. CONCLUSION These results show that TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and nitric oxide may play a role in the pathogenesis of bronchoconstriction in asthma-like syndrome due to the SO(2) exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Koksal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
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Sacco O, Silvestri M, Sabatini F, Sale R, Defilippi AC, Rossi GA. Epithelial cells and fibroblasts: structural repair and remodelling in the airways. Paediatr Respir Rev 2004; 5 Suppl A:S35-40. [PMID: 14980241 DOI: 10.1016/s1526-0542(04)90008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extensive lesions and changes in the architecture of the airway walls are commonly described in patients with respiratory infections, asthma, chronic bronchitis and interstitial lung diseases. Current knowledge identifies in airway epithelial cells and in fibroblasts the two cell types mainly involved in tissue repair after injury. During inflammatory respiratory disorders, extensive injury of airway epithelium may occur, with shedding of a large sheet of damaged cells in the bronchial and alveolar lumen but also with activation of the surviving epithelial cells and of the underlying fibroblasts. Indeed, besides acting as a physical and functional barrier to external agents, the epithelial surface of the bronchi has the capability to modulate the repair processes through the secretion of extracellular matrix proteins and the interaction with interstitial fibroblasts. Besides releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, the surviving epithelial cells and the underlying fibroblasts secrete factors contributing to airway repair, including the formation of the provisional extracellular matrix. This is indeed the substrate to which the epithelial cells at the edge of the lesion can attach to migrate in order to reconstitute the surface layer. In these processes airway epithelial cells receive the support of bronchial wall fibroblasts which actively release cytokines stimulating epithelial cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliviero Sacco
- Pulmonary Division, G Gaslini Institute, 16148 Genoa, Italy
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40
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Ayyagari VN, Januszkiewicz A, Nath J. Pro-inflammatory responses of human bronchial epithelial cells to acute nitrogen dioxide exposure. Toxicology 2004; 197:149-64. [PMID: 15003325 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an environmental oxidant, known to be associated with lung epithelial injury. In the present study, cellular pro-inflammatory responses following exposure to a brief high concentration of NO2 (45 ppm) were assessed, using normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells as an in vitro model of inhalation injury. Generation and release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), IL-8, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-1beta were assessed at different time intervals following NO2 exposure. Effects of a pre-existing inflammatory condition was tested by treating the NHBE cells with different inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-gamma, IL-8, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, either alone or in combination, before exposing them to NO2. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed oxidant-induced formation of 3-nitrotyrosine in the NO2-exposed cells. A marked increase in the levels of nitrite (as an index of NO) and IL-8 were observed in the NO2-exposed cells, which were further enhanced in the presence of the cytokines. Effects of various NO inhibitors combined, with immunofluorescence and Western blotting data, indicated partial contribution of the nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) toward the observed increase in nitrite levels. Furthermore, a significant increase in IL-1beta and TNF-alpha generation was observed in the NO2-exposed cells. Although NO2 exposure alone did induce slight cytotoxicity (<12%), but presence of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma resulted in an increased cell death (28-36%). These results suggest a synergistic role of inflammatory mediators, particularly of NO and IL-8, in NO2-mediated early cellular changes. Our results also demonstrate an increased sensitivity of the cytokine-treated NHBE cells toward NO2, which may have significant functional implications in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi N Ayyagari
- Department of Respiratory Research, Division of Military Casualty Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Pathmanathan S, Krishna MT, Blomberg A, Helleday R, Kelly FJ, Sandström T, Holgate ST, Wilson SJ, Frew AJ. Repeated daily exposure to 2 ppm nitrogen dioxide upregulates the expression of IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and ICAM-1 in the bronchial epithelium of healthy human airways. Occup Environ Med 2003; 60:892-6. [PMID: 14573722 PMCID: PMC1740417 DOI: 10.1136/oem.60.11.892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repeated daily exposure of healthy human subjects to NO2 induces an acute airway inflammatory response characterised by neutrophil influx in the bronchial mucosa AIMS To assess the expression of NF-kappaB, cytokines, and ICAM-1 in the bronchial epithelium. METHODS Twelve healthy, young non-smoking volunteers were exposed to 2 ppm of NO2/filtered air (four hours/day) for four successive days on separate occasions. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy was performed one hour after air and final NO2 exposures. Bronchial biopsy specimens were immunostained for NF-kappaB, TNF-alpha, eotaxin, Gro-alpha, GM-CSF, IL-5, -6, -8, -10, -13, and ICAM-1 and their expression was quantified using computerised image analysis. RESULTS Expression of IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and ICAM-1 increased following NO2 exposure. CONCLUSION Upregulation of the Th2 cytokines suggests that repeated exposure to NO2 has the potential to exert a "pro-allergic" effect on the bronchial epithelium. Upregulation of ICAM-1 highlights an underlying mechanism for leucocyte influx, and could also explain the predisposition to respiratory tract viral infections following NO2 exposure since ICAM-1 is a major receptor for rhino and respiratory syncytial viruses.
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Abstract
An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants is proposed in the pathogenesis of COPD. Potential alterations responsible for an imbalance in oxidant production and intra- and extracellular antioxidant defense systems are discussed with respect to COPD-related changes in the pulmonary compartment. In line with the current view of COPD as a disease with multiple systemic consequences, there is increasing evidence that imbalances in the redox milieu extend beyond the diseased lung in COPD patients. Skeletal muscle dysfunction is often observed in COPD and may result from imbalances in the redox environment of skeletal muscle. Potential triggers of oxidative stress in the muscle compartment include inflammation and hypoxia, and local sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are discussed, as well the mechanisms by which skeletal muscle trophical state, contractility and fatigability may be affected by oxidative stress, resulting in skeletal muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C J Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Chauhan AJ, Inskip HM, Linaker CH, Smith S, Schreiber J, Johnston SL, Holgate ST. Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the severity of virus-induced asthma in children. Lancet 2003; 361:1939-44. [PMID: 12801737 PMCID: PMC7112409 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A link between exposure to the air pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and respiratory disease has been suggested. Viral infections are the major cause of asthma exacerbations. We aimed to assess whether there is a relation between NO2 exposure and the severity of asthma exacerbations caused by proven respiratory viral infections in children. METHODS A cohort of 114 asthmatic children aged between 8 and 11 years recorded daily upper and lower respiratory-tract symptoms, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and measured personal NO2 exposures every week for up to 13 months. We took nasal aspirates during reported episodes of upper respiratory-tract illness and tested for infection by common respiratory viruses and atypical bacteria with RT-PCR assays. We used generalised estimating equations to assess the relation between low (<7.5 microg/m3), medium (7.5-14 microg/m3 ), and high (>14 microg/m3) tertiles of NO2 exposure in the week before or after upper respiratory-tract infection and the severity of asthma exacerbation in the week after the start of an infection. FINDINGS One or more viruses were detected in 78% of reported infection episodes, and the medians of NO2 exposure were 5 (IQR 3.6-6.3), 10 (8.7-12.0), and 21 microg/m3 (16.8-42.9) for low, medium, and high tertiles, respectively. There were significant increases in the severity of lower respiratory-tract symptom scores across the three tertiles (0.6 for all viruses [p=0.05] and >2 for respiratory syncytial virus [p=0.01]) and a reduction in PEF of more than 12 L/min for picornavirus (p=0.04) for high compared with low NO2 exposure before the start of the virus-induced exacerbation. INTERPRETATION High exposure to NO2 in the week before the start of a respiratory viral infection, and at levels within current air quality standards, is associated with an increase in the severity of a resulting asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AJ Chauhan
- Respiratory, Cell, and Molecular Biology Research Division, University of Southampton, Southampton UK,Correspondence to: Dr A J Chauhan, St Mary's Hospital, Portsmouth, PO3 6AD, UK
| | - Hazel M Inskip
- Medical Research Council, Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton UK
| | - Catherine H Linaker
- Medical Research Council, Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton UK
| | - Sandra Smith
- Respiratory, Cell, and Molecular Biology Research Division, University of Southampton, Southampton UK
| | - Jacqueline Schreiber
- Respiratory, Cell, and Molecular Biology Research Division, University of Southampton, Southampton UK
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- The National Heart and Lung Institute and Wright Fleming Institute of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Stephen T Holgate
- Respiratory, Cell, and Molecular Biology Research Division, University of Southampton, Southampton UK
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Zhou L, Tan A, Iasvovskaia S, Li J, Lin A, Hershenson MB. Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-1 coregulate activator protein-1- and nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated gene expression in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 28:762-9. [PMID: 12600818 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0261oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 16HBE14o- human bronchial epithelial cells, maximal tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced interleukin (IL)-8 expression depends on the activation of two distinct signaling pathways, one constituted in part by activator protein (AP)-1 and the other by nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. We examined the upstream signaling intermediates responsible for IL-8 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression in this system, hypothesizing that p21 Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase (MEKK)-1 function as common upstream activators of both the AP-1 and NF-kappaB pathways. TNF-alpha treatment induced both Ras and MEKK1 activation. Dominant-negative forms of Ras (N17Ras) and MEKK1 (MEKK1-KM) each inhibited TNF-alpha-induced transcription from IL-8 and GM-CSF promoters. Ras was required for maximal activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Jun amino terminal kinase (JNK) as well as AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcriptional activities, but not for activation of IkappaB kinase (IKK)-beta, an upstream activator of NF-kappaB. MEKK1 was required for maximal activation of ERK, JNK, and IKK, as well as for maximal AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcriptional activities. We conclude that Ras regulates TNF-alpha-induced chemokine expression by activating the AP-1 pathway and enhancing transcriptional function of NF-kappaB, whereas MEKK1 activates both the AP-1 and NF-kappaB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0212, USA
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45
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Abstract
The detrimental effects of air pollution on health have been recognized for most of the last century. Effective legislation has led to a change in the nature of the air pollutants in outdoor air in developed countries, while combustion of raw fuels in the indoor environment remains a major health hazard in developing countries. The mechanisms of how these pollutants exert their effects are likely to be different, but there is emerging evidence that the toxic effects of new photochemical pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide are likely to be related to infection. This review discusses the relationship between air pollution and infection and will explore some of the mechanisms of how both could act synergistically to cause respiratory illnesses especially in exacerbating symptoms in individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop J Chauhan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.
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46
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Parnia S, Brown JL, Frew AJ. The role of pollutants in allergic sensitization and the development of asthma. Allergy 2002; 57:1111-7. [PMID: 12464038 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2002.02167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Parnia
- Air Pollution Research Group, Infection Inflammation & Repair Research Division, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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47
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Devouassoux G, Drouet C, Pin I, Brambilla C, Brambilla E, Colle PE, Pison C. Alveolar neutrophilia is a predictor for the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, and increases with degree of severity. Transpl Immunol 2002; 10:303-10. [PMID: 12507402 DOI: 10.1016/s0966-3274(02)00074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is a common complication of lung transplantation (LT), associated with a tremendous mortality and morbidity. Recent innovative research has focused on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) analysis, assuming that neutrophilia might be a marker of chronic rejection. PATIENTS AND METHODS To address this issue, we retrospectively analyzed 258 sequential BAL from 44 lung transplant recipients, having survived for more than 3 months after surgery. RESULTS At the end of the follow-up, 22, 7, 7 and 8 patients had BOS stage 0, 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The total cell count and neutrophilia increased with BOS severity (P < 0.01). BOS occuring before and after the 12th month of LT were associated with early and more delayed increases of BAL neutrophils, respectively. Finally, the various kinetic profiles of neutrophil progression were identified, allowing for an earlier identification of BOS stages 2 and 3, by 3 and 6 months, respectively. Conversely, neutrophilia associated to BOS stage 1 remained low, and could not be distinguished from that of stage 0. CONCLUSIONS These results support the possible role of neutrophils in BOS pathogenesis, and may be of interest for an earlier detection and management of chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Devouassoux
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, DMAS, Hôpital A. Michallon, Université J. Fourier, CHU de Grenoble, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble 09, France.
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48
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Li J, Kartha S, Iasvovskaia S, Tan A, Bhat RK, Manaligod JM, Page K, Brasier AR, Hershenson MB. Regulation of human airway epithelial cell IL-8 expression by MAP kinases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L690-9. [PMID: 12225945 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00060.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that maximal IL-8 protein expression requires activation of NF-kappaB as well as activation of the MAP kinases ERK, JNK, and p38. However, the precise relationship between NF-kappaB transactivation and MAP kinase activation remains unclear. We examined the requirements of NF-kappaB, ERK, JNK, and p38 for TNF-alpha-induced transcription from the IL-8 promoter in a human bronchial epithelial cell line. Treatment with TNF-alpha induced activation of all three MAP kinases. Using a combination of chemical and dominant-negative inhibitors, we found that inhibition of NF-kappaB, ERK, and JNK, but not p38, each decreased TNF-alpha-induced transcription from the IL-8 promoter. Inhibition of JNK signaling also substantially reduced TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappaB transactivation, whereas inhibition of ERK and p38 had no effect. On the other hand, ERK was required and sufficient for TNF-alpha-induced activation of activator protein (AP)-1 promoter sequences, which together function as a basal level enhancer. JNK activation was also required for AP-1 transactivation. Finally, inhibition of p38 attenuated IL-8 protein abundance, suggesting that p38 regulates IL-8 expression in a posttranscriptional manner. We conclude that, in human airway epithelial cells, MAP kinases may regulate IL-8 promoter activity by NF-kappaB-dependent (in the case of JNK) and -independent (ERK) processes, as well as by posttranscriptional mechanisms (p38).
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Ritz SA, Stämpfli MR, Davies DE, Holgate ST, Jordana M. On the generation of allergic airway diseases: from GM-CSF to Kyoto. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:396-402. [PMID: 12133802 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(02)02278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The sharp increase in the prevalence of asthma over the past three decades suggests an important contribution of environmental factors in the generation of this disease, and compels a search for molecular pathways by which such factors could facilitate Th2 immune-inflammatory airway responses; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) might be one such signal. In this review, we appraise the evidence with respect to the presence of GM-CSF in asthma, the roles played by GM-CSF in these immune responses and environmental triggers that can induce GM-CSF expression. Further, we propose a paradigm that unites these divergent observations, and postulate that GM-CSF produced in response to environmental agents can establish an airway microenvironment that promotes the initiation, influences the evolution and supports the maintenance of an aeroallergen-specific adaptive Th2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Ritz
- Dept of Pathology & Molecular Medicine and Division of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, HSC-4H21, 1200 Main Street West, Ontario, Hamilton, Canada
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50
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Da Silva CA, Kassel O, Mathieu E, Massard G, Gasser B, Frossard N. Inhibition by glucocorticoids of the interleukin-1beta-enhanced expression of the mast cell growth factor SCF. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:1634-40. [PMID: 11934803 PMCID: PMC1573283 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a major mast cell growth factor that promotes differentiation and chemotaxis of mast cells and inhibits their apoptosis. 2. We evaluated the effect of interleukin (IL)-1beta, a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, on the constitutive expression of SCF and studied the effects of two glucocorticoids, budesonide and dexamethasone, on the IL-1beta-enhanced SCF expression. 3. Human lung fibroblasts in culture were serum-starved for 48 h and treated with IL-1beta, budesonide and/or RU486. SCF cDNA was quantified after total RNA reverse transcription by on-line fluorescent polymerase chain reaction. SCF protein was quantified by ELISA. 4. IL-1beta induced an increase in SCF mRNA (+91% at 2.5 h) and protein production (+32%) by human lung fibroblasts in culture (P<0.001). 5. Budesonide inhibited IL-1beta-induced SCF mRNA expression (-68%) at 2.5 h and even more so at 10 h (-192%) (P<0.001). The expression of SCF protein also decreased by 3.5-fold at 10 h. Results were similar with dexamethasone. The glucocorticoid antagonist RU486 cancelled the effects induced by the glucocorticoids. 6. Increased SCF mRNA levels were associated with increased stability of this mRNA as measured after treatment with actinomycin D (1.9-fold at 2.5 h). Budesonide decreased this IL-1beta-enhanced stability by about 1.5-fold (P<0.001). 7. We conclude that in 'inflammatory' conditions, mimicked in vitro by IL-1beta, glucocorticoid treatment inhibits expression of the mast cell growth factor SCF. The reduced number and activation of mast cells observed in the bronchi of asthmatic patients treated by glucocorticoids may be due in part to this effect.
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