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Küstner MJ, Eckstein D, Brauer D, Mai P, Hampl J, Weise F, Schuhmann B, Hause G, Glahn F, Foth H, Schober A. Modular air-liquid interface aerosol exposure system (MALIES) to study toxicity of nanoparticle aerosols in 3D-cultured A549 cells in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1061-1080. [PMID: 38340173 PMCID: PMC10944414 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel lung aerosol exposure system named MALIES (modular air-liquid interface exposure system), which allows three-dimensional cultivation of lung epithelial cells in alveolar-like scaffolds (MatriGrids®) and exposure to nanoparticle aerosols. MALIES consists of multiple modular units for aerosol generation, and can be rapidly assembled and commissioned. The MALIES system was proven for its ability to reliably produce a dose-dependent toxicity in A549 cells using CuSO4 aerosol. Cytotoxic effects of BaSO4- and TiO2-nanoparticles were investigated using MALIES with the human lung tumor cell line A549 cultured at the air-liquid interface. Experiments with concentrations of up to 5.93 × 105 (BaSO4) and 1.49 × 106 (TiO2) particles/cm3, resulting in deposited masses of up to 26.6 and 74.0 µg/cm2 were performed using two identical aerosol exposure systems in two different laboratories. LDH, resazurin reduction and total glutathione were measured. A549 cells grown on MatriGrids® form a ZO-1- and E-Cadherin-positive epithelial barrier and produce mucin and surfactant protein. BaSO4-NP in a deposited mass of up to 26.6 µg/cm2 resulted in mild, reversible damage (~ 10% decrease in viability) to lung epithelium 24 h after exposure. TiO2-NP in a deposited mass of up to 74.0 µg/cm2 did not induce any cytotoxicity in A549 cells 24 h and 72 h after exposure, with the exception of a 1.7 fold increase in the low exposure group in laboratory 1. These results are consistent with previous studies showing no significant damage to lung epithelium by short-term treatment with low concentrations of nanoscale BaSO4 and TiO2 in in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Küstner
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, P.O. Box, 98684, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - D Eckstein
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - D Brauer
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, P.O. Box, 98684, Ilmenau, Germany.
| | - P Mai
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, P.O. Box, 98684, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - J Hampl
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, P.O. Box, 98684, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - F Weise
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, P.O. Box, 98684, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - B Schuhmann
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - G Hause
- Biocenter, Department of Electron Microscopy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - F Glahn
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - H Foth
- Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - A Schober
- Department of Nano-Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ilmenau University of Technology, P.O. Box, 98684, Ilmenau, Germany
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Thazhackavayal Baby B, Kulkarni AM, Gayam PKR, Harikumar KB, Aranjani JM. Beyond cyclopamine: Targeting Hedgehog signaling for cancer intervention. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 754:109952. [PMID: 38432565 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a significant role in embryogenesis and several physiological processes, such as wound healing and organ homeostasis. In a pathological setting, it is associated with oncogenesis and is responsible for disease progression and poor clinical outcomes. Hedgehog signaling mediates downstream actions via Glioma Associated Oncogene Homolog (GLI) transcription factors. Inhibiting Hh signaling is an important oncological strategy in which inhibitors of the ligands SMO or GLI have been looked at. This review briefly narrates the Hh ligands, signal transduction, the target genes involved and comprehensively describes the numerous inhibitors that have been evaluated for use in various neoplastic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena Thazhackavayal Baby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Aniruddha Murahar Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Prasanna Kumar Reddy Gayam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Kuzhuvelil B Harikumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala State, India
| | - Jesil Mathew Aranjani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Zhang K, Cao Y, Tang H, Lin D. Possible role of HE4 level elevation in the pathogenesis of TH2-high asthma. J Asthma 2024; 61:160-172. [PMID: 37902273 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2023.2251056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As a heterogeneous disease, asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and airway mucus hypersecretion. According to the pathological changes, symptoms, preventive and treatment methods, asthma can be divided into TH2-high and TH2-low asthma. We show that the expression of the tumor biomarker human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) was significantly increased in TH2-high asthma group, while there was no marked difference in its expression between TH2-low asthma and healthy control groups. HE4 levels were significantly increased in plasma, induced sputum, and alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples and airway epithelial cells from TH2-high asthma group, showing that HE4 has a possible role in the pathogenesis of TH2-high asthma. METHODS Using RT-qPCR, ELISA, Western blot (WB), and immunohistochemistry, we assessed differences in HE4 expression in plasma, induced sputum, BALF, and airway epithelial cells among patients with the TH2-related asthma subtypes and healthy controls. To explore the role of HE4 in TH2-high asthma, we conducted a correlation analysis between HE4 levels in plasma, induced sputum, BALF, and airway epithelial cells and multiple indicators of airway eosinophilic inflammation, airway mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. CONCLUSION We found for the first time that HE4 was differentially expressed in the TH2-related asthma subtypes. In TH2-high asthma, HE4 levels were markedly elevated in airway epithelial cells, plasma, induced sputum, and BALF. HE4 may play an important role in various pathogenic mechanisms of asthma, such as airway eosinophilic inflammation, airway mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. HE4 in plasma may be a clinically biomarker for differentiating TH2-related asthma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hexuan Tang
- School of Information Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, China
| | - Dang Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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Kim HS, Oh H, Kim B, Ji Y, Holzapfel WH, Kang H, Arellano-Ayala K. Multifunctional effects of Lactobacillus sakei HEM 224 on the gastrointestinal tract and airway inflammation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17918. [PMID: 37864021 PMCID: PMC10589218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissues serve as the first defense line and their commensal microbiota play a role in sustaining of host health. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate a putative probiotic strain on various mucosal regions. Lactobacillus sakei HEM 224 was isolated from traditional Korean kimchi and identified. In the safety assessment L. sakei HEM 224 showed negative results for hemolysis, biogenic amine production and transferable antibiotic resistance. The probiotic potential of strain HEM 224 in diverse mucosal areas was shown in two different models, viz. a murine model with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and an allergic airway inflammation model induced by ovalbumin (OVA). In the colitis model, oral administration of L. sakei HEM 224 improved colitis physiology with immunomodulation, enhancing barrier components and gut microbiota alteration. In the allergic airway inflammation model, the intranasal administration of the strain decreased type 2 inflammation and enhanced epithelial barrier integrity from the airways. These results demonstrate that L. sakei HEM 224 can ameliorate inflammatory conditions in both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts through the reinforcement of the epithelial barrier and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Shin Kim
- Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, 558, Handong-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
- HEM Pharma Inc., Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanna Oh
- Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, 558, Handong-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Bobae Kim
- HEM Pharma Inc., Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Yosep Ji
- HEM Pharma Inc., Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea
| | - Wilhelm H Holzapfel
- Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, 558, Handong-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea.
- HEM Pharma Inc., Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeji Kang
- HEM Pharma Inc., Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea.
- Global Green Research and Development Institute, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Karina Arellano-Ayala
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, Vienna, 1030, Austria
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Silva S, Bicker J, Falcão A, Fortuna A. Air-liquid interface (ALI) impact on different respiratory cell cultures. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 184:62-82. [PMID: 36696943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The intranasal route has been receiving greater attention from the scientific community not only for systemic drug delivery but also for the treatment of pulmonary and neurological diseases. Along with it, drug transport and permeability studies across the nasal mucosa have exponentially increased. Nevertheless, the translation of data from in vitro cell lines to in vivo studies is not always reliable, due to the difficulty in generating an in vitro model that resembles respiratory human physiology. Among all currently available methodologies, the air-liquid interface (ALI) method is advantageous to promote cell differentiation and optimize the morphological and histological characteristics of airway epithelium cells. Cells grown under ALI conditions, in alternative to submerged conditions, appear to provide relevant input for inhalation and pulmonary toxicology and complement in vivo experiments. Different methodologies and a variety of materials have been used to induce ALI conditions in primary cells and numerous cell lines. Until this day, with only exploratory results, no consensus has been reached regarding the validation of the ALI method, hampering data comparison. The present review describes the most adequate cell models of airway epithelium and how these models are differently affected by ALI conditions. It includes the evaluation of cellular features before and after ALI, and the application of the method in primary cell cultures, commercial 3D primary cells, cell lines and stem-cell derived models. A variety of these models have been recently applied for pharmacological studies against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus(-2) SARS-CoV(-2), namely primary cultures with alveolar type II epithelium cells and organotypic 3D models. The herein compiled data suggest that ALI conditions must be optimized bearing in mind the type of cells (nasal, bronchial, alveolar), their origin and the objective of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Hill DB, Button B, Rubinstein M, Boucher RC. Physiology and pathophysiology of human airway mucus. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1757-1836. [PMID: 35001665 PMCID: PMC9665957 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus clearance system is the dominant mechanical host defense system of the human lung. Mucus is cleared from the lung by cilia and airflow, including both two-phase gas-liquid pumping and cough-dependent mechanisms, and mucus transport rates are heavily dependent on mucus concentration. Importantly, mucus transport rates are accurately predicted by the gel-on-brush model of the mucociliary apparatus from the relative osmotic moduli of the mucus and periciliary-glycocalyceal (PCL-G) layers. The fluid available to hydrate mucus is generated by transepithelial fluid transport. Feedback interactions between mucus concentrations and cilia beating, via purinergic signaling, coordinate Na+ absorptive vs Cl- secretory rates to maintain mucus hydration in health. In disease, mucus becomes hyperconcentrated (dehydrated). Multiple mechanisms derange the ion transport pathways that normally hydrate mucus in muco-obstructive lung diseases, e.g., cystic fibrosis (CF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), non-CF bronchiectasis (NCFB), and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). A key step in muco-obstructive disease pathogenesis is the osmotic compression of the mucus layer onto the airway surface with the formation of adherent mucus plaques and plugs, particularly in distal airways. Mucus plaques create locally hypoxic conditions and produce airflow obstruction, inflammation, infection, and, ultimately, airway wall damage. Therapies to clear adherent mucus with hydrating and mucolytic agents are rational, and strategies to develop these agents are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Brian Button
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Physics, and Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Richard C Boucher
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Khan MA, Khan ZA, Charles M, Pratap P, Naeem A, Siddiqui Z, Naqvi N, Srivastava S. Cytokine Storm and Mucus Hypersecretion in COVID-19: Review of Mechanisms. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:175-189. [PMID: 33519225 PMCID: PMC7838037 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s271292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus is an integral part of the respiratory physiology. It protects the respiratory tract by acting as a physical barrier against inhaled particles and microbes. Excessive inflammation in conditions such as COVID-19 can result in over-production of mucus which obstructs the airway. Build-up of mucus can also contribute to recurrent airway infection, causing further obstruction. This article summarizes the current understanding and knowledge of respiratory mucus production and proposes the role of cytokine storm in inducing sudden mucus hypersecretion in COVID-19. Based on these cascades, the active constituents that inhibit or activate several potential targets are outlined for further research. These may be explored for the discovery and design of drugs to combat cytokine storm and its ensuing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zaw Ali Khan
- Reseach & Development Department, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mark Charles
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pushpendra Pratap
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdul Naeem
- Metabolic Research Unit, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zainab Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nigar Naqvi
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- Department of Nutrition, Era's Lucknow Medical College & Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ghosh D, Bernstein JA. Health Effects of Trimellitic Anhydride Occupational Exposure: Insights from Animal Models and Immunosurveillance Programs. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 59:61-77. [PMID: 32594360 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acid anhydrides are used by chemical industries as plasticizers. Trimellitic acid (TMA) is an acid anhydride widely utilized in factories to produce paints, varnishes, and plastics. In addition to causing direct irritant effects, TMA can augment antibody responses in exposed factory workers leading to occupational asthma. Therefore, industries producing TMA have implemented occupational immunosurveillance programs (OISPs) to ensure early diagnosis and medical management, involving exposure reduction/ complete removal of sensitized workers from exposure areas. Multiple animal models (mice strains, rat stains, guinea pig, swine) with different exposure patterns (dermal, nasal, vapor inhalation exposures for different time frames) have been described to elucidate the pathophysiology of TMA exposure. In TMA factories, in spite of implementing advanced environmental controls and personal protective measures to limit exposure, workers become TMA-sensitized. Animal models revealed sIgG, sIgE, sIgA, and sIgM along with pulmonary lesions, cellular infiltrates, alveolar hemorrhage, and pneumonitis associated with TMA exposure. Molecular studies showed involvement of specific functional gene clusters related to cytokine and chemokine responses, lung remodeling, and arginase function. However, thus far, there is no evidence supporting fetotoxic or carcinogenic effects of TMA. OISP data showed IgG and IgE responses in exposed factory workers. Interestingly, timelines for detectable sIgG response, in conjunction with its magnitude, have been shown to be a predictor for future sIgE response. OISPs have been very successful so far at creating a healthy and safe working environment for TMA-exposed factory workers. Graphical Abstract Trimellitic Acid (TMA), used to produce paints, varnishes and plastics, can cause irritant-mediated and immune-mediated occupational health problems. NCBI pubmed search indicated that multiple animal models (different animal types, with chronic vs. acute exposure type, using TMA dust/suspension applied via dermal or other routes) have been used by investigators to elucidate the pathobiology of TMA-exposure. Several outcomes have been measured including humoral, lung/ airway, lymph nodes and dermal/ ear thickening responses. Studies on human subjects have been conducted mostly as parts of Occupational immunosurveillance programs (OISPs) implemented to identify TMA-sensitized workers (using ImmunoCAP and Skin prick testing), monitoring them longitudinally and their medical management including exposure reduction/ complete removal of sensitized workers from exposure areas. Clinical management also includes identification of irritant-induced and/ or immune-mediated outcomes of TMA occupational exposure. Collectively, these studies have led to important insights into the pathomechanism of TMA-exposure and have been very successful at creating a safe working environment for TMA-exposed factory workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Ghosh
- Division of Immunology, Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Division of Immunology, Allergy Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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Chen C, Smith AD, Cheung L, Pham Q, Urban JF, Dawson HD. Potentiation of IL-4 Signaling by Retinoic Acid in Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Macrophages-Mechanisms and Targets. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605. [PMID: 32431691 PMCID: PMC7214669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that IL4, IL13, CLCA1, and CCL26 mRNA were significantly upregulated in the lungs of pigs given a low dose of all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and infected with Ascaris suum. We also demonstrated that in vitro ATRA induced a state of partial alternative activation in porcine macrophages (Mφs) and amplified certain aspects of M2a activation induced by IL-4. Given these results, we tested the effect of ATRA on IL-4 responses in two porcine intestinal epithelial cell lines, IPEC1 and IPEC-J2 and observed that ATRA increased mRNA for the IL-4 receptor alpha chain. ATRA also increased IL-4 induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and mRNA expression of the chloride channel, calcium activated, family member 1 (CLCA1), important for mucus formation, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 (CCL26), a potent eosinophil chemoattractant. We extended these findings to human Mφ THP-1 cells and showed that ATRA synergistically increased IL-4–induced CCL2, CCL13, and CCL26 mRNA and protein levels. Transglutaminase 2 mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity were synergistically induced in THP-1 cells pretreated with ATRA and then treated with IL-4, thus, ATRA increased signaling in response to IL-4 in porcine epithelial cells and porcine and human Mφs. Given the prevalence of allergic and parasitic diseases worldwide and the close similarities in the porcine and human immune responses, these findings have important implications for the nutritional regulation of allergic inflammation at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Chen
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Allen D Smith
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Lumei Cheung
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Quynhchi Pham
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Joseph F Urban
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Harry D Dawson
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Early-Life Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, Trained Immunity and Subsequent Pulmonary Diseases. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050505. [PMID: 32375305 PMCID: PMC7290378 DOI: 10.3390/v12050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is often the first clinically relevant pathogen encountered in life, with nearly all children infected by two years of age. Many studies have also linked early-life severe respiratory viral infection with more pathogenic immune responses later in life that lead to pulmonary diseases like childhood asthma. This phenomenon is thought to occur through long-term immune system alterations following early-life respiratory viral infection and may include local responses such as unresolved inflammation and/or direct structural or developmental modifications within the lung. Furthermore, systemic responses that could impact the bone marrow progenitors may be a significant cause of long-term alterations, through inflammatory mediators and shifts in metabolic profiles. Among these alterations may be changes in transcriptional and epigenetic programs that drive persistent modifications throughout life, leaving the immune system poised toward pathogenic responses upon secondary insult. This review will focus on early-life severe RSV infection and long-term alterations. Understanding these mechanisms will not only lead to better treatment options to limit initial RSV infection severity but also protect against the development of childhood asthma linked to severe respiratory viral infections.
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Sidhaye VK, Wu M, Tesfaigzi Y. Jumping on the Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Bandwagon: Take Care Not to Put the Cart before the Horse. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 62:267. [PMID: 32003599 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0389le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Wu
- University of North DakotaGrand Forks, North Dakotaand
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, Massachusetts
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Tan HTT, Hagner S, Ruchti F, Radzikowska U, Tan G, Altunbulakli C, Eljaszewicz A, Moniuszko M, Akdis M, Akdis CA, Garn H, Sokolowska M. Tight junction, mucin, and inflammasome-related molecules are differentially expressed in eosinophilic, mixed, and neutrophilic experimental asthma in mice. Allergy 2019; 74:294-307. [PMID: 30267575 DOI: 10.1111/all.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease with marked clinical and pathophysiological heterogeneity. Specific pathways are thought to be involved in the pathomechanisms of different inflammatory phenotypes of asthma; however, direct in vivo comparison has not been performed. METHODS We developed mouse models representing three different phenotypes of allergic airway inflammation-eosinophilic, mixed, and neutrophilic asthma via different methods of house dust mite sensitization and challenge. Transcriptomic analysis of the lungs, followed by the RT-PCR, western blot, and confocal microscopy, was performed. Primary human bronchial epithelial cells cultured in air-liquid interface were used to study the mechanisms revealed in the in vivo models. RESULTS By whole-genome transcriptome profiling of the lung, we found that airway tight junction (TJ), mucin, and inflammasome-related genes are differentially expressed in these distinct phenotypes. Further analysis of proteins from these families revealed that Zo-1 and Cldn18 were downregulated in all phenotypes, while increased Cldn4 expression was characteristic for neutrophilic airway inflammation. Mucins Clca1 (Gob5) and Muc5ac were upregulated in eosinophilic and even more in neutrophilic phenotype. Increased expression of inflammasome-related molecules such as Nlrp3, Nlrc4, Casp-1, and IL-1β was characteristic for neutrophilic asthma. In addition, we showed that inflammasome/Th17/neutrophilic axis cytokine-IL-1β-may transiently impair epithelial barrier function, while IL-1β and IL-17 increase mucin expressions in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that differential expression of TJ, mucin, and inflammasome-related molecules in distinct inflammatory phenotypes of asthma may be linked to pathophysiology and might reflect the differences observed in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hern-Tze Tina Tan
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education; Davos Switzerland
- Department of Immunology; School of Medical Sciences; Universiti Sains Malaysia; Kubang Kerian Malaysia
| | - Stefanie Hagner
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry; Molecular Diagnostics; Marburg Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research; Marburg Germany
| | - Fiorella Ruchti
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education; Davos Switzerland
| | - Urszula Radzikowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education; Davos Switzerland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - Ge Tan
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education; Davos Switzerland
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich; ETH Zurich/University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Can Altunbulakli
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education; Davos Switzerland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education; Davos Switzerland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation; Medical University of Bialystok; Bialystok Poland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education; Davos Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education; Davos Switzerland
| | - Holger Garn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry; Molecular Diagnostics; Marburg Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research; Marburg Germany
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF); University of Zurich; Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education; Davos Switzerland
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Kubo F, Ariestanti DM, Oki S, Fukuzawa T, Demizu R, Sato T, Sabirin RM, Hirose S, Nakamura N. Loss of the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor ADGRF5 in mice induces airway inflammation and the expression of CCL2 in lung endothelial cells. Respir Res 2019; 20:11. [PMID: 30654796 PMCID: PMC6337809 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-0973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor F5 (ADGRF5) was recently identified as an essential regulator of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis in alveolar type II cells. We previously showed that in addition to abnormal surfactant accumulation, Adgrf5-deficient (Adgrf5−/−) mice exhibit emphysema-like signs, suggesting a possible role for ADGRF5 in immune regulation. Here, we extended the phenotypic analysis of Adgrf5−/− mice to help understand its biological role in the lung, and especially in immune regulation. Methods Histological features of lungs were evaluated by Alcian blue and Masson’s trichrome staining. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blot analyses were performed to analyze the differential expression of genes/proteins related to airway inflammation in lungs between wildtype and Adgrf5−/− mice. Acid–base status was assessed by performing blood gas tests and urine pH measurements. Inflammatory cell counting was performed using Giemsa-stained bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Serum IgE concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of Ccl2, S100a8, S100a9, and Saa3 in primary lung endothelial cells (ECs) was determined by qPCR and/or western blotting. Finally, the effect of administrating RS504393 to 2-week-old Adgrf5−/− mice on gene expression in the lungs was analyzed by qPCR. Results Adgrf5−/− mice exhibited several features of chronic airway inflammation (mucous cell metaplasia, mucus hyperproduction, subepithelial fibrosis, respiratory acidosis, high serum IgE, mast cell accumulation, and neutrophilia) in parallel with elevated expression of genes involved in mucous cell metaplasia (Muc5ac, Muc5b, Slc26a4, and Clca1), fibrosis (Tgfb1, Col1a1, Fn1, and Tnc), and type 2 immune response (Il4, Il5, Il13, IL-25, and IL-33) at 12 and/or 30 weeks of age. In contrast, mRNA expression of Ccl2, S100a8, and S100a9 was upregulated in embryonic or neonatal Adgrf5−/− lungs as well as in lung ECs of Adgrf5−/− mice at 1 week of age. RS504393 treatment suppressed the upregulation of S100a8, S100a9, Slc26a4, and Il5 in Adgrf5−/− lungs. Conclusions Targeted disruption of ADGRF5 results in the development of airway inflammation, which is likely mediated by the type 2 immune response and possibly CCL2-mediated inflammation. ADGRF5 also has a potential role in the regulation of genes encoding CCL2 in lung ECs, thereby maintaining immune homeostasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-019-0973-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumimasa Kubo
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Donna Maretta Ariestanti
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Souta Oki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Taku Fukuzawa
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Demizu
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sato
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Rahmaningsih Mara Sabirin
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, JI.Farmako Sekip Utara, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Shigehisa Hirose
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-B13 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan.
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14
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Bolmarcich J, Wilbert S, Jackson GR, Oldach J, Bachelor M, Kenney T, Wright CD, Hayden PJ. In VitroHuman Airway Models for Study of Goblet Cell Hyperplasia and Mucus Production: Effects of Th2 Cytokines, Double-Stranded RNA, and Tobacco Smoke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Saco TV, Breitzig MT, Lockey RF, Kolliputi N. Epigenetics of Mucus Hypersecretion in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 58:299-309. [PMID: 29096066 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0072tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis are three chronic pulmonary diseases that affect an estimated 420 million individuals across the globe. A key factor contributing to each of these conditions is mucus hypersecretion. Although management of these diseases is vastly studied, researchers have only begun to scratch the surface of the mechanisms contributing to mucus hypersecretion. Epigenetic regulation of mucus hypersecretion, other than microRNA post-translational modification, is even more scarcely researched. Detailed study of epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, could not only help to better the understanding of these respiratory conditions but also reveal new treatments for them. Because mucus hypersecretion is such a complex event, there are innumerable genes involved in the process, which are beyond the scope of a single review. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to narrow the focus and summarize specific epigenetic research that has been conducted on a few aspects of mucus hypersecretion in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and some cancers. Specifically, this review emphasizes the contribution of DNA methylation and histone modification of particular genes involved in mucus hypersecretion to identify possible targets for the development of future therapies for these conditions. Elucidating the role of epigenetics in these respiratory diseases may provide a breath of fresh air to millions of affected individuals around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara V Saco
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mason T Breitzig
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Richard F Lockey
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Narasaiah Kolliputi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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16
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Nyström EEL, Birchenough GMH, van der Post S, Arike L, Gruber AD, Hansson GC, Johansson MEV. Calcium-activated Chloride Channel Regulator 1 (CLCA1) Controls Mucus Expansion in Colon by Proteolytic Activity. EBioMedicine 2018; 33:134-143. [PMID: 29885864 PMCID: PMC6085540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial surfaces of the body are covered with protective mucus, and disrupted mucus homeostasis is coupled to diseases such as ulcerative colitis, helminth infection, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive lung disease. However, little is known how a balanced mucus system is maintained. By investigating the involvement of proteases in colonic mucus dynamics we identified metalloprotease activity to be a key contributor to mucus expansion. The effect was mediated by calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1 (CLCA1) as application of recombinant CLCA1 on intestinal mucus in freshly dissected tissue resulted in increased mucus thickness independently of ion and mucus secretion, but dependent on its metallohydrolase activity. Further, CLCA1 modulated mucus dynamics in both human and mouse, and knock-out of CLCA1 in mice was compensated for by cysteine proteases. Our results suggest that CLCA1 is involved in intestinal mucus homeostasis by facilitating processing and removal of mucus to prevent stagnation. In light of our findings, we suggest future studies to investigate if upregulation of CLCA1 in diseases associated with mucus accumulation could facilitate removal of mucus in an attempt to maintain homeostasis. Endogenous metalloprotease activity is important for intestinal mucus dynamics. CLCA1 acts as a metalloprotease in intestinal mucus and this function is independent of ion and mucus secretion. CLCA1 is involved in the transition from the inner to outer mucus layer in colon.
In this article we provide evidence that endogenous enzyme activity is important for normal processing of the intestinal mucus layer, which creates a protective barrier against the vast number of bacteria in the large intestine. CLCA1, a highly abundant intestinal mucus protein, seems to be a key contributor to mucus processing. This role for CLCA1 is different from what was previously described. As mucus clearance is of importance for several diseases, better understanding of mucus processing could be of great importance to develop new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth E L Nyström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - George M H Birchenough
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sjoerd van der Post
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Liisa Arike
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin E V Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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17
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Bratt JM, Chang KY, Rabowsky M, Franzi LM, Ott SP, Filosto S, Goldkorn T, Arif M, Last JA, Kenyon NJ, Zeki AA. Farnesyltransferase Inhibition Exacerbates Eosinophilic Inflammation and Airway Hyperreactivity in Mice with Experimental Asthma: The Complex Roles of Ras GTPase and Farnesylpyrophosphate in Type 2 Allergic Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3840-3856. [PMID: 29703864 PMCID: PMC5964018 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ras, a small GTPase protein, is thought to mediate Th2-dependent eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. Ras requires cell membrane association for its biological activity, and this requires the posttranslational modification of Ras with an isoprenyl group by farnesyltransferase (FTase) or geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase). We hypothesized that inhibition of FTase using FTase inhibitor (FTI)-277 would attenuate allergic asthma by depleting membrane-associated Ras. We used the OVA mouse model of allergic inflammation and human airway epithelial (HBE1) cells to determine the role of FTase in inflammatory cell recruitment. BALB/c mice were first sensitized then exposed to 1% OVA aerosol or filtered air, and half were injected daily with FTI-277 (20 mg/kg per day). Treatment of mice with FTI-277 had no significant effect on lung membrane-anchored Ras, Ras protein levels, or Ras GTPase activity. In OVA-exposed mice, FTI-277 treatment increased eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and airway hyperreactivity. Human bronchial epithelial (HBE1) cells were pretreated with 5, 10, or 20 μM FTI-277 prior to and during 12 h IL-13 (20 ng/ml) stimulation. In HBE1 cells, FTase inhibition with FTI-277 had no significant effect on IL-13-induced STAT6 phosphorylation, eotaxin-3 peptide secretion, or Ras translocation. However, addition of exogenous FPP unexpectedly augmented IL-13-induced STAT6 phosphorylation and eotaxin-3 secretion from HBE1 cells without affecting Ras translocation. Pharmacological inhibition of FTase exacerbates allergic asthma, suggesting a protective role for FTase or possibly Ras farnesylation. FPP synergistically augments epithelial eotaxin-3 secretion, indicating a novel Ras-independent farnesylation mechanism or direct FPP effect that promotes epithelial eotaxin-3 production in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Bratt
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Kevin Y Chang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
| | - Michelle Rabowsky
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
| | - Lisa M Franzi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Sean P Ott
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Simone Filosto
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Signal Transduction, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Tzipora Goldkorn
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Signal Transduction, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Muhammad Arif
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Jerold A Last
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
| | - Amir A Zeki
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95817; and
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18
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Best SA, De Souza DP, Kersbergen A, Policheni AN, Dayalan S, Tull D, Rathi V, Gray DH, Ritchie ME, McConville MJ, Sutherland KD. Synergy between the KEAP1/NRF2 and PI3K Pathways Drives Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with an Altered Immune Microenvironment. Cell Metab 2018. [PMID: 29526543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lung presents a highly oxidative environment, which is tolerated through engagement of tightly controlled stress response pathways. A critical stress response mediator is the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2/NRF2), which is negatively regulated by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). Alterations in the KEAP1/NRF2 pathway have been identified in 23% of lung adenocarcinomas, suggesting that deregulation of the pathway is a major cancer driver. We demonstrate that inactivation of Keap1 and Pten in the mouse lung promotes adenocarcinoma formation. Notably, metabolites identified in the plasma of Keap1f/f/Ptenf/f tumor-bearing mice indicate that tumorigenesis is associated with reprogramming of the pentose phosphate pathway. Furthermore, the immune milieu was dramatically changed by Keap1 and Pten deletion, and tumor regression was achieved utilizing immune checkpoint inhibition. Thus, our study highlights the ability to exploit both metabolic and immune characteristics in the detection and treatment of lung tumors harboring KEAP1/NRF2 pathway alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Best
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David P De Souza
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ariena Kersbergen
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Antonia N Policheni
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Saravanan Dayalan
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Vivek Rathi
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Daniel H Gray
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kate D Sutherland
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Upadhyay S, Palmberg L. Air-Liquid Interface: Relevant In Vitro Models for Investigating Air Pollutant-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Upadhyay
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Chang WH, Thai P, Xu J, Yang DC, Wu R, Chen CH. Cigarette Smoke Regulates the Competitive Interactions between NRF2 and BACH1 for Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112386. [PMID: 29125538 PMCID: PMC5713355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke has been shown to trigger aberrant signaling pathways and pathophysiological processes; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying smoke-induced gene expression remain to be established. Herein, we observed that two smoke-responsive genes, HO-1 and CYP1A1, are robustly induced upon smoke by different mechanisms in human bronchial epithelia. CYP1A1 is mediated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling, while induction of HO-1 is regulated by oxidative stress, and suppressed by N-acetylcysteine treatment. In light of a pivotal role of NRF2 and BACH1 in response to oxidative stress and regulation of HO-1, we examined if smoke-induced HO-1 expression is modulated through the NRF2/BACH1 axis. We demonstrated that smoke causes significant nuclear translocation of NRF2, but only a slight decrease in nuclear BACH1. Knockdown of NRF2 attenuated smoke-induced HO-1 expression while down-regulation of BACH1 had stimulatory effects on both basal and smoke-induced HO-1 with trivial influence on NRF2 nuclear translocation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that smoke augments promoter-specific DNA binding of NRF2 but suppresses BACH1 binding to the HO-1 promoter ARE sites, two of which at −1.0 kb and −2.6 kb are newly identified. These results suggest that the regulation of NRF2 activator and BACH1 repressor binding to the ARE sites are critical for smoke-mediated HO-1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.
| | - Philip Thai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Jihao Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - David C Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Reen Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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21
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Singh PB, Pua HH, Happ HC, Schneider C, von Moltke J, Locksley RM, Baumjohann D, Ansel KM. MicroRNA regulation of type 2 innate lymphoid cell homeostasis and function in allergic inflammation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3627-3643. [PMID: 29122948 PMCID: PMC5716040 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Singh et al. examined microRNA expression and physiological requirements in type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). The miR-17∼92 cluster promotes ILC2 growth, cytokine expression, and function in allergic inflammation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) exert powerful effects on immunity through coordinate regulation of multiple target genes in a wide variety of cells. Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are tissue sentinel mediators of allergic inflammation. We established the physiological requirements for miRNAs in ILC2 homeostasis and immune function and compared the global miRNA repertoire of resting and activated ILC2s and T helper type 2 (TH2) cells. After exposure to the natural allergen papain, mice selectively lacking the miR-17∼92 cluster in ILC2s displayed reduced lung inflammation. Moreover, miR-17∼92–deficient ILC2s exhibited defective growth and cytokine expression in response to IL-33 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin in vitro. The miR-17∼92 cluster member miR-19a promoted IL-13 and IL-5 production and inhibited expression of several targets, including SOCS1 and A20, signaling inhibitors that limit IL-13 and IL-5 production. These findings establish miRNAs as important regulators of ILC2 biology, reveal overlapping but nonidentical miRNA-regulated gene expression networks in ILC2s and TH2 cells, and reinforce the therapeutic potential of targeting miR-19 to alleviate pathogenic allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priti B Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Heather H Pua
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hannah C Happ
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Christoph Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - K Mark Ansel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA .,Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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22
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Duke KS, Taylor-Just AJ, Ihrie MD, Shipkowski KA, Thompson EA, Dandley EC, Parsons GN, Bonner JC. STAT1-dependent and -independent pulmonary allergic and fibrogenic responses in mice after exposure to tangled versus rod-like multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:26. [PMID: 28716119 PMCID: PMC5512939 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is influenced by physicochemical characteristics and genetic susceptibility. We hypothesized that contrasting rigidities of tangled (t) versus rod-like (r) MWCNTs would result in differing immunologic or fibrogenic responses in mice and that these responses would be exaggerated in transgenic mice lacking the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1), a susceptible mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Male wild type (Stat1 +/+ ) and STAT1-deficient (Stat1 -/- ) mice were exposed to 4 mg/kg tMWCNTs, rMWCNTs, or vehicle alone via oropharyngeal aspiration and evaluated for inflammation at one and 21 days post-exposure via histopathology, differential cell counts, and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Granuloma formation, mucous cell metaplasia, and airway fibrosis were evaluated by quantitative morphometry. Airway epithelial cell proliferation was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Cytokine protein levels in BALF and serum IgE levels were measured by ELISA. Lung protein Smad2/3 levels and activation were measured by Western blot. Lung mRNAs were measured by PCR. RESULTS There was a 7-fold difference in rigidity between tMWCNTs and rMWCNTs as determined by static bending ratio. Both MWCNT types resulted in acute inflammation (neutrophils in BALF) after one-day post-exposure, yet only rMWCNTs resulted in chronic inflammation at 21 days as indicated by neutrophil influx and larger granulomas. Both MWCNTs induced BrdU uptake in airway epithelial cells, with the greatest proliferative response observed in rMWCNT-exposed mice after one-day. Only rMWCNTs induced mucous cell metaplasia, but this index was not different between genotypes. Stat1 -/- mice had higher levels of baseline serum IgE than Stat1 +/+ mice. Greater airway fibrosis was observed with rMWCNTs compared to tMWCNTs, and exaggerated airway fibrosis was seen in the Stat1 -/- mouse lungs with rMWCNTs but not tMWCNTs. Increased fibrosis correlated with elevated levels of TGF-β1 protein levels in the BALF of Stat1 -/- mice exposed to rMWCNTs and increased lung Smad2/3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Rigidity plays a key role in the toxicity of MWCNTs and results in increased inflammatory, immunologic, and fibrogenic effects in the lung. STAT1 is an important protective factor in the fibroproliferative response to rMWCNTs, regulating both induced TGF-β1 production and Smad2/3 phosphorylation status. Therefore, both rigidity and genetic susceptibility should be major considerations for risk assessment of MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Duke
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7633, USA
| | - Alexia J Taylor-Just
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7633, USA
| | - Mark D Ihrie
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7633, USA
| | - Kelly A Shipkowski
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7633, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7633, USA
| | - Erinn C Dandley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Gregory N Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - James C Bonner
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7633, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7633, USA.
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23
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Wang X, Li Y, Luo D, Wang X, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhong N, Wu M, Li G. Lyn regulates mucus secretion and MUC5AC via the STAT6 signaling pathway during allergic airway inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42675. [PMID: 28205598 PMCID: PMC5312001 DOI: 10.1038/srep42675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersecretion of mucus is an important component of airway remodeling and contributes to the mucus plugs and airflow obstruction associated with severe asthma phenotypes. Lyn has been shown to down-regulate allergen-induced airway inflammation. However, the role of Lyn in mucin gene expression remains unresolved. In this study, we first demonstrate that Lyn overexpression decreased the mucus hypersecretion and levels of the muc5ac transcript in mice exposed to ovalbumin (OVA). Lyn overexpression also decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the levels of IL-13 and IL-4 in OVA-challenged airways. Whereas Lyn knockdown increased the IL-4 or IL-13-induced MUC5AC transcript and protein levels in the human bronchial epithelial cell line, 16HBE, Lyn overexpression decreased IL-4- or IL-13-induced MUC5AC transcript and protein levels. Overexpression of Lyn also decreased the expression and phosphorylation of STAT6 in OVA-exposed mice, whereas Lyn knockdown increased STAT6 and MUC5AC levels in 16HBE cells. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed that Lyn overexpression decreased the binding of STAT6 to the promoter region of Muc5ac in mice exposed to OVA. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that Lyn overexpression ameliorated airway mucus hypersecretion by down-regulating STAT6 and its binding to the MUC5AC promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yin Li
- The First Clinic College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Deyu Luo
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease for Allergy at Shenzhen University, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- State Key Laboratories of Respiratory Disease, Ghuangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N Columbia Rd, Grand Forks, ND 58203-9037, USA
| | - Guoping Li
- Inflammation &Allergic Diseases Research Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
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24
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Di Mise A, Wang YX, Zheng YM. Role of Transcription Factors in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells: An Important Link to Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:13-32. [PMID: 29047078 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, namely a lack of oxygen in the blood, induces pulmonary vasoconstriction and vasoremodeling, which serve as essential pathologic factors leading to pulmonary hypertension (PH). The underlying molecular mechanisms are uncertain; however, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) play an essential role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, vasoremodeling, and PH. Hypoxia causes oxidative damage to DNAs, proteins, and lipids. This damage (oxidative stress) modulates the activity of ion channels and elevates the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i, Ca2+ signaling) of PASMCs. The oxidative stress and increased Ca2+ signaling mutually interact with each other, and synergistically results in a variety of cellular responses. These responses include functional and structural abnormalities of mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus; cell contraction, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis, as well as generation of vasoactive substances, inflammatory molecules, and growth factors that mediate the development of PH. A number of studies reveal that various transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in hypoxia-induced oxidative stress, disrupted PAMSC Ca2+ signaling and the development and progress of PH. It is believed that in the pathogenesis of PH, hypoxia facilitates these roles by mediating the expression of multiple genes. Therefore, the identification of specific genes and their transcription factors implicated in PH is necessary for the complete understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, this identification may aid in the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Di Mise
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Yong-Xiao Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Yun-Min Zheng
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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25
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Yang D, Jin M, Bai C, Zhou J, Shen Y. Peroxiredoxin 6 suppresses Muc5ac overproduction in LPS-induced airway inflammation through H 2O 2-EGFR-MAPK signaling pathway. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 236:84-90. [PMID: 27884794 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion is a prominent mechanism in airway inflammation. Muc5ac is a major component of mucus and can be activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) highly expresses in airway epithelium and protects the airway from oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the roles of Prdx6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mucin production in mice. We found that the levels of H2O2 and the Muc5ac mRNA were significantly increased in Prdx6 (-/-) mice compared to those in C57BL/6J mice after LPS instillation, which were markedly inhibited by epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor Elrotinib. In vitro studies showed that mRNA levels of Prdx6 were decreased while H2O2 and Muc5ac were increased in a dose-dependent manner after LPS exposure, with significant increase in Prdx6 knockdown bronchial epithelial cells compared with those in normal epithelial cells. LPS-induced Muc5ac release was significantly inhibited by EGFR inhibitor, p38 inhibitor and JNK inhibitor, but not ERK1/2 inhibitor, indicating that the H2O2-EGFR-MAPK pathway is likely involved in the responses. This study indicated that Prdx6 decreased LPS-induced Muc5ac increase and played important roles in mucin hypersecretion after LPS exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Jin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Piyadasa H, Altieri A, Basu S, Schwartz J, Halayko AJ, Mookherjee N. Biosignature for airway inflammation in a house dust mite-challenged murine model of allergic asthma. Biol Open 2016; 5:112-21. [PMID: 26740570 PMCID: PMC4823983 DOI: 10.1242/bio.014464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
House dust mite (HDM) challenge is commonly used in murine models of allergic asthma for preclinical pathophysiological studies. However, few studies define objective readouts or biomarkers in this model. In this study we characterized immune responses and defined molecular markers that are specifically altered after HDM challenge. In this murine model, we used repeated HDM challenge for two weeks which induced hallmarks of allergic asthma seen in humans, including airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and elevated levels of circulating total and HDM-specific IgE and IgG1. Kinetic studies showed that at least 24 h after last HDM challenge results in significant AHR along with eosinophil infiltration in the lungs. Histologic assessment of lung revealed increased epithelial thickness and goblet cell hyperplasia, in the absence of airway wall collagen deposition, suggesting ongoing tissue repair concomitant with acute allergic lung inflammation. Thus, this model may be suitable to delineate airway inflammation processes that precede airway remodeling and development of fixed airway obstruction. We observed that a panel of cytokines e.g. IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, KC, TNF-α, IL-13, IL-33, MDC and TARC were elevated in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar fluid, indicating local lung inflammation. However, levels of these cytokines remained unchanged in serum, reflecting lack of systemic inflammation in this model. Based on these findings, we further monitored the expression of 84 selected genes in lung tissues by quantitative real-time PCR array, and identified 31 mRNAs that were significantly up-regulated in lung tissue from HDM-challenged mice. These included genes associated with human asthma (e.g. clca3, ear11, il-13, il-13ra2, il-10, il-21, arg1 and chia1) and leukocyte recruitment in the lungs (e.g. ccl11, ccl12 and ccl24). This study describes a biosignature to enable broad and systematic interrogation of molecular mechanisms and intervention strategies for airway inflammation pertinent to allergic asthma that precedes and possibly potentiates airway remodeling and fibrosis. Summary: This study describes a systematic analysis of molecular end points in an murine model of allergic asthma. The biosignature described can be used to interrogate molecular mechanisms and intervention strategies for airway inflammation pertinent to allergic asthma that precedes and possibly potentiates airway remodeling and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeesha Piyadasa
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Anthony Altieri
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Sujata Basu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Jacquie Schwartz
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9, Canada Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada Canadian Respiratory Research Network
| | - Neeloffer Mookherjee
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T5, Canada Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada Canadian Respiratory Research Network
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27
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Dickinson JD, Alevy Y, Malvin NP, Patel KK, Gunsten SP, Holtzman MJ, Stappenbeck TS, Brody SL. IL13 activates autophagy to regulate secretion in airway epithelial cells. Autophagy 2015; 12:397-409. [PMID: 26062017 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1056967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine modulation of autophagy is increasingly recognized in disease pathogenesis, and current concepts suggest that type 1 cytokines activate autophagy, whereas type 2 cytokines are inhibitory. However, this paradigm derives primarily from studies of immune cells and is poorly characterized in tissue cells, including sentinel epithelial cells that regulate the immune response. In particular, the type 2 cytokine IL13 (interleukin 13) drives the formation of airway goblet cells that secrete excess mucus as a characteristic feature of airway disease, but whether this process is influenced by autophagy was undefined. Here we use a mouse model of airway disease in which IL33 (interleukin 33) stimulation leads to IL13-dependent formation of airway goblet cells as tracked by levels of mucin MUC5AC (mucin 5AC, oligomeric mucus/gel forming), and we show that these cells manifest a block in mucus secretion in autophagy gene Atg16l1-deficient mice compared to wild-type control mice. Similarly, primary-culture human tracheal epithelial cells treated with IL13 to stimulate mucus formation also exhibit a block in MUC5AC secretion in cells depleted of autophagy gene ATG5 (autophagy-related 5) or ATG14 (autophagy-related 14) compared to nondepleted control cells. Our findings indicate that autophagy is essential for airway mucus secretion in a type 2, IL13-dependent immune disease process and thereby provide a novel therapeutic strategy for attenuating airway obstruction in hypersecretory inflammatory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis lung disease. Taken together, these observations suggest that the regulation of autophagy by Th2 cytokines is cell-context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Dickinson
- a Department of Medicine , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Yael Alevy
- a Department of Medicine , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Nicole P Malvin
- b Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Khushbu K Patel
- b Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Sean P Gunsten
- a Department of Medicine , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- a Department of Medicine , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA.,c Department of Cell Biology , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- b Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA.,d Department of Developmental Biology , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Steven L Brody
- a Department of Medicine , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA
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28
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Pérez FJ, Ponce CA, Rojas DA, Iturra PA, Bustamante RI, Gallo M, Hananias K, Vargas SL. Fungal colonization with Pneumocystis correlates to increasing chloride channel accessory 1 (hCLCA1) suggesting a pathway for up-regulation of airway mucus responses, in infant lungs. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 4:58-61. [PMID: 25379375 PMCID: PMC4213842 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungal colonization with Pneumocystis is associated with increased airway mucus in infants during their primary Pneumocystis infection, and to severity of COPD in adults. The pathogenic mechanisms are under investigation. Interestingly, increased levels of hCLCA1 – a member of the calcium-sensitive chloride conductance family of proteins that drives mucus hypersecretion – have been associated with increased mucus production in patients diagnosed with COPD and in immunocompetent rodents with Pneumocystis infection. Pneumocystis is highly prevalent in infants; therefore, the contribution of Pneumocystis to hCLCA1 expression was examined in autopsied infant lungs. Respiratory viruses that may potentially increase mucus, were also examined. hCLCA1 expression was measured using actin-normalized Western-blot, and the burden of Pneumocystis organisms was quantified by qPCR in 55 autopsied lungs from apparently healthy infants who died in the community. Respiratory viruses were diagnosed using RT-PCR for RSV, metapneumovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza viruses; and by PCR for adenovirus. hCLCA1 levels in virus positive samples were comparable to those in virus-negative samples. An association between Pneumocystis and increased hCLCA1 expression was documented (P=0.028). Additionally, increasing Pneumocystis burden correlated with increasing hCLCA1 protein expression levels (P=0.017). Results strengthen the evidence of Pneumocystis-associated up-regulation of mucus-related airway responses in infant lungs. Further characterization of this immunocompetent host-Pneumocystis-interaction, including assessment of potential clinical significance, is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Pérez
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Carolina A Ponce
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Diego A Rojas
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Pablo A Iturra
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Rebeca I Bustamante
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | | | | | - Sergio L Vargas
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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29
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Dietert K, Reppe K, Mundhenk L, Witzenrath M, Gruber AD. mCLCA3 modulates IL-17 and CXCL-1 induction and leukocyte recruitment in murine Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102606. [PMID: 25033194 PMCID: PMC4102496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hCLCA1 and its murine ortholog mCLCA3 (calcium-activated chloride channel regulators) are exclusively expressed in mucus cells and linked to inflammatory airway diseases with increased mucus production, such as asthma, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both proteins have a known impact on the mucus cell metaplasia trait in these diseases. However, growing evidence points towards an additional role in innate immune responses. In the current study, we analyzed Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia, an established model to study pulmonary innate immunity, in mCLCA3-deficient and wild-type mice, focusing on the cellular and cytokine-driven innate inflammatory response. We compared clinical signs, bacterial clearance, leukocyte immigration and cytokine responses in the bronchoalveolar compartment, as well as pulmonary vascular permeability, histopathology, mucus cell number and mRNA expression levels of selected genes (mClca1 to 7, Muc5ac, Muc5b, Muc2, Cxcl-1, Cxcl-2, Il-17). Deficiency of mCLCA3 resulted in decreased neutrophilic infiltration into the bronchoalveolar space during bacterial infection. Only the cytokines IL-17 and the murine CXCL-8 homolog CXCL-1 were decreased on mRNA and protein levels during bacterial infection in mCLCA3-deficient mice compared to wild-type controls. However, no differences in clinical outcome, histopathology or mucus cell metaplasia were observed. We did not find evidence for regulation of any other CLCA homolog that would putatively compensate for the lack of mCLCA3. In conclusion, mCLCA3 appears to modulate leukocyte response via IL-17 and murine CXCL-8 homologs in acute Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia which is well in line with the proposed function of hCLCA1 as a signaling molecule acting on alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Dietert
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Hao Y, Kuang Z, Xu Y, Walling BE, Lau GW. Pyocyanin-induced mucin production is associated with redox modification of FOXA2. Respir Res 2013; 14:82. [PMID: 23915402 PMCID: PMC3765780 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The redox-active pyocyanin (PCN) is a toxic, secondary metabolite secreted by the respiratory pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Previously, we have shown that mouse lungs chronically exposed to PCN develop goblet cell hyperplasia and metaplasia (GCHM) and mucus hypersecretion, fibrosis and emphysema. These pathological features are commonly found in the airways of several chronic lung diseases, including cystic fibrosis (CF), as well as in mouse airways deficient in the forkhead box A2 (FOXA2), a transcriptional repressor of goblet GCHM and mucus biosynthesis. Furthermore, PCN inhibits FOXA2 by activating the pro-GCHM signaling pathways Stat6 and EGFR. However, it is not known whether PCN-generated reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species posttranslationally modify and inactivate FOXA2. Methods We examined the posttranslational modifications of FOXA2 by PCN using specific antibodies against oxidation, nitrosylation, acetylation and ubiquitination. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was used to examine the ability of modified FOXA2 to bind the promoter of MUC5B mucin gene. In addition, we used quantitative real time PCR, ELISA, immunofluorescence and mouse lung infection to assess whether the loss of FOXA2 function caused GCHM and mucin overexpression. Finally, we examined the restoration of FOXA2 function by the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Results We found that PCN-generated ROS/RNS caused nitrosylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and degradation of FOXA2. Modified FOXA2 had reduced ability to bind the promoter of the MUC5B gene. The antioxidant GSH alleviated the modification of FOXA2 by PCN, and inhibited the overexpression of MUC5AC and MUC5B mucins. Conclusion These results suggest that PCN-mediated posttranslational modifications of FOXA2 are positively correlated with GCHM and overexpression of airway mucins. Furthermore, antioxidant treatment restores the function of FOXA2 to attenuate GCHM and mucus hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Hao
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 2001, Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, United States of America.
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Walford HH, Doherty TA. STAT6 and lung inflammation. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25301. [PMID: 24416647 PMCID: PMC3876430 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung inflammation has many etiologies, including diseases of Th2-type immunity, such as asthma and anti-parasitic responses. Inflammatory diseases of the lung involve complex interactions among structural cells (airway epithelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts) and immune cells (B and T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells). Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) has been demonstrated to regulate many pathologic features of lung inflammatory responses in animal models including airway eosinophilia, epithelial mucus production, smooth muscle changes, Th2 cell differentiation, and IgE production from B cells. Cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 that are upstream of STAT6 are found elevated in human asthma and clinical trials are underway to therapeutically target the IL-4/IL-13/STAT6 pathway. Additionally, recent work suggests that STAT6 may also regulate lung anti-viral responses and contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. This review will focus on the role of STAT6 in lung diseases and mechanisms by which STAT6 controls immune and structural lung cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H Walford
- Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA ; Department of Pediatrics; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Taylor A Doherty
- Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
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Impact of adiponectin overexpression on allergic airways responses in mice. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2013:349520. [PMID: 23861690 PMCID: PMC3686156 DOI: 10.1155/2013/349520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important risk factor for asthma. Obese individuals have decreased circulating adiponectin, an adipose-derived hormone with anti-inflammatory properties. We hypothesized that transgenic overexpression of adiponectin would attenuate allergic airways inflammation and mucous hyperplasia in mice. To test this hypothesis, we used mice overexpressing adiponectin (Adipo Tg). Adipo Tg mice had marked increases in both serum adiponectin and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid adiponectin. Both acute and chronic ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge protocols were used. In both protocols, OVA-induced increases in total BAL cells were attenuated in Adipo Tg versus WT mice. In the acute protocol, OVA-induced increases in several IL-13 dependent genes were attenuated in Adipo Tg versus WT mice, even though IL-13 per se was not affected. With chronic exposure, though OVA-induced increases in goblet cells numbers per millimeter of basement membrane were greater in Adipo Tg versus WT mice, mRNA abundance of mucous genes in lungs was not different. Also, adiponectin overexpression did not induce M2 polarization in alveolar macrophages. Our results indicate that adiponectin protects against allergen-induced inflammatory cell recruitment to the airspaces, but not development of goblet cell hyperplasia.
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P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide-induced MUC5AC and CLCA3 expression is partly through Duox1 in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63945. [PMID: 23691121 PMCID: PMC3653940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (PA-LPS) induced MUC5AC in airway epithelial cells. Dual oxidase1 (Duox1), a member of NADPH oxidase(Nox), is known to be responsible for ROS production in respiratory tract epithelial cells. Our aim was to clarify whether Duox1 was also involved in the PA-LPS-induced MUC5AC and calcium dependent chloride channel 3(Clca3), another recognized marker of goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hyper-production. METHODS PA-LPS-induced Duox1 mRNA levels were examined in A549 cells, primary mouse tracheal epithelial cells (mTECS) and lung tissues of mice. Nox inhibitors diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) and Duox1 siRNA were used to investigate whether Duox1 is involved in PA-LPS-induced MUC5AC and Clca3 expression both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Duox1 is induced by PA-LPS in A549 cells, primary mTECs and lung tissues of mice. DPI significantly inhibited PA-LPS-induced up-regulation of Duox1, Muc5ac and Clca3 in primary mouse trachea epithelial cells and lung tissues of mice. Knockdown of Duox1 markedly inhibited PA-LPS-induced MUC5AC expression via a ROS-TGF-α cascade in A549 cells. Furthermore, DPI significantly inhibited PA-LPS-induced increases in inflammatory cells accumulated in mouse lungs. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that PA-LPS-induced MUC5AC and Clca3 expression is partly through Duox1, and provide supportive evidence for Duox1 as a potential target in treatments of mucin over-production diseases.
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Gabriele L, Schiavoni G, Mattei F, Sanchez M, Sestili P, Butteroni C, Businaro R, Mirchandani A, Niedbala W, Liew FY, Afferni C. Novel allergic asthma model demonstrates ST2-dependent dendritic cell targeting by cypress pollen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:686-695.e7. [PMID: 23608732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cypress pollen causes respiratory syndromes with different grades of severity, including asthma. IL-33, its receptor ST2, and dendritic cells (DCs) have been implicated in human respiratory allergy. OBJECTIVE We sought to define a new mouse model of allergy to cypress pollen that recapitulates clinical parameters in allergic patients and to evaluate the implications of DCs and the IL-33/ST2 pathway in this pathology. METHODS BALB/c mice, either wild-type or ST2 deficient (ST2(-/-)), were sensitized and challenged with the Cupressus arizonica major allergen nCup a 1. Local and systemic allergic responses were evaluated. Pulmonary cells were characterized by means of flow cytometry. DCs were stimulated with nCup a 1 and tested for their biological response to IL-33 in coculture assays. RESULTS nCup a 1 causes a respiratory syndrome closely resembling human pollinosis in BALB/c mice. nCup a 1-treated mice exhibit the hallmarks of allergic pathology associated with pulmonary infiltration of eosinophils, T cells, and DCs and a dominant TH2-type immune response. IL-33 levels were increased in lungs and sera of nCup a 1-treated mice and in subjects with cypress allergy. The allergen-specific reaction was markedly reduced in ST2(-/-) mice, which showed fewer infiltrating eosinophils, T cells, and DCs in the lungs. Finally, stimulation of DCs with nCup a 1 resulted in ST2 upregulation that endowed DCs with increased ability to respond to IL-33-mediated differentiation of IL-5- and IL-13-producing CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings define a novel preclinical model of allergy to cypress pollen and provide the first evidence of a functionally relevant linkage between pollen allergens and TH2-polarizing activity by DCs through IL-33/ST2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sestili
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Butteroni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Businaro
- Department of Human Anatomy, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Ananda Mirchandani
- Institute of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Wanda Niedbala
- Institute of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Foo Y Liew
- Institute of Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; CEGMR, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudia Afferni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Song LQ, Li Y, Li WN, Zhang W, Qi HW, Wu CG. Safety and immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding human calcium-activated chloride channel 1 (hCLCA1) in asthmatic mice. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161:243-51. [PMID: 23548383 DOI: 10.1159/000345972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium-activated chloride channels (CLCAs) have been found to be preferentially expressed on the secretory epithelium. They may play a pivotal role in mucous overproduction by bronchial goblet cells in asthma. It has been reported that the inhibition of CLCAs with niflumic acid could relieve the symptoms of asthma. However, niflumic acid has serious adverse effects. DNA vaccination is considered to be a promising strategy to treat allergic diseases such as asthma and dust mite allergy. METHODS We constructed a vaccine encoding human CLCA1 (hCLCA1) and evaluated its effects on promoting antibodies against hCLCA1 and the related preventive function in a mouse model of asthma. RESULTS Our results reveal that the induced hCLCA1 antibodies can be detected in the first 2 weeks after immunization with hCLCA1 plasmids (hCLCA1-p) by intramuscular injection and augmented gradually in the following several weeks. The autoantibodies against hCLCA1 induced by the DNA vaccine bound to three segments of the mouse CLCA3 (mCLCA3) protein, including the amino terminal (PepN), the carboxyl terminal (PepC) and the middle of the protein (PepM). In our study, mice immunized with hCLCA1-p developed fewer pathological changes compared with other control groups, including a remarkable reduction in the air pressure-time index of the trachea, the number of eosinophils and mast cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the mRNA level of MUC5AC in goblet cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that a DNA vaccine encoding the CLCA protein may have potential as a useful pharmacotherapy for asthma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Q Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China. lqsongxian @ gmail.com
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Kim YS, Song KS. Defective expression of the regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) 4 increases MUC5AC overproduction in the epithelia of nasal polyps. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13770-013-0372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Ma LL, O'Byrne PM. The pharmacological modulation of allergen-induced asthma. Inflammopharmacology 2012; 21:113-24. [PMID: 23096484 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aeroallergens are the most common triggers for the development of asthma. Recent birth cohort studies have identified viral infections occurring against a background of aeroallergen sensitization as a potent risk factor for initiation of asthma. Viral infection enhances immunopathogenic potential of pre-existing inhalant allergy via modulating airway mucosal dendritic cells. By using an allergen inhalation challenge clinical model, studies have shown that the late asthma response (LAR) is associated with more pronounced allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. The degree of airway eosinophilia, regulated by bone marrow progenitor cells and interleukin-5 level, correlates with the magnitude of the LAR and the increase in hyperresponsiveness. Both myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cell subsets have been involved in the pathogenesis of allergen-induced LAR. Myeloid dendritic cells are responsible for the allergen presentation and induction of inflammation and plasmacytoid dendritic cells play a role in the resolution of allergen-induced inflammation. A variety of potential new classes of asthma medication has also been evaluated with the allergen inhalation challenge in mild asthmatic subjects. Examples are TPI ASM8, an inhaled anti-sense oligonucleotide drug product, which attenuated both early and LARs via inhibition of the target gene mRNA of chemokine receptor 3, and the common β chain of interleukin-3, interleukin-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor. Anti-human antibody interleukin-13 (IM-638) significantly attenuated both early and late allergen-induced asthma response. Pitrakinra, which targets both interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, substantially diminishes allergen-induced airway responses. Allergen-induced airway responses are a valuable way to evaluate the activity of possible new therapies in asthmatic airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Ma
- Firestone Institute of Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Tao B, Wang D, Cheng H, Wang K, Zhou R, Xie Q, Ke Y. Docking protein Gab2 regulates mucin expression and goblet cell hyperplasia through TYK2/STAT6 pathway. FASEB J 2012; 26:4603-13. [PMID: 22859374 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-211755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Goblet cell hyperplasia (GCH) and mucous hypersecretion are common pathological features of chronic pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and cystic fibrosis. Despite numerous studies, the molecular basis for this condition remains elusive. Gab2 is a member of the Dos/Gab subfamily scaffolding molecules and plays important roles in regulating growth, differentiation, and inflammation. We found that an elevated level of Gab2 correlates with up-regulated mucus in airway epithelia from patients with lung cancer or COPD, suggesting the potential involvement of Gab2 in pathological lesions in lungs. Knockdown of Gab2 in human airway epithelial cells in vitro decreases IL-13-induced expression of mucin genes. To address the in vivo role of Gab2 in lungs, Gab2-knockout (Gab2(-/-)) mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Further analysis of lungs in an OVA-induced allergy model suggested that GCH and mucus production are remarkably reduced in Gab2(-/-) mice. Mechanistically, Gab2 positively regulates IL-13-induced activation of TYK2/STAT6 by decreasing SOCS3-mediated degradation of TYK2. Together, we define a novel role for Gab2 in mediating mucin gene expression and GCH; these findings have important implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of airway inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Li S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Lu MM, DeMayo FJ, Dekker JD, Tucker PW, Morrisey EE. Foxp1/4 control epithelial cell fate during lung development and regeneration through regulation of anterior gradient 2. Development 2012; 139:2500-9. [PMID: 22675208 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular pathways regulating cell lineage determination and regeneration in epithelial tissues are poorly understood. The secretory epithelium of the lung is required for production of mucus to help protect the lung against environmental insults, including pathogens and pollution, that can lead to debilitating diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We show that the transcription factors Foxp1 and Foxp4 act cooperatively to regulate lung secretory epithelial cell fate and regeneration by directly restricting the goblet cell lineage program. Loss of Foxp1/4 in the developing lung and in postnatal secretory epithelium leads to ectopic activation of the goblet cell fate program, in part, through de-repression of the protein disulfide isomerase anterior gradient 2 (Agr2). Forced expression of Agr2 is sufficient to promote the goblet cell fate in the developing airway epithelium. Finally, in a model of lung secretory cell injury and regeneration, we show that loss of Foxp1/4 leads to catastrophic loss of airway epithelial regeneration due to default differentiation of secretory cells into the goblet cell lineage. These data demonstrate the importance of Foxp1/4 in restricting cell fate choices during development and regeneration, thereby providing the proper balance of functional epithelial lineages in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanru Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Mucin production and mucous cell metaplasia in otitis media. Int J Otolaryngol 2012; 2012:745325. [PMID: 22685463 PMCID: PMC3364788 DOI: 10.1155/2012/745325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) with mucoid effusion, characterized by mucous cell metaplasia/hyperplasia in the middle ear cleft and thick fluid accumulation in the middle ear cavity, is a subtype of OM which frequently leads to chronic OM in young children. Multiple factors are involved in the developmental process of OM with mucoid effusion, especially disorders of mucin production resulting from middle ear bacterial infection and Eustachian tube dysfunction. In this review, we will focus on several aspects of this disorder by analyzing the cellular and molecular events such as mucin production and mucous cell differentiation in the middle ear mucosa with OM. In addition, infectious agents, mucin production triggers, and relevant signaling pathways will be discussed.
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The role of atoh1 in mucous cell metaplasia. Int J Otolaryngol 2012; 2012:438609. [PMID: 22518155 PMCID: PMC3299318 DOI: 10.1155/2012/438609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A key issue in otitis media is mucous cell metaplasia which is responsible for mucous hypersecretion and persistence of the disease. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of mucous cell metaplasia in otitis media. Numerous studies of intestinal epithelial homeostasis have shown that Atonal homolog 1 (Atoh1), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, is essential for the intestinal goblet cell differentiation. On the other hand, SAM-pointed domain-containing Ets transcription factor (SPDEF), a member of the “Ets” transcription factor family, has been reported to trigger the mucous cell metaplasia of pulmonary infectious diseases or athsma. Recent studies have demonstrated the relation of these factors, that is, Spdef functions downstream of Atoh1. We could take the adventages of these findings for the study of otitis media because both middle ear and pulmonary epithelia belong to the same respiratory tract. Atoh1 and SPDEF could be the therapeutic targets for otitis media associated with mucous cell metaplasia which is frequently considered “intractable” in the clinical settings.
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Kim YO, Jung MJ, Choi JK, Ahn DW, Song KS. Peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus increases MUC5AC gene expression via RSK1-CREB pathway in human airway epithelial cells. Mol Cells 2011; 32:359-65. [PMID: 21904880 PMCID: PMC3887644 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract exposure to viruses, air pollutants, or bacterial pathogens can lead to pulmonary diseases. The molecular mechanism of mucous overproduction increased by these pathogens provides the knowledge for developing new therapeutic strategies. There is established in vitro data demonstrating that the overexpression of MUC5AC is induced by peptidoglycan (PGN) derived from Staphylococcus aureus. However, the mechanisms by which PGN activates MUC5AC gene expression in the airway remain unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the mechanism of PGN-induced MUC5AC gene expression. We found that PGN could induce MUC5AC gene expressions in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, activations of ERK1/2 and JNK increased after treatment of cells with PGN, whereas phosporylation of p38 was undetected. Of these MAPKs, pharmacologic inhibition of ERK1/2 decreased PGN-induced MUC5AC gene expression. In addition, we checked the activation of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) as a downstream signaling target of ERK1/2 in PGN signaling. The activation of RSK1 was prevented by pretreatment with PD98059. We also found that RSK1 mediated the PGN-induced phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and the transcription of MUC5AC. Furthermore, the cAMP-response element (CRE) in the MUC5AC promoter appears to be important for PGN-induced MUC5AC gene expression in NCI-H292 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ok Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Korea
| | - Min Jung Jung
- Department of Pathology, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-703, Korea
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De Diego Damiá A, Cortijo Gimeno J, Selma Ferrer MJ, León Fabregas M, Almudever Folch P, Milara Paya J. A Study of the Effect of Proinflammatory Cytokines on the Epithelial Cells of Smokers, With or Without COPD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Damiá ADD, Gimeno JC, Ferrer MJS, Fabregas ML, Folch PA, Paya JM. A study of the effect of proinflammatory cytokines on the epithelial cells of smokers, with or without COPD. Arch Bronconeumol 2011; 47:447-53. [PMID: 21676518 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoke is the main cause of inflammation in COPD. The mechanisms that differentiate smokers who develop COPD are diverse. In this study, we analyzed the presence of cytokines in the respiratory secretions of smokers with or without COPD and the secretory properties of the differentiated bronchial epithelium obtained from the individuals themselves after exposure to tobacco smoke. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-seven smokers were studied, 12 of whom had COPD that had not been previously treated with steroids. In 11, samples were obtained by means of induced sputum, and the remaining samples were collected from bronchial aspiration after bronchoscopy. Concentrations of IL-8, IL-13 and TNFα in the supernatant were determined. The results obtained were compared between individuals with and without COPD, and we studied their relationship with the severity of COPD as expressed by the degree of obstruction, dyspnea, presence of hypersecretion and intensity of smoking. Bronchial epithelial cell cultures were obtained by air-liquid interface in 4 smokers. The samples were exposed to increasing concentrations of cigarette smoke (5-20%) and the epithelial mRNA expressions of MUC5AC, IL8 and TNFα were determined. RESULTS COPD patients had significantly higher values of IL-8 than healthy smokers (41 [22] vs. 21 [12] pM). The values of IL-8 correlated significantly with the severity of the obstruction (r=0.6; p<0.05), dyspnea (r=0.45; p<0.05) and the presence of hypersecretion. There was no relationship between cytokines and the intensity or duration of the tobacco habit. Cigarette smoke produced a dose-dependent increase in the expression of RNAm for Muc5AC, IL8 and TNFα. CONCLUSIONS There are differences in cytokine production (fundamentally IL8) between smokers and smokers with COPD which could be explained by the direct action of cigarette smoke on epithelial cells.
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Choi WI, Syrkina O, Kwon KY, Quinn DA, Hales CA. JNK activation is responsible for mucus overproduction in smoke inhalation injury. Respir Res 2010; 11:172. [PMID: 21134294 PMCID: PMC3014901 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased mucus secretion is one of the important characteristics of the response to smoke inhalation injuries. We hypothesized that gel-forming mucins may contribute to the increased mucus production in a smoke inhalation injury. We investigated the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in modulating smoke-induced mucus secretion. METHODS We intubated mice and exposed them to smoke from burning cotton for 15 min. Their lungs were then isolated 4 and 24 h after inhalation injury. Three groups of mice were subjected to the smoke inhalation injury: (1) wild-type (WT) mice, (2) mice lacking JNK1 (JNK1-/- mice), and (3) WT mice administered a JNK inhibitor. The JNK inhibitor (SP-600125) was injected into the mice 1 h after injury. RESULTS Smoke exposure caused an increase in the production of mucus in the airway epithelium of the mice along with an increase in MUC5AC gene and protein expression, while the expression of MUC5B was not increased compared with control. We found increased MUC5AC protein expression in the airway epithelium of the WT mice groups both 4 and 24 h after smoke inhalation injury. However, overproduction of mucus and increased MUC5AC protein expression induced by smoke inhalation was suppressed in the JNK inhibitor-treated mice and the JNK1 knockout mice. Smoke exposure did not alter the expression of MUC1 and MUC4 proteins in all 3 groups compared with control. CONCLUSION An increase in epithelial MUC5AC protein expression is associated with the overproduction of mucus in smoke inhalation injury, and that its expression is related on JNK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ii Choi
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusettes General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Gerber V, De Feijter-Rupp H, Wagner J, Venta P, Harkema JR, Robinson NE. Differential association of MUC5AC and CLCA1 expression in small cartilaginous airways of RAO-affected and control horses. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:817-23. [PMID: 20095232 DOI: 10.2746/042516409x443305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Airway mucus accumulation is associated with indoor irritant and allergen exposure in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and a chloride channel (calcium activated, family member 1; CLCA1) are key signalling molecules involved in mucin gene expression. OBJECTIVES We hypothesised that exposure to irritants and aeroallergens would lead to increased expression of the mucin gene eqMUC5AC and increased stored mucosubstance in the airways of RAO-affected horses, associated with increased neutrophils and CLCA1 and EGFR mRNA levels. METHODS We performed quantitative RT-PCR of eqMUC5AC, CLCA1 and EGFR; volume density measurements of intraepithelial mucosubstances; and cytological differentiation of intraluminal inflammatory cells in small cartilaginous airways from cranial left and right and caudal left and right lung lobes of 5 clinically healthy and 5 RAO-affected horses that had been exposed to indoor stable environment for 5 days before euthanasia. RESULTS Neutrophils were increased in RAO-affected horses compared to clinically healthy controls. EqMUC5AC mRNA levels were positively correlated with both CLCA1 and EGFR mRNA levels in RAO-affected horses but only with CLCA1 in controls. The relationship between eqMUC5AC and CLCA1 differed in the 2 groups of horses with RAO-affected animals overexpressing CLCA1 in relation to eqMUC5AC. CONCLUSIONS These data implicate CLCA1 as a signalling molecule in the expression of eqMUC5AC in horses but also suggest differential regulation by CLCA1 and EGFR between horses with RAO and those with milder degrees of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gerber
- Equine Clinic, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Fujisawa T, Velichko S, Thai P, Hung LY, Huang F, Wu R. Regulation of airway MUC5AC expression by IL-1beta and IL-17A; the NF-kappaB paradigm. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6236-43. [PMID: 19841186 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucin over-production is one of the hallmarks of chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. NF-kappaB activation in airway epithelial cells has been shown to play a positive inflammatory role in chronic airway diseases; however, the role of NF-kappaB in mucin gene expression is unresolved. In this study, we have shown that the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and IL-17A, both of which utilize the NF-kappaB pathway, are potent inducers of mucin (MUC)5AC mRNA and protein synthesis by both well-differentiated primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells and the human bronchial epithelial cell line, HBE1. MUC5AC induction by these cytokines was both time- and dose-dependent and occurred at the level of promoter activation, as measured by a reporter gene assay. These effects were attenuated by the small molecule inhibitor NF-kappaB inhibitor III, as well as p65 small-interfering RNA, suggesting that the regulation of MUC5AC expression by these cytokines is via an NF-kappaB-based transcriptional mechanism. Further investigation of the promoter region identified a putative NF-kappaB binding site at position-3594/-3582 in the promoter of MUC5AC as critical for the regulation of MUC5AC expression by both IL-1beta and IL-17A. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirmed enhanced binding of the NF-kappaB subunit p50 to this region following cytokine stimulation. We conclude that an NF-kappaB-based transcriptional mechanism is involved in MUC5AC regulation by IL-1beta and IL-17A in the airway epithelium. This is the first demonstration of the participation of NF-kappaB and its specific binding site in cytokine-mediated airway MUC5AC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Fujisawa
- Center of Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Patel AC, Brett TJ, Holtzman MJ. The role of CLCA proteins in inflammatory airway disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2009; 71:425-49. [PMID: 18954282 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.010908.163253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exhibit stereotyped traits that are variably expressed in each person. In experimental mouse models of chronic lung disease, these individual disease traits can be genetically segregated and thereby linked to distinct determinants. Functional genomic analysis indicates that at least one of these traits, mucous cell metaplasia, depends on members of the calcium-activated chloride channel (CLCA) gene family. Here we review advances in the biochemistry of the CLCA family and the evidence of a role for CLCA family members in the development of mucous cell metaplasia and possibly airway hyperreactivity in experimental models and in humans. On the basis of this information, we develop the model that CLCA proteins are not integral membrane proteins with ion channel function but instead are secreted signaling molecules that specifically regulate airway target cells in healthy and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand C Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Buc M, Dzurilla M, Vrlik M, Bucova M. Immunopathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:331-44. [PMID: 19688187 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a common immune-mediated disorder characterized by reversible airway inflammation, mucus production, and variable airflow obstruction with airway hyperresponsiveness. Allergen exposure results in the activation of numerous cells of the immune system, of which dendritic cells (DCs) and Th2 lymphocytes are of paramount importance. Although the epithelium was initially considered to function solely as a physical barrier, it is now evident that it plays a central role in the Th2-cell sensitization process due to its ability to activate DCs. Cytokines are inevitable factors in driving immune responses. To the list of numerous cytokines already known to be involved in the regulation of allergic reactions, new cytokines were added, such as TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33. IgE is also a central player in the allergic response. The activity of IgE is associated with a network of proteins, especially with its high- and low-affinity Fc receptors. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic reactions helps us not only to understand the mechanisms of current treatments, but is also important for the identification of new targets for biological intervention. An IgE-specific monoclonal antibody, omalizumab, has already reached the clinic and similar biological agents will surely follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Buc
- Department of Immunology, Comenius University School of Medicine, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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