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The Impact of Air Pollution on Intestinal Microbiome of Asthmatic Children: A Panel Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5753427. [PMID: 33204702 PMCID: PMC7661118 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5753427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution could impact on the alteration of intestinal microbiome. Maturation of intestinal microbiome in early life played an important role in the development of allergic diseases, including asthma. Recent studies presented an increase in the evidence of association between the shift of gut microbiota and asthma. This article is aimed at exploring whether the alteration in the intestinal microbiome triggered by a short wave of air pollution could influence the colonization of bacteria that have been related to the immunological mechanisms of the asthma attack. The impact of air pollution on intestinal microbiome was assessed by longitudinal comparison. Fecal samples were collected twice for twenty-one children in clean and smog days, respectively, including eleven asthmatic children and ten healthy children. Intestinal bacteria were discriminated by using the method of 16S rRNA gene sequence. The results showed that the composition of intestinal microbiome changed between clean and smog days among all children (PERMANOVA, P = 0.03). During smog days, Bifidobacteriaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 decreased, and Streptococcaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Rikenellaceae, Bacteroidales S24-7 group, and Bacteroides increased in asthmatic children (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.05), while Fusicatenibacter decreased and Rikenellaceae and Terrisporobacter increased in healthy children (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.05). After controlling for food consumption, the relative abundance of some bacteria belonging to Firmicutes negatively associated with concentration of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 (multiple linear regression, P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that short wave of air pollution had an impact on the intestinal microbiome of asthmatic children. Intestinal bacteria, which have been related to immunological mechanisms of asthma attack, were also found to be associated with air pollution. This finding suggested that a short wave of air pollution may trigger asthma by impacting on intestinal bacteria.
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Dominguez-Rodriguez A, Rodríguez S, Baez-Ferrer N, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Abreu-Gonzalez J, Avanzas P, Carnero M, Moris C, López-Darias J, Hernández-Vaquero D. Impact of Saharan dust exposure on airway inflammation in patients with ischemic heart disease. Transl Res 2020; 224:16-25. [PMID: 32504824 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies found that increases in the concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM) smaller than 10 microns diameter (PM10) in the ambient air due to desert dust outbreaks contribute to global burden of diseases, primarily as a result of increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. No studies have investigated the possible association between desert dust inhalation and airway inflammation in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Induced sputum was collected in 38 patients and analyzed to determine markers of airway inflammation (Transforming Growth Factor-β1 [TGF-β1] and hydroxyproline) concentrations. For the purpose of the investigation, PM10 and reactive gases concentrations measured in the European Air Quality Network implemented in the Canary Islands were also used. We identified Saharan desert dust using meteorology and dust models. Patients affected by smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary abnormalities, acute bronchial or pulmonary disease were excluded. The median of age of patients was 64.71 years (56.35-71.54) and 14 (38.84%) of them were women. TGF-β1 and hydroxyproline in sputum were highly associated to PM10 inhalation from the Saharan desert. According to a regression model, an increase of 1 µg/m3 of PM10 concentrations due to desert dust, results in an increase of 3.84 pg/gwt of TGF-β1 (R2 adjusted = 89.69%) and of 0.80 μg/gwt of hydroxyproline (R2 adjusted = 85.28%) in the sputum of patients. The results of this study indicate that the exposure to high PM10 concentrations due to Saharan dust events are associated with intense inflammatory reaction in the airway mucosae of IHD-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dominguez-Rodriguez
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Department of Cardiology, Tenerife, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Canarias, Tenerife, Spain; CIBER de enfermedades CardioVasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Rodríguez
- Experimental Station of Arid Zones, EEZA, CSIC, Almería, Spain; Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, IPNA, CSIC, Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Nestor Baez-Ferrer
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Department of Cardiology, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pedro Abreu-Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juan Abreu-Gonzalez
- Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Department of Pneumology, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Pablo Avanzas
- Heart Area. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias
| | | | - Cesar Moris
- Heart Area. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias
| | - Jessica López-Darias
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, IPNA, CSIC, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Química, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Daniel Hernández-Vaquero
- Heart Area. Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Jiang Q, Xu X, Zhang C, Luo J, Lv N, Shi L, Ji A, Gao M, Chen F, Cui L, Zheng Y. In ovo very early-in-life exposure to diesel exhaust induced cardiopulmonary toxicity in a hatchling chick model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114718. [PMID: 32388309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) had been associated with cardiopulmonary toxicity and developmental toxicity. However, neonatal very early-in-life exposure had not been extensively studied previously. To investigate the potential effects of neonatal very early-in-life exposure to DE, a brand-new chicken embryo in ovo exposure model had been established, with which the cardiopulmonary effects of DE exposure via air cell infusion at embryonic day 18/19 (ED18/19) were assessed in hatchling chicks post-hatch 0-, 1-, or 2-weeks. Heart rates were assessed with electrocardiography. Cardiac and pulmonary morphologies were investigated with histopathological methods. Cardiopulmonary effects were explored with immunohistochemistry for alpha smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA). In further investigations, the expression levels of phosphorylated AhR, serum levels of TGF-β1, phosphorylated SMAD2/3 and phosphorylated p38MAPK were assessed in the lung tissues. Significantly elevated heart rates, increased right ventricular wall thickness and cardiac collagen deposition were observed in the hearts of exposed hatchling chicks. Significantly increased collagen deposition as well as increased vascular alpha-SMA layer thickness/decreased cavity area were observed in exposed animal lungs. These effects persisted up to two weeks post-hatch. Mechanistic studies revealed elevated phosphorylated AhR expression levels in 0-week and 1-week chicken lungs, while phosphorylated SMAD2/3 levels significantly increased in 0-week chicken lungs but decreased in 2-week chicken lungs following DE exposure. Phosphorylation of p38MAPK did not remarkably increase until 2-week post-hatch. In summary, the novel chicken neonatal very early-in-life exposure model effectively exposed the chicken embryos during the neonatal initial breathing, resulting in cardiopulmonary toxicity, which is associated with AHR, TGF-β1 and MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiao Jiang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Na Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Limei Shi
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Andong Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Mengyu Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Feilong Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Lianhua Cui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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Mack SM, Madl AK, Pinkerton KE. Respiratory Health Effects of Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter and Bioaerosols. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:1-20. [PMID: 31853953 PMCID: PMC7553137 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have been studying the respiratory health effects of ambient air pollution for more than 70 years. While air pollution as a whole can include gaseous, solid, and liquid constituents, this article focuses only on the solid and liquid fractions, termed particulate matter (PM). Although PM may contain anthropogenic, geogenic, and/or biogenic fractions, in this article, particles that originate from microbial, fungal, animal, or plant sources are distinguished from PM as bioaerosols. Many advances have been made toward understanding which particle and exposure characteristics most influence deposition and clearance processes in the respiratory tract. These characteristics include particle size, shape, charge, and composition as well as the exposure concentration and dose rate. Exposure to particles has been directly associated with the exacerbation and, under certain circumstances, onset of respiratory disease. The circumstances of exposure leading to disease are dependent on stressors such as human activity level and changing particle composition in the environment. Historically, researchers assumed that bioaerosols were too large to be inhaled into the deep lung, and thus, not applicable for study in conjunction with PM2.5 (the 2.5-μm and below size fraction that can reach the deep lung); however, this concept is beginning to be challenged. While there is extensive research on the health effects of PM and bioaerosols independent of each other, only limited work has been performed on their coexposure. Studying these two particle types as dual stressors to the respiratory system may aid in more thoroughly understanding the etiology of respiratory injury and disease. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1-20, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah M. Mack
- Center for Health and the Environment, John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amy K. Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kent E. Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, John Muir Institute of the Environment, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Casas M. Air pollution exposure and interstitial lung diseases: have we identified all the harmful environmental exposures? Thorax 2019; 74:1013-1014. [PMID: 31615927 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2019-213805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rice MB, Li W, Schwartz J, Di Q, Kloog I, Koutrakis P, Gold DR, Hallowell RW, Zhang C, O'Connor G, Washko GR, Hunninghake GM, Mittleman MA. Ambient air pollution exposure and risk and progression of interstitial lung abnormalities: the Framingham Heart Study. Thorax 2019; 74:1063-1069. [PMID: 31391318 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution accelerates lung function decline among adults, however, there are limited data about its role in the development and progression of early stages of interstitial lung disease. AIMS To evaluate associations of long-term exposure to traffic and ambient pollutants with odds of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) and progression of ILA on repeated imaging. METHODS We ascertained ILA on chest CT obtained from 2618 Framingham participants from 2008 to 2011. Among 1846 participants who also completed a cardiac CT from 2002 to 2005, we determined interval ILA progression. We assigned distance from home address to major roadway, and the 5-year average of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), elemental carbon (EC, a traffic-related PM2.5 constituent) and ozone using spatio-temporal prediction models. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, packyears of smoking, household tobacco exposure, neighbourhood household value, primary occupation, cohort and date. RESULTS Among 2618 participants with a chest CT, 176 (6.7%) had ILA, 1361 (52.0%) had no ILA, and the remainder were indeterminate. Among 1846 with a preceding cardiac CT, 118 (6.4%) had ILA with interval progression. In adjusted logistic regression models, an IQR difference in 5-year EC exposure of 0.14 µg/m3 was associated with a 1.27 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.55) times greater odds of ILA, and a 1.33 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.76) times greater odds of ILA progression. PM2.5 and O3 were not associated with ILA or ILA progression. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to EC may increase risk of progressive ILA, however, associations with other measures of ambient pollution were inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Rice
- Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Epidemiology, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Di
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Itai Kloog
- Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane R Gold
- Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert W Hallowell
- Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chunyi Zhang
- Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George O'Connor
- Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George R Washko
- Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gary M Hunninghake
- Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Murray A Mittleman
- Epidemiology, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Rider CF, Carlsten C. Air pollution and resistance to inhaled glucocorticoids: Evidence, mechanisms and gaps to fill. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 194:1-21. [PMID: 30138638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that cigarette smoke exposure induces resistance to glucocorticoids, the primary maintenance medication in asthma treatment. Modest evidence also suggests that air pollution may reduce the effectiveness of these critical medications. Cigarette smoke, which has clear parallels with air pollution, has been shown to induce glucocorticoid resistance in asthma and it has been speculated that air pollution may have similar effects. However, the literature on an association of air pollution with glucocorticoid resistance is modest to date. In this review, we detail the evidence for, and against, the effects of air pollution on glucocorticoid effectiveness, focusing on results from epidemiology and controlled human exposure studies. Epidemiological studies indicate a correlation between increased air pollution exposure and worse asthma symptoms. But these studies also show a mix of beneficial and harmful effects of glucocorticoids on spirometry and asthma symptoms, perhaps due to confounding influences, or the induction of glucocorticoid resistance. We describe mechanisms that may contribute to reductions in glucocorticoid responsiveness following air pollution exposure, including changes to phosphorylation or oxidation of the glucocorticoid receptor, repression by cytokines, or inflammatory pathways, and epigenetic effects. Possible interactions between air pollution and respiratory infections are also briefly discussed. Finally, we detail a number of therapies that may boost glucocorticoid effectiveness or reverse resistance in the presence of air pollution, and comment on the beneficial effects of engineering controls, such as air filtration and asthma action plans. We also call attention to the benefits of improved clean air policy on asthma. This review highlights numerous gaps in our knowledge of the interactions between air pollution and glucocorticoids to encourage further research in this area with a view to reducing the harm caused to those with airways disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Rider
- Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease (COERD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease (COERD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Institute for Heart and Lung Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Zhao R, Guo Z, Dong W, Deng C, Han Z, Liu J, Wang H, Zhuang G, Zhang R. Effects of PM2.5 on mucus secretion and tissue remodeling in a rabbit model of chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2018; 8:1349-1355. [PMID: 29999600 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renwu Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Weiyang Dong
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhijin Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Hanwei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Guoshun Zhuang
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Study, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Ruxin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital; Fudan University; Shanghai China
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9
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Functional characterisation and application of an ex vivo perfusion-superfusion system in murine airways. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 84:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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10
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Zhou Y, Liu Y, Song Y, Xie J, Cui X, Zhang B, Shi T, Yuan J, Chen W. Short-term Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution on Lung Function among Female Non-smokers in China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34947. [PMID: 27734830 PMCID: PMC5062123 DOI: 10.1038/srep34947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term exposures to outdoor air pollutants have been associated with lower lung function, but the results are inconsistence. The effects of different pollutant levels on lung function changes are still unclear. We quantified the effects of outdoor air pollution exposure (NO2, PM10, O3, and PM2.5) on lung function among 1,694 female non-smokers from the Wuhan-Zhuhai Cohort in China by using linear mixed model. We further investigated the associations in the two cities with different air quality levels separately to quantify the effects of different pollutant level exposure on lung function. We found the moving averages of NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 concentrations were significantly associated with reduced FVC. In city at high pollutant level, the moving average of NO2, PM10, O3, and PM2.5 exposures were significantly associated with both FVC and FEV1 reductions. In the low-level air pollution city, PM10 (Lag03-Lag05) and O3 concentrations (Lag01-Lag03) were significantly associated with reduced FVC, while PM10 (Lag03-Lag05), O3 (Lag0-Lag03), and PM2.5 (Lag04-Lag06) exposure were significantly associated with reduced FEV1. Our results suggest that outdoor air pollution is associated with short-term adverse effects on lung function among female non-smokers. The adverse effects may persist for longer durations within 7 days at higher air pollutant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Occupational &Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuewei Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Yuanchao Song
- Department of Occupational &Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jungang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiuqing Cui
- Department of Occupational &Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Immunization Program, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, China
| | - Tingming Shi
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational &Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Department of Occupational &Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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The burden of COPD mortality due to ambient air pollution in Guangzhou, China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25900. [PMID: 27195597 PMCID: PMC4872534 DOI: 10.1038/srep25900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality fraction attributable to air pollution and modification by individual characteristics of air pollution effects. We applied distributed lag non-linear models to assess the associations between air pollution and COPD mortality in 2007-2011 in Guangzhou, China, and the total COPD mortality fraction attributable to air pollution was calculated as well. We found that an increase of 10 μg/m(3) in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm or less (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was associated with a 1.58% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12-3.06%), 3.45% (95% CI: 1.30-5.66%) and 2.35% (95% CI: 0.42-4.32%) increase of COPD mortality over a lag of 0-15 days, respectively. Greater air pollution effects were observed in the elderly, males and residents with low educational attainment. The results showed 10.91% (95% CI: 1.02-9.58%), 12.71% (95% CI: 5.03-19.85%) and 13.38% (95% CI: 2.67-22.84%) COPD mortality was attributable to current PM10, SO2 and NO2 exposure, respectively. In conclusion, the associations between air pollution and COPD mortality differed by individual characteristics. There were remarkable COPD mortality burdens attributable to air pollution in Guangzhou.
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12
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Kim BG, Lee PH, Lee SH, Kim YE, Shin MY, Kang Y, Bae SH, Kim MJ, Rhim T, Park CS, Jang AS. Long-Term Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles on Airway Inflammation and Remodeling in a Mouse Model. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2016; 8:246-56. [PMID: 26922935 PMCID: PMC4773213 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2016.8.3.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) can induce and trigger airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term DEP exposure on AHR, inflammation, lung fibrosis, and goblet cell hyperplasia in a mouse model. Methods BALB/c mice were exposed to DEPs 1 hour a day for 5 days a week for 3 months in a closed-system chamber attached to a ultrasonic nebulizer (low dose: 100 µg/m3 DEPs, high dose: 3 mg/m3 DEPs). The control group was exposed to saline. Enhanced pause was measured as an indicator of AHR. Animals were subjected to whole-body plethysmography and then sacrificed to determine the performance of bronchoalveolar lavage and histology. Results AHR was higher in the DEP group than in the control group, and higher in the high-dose DEP than in the low-dose DEP groups at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The numbers of neutrophils and lymphocytes were higher in the high-dose DEP group than in the low-dose DEP group and control group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, and interferon-γ were higher in the low-dose DEP group than in the control group at 12 weeks. The level of IL-10 was higher in the high-dose DEP group than in the control group at 12 weeks. The level of vascular endothelial growth factor was higher in the low-dose and high-dose DEP groups than in the control group at 12 weeks. The level of IL-6 was higher in the low-dose DEP group than in the control group at 12 weeks. The level of transforming growth factor-β was higher in the high-dose DEP group than in the control group at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The collagen content and lung fibrosis in lung tissue was higher in the high-dose DEP group at 8 and 12 weeks. Conclusions These results suggest that long-term DEP exposure may increase AHR, inflammation, lung fibrosis, and goblet cell hyperplasia in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Gon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Pureun Haneul Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Shin Hwa Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Young En Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Mee Yong Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Yena Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Seong Hwan Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Taiyoun Rhim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choon Sik Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - An Soo Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.
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Rundell KW, Anderson SD, Sue-Chu M, Bougault V, Boulet LP. Air quality and temperature effects on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Compr Physiol 2016; 5:579-610. [PMID: 25880506 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is exaggerated constriction of the airways usually soon after cessation of exercise. This is most often a response to airway dehydration in the presence of airway inflammation in a person with a responsive bronchial smooth muscle. Severity is related to water content of inspired air and level of ventilation achieved and sustained. Repetitive hyperpnea of dry air during training is associated with airway inflammatory changes and remodeling. A response during exercise that is related to pollution or allergen is considered EIB. Ozone and particulate matter are the most widespread pollutants of concern for the exercising population; chronic exposure can lead to new-onset asthma and EIB. Freshly generated emissions particulate matter less than 100 nm is most harmful. Evidence for acute and long-term effects from exercise while inhaling high levels of ozone and/or particulate matter exists. Much evidence supports a relationship between development of airway disorders and exercise in the chlorinated pool. Swimmers typically do not respond in the pool; however, a large percentage responds to a dry air exercise challenge. Studies support oxidative stress mediated pathology for pollutants and a more severe acute response occurs in the asthmatic. Winter sport athletes and swimmers have a higher prevalence of EIB, asthma and airway remodeling than other athletes and the general population. Because of fossil fuel powered ice resurfacers in ice rinks, ice rink athletes have shown high rates of EIB and asthma. For the athlete training in the urban environment, training during low traffic hours and in low traffic areas is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Rundell
- Department of The Basic Sciences, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Sandra D Anderson
- Clinical Professor Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm Sue-Chu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Seriani R, Junqueira MDS, de Toledo AC, Martins MA, Seckler M, Alencar AM, Negri EM, Silva LFF, Mauad T, Saldiva PHN, Macchione M. Diesel exhaust particulates affect cell signaling, mucin profiles, and apoptosis in trachea explants of Balb/C mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1297-1308. [PMID: 24777914 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter from diesel exhaust (DEP) has toxic properties and can activate intracellular signaling pathways and induce metabolic changes. This study was conducted to evaluate the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and to analyze the mucin profile (acid (AB(+) ), neutral (PAS(+) ), or mixed (AB/PAS(+) ) mucus) and vacuolization (V) of tracheal explants after treatment with 50 or 100 μg/mL DEP for 30 or 60 min. Western blot analyses showed small increases in ERK1/2 and JNK phosphorylation after 30 min of 100 μg/mL DEP treatment compared with the control. An increase in JNK phosphorylation was observed after 60 min of treatment with 50 μg/mL DEP compared with the control. We did not observe any change in the level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation after treatment with 50 μg/mL DEP. Other groups of tracheas were subjected to histological sectioning and stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent and Alcian Blue (AB). The stained tissue sections were then subjected to morphometric analysis. The results obtained were compared using ANOVA. Treatment with 50 μg/mL DEP for 30 min or 60 min showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the amount of acid mucus, a reduction in neutral mucus, a significant reduction in mixed mucus, and greater vacuolization. Our results suggest that compounds found in DEPs are able to activate acid mucus production and enhance vacuolization and cell signaling pathways, which can lead to airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Seriani
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mara de Souza Junqueira
- Central Biotery Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Choqueta de Toledo
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton Arruda Martins
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Seckler
- Department of Chemistry Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Mesquita Alencar
- Department of General Physics - Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elnara Marcia Negri
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Ferraz Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís Mauad
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Hilário Nascimento Saldiva
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariangela Macchione
- Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Garshick E. Effects of short- and long-term exposures to ambient air pollution on COPD. Eur Respir J 2015; 44:558-61. [PMID: 25176946 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Garshick
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, Medical Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Johannson KA, Balmes JR, Collard HR. Air pollution exposure: a novel environmental risk factor for interstitial lung disease? Chest 2015; 147:1161-1167. [PMID: 25846532 PMCID: PMC4388120 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a well-established risk factor for several adverse respiratory outcomes, including airways diseases and lung cancer. Few studies have investigated the relationship between air pollution and interstitial lung disease (ILD) despite many forms of ILD arising from environmental exposures. There are potential mechanisms by which air pollution could cause, exacerbate, or accelerate the progression of certain forms of ILD via pulmonary and systemic inflammation as well as oxidative stress. This article will review the current epidemiologic and translational data supporting the plausibility of this relationship and propose a new conceptual framework for characterizing novel environmental risk factors for these forms of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Johannson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John R Balmes
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Harold R Collard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
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17
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Seriani R, Junqueira MS, Toledo AC, Corrêa AT, Silva LFF, Martins MA, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T, Macchione M. Organic and inorganic fractions of diesel exhaust particles produce changes in mucin profile of mouse trachea explants. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:215-225. [PMID: 25674825 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.947456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) contain organic and inorganic elements that produce damage to the respiratory epithelium. The aim of this study was to determine the mucus profile of tracheal explants exposed to either crude diesel exhaust particles (DEP) or DEP treated with nitric acid (DEP/NA), with hexane (DEP/HEX), or with methanol (DEP/MET) at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/ml for 30 and 60 min. Tracheal explants were subjected to morphometric analyses to study acidic (AB+), neutral (PAS+), and mixed (AB+/PAS+) mucus production and vacuolization (V). Incubation with 50 μg/ml crude DEP resulted in a rise in acid mucus production, an increase in vacuolization at 30 min, and reduction in neutral mucus at 30 and 60 min. Tracheas exposed to DEP/MET at 50 μg/ml for 30 or 60 min resulted in a significant decrease in neutral mucus production and an elevation in acid mucus production. DEP/HEX increased vacuolization at both 50 and 100 μg/ml at 30 and 60 min of exposure. Treatment with 50 μg/ml for 30 or 60 min significantly elevated mixed mucus levels. These results suggest that DEP appear to be more toxic when administered in combination with HEX or MET. DEP/MET modified the mucus profile of the epithelium, while DEP/HEX altered mucus extrusion, and these responses might be due to bioavailability of individual elements in DEP fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Seriani
- a Laboratory of Experimental Air Pollution, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , SP. Brazil
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18
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Al-Alawi M, Hassan T, Chotirmall SH. Transforming growth factor β and severe asthma: a perfect storm. Respir Med 2014; 108:1409-23. [PMID: 25240764 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease involving complex interplay between resident and infiltrative cells, which in turn are regulated by a wide range of host mediators. Identifying useful biomarkers correlating with clinical symptoms and degree of airway obstruction remain important to effective future asthma treatments. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a major mediator involved in pro-inflammatory responses and fibrotic tissue remodeling within the asthmatic lung. Its role however, as a therapeutic target remains controversial. The aim of this review is to highlight its role in severe asthma including interactions with adaptive T-helper cells, cytokines and differentiation through regulatory T-cells. Associations between TGF-β and eosinophils will be addressed and the effects of genetic polymorphisms of the TGF-β1 gene explored in the context of asthma. We highlight TGF-β1 as a potential future therapeutic target in severe asthma including its importance in identifying emerging clinical phenotypes in asthmatic subjects who may be suitable for individualized therapy through TGF-β modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Al-Alawi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Tidi Hassan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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Madl AK, Plummer LE, Carosino C, Pinkerton KE. Nanoparticles, lung injury, and the role of oxidant stress. Annu Rev Physiol 2013; 76:447-65. [PMID: 24215442 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of engineered nanoscale materials has provided significant advancements in electronic, biomedical, and material science applications. Both engineered nanoparticles and nanoparticles derived from combustion or incidental processes exhibit a range of physical and chemical properties that induce inflammation and oxidative stress in biological systems. Oxidative stress reflects the imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the biochemical mechanisms to detoxify and repair the damage resulting from reactive intermediates. This review examines current research on incidental and engineered nanoparticles in terms of their health effects on lungs and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress via physicochemical characteristics influences toxicity or biocompatibility. Although oxidative stress has generally been thought of as an adverse biological outcome, this review also briefly discusses some of the potential emerging technologies to use nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress to treat disease in a site-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ,
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20
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Rundell KW, Sue-Chu M. Air quality and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2013; 33:409-21, ix. [PMID: 23830133 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A higher prevalence of airway hyperresponsiveness, airway remodeling, and asthma has been identified among athletes who compete and train in environmental conditions of cold dry air and/or high air pollution. Repeated long-duration exposure to cold/dry air at high minute ventilation rates can cause airway damage. Competition or training at venues close to busy roadways, or in indoor ice arenas or chlorinated swimming pools, harbors a risk for acute and chronic airway disorders from high pollutant exposure. This article discusses the effects of these harsh environments on the airways, and summarizes potential mechanisms and prevalence of airway disorders in elite athletes.
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21
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O’Neill MS, Breton CV, Devlin RB, Utell MJ. Air pollution and health: emerging information on susceptible populations. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2012; 5:189-201. [PMID: 25741389 PMCID: PMC4345419 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-011-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution poses risks to human health in communities around the world, and research on populations who are most susceptible continues to reveal new insights. Human susceptibility to adverse health effects from exposure to air pollution can be related to underlying disease; demographic or anthropometric characteristics; genetic profile; race and ethnicity; lifestyle, behaviors, and socioeconomic position; and location of residence or daily activities. In health research, an individual or group may have an enhanced responsiveness to a given, identical level of pollution exposure compared to those who are less susceptible. Or, people in these different groups may experience varying levels of exposure (for example, a theoretically homogeneous population whose members differ only by proximity to a road). Often the information available for health research may relate to both exposure and enhanced response to a given dose of pollution. This paper discusses the general direction of research on susceptibility to air pollution, with a general though not an exclusive focus on particulate matter, with specific examples of research on susceptibility related to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, and genetic and epigenetic features. We conclude by commenting how emerging knowledge of susceptibility can inform policy for controlling pollution sources and exposures to yield maximal health benefit and discuss two areas of emerging interest: studying air pollution and its connection to perinatal health, as well as land use and urban infrastructure design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie S. O’Neill
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 6631 SPH Tower, 109 South Observatory, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA
| | - Carrie V. Breton
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St. CHP 236, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Robert B. Devlin
- Clinical Research Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7315, USA
| | - Mark J. Utell
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box EHSC, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box EHSC, 575 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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22
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North ML, Amatullah H, Khanna N, Urch B, Grasemann H, Silverman F, Scott JA. Augmentation of arginase 1 expression by exposure to air pollution exacerbates the airways hyperresponsiveness in murine models of asthma. Respir Res 2011; 12:19. [PMID: 21291525 PMCID: PMC3037317 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arginase overexpression contributes to airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in asthma. Arginase expression is further augmented in cigarette smoking asthmatics, suggesting that it may be upregulated by environmental pollution. Thus, we hypothesize that arginase contributes to the exacerbation of respiratory symptoms following exposure to air pollution, and that pharmacologic inhibition of arginase would abrogate the pollution-induced AHR. Methods To investigate the role of arginase in the air pollution-induced exacerbation of airways responsiveness, we employed two murine models of allergic airways inflammation. Mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and challenged with nebulized PBS (OVA/PBS) or OVA (OVA/OVA) for three consecutive days (sub-acute model) or 12 weeks (chronic model), which exhibit inflammatory cell influx and remodeling/AHR, respectively. Twenty-four hours after the final challenge, mice were exposed to concentrated ambient fine particles plus ozone (CAP+O3), or HEPA-filtered air (FA), for 4 hours. After the CAP+O3 exposures, mice underwent tracheal cannulation and were treated with an aerosolized arginase inhibitor (S-boronoethyl-L-cysteine; BEC) or vehicle, immediately before determination of respiratory function and methacholine-responsiveness using the flexiVent®. Lungs were then collected for comparison of arginase activity, protein expression, and immunohistochemical localization. Results Compared to FA, arginase activity was significantly augmented in the lungs of CAP+O3-exposed OVA/OVA mice in both the sub-acute and chronic models. Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining revealed that the increased activity was due to arginase 1 expression in the area surrounding the airways in both models. Arginase inhibition significantly reduced the CAP+O3-induced increase in AHR in both models. Conclusions This study demonstrates that arginase is upregulated following environmental exposures in murine models of asthma, and contributes to the pollution-induced exacerbation of airways responsiveness. Thus arginase may be a therapeutic target to protect susceptible populations against the adverse health effects of air pollution, such as fine particles and ozone, which are two of the major contributors to smog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L North
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Corson L, Zhu H, Quan C, Grunig G, Ballaney M, Jin X, Perera FP, Factor PH, Chen LC, Miller RL. Prenatal allergen and diesel exhaust exposure and their effects on allergy in adult offspring mice. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2010; 6:7. [PMID: 20459836 PMCID: PMC2875211 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple studies have suggested that prenatal exposure to either allergens or air pollution may increase the risk for the development of allergic immune responses in young offspring. However, the effects of prenatal environmental exposures on adult offspring have not been well-studied. We hypothesized that combined prenatal exposure to Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) allergen and diesel exhaust particles will be associated with altered IgE production, airway inflammation, airway hyperreactivity (AHR), and airway remodeling of adult offspring. Methods Following sensitization via the airway route to A. fumigatus and mating, pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to additional A. fumigatus and/or diesel exhaust particles. At age 9-10 weeks, their offspring were sensitized and challenged with A. fumigatus. Results We found that adult offspring from mice that were exposed to A. fumigatus or diesel exhaust particles during pregnancy experienced decreases in IgE production. Adult offspring of mice that were exposed to both A. fumigatus and diesel exhaust particles during pregnancy experienced decreases in airway eosinophilia. Conclusion These results suggest that, in this model, allergen and/or diesel administration during pregnancy may be associated with protection from developing systemic and airway allergic immune responses in the adult offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Corson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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24
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Madl AK, Pinkerton KE. Health effects of inhaled engineered and incidental nanoparticles. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010; 39:629-58. [PMID: 19743943 DOI: 10.1080/10408440903133788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanoscale materials provide tremendous promise for technological advancements; however, concerns have been raised about whether research of the possible health risks of these nanomaterials is keeping pace with products going to market. Research on nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, semiconductor crystals, and other ultrafine particles (i.e., titanium dioxide, quantum dots, iridium) will be examined to illustrate what is currently known or unknown about how particle characteristics (e.g., size, agglomeration, morphology, solubility, surface chemistry) and exposure/dose metrics (e.g., mass, size, surface area) influence the biological fate and toxicity of inhaled nanosized particles. The fact that nanosized particles (1) have a potentially high efficiency for deposition; (2) target both the upper and lower regions of the respiratory tract; (3) are retained in the lungs for a long period of time, and (4) induce more oxidative stress and cause greater inflammatory effects than their fine-sized equivalents suggest a need to study the impact of these particles on the body. Achieving a better understanding of the dynamics at play between particle physicochemistry, transport patterns, and cellular responses in the lungs and other organs will provide a future basis for establishing predictive measures of toxicity or biocompatibility and a framework for assessing potential human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Madl
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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Pittet LA, Hall-Stoodley L, Rutkowski MR, Harmsen AG. Influenza virus infection decreases tracheal mucociliary velocity and clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:450-60. [PMID: 19520922 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0417oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections increase susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, such as pneumococcal pneumonia, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Influenza-induced tissue damage is hypothesized to increase susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection by increasing adherence to the respiratory epithelium. Using a mouse model of influenza infection followed by S. pneumoniae infection, we found that an influenza infection does not increase the number of pneumococci initially present within the trachea, but does inhibit pneumococcal clearance by 2 hours after infection. To determine whether influenza damage increases pneumococcal adherence, we developed a novel murine tracheal explant system to determine influenza-induced tissue damage and subsequent pneumococcal adherence. Murine tracheas were kept viable ex vivo as shown by microscopic examination of ciliary beating and cellular morphology using continuous media flow for up to 8 days. Tracheas were infected with influenza virus for 0.5-5 days ex vivo, and influenza-induced tissue damage and the early stages of repair to the epithelium were assessed histologically. A prior influenza infection did not increase pneumococcal adherence, even when the basement membrane was maximally denuded or during the repopulation of the basement membrane with undifferentiated epithelial cells. We measured mucociliary clearance in vivo and found it was decreased in influenza-infected mice. Together, our results indicate that exposure of the tracheal basement membrane contributes minimally to pneumococcal adherence. Instead, an influenza infection results in decreased tracheal mucociliary velocity and initial clearance of pneumococci, leading to an increased pneumococcal burden as early as 2 hours after pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnelle A Pittet
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Niesalla HS, Dale A, Slater JD, Scholes SFE, Archer J, Maskell DJ, Tucker AW. Critical assessment of an in vitro bovine respiratory organ culture system: a model of bovine herpesvirus-1 infection. J Virol Methods 2009; 158:123-9. [PMID: 19428580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A bovine in vitro organ culture (BIVOC) system was evaluated as a model to study host and pathogen events during the course of bovine herpesvirus-1 infection. Upper respiratory tract epithelium, from slaughtered animals, was cultured in an air-liquid interface system and integrity, viability, and TNF-alpha gene expression of tissue explants were monitored over 72h in the presence or absence of infection by bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1). Uninfected explants maintained viability and integrity over the 72h time course although histological signs of degeneration were first visible from 24h of culture. Explants were productively infected with BHV-1 and typical, dose dependent, cytopathic changes were observed in response to infection. Regulation of TNF-alpha gene expression in uninfected explants varied over time and was region-specific but there was significant down-regulation of TNF-alpha gene expression at 2h post-infection when compared to uninfected controls at the same time point. Taking caveats into consideration the BIVOC system shows promise as a tool for analysis of immediate or early events in host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Niesalla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Hart JE, Laden F, Eisen EA, Smith TJ, Garshick E. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in railroad workers. Occup Environ Med 2008; 66:221-6. [PMID: 19039098 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2008.040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little information describing the risk of non-malignant respiratory disease and occupational exposure to diesel exhaust. METHODS US railroad workers have been exposed to diesel exhaust since diesel locomotives were introduced after World War II. In a retrospective cohort study we examined the association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality with years of work in diesel-exposed jobs. To examine the possible confounding effects of smoking, multiple imputation was used to model smoking history. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate an incidence rate ratio, adjusted for age, calendar year, and length of follow-up after leaving work (to reduce bias due to a healthy worker survivor effect). RESULTS Workers in jobs with diesel exhaust exposure had an increased risk of COPD mortality relative to those in unexposed jobs. Workers hired after the introduction of diesel locomotives had a 2.5% increase in COPD mortality risk for each additional year of work in a diesel-exposed job. This risk was only slightly attenuated after adjustment for imputed smoking history. CONCLUSIONS These results support an association between occupational exposure to diesel exhaust and COPD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hart
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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28
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de Boer WI, Alagappan VKT, Sharma HS. Molecular mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: potential targets for therapy. Cell Biochem Biophys 2008; 47:131-48. [PMID: 17406066 DOI: 10.1385/cbb:47:1:131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease associated with progressive airflow obstruction. Tobacco smoking is the main risk factor worldwide. In contrast to asthma, antiinflammatory therapies are rather ineffective in improving chronic symptoms and reducing inflammation, lung function decline, and airway remodeling. Specific drugs that are directed against the remodeling and chronic inflammation, thereby preventing lung tissue damage and progressive lung function decline, must be developed. Experimental models and expression studies suggest that anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor strategies may be of use in patients with emphysema, whereas anti-HER1-directed strategies may be more useful in patients with pulmonary mucus hypersecretion, as seen in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Growth factors and cytokines including VEGF, fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL2, and signal transduction proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and nuclear factor-kappaB, seem to be important pathogenetic molecules in COPD. Specific antagonists for these proteins may be effective for different inflammatory diseases. However, their efficacy for COPD therapy has not yet been demonstrated. Finally, other drugs such as retinoic acids may provide restoration of lung tissue structure. Such approaches, however, must await the first results of growth factor or cytokine antagonist therapy in chronic lung diseases.
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29
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Salam MT, Gauderman WJ, McConnell R, Lin PC, Gilliland FD. Transforming growth factor- 1 C-509T polymorphism, oxidant stress, and early-onset childhood asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:1192-9. [PMID: 17673695 PMCID: PMC2176104 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200704-561oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is involved in airway inflammation and remodeling, two key processes in asthma pathogenesis. Tobacco smoke and traffic emissions induce airway inflammation and modulate TGF-beta1 gene expression. We hypothesized that the effects of functional TGF-beta1 variants on asthma occurrence vary by these exposures. OBJECTIVES We tested these hypotheses among 3,023 children who participated in the Children's Health Study. METHODS Tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs4803457 C>T and C-509T (a functional promoter polymorphism) accounted for 94% of the haplotype diversity of the upstream region. Exposure to maternal smoking in utero was based on smoking by biological mother during pregnancy. Residential distance from nearest freeway was calculated based on residential address at study entry. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Children with the -509TT genotype had a 1.8-fold increased risk of early persistent asthma (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-2.95). This association varied marginally significantly by in utero exposure to maternal smoking. Compared with children with the -509CC/CT genotype with no in utero exposure to maternal smoking, those with the -509TT genotype with such exposure had a 3.4-fold increased risk of early persistent asthma (95% CI, 1.46-7.80; interaction, P = 0.11). The association between TGF-beta1 C-509T and lifetime asthma varied by residential proximity to freeways (interaction P = 0.02). Children with the -509TT genotype living within 500 m of a freeway had over three-fold increased lifetime asthma risk (95% CI, 1.29-7.44) compared with children with CC/CT genotype living > 1500 m from a freeway. CONCLUSIONS Children with the TGF-beta1 -509TT genotype are at increased risk of asthma when they are exposed to maternal smoking in utero or to traffic-related emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad T Salam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, 1540 Alcazar Street, CHP 236, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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30
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Amara N, Bachoual R, Desmard M, Golda S, Guichard C, Lanone S, Aubier M, Ogier-Denis E, Boczkowski J. Diesel exhaust particles induce matrix metalloprotease-1 in human lung epithelial cells via a NADP(H) oxidase/NOX4 redox-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L170-81. [PMID: 17449795 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00445.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to particulate air pollution is associated with lung function impairment. To determine the molecular mechanism(s) of this phenomenon, we investigated, in an alveolar human epithelial cell line (A549), whether diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), a main component of particulate air pollution, modulates the expression and activity of the matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1, a collagenase involved in alveolar wall degradation. Interaction of DEPs with cigarette smoke, which also produces structural and functional lung alterations, was also investigated. A noncytotoxic concentration of DEPs induced an increase in MMP-1 mRNA and protein expression and activity in A549 cells without modifying the expression of the MMP inhibitors TIMP-1 and -2. This effect was not potentiated when cells were coexposed to noncytotoxic concentrations of cigarette smoke condensate. DEP-induced MMP-1 was associated with increased ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and upregulation of expression and activity of the NADPH oxidase analog NOX4. Cell transfection with a NOX4 small interfering RNA prevented these phenomena, showing the critical role of a NOX4 ERK 1/2 pathway in DEP-induced MMP-1 expression and activity. Similar results to those observed in A549 cells were obtained in another human lung epithelial cell line, NCI-H292. Furthermore, experiments in mice intratracheally instilled with DEPs confirmed the in vitro findings, showing the induction of NOX4 and MMP-1 protein expression in alveolar epithelial cells. We conclude that alveolar alterations secondary to MMP-1 induction could explain lung function impairment associated with exposure to particulate pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amara
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U700, Paris, France
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Hart JE, Laden F, Schenker MB, Garshick E. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality in diesel-exposed railroad workers. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1013-7. [PMID: 16835052 PMCID: PMC1513327 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust is a mixture of combustion gases and ultrafine particles coated with organic compounds. There is concern whether exposure can result in or worsen obstructive airway diseases, but there is only limited information to assess this risk. U.S. railroad workers have been exposed to diesel exhaust since diesel locomotives were introduced after World War II, and by 1959, 95% of the locomotives were diesel. We conducted a case-control study of railroad worker deaths between 1981 and 1982 using U.S. Railroad Retirement Board job records and next-of-kin smoking, residential, and vitamin use histories. There were 536 cases with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 1,525 controls with causes of death not related to diesel exhaust or fine particle exposure. After adjustment for age, race, smoking, U.S. Census region of death, vitamin use, and total years off work, engineers and conductors with diesel-exhaust exposure from operating trains had an increased risk of COPD mortality. The odds of COPD mortality increased with years of work in these jobs, and those who had worked >/= 16 years as an engineer or conductor after 1959 had an odds ratio of 1.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.30) . These results suggest that diesel-exhaust exposure contributed to COPD mortality in these workers. Further study is needed to assess whether this risk is observed after exposure to exhaust from later-generation diesel engines with modern emission controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime E Hart
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Churg A, Xie C, Wang X, Vincent R, Wang RD. Air pollution particles activate NF-kappaB on contact with airway epithelial cell surfaces. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 208:37-45. [PMID: 16164960 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution particles (PM) are known to elicit an acute inflammatory response in vivo that is mediated in part through PM-induced activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Many of the details of this process and particularly where in the cell it occurs are unclear. To determine whether contact of PM particles with an epithelial cell surface activates NF-kappaB, rat tracheal explants were exposed to Ottawa Urban Air Particles or iron-loaded fine TiO2, a model PM particle, for up to 2 h. During this period, there was no evidence of particle entry into the tracheal epithelial cells by light or electron microscopy, but both types of particle activated NF-kappaB as assayed by gel shifts. NF-kappaB activation could be inhibited by the active oxygen species scavenger, tetramethylthiourea; the redox-inactive metal chelator, deferoxamine; the Src inhibitor, PP2; and the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor inhibitor AG1478. An iron-containing citrate extract of both dusts also produced NF-kappaB activation. Both dusts and a citrate extract caused phosphorylation of the EGF receptor on tyrosine 845, an indicator of Src activity. We conclude that iron-containing PM particles can activate NF-kappaB via a pathway involving Src and the EGF receptor. This process does not require entry of particles into the airway epithelial cells but is dependent on the presence of iron and generation of active oxygen species by the dusts. These findings imply that even brief contact of PM with a pulmonary epithelial cell surface may produce deleterious effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Churg
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.
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33
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Rundell KW, Spiering BA, Evans TM, Baumann JM. Baseline lung function, exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, and asthma-like symptoms in elite women ice hockey players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:405-10. [PMID: 15076781 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000117118.77267.bf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is high among ice rink athletes and may be related to exercise ventilation of rink air pollutants. Impaired postchallenge expiratory flows are common for this population; however, baseline lung function and symptoms have not been fully evaluated. METHODS We examined resting lung function and asthma-like symptoms in relation to airway hyperresponsiveness in National Team female ice hockey players (N = 43). Subjects were grouped according to observed symptoms and medical history as symptomatic ('S') or asymptomatic ('A'). Baseline and postexercise lung function was determined. RESULTS Seventeen (39.5%) presented symptoms and 9 (21%) had EIB. Baseline FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25-75 were different between 'S' and 'A' (102 +/- 14% vs 116 +/- 12%, 77.7 +/- 7.5 vs 88.2 +/- 4.5, and 74 +/- 22% vs 118 +/- 24%, respectively; P < 0.05); FVC and PEF were not different. Ten 'S' athletes had <80% FEV1/FVC; 9 had <70% predicted FEF25-75. Six of 9 EIB+ subjects had symptoms; cough occurred in all six and was related to EIB (chi 2 = 4.23, OR = 6.5, CI = 1.1-44.1; P = 0.039). CONCLUSION Baseline lung function is related to symptoms and precludes EIB in some rink athletes, suggesting that EIB and its development is a heterogeneous and may involve fibrotic as well as inflammatory processes. Small airway dysfunction in ice arena athletes is likely related to internal combustion pollutants emitted from ice resurfacing machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Rundell
- Keith J. O'Neill Center for Healthy Families, Marywood University, Scranton, PA 18509-1598, USA.
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Li N, Hao M, Phalen RF, Hinds WC, Nel AE. Particulate air pollutants and asthma. A paradigm for the role of oxidative stress in PM-induced adverse health effects. Clin Immunol 2004; 109:250-65. [PMID: 14697739 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, which involves a variety of different mediators, including reactive oxygen species. There is growing awareness that particulate pollutants act as adjuvants during allergic sensitization and can also induce acute asthma exacerbations. In this communication we review the role of oxidative stress in asthma, with an emphasis on the pro-oxidative effects of diesel exhaust particles and their chemicals in the respiratory tract. We review the biology of oxidative stress, including protective and injurious effects that explain the impact of particulate matter-induced oxidative stress in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Medicine/Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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