1
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Gui Z, Zhang Y, Zhang A, Xia W, Jia Z. CARMA3: A potential therapeutic target in non-cancer diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1057980. [PMID: 36618379 PMCID: PMC9815110 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1057980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain and membrane-associated guanylate kinase-like protein 3 (CARMA3) is a scaffold protein widely expressed in non-hematopoietic cells. It is encoded by the caspase recruitment domain protein 10 (CARD10) gene. CARMA3 can form a CARMA3-BCL10-MALT1 complex by recruiting B cell lymphoma 10 (BCL10) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1), thereby activating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a key transcription factor that involves in various biological responses. CARMA3 mediates different receptors-dependent signaling pathways, including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Inappropriate expression and activation of GPCRs and/or RTKs/CARMA3 signaling lead to the pathogenesis of human diseases. Emerging studies have reported that CARMA3 mediates the development of various types of cancers. Moreover, CARMA3 and its partners participate in human non-cancer diseases, including atherogenesis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, insulin resistance, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. Here we provide a review on its structure, regulation, and molecular function, and further highlight recent findings in human non-cancerous diseases, which will provide a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Zhanjun Jia, ; Weiwei Xia,
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Zhanjun Jia, ; Weiwei Xia,
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2
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Lee YJ, Im DS. Efficacy Comparison of LPA2 Antagonist H2L5186303 and Agonist GRI977143 on Ovalbumin-Induced Allergic Asthma in BALB/c Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179745. [PMID: 36077141 PMCID: PMC9456302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an intercellular lipid mediator, is increased in the bronchoalveolar fluids of patients with asthma after allergen exposure. LPA administration exaggerates allergic responses, and the type 2 LPA receptor (LPA2) has been reported as a therapeutic target for asthma. However, results with LPA2 agonist and antagonist along with LPA2 gene deficient mice have been controversial and contradictory. We compared the effects of LPA2 antagonist (H2L5186303) and agonist (GRI977143) in a single experimental protocol of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma by treating drugs before antigen sensitization or challenge. H2L5186303 showed strong suppressive efficacy when administered before OVA sensitization and challenge, such as suppression of airway hyper responsiveness, inflammatory cytokine levels, mucin production, and eosinophil numbers. However, GRI977143 showed significant suppression when administered before an OVA challenge. Increases in eosinophil and lymphocyte counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, Th2 cytokine levels, inflammatory scores, and mucin production were differentially ameliorated by the two drugs. The results demonstrate the multiple roles of LPA2 in asthmatic responses. We suggest that the development of LPA2 antagonists would achieve better therapeutic efficacy against asthma than agonists.
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3
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Alfano DN, Klei LR, Klei HB, Trotta M, Gough PJ, Foley KP, Bertin J, Sumpter TL, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. MALT1 Protease Plays a Dual Role in the Allergic Response by Acting in Both Mast Cells and Endothelial Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:2337-2348. [PMID: 32213560 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The signaling protein MALT1 plays a key role in promoting NF-κB activation in Ag-stimulated lymphocytes. In this capacity, MALT1 has two functions, acting as a scaffolding protein and as a substrate-specific protease. MALT1 is also required for NF-κB-dependent induction of proinflammatory cytokines after FcεR1 stimulation in mast cells, implicating a role in allergy. Because MALT1 remains understudied in this context, we sought to investigate how MALT1 proteolytic activity contributes to the overall allergic response. We compared bone marrow-derived mast cells from MALT1 knockout (MALT1-/-) and MALT1 protease-deficient (MALTPD/PD) mice to wild-type cells. We found that MALT1-/- and MALT1PD/PD mast cells are equally impaired in cytokine production following FcεRI stimulation, indicating that MALT1 scaffolding activity is insufficient to drive the cytokine response and that MALT1 protease activity is essential. In addition to cytokine production, acute mast cell degranulation is a critical component of allergic response. Intriguingly, whereas degranulation is MALT1-independent, MALT1PD/PD mice are protected from vascular edema induced by either passive cutaneous anaphylaxis or direct challenge with histamine, a major granule component. This suggests a role for MALT1 protease activity in endothelial cells targeted by mast cell-derived vasoactive substances. Indeed, we find that in human endothelial cells, MALT1 protease is activated following histamine treatment and is required for histamine-induced permeability. We thus propose a dual role for MALT1 protease in allergic response, mediating 1) IgE-dependent mast cell cytokine production, and 2) histamine-induced endothelial permeability. This dual role indicates that therapeutic inhibitors of MALT1 protease could work synergistically to control IgE-mediated allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Alfano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Linda R Klei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Hanna B Klei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Matthew Trotta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Peter J Gough
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19406
| | - Kevin P Foley
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19406
| | - John Bertin
- Pattern Recognition Receptor Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA 19406
| | - Tina L Sumpter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Peter C Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; and .,Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Linda M McAllister-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224; .,Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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4
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The roles of autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid in immune regulation and asthma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158641. [PMID: 32004685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species are present in almost all organ systems and play diverse roles through its receptors. Asthma is an airway disease characterized by chronic allergic inflammation where various innate and adaptive immune cells participate in establishing Th2 immune response. Here, we will review the contribution of LPA and its receptors to the functions of immune cells that play a key role in establishing allergic airway inflammation and aggravation of allergic asthma.
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5
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Causton B, Pardo-Saganta A, Gillis J, Discipio K, Kooistra T, Rajagopal J, Xavier RJ, Cho JL, Medoff BD. CARMA3 Mediates Allergic Lung Inflammation in Response to Alternaria alternata. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:684-694. [PMID: 29958012 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0181oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelial cell (AEC) response to allergens helps initiate and propagate allergic inflammation in asthma. CARMA3 is a scaffold protein that mediates G protein-coupled receptor-induced NF-κB activation in airway epithelium. In this study, we demonstrate that mice with CARMA3-deficient AECs have reduced airway inflammation, as well as reduced type 2 cytokine levels in response to Alternaria alternata. These mice also have reduced production of IL-33 and IL-25, and reduced numbers of innate lymphoid cells in the lung. We also show that CARMA3-deficient human AECs have decreased production of proasthmatic mediators in response to A. alternata. Finally, we show that CARMA3 interacts with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in AECs, and that inhibition of CARMA3 signaling reduces A. alternata-induced intracellular calcium release. In conclusion, we show that CARMA3 signaling in AECs helps mediate A. alternata-induced allergic airway inflammation, and that CARMA3 is an important signaling molecule for type 2 immune responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Causton
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Ana Pardo-Saganta
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,4 Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, and
| | - Jacob Gillis
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Katherine Discipio
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Tristan Kooistra
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,4 Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, and
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- 5 Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,2 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Josalyn L Cho
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
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6
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Nolin JD, Murphy RC, Gelb MH, Altemeier WA, Henderson WR, Hallstrand TS. Function of secreted phospholipase A 2 group-X in asthma and allergic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:827-837. [PMID: 30529275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity in the airways has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic disease for some time. The identity and function of these enzymes in asthma is becoming clear from work in our lab and others. We focused on sPLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) after identifying increased levels of this enzyme in asthma, and that it is responsible for a large portion of sPLA2 activity in the airways and that the levels are strongly associated with features of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In this review, we discuss studies that implicated sPLA2-X in human asthma, and murine models that demonstrate a critical role of this enzyme as a regulator of type-2 inflammation, AHR and production of eicosanoids. We discuss the mechanism by which sPLA2-X acts to regulate eicosanoids in leukocytes, as well as effects that are mediated through the generation of lysophospholipids and through receptor-mediated functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Nolin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ryan C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William A Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William R Henderson
- Division of Allergy and Infectious DIseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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7
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Verhoef PA, Ingram JL. When It Comes to Alternaria, Instant CARMA’s Gonna Get You. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2018; 59:657-658. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0186ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A. Verhoef
- Department of Medicine
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of ChicagoChicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer L. Ingram
- Department of MedicineDepartment of Surgeryand
- Department of PathologyDuke UniversityDurham, North Carolina
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8
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Ruland J, Hartjes L. CARD–BCL-10–MALT1 signalling in protective and pathological immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2018; 19:118-134. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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McAuley JR, Freeman TJ, Ekambaram P, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. CARMA3 Is a Critical Mediator of G Protein-Coupled Receptor and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Driven Solid Tumor Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1887. [PMID: 30158935 PMCID: PMC6104486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CARMA–Bcl10–MALT1 (CBM) signalosome is an intracellular protein complex composed of a CARMA scaffolding protein, the Bcl10 linker protein, and the MALT1 protease. This complex was first recognized because the genes encoding its components are targeted by mutation and chromosomal translocation in lymphoid malignancy. We now know that the CBM signalosome plays a critical role in normal lymphocyte function by mediating antigen receptor-dependent activation of the pro-inflammatory, pro-survival NF-κB transcription factor, and that deregulation of this signaling complex promotes B-cell lymphomagenesis. More recently, we and others have demonstrated that a CBM signalosome also operates in cells outside of the immune system, including in several solid tumors. While CARMA1 (also referred to as CARD11) is expressed primarily within lymphoid tissues, the related scaffolding protein, CARMA3 (CARD10), is more widely expressed and participates in a CARMA3-containing CBM complex in a variety of cell types. The CARMA3-containing CBM complex operates downstream of specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and/or growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Since inappropriate expression and activation of GPCRs and/or RTKs underlies the pathogenesis of several solid tumors, there is now great interest in elucidating the contribution of CARMA3-mediated cellular signaling in these malignancies. Here, we summarize the key discoveries leading to our current understanding of the role of CARMA3 in solid tumor biology and highlight the current gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Randall McAuley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tanner J Freeman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Prasanna Ekambaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Peter C Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Linda M McAllister-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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10
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Shyamsunder P, Sankar H, Mayakonda A, Han L, Nordin HBM, Woon TW, Shanmugasundaram M, Dakle P, Madan V, Koeffler HP. CARD10, a CEBPE target involved in granulocytic differentiation. Haematologica 2018; 103:1269-1277. [PMID: 29773596 PMCID: PMC6068032 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.190280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of granulocytes is dependent on controlled gene expression by myeloid lineage restricted transcription factors. CEBPE is one of the essential transcription factors required for granulocytic differentiation. Identification of downstream targets of CEBPE is vital to understand better its role in terminal granulopoiesis. In this study, we have identified Card10 as a novel target of CEBPE. We show that CEBPE binds to regulatory elements upstream of the murine Card10 locus, and expression of CARD10 is significantly reduced in Cebpe knock-out mice. Silencing Card10 in a human cell line and in murine primary cells impaired granulopoiesis, affecting expression of genes involved in myeloid cell development and function. Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time that Card10 is expressed in granulocytes and is a direct target of CEBPE with functions extending to myeloid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra Shyamsunder
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haresh Sankar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anand Mayakonda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Han
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | | | - Teoh Weoi Woon
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Pushkar Dakle
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vikas Madan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore (NCIS), National University Hospital, Singapore
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11
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Knowlden SA, Hillman SE, Chapman TJ, Patil R, Miller DD, Tigyi G, Georas SN. Novel Inhibitory Effect of a Lysophosphatidic Acid 2 Agonist on Allergen-Driven Airway Inflammation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:402-9. [PMID: 26248018 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0124oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic lipid signaling molecule associated with asthma pathobiology. LPA elicits its effects by binding to at least six known cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6) that are expressed in the lung in a cell type-specific manner. LPA2 in particular has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target in asthma because it appears to transduce inhibitory or cell-protective signals. We studied a novel and specific small molecule LPA2 agonist (2-[4-(1,3-dioxo-1H,3H-benzoisoquinolin-2-yl)butylsulfamoyl] benzoic acid [DBIBB]) in a mouse model of house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation. Mice injected with DBIBB developed significantly less airway and lung inflammation compared with vehicle-treated controls. Levels of lung Th2 cytokines were also significantly attenuated by DBIBB. We conclude that pharmacologic activation of LPA2 attenuates Th2-driven allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Targeting LPA receptor signaling holds therapeutic promise in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Knowlden
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Sara E Hillman
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Timothy J Chapman
- 2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Renukadevi Patil
- 3 Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and.,4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Duane D Miller
- 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Gabor Tigyi
- 3 Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | - Steve N Georas
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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12
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Lin J, He S, Sun X, Franck G, Deng Y, Yang D, Haemmig S, Wara AKM, Icli B, Li D, Feinberg MW. MicroRNA-181b inhibits thrombin-mediated endothelial activation and arterial thrombosis by targeting caspase recruitment domain family member 10. FASEB J 2016; 30:3216-26. [PMID: 27297585 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500163r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thrombogenic and inflammatory mediators, such as thrombin, induce NF-κB-mediated endothelial cell (EC) activation and dysfunction, which contribute to pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis. The role of anti-inflammatory microRNA-181b (miR-181b) on thrombosis remains unknown. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-181b inhibits downstream NF-κB signaling in response to TNF-α. Here, we demonstrate that miR-181b uniquely inhibits upstream NF-κB signaling in response to thrombin. Overexpression of miR-181b inhibited thrombin-induced activation of NF-κB signaling, demonstrated by reduction of phospho-IKK-β, -IκB-α, and p65 nuclear translocation in ECs. MiR-181b also reduced expression of NF-κB target genes VCAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and tissue factor. Mechanistically, miR-181b targets caspase recruitment domain family member 10 (Card10), an adaptor protein that participates in activation of the IKK complex in response to signals transduced from protease-activated receptor-1. miR-181b reduced expression of Card10 mRNA and protein, but not protease-activated receptor-1. 3'-Untranslated region reporter assays, argonaute-2 microribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation studies, and Card10 rescue studies revealed that Card10 is a bona fide direct miR-181b target. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Card10 expression phenocopied effects of miR-181b on NF-κB signaling and targets. Card10 deficiency did not affect TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB signaling, which suggested stimulus-specific regulation of NF-κB signaling and endothelial responses by miR-181b in ECs. Finally, in response to photochemical injury-induced arterial thrombosis, systemic delivery of miR-181b reduced thrombus formation by 73% in carotid arteries and prolonged time to occlusion by 1.6-fold, effects recapitulated by Card10 small interfering RNA. These data demonstrate that miR-181b and Card10 are important regulators of thrombin-induced EC activation and arterial thrombosis. These studies highlight the relevance of microRNA-dependent targets in response to ligand-specific signaling in ECs.-Lin, J., He, S., Sun, X., Franck, G., Deng, Y., Yang, D., Haemmig, S., Wara, A. K. M., Icli, B., Li, D., Feinberg, M. W. MicroRNA-181b inhibits thrombin-mediated endothelial activation and arterial thrombosis by targeting caspase recruitment domain family member 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Lin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Shaolin He
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Xinghui Sun
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory Franck
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yihuan Deng
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Stefan Haemmig
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A K M Wara
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Basak Icli
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dazhu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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13
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Jaworski M, Thome M. The paracaspase MALT1: biological function and potential for therapeutic inhibition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:459-73. [PMID: 26507244 PMCID: PMC4713714 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paracaspase MALT1 has a central role in the activation of lymphocytes and other immune cells including myeloid cells, mast cells and NK cells. MALT1 activity is required not only for the immune response, but also for the development of natural Treg cells that keep the immune response in check. Exaggerated MALT1 activity has been associated with the development of lymphoid malignancies, and recently developed MALT1 inhibitors show promising anti-tumor effects in xenograft models of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. In this review, we provide an overview of the present understanding of MALT1's function, and discuss possibilities for its therapeutic targeting based on recently developed inhibitors and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Margot Thome
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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14
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Ackerman SJ, Park GY, Christman JW, Nyenhuis S, Berdyshev E, Natarajan V. Polyunsaturated lysophosphatidic acid as a potential asthma biomarker. Biomark Med 2016; 10:123-35. [PMID: 26808693 PMCID: PMC4881841 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid mediator in biological fluids and tissues, is generated mainly by autotaxin that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to LPA and choline. Total LPA levels are increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic lung, and are strongly induced following subsegmental bronchoprovocation with allergen in subjects with allergic asthma. Polyunsaturated molecular species of LPA (C22:5 and C22:6) are selectively synthesized in the airways of asthma subjects following allergen challenge and in mouse models of allergic airway inflammation, having been identified and quantified by LC/MS/MS lipidomics. This review discusses current knowledge of LPA production in asthmatic lung and the potential utility of polyunsaturated LPA molecular species as novel biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and exhaled breath condensate of asthma subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Gye Young Park
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - John W Christman
- Department of Medicine, Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sharmilee Nyenhuis
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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15
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Causton B, Ramadas RA, Cho JL, Jones K, Pardo-Saganta A, Rajagopal J, Xavier RJ, Medoff BD. CARMA3 Is Critical for the Initiation of Allergic Airway Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:683-94. [PMID: 26041536 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses to allergens by airway epithelial cells (AECs) help initiate and propagate the adaptive immune response associated with allergic airway inflammation in asthma. Activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in AECs by allergens or secondary mediators via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is an important component of this multifaceted inflammatory cascade. Members of the caspase recruitment domain family of proteins display tissue-specific expression and help mediate NF-κB activity in response to numerous stimuli. We have previously shown that caspase recruitment domain-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein (CARMA)3 is specifically expressed in AECs and mediates NF-κB activation in these cells in response to stimulation with the GPCR agonist lysophosphatidic acid. In this study, we demonstrate that reduced levels of CARMA3 in normal human bronchial epithelial cells decreases the production of proasthmatic mediators in response to a panel of asthma-relevant GPCR ligands such as lysophosphatidic acid, adenosine triphosphate, and allergens that activate GPCRs such as Alternaria alternata and house dust mite. We then show that genetically modified mice with CARMA3-deficient AECs have reduced airway eosinophilia and proinflammatory cytokine production in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Additionally, we demonstrate that these mice have impaired dendritic cell maturation in the lung and that dendritic cells from mice with CARMA3-deficient AECs have impaired Ag processing. In conclusion, we show that AEC CARMA3 helps mediate allergic airway inflammation, and that CARMA3 is a critical signaling molecule bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Causton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | | | - Josalyn L Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Khristianna Jones
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Ana Pardo-Saganta
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129;
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16
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Watson B, Gauvreau GM. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin: a central regulator of allergic asthma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 18:771-85. [PMID: 24930783 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.915314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epithelial cell-derived mediators have emerged as key players for instigating local remodeling and the associated cellular inflammation in asthmatic airways. In particular, the epithelial-derived cytokine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), has been identified as a master switch for allergic inflammation. AREAS COVERED TSLP is expressed by structural and immune cells at the site of allergen entry in the airways. Stimuli for release of TSLP include common triggers of asthma symptoms, and TSLP levels correlate with disease severity. TSLP regulates helper T cell 2 (Th2) humoral immunity through upregulating OX40L on dendritic cells (DCs), which drives Th2 lymphocytes; however, activation of several other cells by TSLP also supports the development of Th2 inflammation. Animal models of asthma demonstrate that increased levels of TSLP can induce many of the characteristics of asthma. EXPERT OPINION The work conducted to date supports a critical role of TSLP in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. The first clinical trial to block the downstream effects of OX40L has shown reduced levels of circulating IgE and airway eosinophils, confirming the importance of TSLP-induced OX40L levels on DCs. Clinical trials with TSLP blockade are underway and will unequivocally confirm whether TSLP is indeed a key driver of allergic inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Watson
- McMaster University, Medicine , 1200 Main St West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 3Z5 , Canada
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17
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Abstract
The nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) is a family of transcription factors that control cell survival, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, inflammatory responses, and innate and adaptive immune responses. Its activation is tightly regulated, and incorrect regulation of NF-κB has been linked to a variety of pathological diseases, including cancer initiation and progression. NF-κB is often constitutively activated in cancer cells to promote cell survival, proliferation, migration, and/or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although the mechanism of constitutive NF-κB activation in cancer cells is not fully understood, it has been shown that mutation or aberrant expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) contributes to this, and the NF-κB activation, in turn, contributes to cell proliferation, survival, metastasis, and drug resistance in various cancers. Recent study from our lab indicates that CARMA3, similar to the function of CARMA1 in mediating antigen receptor-mediated NF-κB activation, plays an essential role in mediating EGFR-induced NF-κB activation. However, the mechanism on how EGFR induces NF-κB activation is not clearly understood. In this chapter, we describe the methods required to test and characterize the role of a potential signaling component in EGFR-induced NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Jiang
- Division of Basic Science Research, Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 108, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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18
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Rebane A, Runnel T, Aab A, Maslovskaja J, Rückert B, Zimmermann M, Plaas M, Kärner J, Treis A, Pihlap M, Haljasorg U, Hermann H, Nagy N, Kemeny L, Erm T, Kingo K, Li M, Boldin MP, Akdis CA. MicroRNA-146a alleviates chronic skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis through suppression of innate immune responses in keratinocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:836-847.e11. [PMID: 24996260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with elevated expression of proinflammatory genes and activation of innate immune responses in keratinocytes. microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded RNA molecules that silence genes via the degradation of target mRNAs or inhibition of translation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-146a in skin inflammation in AD. METHODS RNA and protein expression was analyzed using miRNA and mRNA arrays, RT-quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunonohistochemistry. Transfection of miR-146a precursors and inhibitors into human primary keratinocytes, luciferase assays, and MC903-dependent mouse model of AD were used to study miR-146a function. RESULTS We show that miR-146a expression is increased in keratinocytes and chronic lesional skin of patients with AD. miR-146a inhibited the expression of numerous proinflammatory factors, including IFN-γ-inducible and AD-associated genes CCL5, CCL8, and ubiquitin D (UBD) in human primary keratinocytes stimulated with IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-1β. In a mouse model of AD, miR-146a-deficient mice developed stronger inflammation characterized by increased accumulation of infiltrating cells in the dermis, elevated expression of IFN-γ, CCL5, CCL8, and UBD in the skin, and IFN-γ, IL-1β, and UBD in draining lymph nodes. Both tissue culture and in vivo experiments in mice demonstrated that miR-146a-mediated suppression in allergic skin inflammation partially occurs through direct targeting of upstream nuclear factor kappa B signal transducers caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 10 and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1. In addition, human CCL5 was determined as a novel, direct target of miR-146a. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that miR-146a controls nuclear factor kappa B-dependent inflammatory responses in keratinocytes and chronic skin inflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rebane
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Toomas Runnel
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alar Aab
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Maslovskaja
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Beate Rückert
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Maya Zimmermann
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mario Plaas
- Transgenic Technology Core Laboratory, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanika Kärner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Angela Treis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Maire Pihlap
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Uku Haljasorg
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helen Hermann
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nikoletta Nagy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemeny
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Triin Erm
- Department of Pathology, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mei Li
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mark P Boldin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, Calif
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
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Knowlden S, Georas SN. The autotaxin-LPA axis emerges as a novel regulator of lymphocyte homing and inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:851-7. [PMID: 24443508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic lipid molecule with potent effects on cell growth and motility. Major progress has been made in recent years in deciphering the mechanisms of LPA generation and how it acts on target cells. Most research has been conducted in other disciplines, but emerging data indicate that LPA has an important role to play in immunity. A key discovery was that autotaxin (ATX), an enzyme previously implicated in cancer cell motility, generates extracellular LPA from the precursor lysophosphatidylcholine. Steady-state ATX is expressed by only a few tissues, including high endothelial venules in lymph nodes, but inflammatory signals can upregulate ATX expression in different tissues. In this article, we review current thinking about the ATX/LPA axis in lymphocyte homing, as well as in models of allergic airway inflammation and asthma. New insights into the role of LPA in regulating immune responses should be forthcoming in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knowlden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
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20
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Georas SN. Allergic to autotaxin. A new role for lysophospholipase d and lysophosphatidic Acid in asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:889-91. [PMID: 24127793 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201309-1597ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Steve N Georas
- 1 Departments of Medicine, Environmental Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York
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21
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Magkrioti C, Aidinis V. Autotaxin and lysophosphatidic acid signalling in lung pathophysiology. World J Respirol 2013; 3:77-103. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v3.i3.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX or ENPP2) is a secreted glycoprotein widely present in biological fluids. ATX primarily functions as a plasma lysophospholipase D and is largely responsible for the bulk of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production in the plasma and at inflamed and/or malignant sites. LPA is a phospholipid mediator produced in various conditions both in cells and in biological fluids, and it evokes growth-factor-like responses, including cell growth, survival, differentiation and motility, in almost all cell types. The large variety of LPA effector functions is attributed to at least six G-protein coupled LPA receptors (LPARs) with overlapping specificities and widespread distribution. Increased ATX/LPA/LPAR levels have been detected in a large variety of cancers and transformed cell lines, as well as in non-malignant inflamed tissues, suggesting a possible involvement of ATX in chronic inflammatory disorders and cancer. In this review, we focus exclusively on the role of the ATX/LPA axis in pulmonary pathophysiology, analysing the effects of ATX/LPA on pulmonary cells and leukocytes in vitro and in the context of pulmonary pathophysiological situations in vivo and in human diseases.
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22
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Li Z, Qu L, Dong Q, Huang B, Li H, Tang Z, Xu Y, Luo W, Liu L, Qiu X, Wang E. Overexpression of CARMA3 in non-small-cell lung cancer is linked for tumor progression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36903. [PMID: 22615840 PMCID: PMC3352848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the clinical significance of the expression of novel scaffold protein CARMA3 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the biological function of CARMA3 in NSCLC cell lines. We observed moderate to high CARMA3 staining in 68.8% of 141 NSCLC specimens compared to corresponding normal tissues. The overexpression of CARMA3 was significantly correlated with TNM stage (P = 0.022) and tumor status (P = 0.013). CARMA3 upregulation also correlated with a shorter survival rate of patients of nodal status N0 (P = 0.042)as well as the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (P = 0.009). In EGFR mutation positive cases, CARMA3 expression was much higher (87.5%) compared to non-mutation cases (66.1%). In addition, we observed that knockdown of CARMA3 inhibits tumor cell proliferation and invasion, and induces cell cycle arrest at the boundary between the G1 and S phase. We further demonstrated a direct link between CARMA3 and NF-κB activation. The change of biological behavior in CARMA3 knockdown cells may be NF-κB-related. Our findings demonstrated, for the first time, that CARMA3 was overexpressed in NSCLC and correlated with lung cancer progression, EGFR expression, and EGFR mutation. CARMA3 could serve as a potential companion drug target, along with NF-kB and EGFR in EGFR-mutant lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lianyue Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianze Dong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pathology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Tang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenting Luo
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueshan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Asthma is a T lymphocyte-controlled disease of the airway wall caused by inflammation, overproduction of mucus and airway wall remodeling leading to bronchial hyperreactivity and airway obstruction. The airway epithelium is considered an essential controller of inflammatory, immune and regenerative responses to allergens, viruses and environmental pollutants that contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Epithelial cells express pattern recognition receptors that detect environmental stimuli and secrete endogenous danger signals, thereby activating dendritic cells and bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Improved understanding of the epithelium's function in maintaining the integrity of the airways and its dysfunction in asthma has provided important mechanistic insight into how asthma is initiated and perpetuated and could provide a framework by which to select new therapeutic strategies that prevent exacerbations and alter the natural course of the disease.
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Emo J, Meednu N, Chapman TJ, Rezaee F, Balys M, Randall T, Rangasamy T, Georas SN. Lpa2 is a negative regulator of both dendritic cell activation and murine models of allergic lung inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3784-90. [PMID: 22427635 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Negative regulation of innate immune responses is essential to prevent excess inflammation and tissue injury and promote homeostasis. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a pleiotropic lipid that regulates cell growth, migration, and activation and is constitutively produced at low levels in tissues and in serum. Extracellular LPA binds to specific G protein-coupled receptors, whose function in regulating innate or adaptive immune responses remains poorly understood. Of the classical LPA receptors belonging to the Edg family, lpa2 (edg4) is expressed by dendritic cells (DC) and other innate immune cells. In this article, we show that DC from lpa2(-/-) mice are hyperactive compared with their wild-type counterparts and are less susceptible to inhibition by different LPA species. In transient-transfection assays, we found that lpa2 overexpression inhibits NF-κB-driven gene transcription. Using an adoptive-transfer approach, we found that allergen-pulsed lpa2(-/-) DC induced substantially more lung inflammation than did wild-type DC after inhaled allergen challenge. Finally, lpa2(-/-) mice develop greater allergen-driven lung inflammation than do their wild-type counterparts in models of allergic asthma involving both systemic and mucosal sensitization. Taken together, these findings identify LPA acting via lpa2 as a novel negative regulatory pathway that inhibits DC activation and allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Emo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14610, USA
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Takai T. TSLP expression: cellular sources, triggers, and regulatory mechanisms. Allergol Int 2012; 61:3-17. [PMID: 22270071 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.11-rai-0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is an IL-7-like cytokine initially identified in the culture supernatant of a thymic stromal cell line. Highly expressed in the epidermis in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis patients, TSLP was subsequently found to be a critical factor linking responses at interfaces between the body and environment (skin, airway, gut, ocular tissues, and so on) to Th2 responses. Recent studies have revealed that various cell types other than epithelial cells and epidermal keratinocytes (such as mast cells, airway smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, trophoblasts, and cancer or cancer-associated cells) also express TSLP. Environmental factors such as Toll-like receptor ligands, a Nod2 ligand, viruses, microbes, allergen sources, helminths, diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and chemicals trigger TSLP production. Proinflammatory cytokines, Th2-related cytokines, and IgE also induce or enhance TSLP production, indicating cycles of amplification. Skin barrier injury, increased epidermal endogenous protease activity, and less epidermal Notch signaling, all of which have been reported in atopic dermatitis, and keratinocyte-specific loss of retinoid X receptors and treatment of skin with agonists for vitamin D receptor in mice induce TSLP production, Th2 response, or atopic dermatitis-like inflammation. The transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1, nuclear receptors, single nucleotide polymorphisms, microRNAs, and the peptidyl-proryl isomerase Pin1 regulate TSLP mRNA expression transcriptionally or posttranscriptionally. This review focuses on events upstream of TSLP production, which is critical in allergic diseases and important in other TSLP-related disorders i.e. production sites, cellular sources, environmental and endogenous triggers and regulatory factors, and regulatory mechanisms of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Takai
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. t−
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Redhu NS, Gounni AS. Function and mechanisms of TSLP/TSLPR complex in asthma and COPD. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 42:994-1005. [PMID: 22168549 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a key pro-allergic cytokine that has recently been linked to chronic airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). High levels of TSLP were detected in bronchial mucosa of asthma and COPD patients suggesting TSLP's biological role beyond a signature 'Th2-favoring' or 'pro-allergic cytokine'. Besides inflammatory cells, airway structural cells produce and are targets of TSLP suggesting a potential autocrine loop that may have a profound effect on local inflammatory response and airway remodelling. This review sums up diverse mechanisms that mediate TSLP/TSLP receptor-signalling network in chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Redhu
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Funke M, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Chun J, Tager AM. The lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPA1 promotes epithelial cell apoptosis after lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:355-64. [PMID: 22021336 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0155oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased epithelial cell apoptosis in response to lung injury has been implicated in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), but the molecular pathways promoting epithelial cell apoptosis in this disease have yet to be fully identified. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which we have previously demonstrated to mediate bleomycin lung injury-induced fibroblast recruitment and vascular leak in mice and fibroblast recruitment in patients with IPF, is an important regulator of survival and apoptosis in many cell types. We now show that LPA signaling through its receptor LPA(1) promotes epithelial cell apoptosis induced by bleomycin injury. The number of apoptotic cells present in the alveolar and bronchial epithelia of LPA(1)-deficient mice was significantly reduced compared with wild-type mice at Day 3 after bleomycin challenge, as was lung caspase-3 activity. Consistent with these in vivo results, we found that LPA signaling through LPA(1) induced apoptosis in normal human bronchial epithelial cells in culture. LPA-LPA(1) signaling appeared to specifically mediate anoikis, the apoptosis of anchorage-dependent cells induced by their detachment. Similarly, LPA negatively regulated attachment of R3/1 rat alveolar epithelial cell line cells. In contrast, LPA signaling through LPA(1) promoted the resistance of lung fibroblasts to apoptosis, which has also been implicated in IPF. The ability of LPA-LPA(1) signaling to promote epithelial cell apoptosis and fibroblast resistance to apoptosis may therefore contribute to the capacity of this signaling pathway to regulate the development of pulmonary fibrosis after lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Funke
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Room 8301, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Paul S, Kim SJ, Park HW, Lee SY, An YR, Oh MJ, Jung JW, Ryu JC, Hwang SY. Impact of miRNA deregulation on mRNA expression profiles in response to environmental toxicant, nonylphenol. Mol Cell Toxicol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-011-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Rosebeck S, Rehman AO, Lucas PC, McAllister-Lucas LM. From MALT lymphoma to the CBM signalosome: three decades of discovery. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:2485-96. [PMID: 21750409 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.15.16923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of molecular cytogenetics has led to the elucidation of genetic abnormalities that cause various congenital and oncological disorders. In B cell lymphoma, for example, a number of chromosomal translocations have been identified in and associated with the etiology of specific subtypes of lymphoma. Several recurrent chromosomal translocations have been identified in extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma). Cloning and characterization of the products of three mutually exclusive translocation breakpoints found in MALT lymphoma led to the discovery of a novel NF-κB-activating complex comprising the CARMA, Bcl10, and MALT1 proteins. This "CBM signalosome" acts downstream of the antigen receptors in lymphocytes as well as a number of non-lymphoid cell-surface receptors involved in a variety of biological processes. CBM signalosome activity is important for normal cellular functions and is perturbed in neoplastic and inflammatory disorders, making it a viable target for novel therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Rosebeck
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ishibashi Y, Sugawara K, Sugita T, Nishikawa A. Secretion of thymic stromal lymphopoietin from human keratinocytes in response to Malassezia yeasts. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 62:134-8. [PMID: 21458958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Blonska M, Lin X. NF-κB signaling pathways regulated by CARMA family of scaffold proteins. Cell Res 2010; 21:55-70. [PMID: 21187856 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB family of transcription factors plays a crucial role in cell activation, survival and proliferation. Its aberrant activity results in cancer, immunodeficiency or autoimmune disorders. Over the past two decades, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of the signals that regulate NF-κB activation, especially how scaffold proteins link different receptors to the NF-κB-activating complex, the IκB kinase complex. The growing number of these scaffolds underscores the complexity of the signaling networks in different cell types. In this review, we discuss the role of scaffold molecules in signaling cascades induced by stimulation of antigen receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors and C-type Lectin receptors, resulting in NF-κB activation. Especially, we focus on the family of Caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing proteins known as CARMA and their function in activation of NF-κB, as well as the link of these scaffolds to the development of various neoplastic diseases through regulation of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzenna Blonska
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 108, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Delekta PC, Apel IJ, Gu S, Siu K, Hattori Y, McAllister-Lucas LM, Lucas PC. Thrombin-dependent NF-{kappa}B activation and monocyte/endothelial adhesion are mediated by the CARMA3·Bcl10·MALT1 signalosome. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41432-42. [PMID: 21041303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.158949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombin is a potent modulator of endothelial function and, through stimulation of NF-κB, induces endothelial expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). These cell surface adhesion molecules recruit inflammatory cells to the vessel wall and thereby participate in the development of atherosclerosis, which is increasingly recognized as an inflammatory condition. The principal receptor for thrombin on endothelial cells is protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Although it is known that PAR-1 signaling to NF-κB depends on initial PKC activation, the subsequent steps leading to stimulation of the canonical NF-κB machinery have remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a complex of proteins containing CARMA3, Bcl10, and MALT1 links PAR-1 activation to stimulation of the IκB kinase complex. IκB kinase in turn phosphorylates IκB, leading to its degradation and the release of active NF-κB. Further, we find that although this CARMA3·Bcl10·MALT1 signalosome shares features with a CARMA1-containing signalosome found in lymphocytes, there are significant differences in how the signalosomes communicate with their cognate receptors. Specifically, whereas the CARMA1-containing lymphocyte complex relies on 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 for assembly and activation, the CARMA3-containing endothelial signalosome functions completely independent of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 and instead relies on β-arrestin 2 for assembly. Finally, we show that thrombin-dependent adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells requires an intact endothelial CARMA3·Bcl10·MALT1 signalosome, underscoring the importance of the signalosome in mediating one of the most significant pro-atherogenic effects of thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip C Delekta
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Wong CK, Hu S, Cheung PFY, Lam CWK. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Induces Chemotactic and Prosurvival Effects in Eosinophils. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 43:305-15. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0168oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Wynalda KM, Murphy RC. Low-concentration ozone reacts with plasmalogen glycerophosphoethanolamine lipids in lung surfactant. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:108-17. [PMID: 19916514 DOI: 10.1021/tx900306p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ozone is a common environmental toxicant to which individuals are exposed to on a daily basis. While biochemical end points such as increased mortality, decrements in pulmonary function, and initiation of inflammatory processes are known, little is actually understood regarding the chemical mechanisms underlying changes in pulmonary health, especially for low concentrations of ozone. This study was undertaken to investigate ozone-induced oxidation of endogenous lipids that are potentially exposed to environmental ozone within lung, specifically focusing on plasmalogen glycerophospholipids present in pulmonary surfactant. Sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods were developed to follow oxidation of diacyl and plasmalogen phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) phospholipids and to identify and quantitate products generated by ozonolysis. Using a unilamellar vesicle system containing a 1:1 molar mixture of 1-O-octadec-1'-enyl-2-octadecenoyl-PE and 1,2-dihexadecanoyl-PC, these studies revealed that the vinyl ether bond of plasmalogens was oxidized preferentially at low concentrations of ozone (100 ppb), when compared to olefinic bond oxidation on omega-9 of the fatty acyl chain in the same phospholipids. Major phospholipid products generated were identified as 1-formyl-2-octadecenoyl-PE and 1-hydroxy-2-octadecenoyl-PE. Heptadecanal and heptadecanoic acid production was also quantitated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and production was consistent with oxidation of the vinyl ether, at low concentrations of ozone. Analysis of murine lung surfactant from C57Bl/6 mice revealed several plasmalogen PE lipid species, encompassing approximately 38% of total PE species. Upon exposure of ozone (0 and 100 ppb) to murine surfactant, plasmalogen PE molecular species preferentially reacted, as compared to diacyl PE molecular species. Lysophospholipids, pentadecanal, and nonanal were found to be the primary products of surfactant ozone oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Wynalda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, MS 8303, 12801 E. 17th Ave., Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Fang C, Siew LQC, Corrigan CJ, Ying S. The role of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in allergic inflammation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:81-90. [PMID: 20143171 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) primes dendritic cells to promote a Th2 inflammatory response. Its action is mediated by a heterodimeric receptor which consists of the interleukin-7 receptor alpha chain and the TSLP receptor chain (TSLPR). TSLPR resembles the common gamma chain subunit utilized by many type 1 cytokine receptors. Normal epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and stromal cells constitutively express TSLP. Dendritic cells that are activated by TSLP promote the development of CD4(+) T cells into pro-inflammatory Th2 cells. TSLP thus plays a potentially important role in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation in asthma and atopic dermatitis. TSLP also has direct effects on other types of cells in the bronchial mucosa. It is over-expressed in the bronchial mucosa in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is traditionally described as a Th1-related disease, as well as severe asthma, which is traditionally described as a Th2-related disease. In this review we will discuss TSLP expression, function, and available and potential mechanisms in both allergic inflammation and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailong Fang
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, MRC and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King's College London, London, UK
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Adler KB, Matalon S. Highlights of the March Issue. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-2001ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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