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Zhang L, Song Z, He L, Zhong S, Ju X, Sha H, Xu J, Qin Q, Peng J, Liang H. Unveiling the toxicological effects and risks of prometryn on red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Health assessments, ecological, and molecular insights. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175512. [PMID: 39151629 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Prometryn is commonly used in agricultural and non-agricultural settings. However, possible harm to aquatic organisms remains a persistent concern. Prometryn was also the only one of the 26 triazine herbicides detected in this study. Numerous studies have assessed the harmful effects of prometryn in teleost fish and shrimp. There is a lack of information regarding the ecological and human health risks, as well as the toxic mechanisms affecting crayfish. In this study, human health risk assessment (THQ) and ecological risk assessment (RQ) were conducted on P. clarkii in the rice-crayfish co-culture (IRCC) farming model. The 96 h of exposure to 0.286 mg/L and 1.43 mg/L prometryn was conducted to investigate the potential effects and molecular mechanisms of hepatopancreatic resistance to prometryn in P. clarkii. The original sample analysis revealed that the THQ calculated from the prometryn levels in the muscle and hepatopancreas was below 0.1, suggesting no threat to human health. However, the calculated RQ values were >0.1, indicating a risk to P. clarkii. Histological analysis and biochemical index detection of the experimental samples revealed that the hepatopancreatic injury and oxidative damage in P. clarkii were caused by prometryn. Moreover, transcriptome analysis identified 2512 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after 96 h of prometryn exposure. Prometryn exposure caused significant changes in metabolic pathways, including oxoacid metabolic processes and cytochrome P450-associated drug metabolism. Further hub gene analysis via PPI indicated that exposure to prometryn may inhibit lipid synthesis, storage, and amino acid transport and affect glucose metabolic pathways and hormone synthesis. Additionally, we hypothesized that prometryn-triggered cell death could be linked to the PI3K-Akt signaling cascade. This study's findings have significant meaning for the efficient and logical application of herbicides in IRCC, ultimately aiding in advancing a highly productive agricultural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zhang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ziwei Song
- Department of Genetics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Li He
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Zhong
- Department of Genetics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ju
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Sha
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Pharmacy, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiuying Qin
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China; College of Pharmacy, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hongwei Liang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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Guo Z, Zhong F, Hou M, Xie J, Zhang AZ, Li X, Li Y, Chang B, Yang J. Key enzyme in charge of ketone reabsorption of renal tubular SMCT1 may be a new target in diabetic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023; 38:2754-2766. [PMID: 37698892 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A ketogenic diet or mildly increased ketone body levels are beneficial for diabetic kidney disease (DKD) patients. Our previous study has found that sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (SMCT1), a key enzyme in charge of ketone reabsorption, possesses beneficial effects on the function of renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in energy crisis. Our present study is to investigate whether SMCT1 is important in maintaining the physiological function of renal tubular and plays a role in DKD. METHODS We tested the expression of SMCT1 in kidney tissues from DKD patients receiving kidney biopsy as well as diabetes mice. We compared the difference of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) levels in serum, urine and kidney tissues between diabetic mice and control. Using recombinant adeno-associated viral vector containing SMCT1 (encoded by Slc5a8 gene), we tested the effect of SMCT1 upregulation on microalbuminuria as well as its effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism in diabetic mice. Then we investigated the role of SMCT1 and its β-HB reabsorption function in maintaining the physiological function of renal tubular using renal tubule-specific Slc5a8 gene knockout mice. Transcriptomes and proteomics analysis were used to explore the underlying mechanism. RESULTS SMCT1 downregulation was found in DKD patients as well as in diabetic mice. Moreover, diabetic mice had a decreased renal β-HB level compared with control, and SMCT1 upregulation could improve microalbuminuria and mitochondrial energy metabolism. In renal tubule-specific Slc5a8 gene knockout mice, microalbuminuria occurred early at 24 weeks of age, accompanied by ATP shortage and metabolic reprogramming in the kidney; however, supplementation with β-HB precursor substance 1,3-butanediol in food alleviated kidney damage as well as energy metabolic reprogramming. CONCLUSIONS Decreased SMCT1 expression and its ketone reabsorption function play an important role in the occurrence of DKD. SMCT1 may be a new promising target in treating DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feifei Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Hou
- Department of Pathology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinlan Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - A Zhong Zhang
- Inspection Technology Department, Tianjin People's Procuratorate, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinran Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baocheng Chang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juhong Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Emilsson V, Gudmundsson EF, Jonmundsson T, Jonsson BG, Twarog M, Gudmundsdottir V, Li Z, Finkel N, Poor S, Liu X, Esterberg R, Zhang Y, Jose S, Huang CL, Liao SM, Loureiro J, Zhang Q, Grosskreutz CL, Nguyen AA, Huang Q, Leehy B, Pitts R, Aspelund T, Lamb JR, Jonasson F, Launer LJ, Cotch MF, Jennings LL, Gudnason V, Walshe TE. A proteogenomic signature of age-related macular degeneration in blood. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3401. [PMID: 35697682 PMCID: PMC9192739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common causes of visual impairment in the elderly, with a complex and still poorly understood etiology. Whole-genome association studies have discovered 34 genomic regions associated with AMD. However, the genes and cognate proteins that mediate the risk, are largely unknown. In the current study, we integrate levels of 4782 human serum proteins with all genetic risk loci for AMD in a large population-based study of the elderly, revealing many proteins and pathways linked to the disease. Serum proteins are also found to reflect AMD severity independent of genetics and predict progression from early to advanced AMD after five years in this population. A two-sample Mendelian randomization study identifies several proteins that are causally related to the disease and are directionally consistent with the observational estimates. In this work, we present a robust and unique framework for elucidating the pathobiology of AMD. Age related macular degeneration is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly, but the etiology is not fully understood. Here, the authors use genetic data, serum proteomics, and AMD phenotypic data from a large Icelandic cohort to discover proteins altered in, causally related to AMD or signifying progression of advanced AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, IS-201, Kopavogur, Iceland. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | | | | | | | - Michael Twarog
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Valborg Gudmundsdottir
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, IS-201, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Zhiguang Li
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy Finkel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stephen Poor
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Robert Esterberg
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yiyun Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sandra Jose
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Huang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Qin Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cynthia L Grosskreutz
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Andrew A Nguyen
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Qian Huang
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Barrett Leehy
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca Pitts
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Thor Aspelund
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, IS-201, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - John R Lamb
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Fridbert Jonasson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lori L Jennings
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, IS-201, Kopavogur, Iceland.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tony E Walshe
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 22 Windsor Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Transport of 2,4-dichloro phenoxyacetic acid by human Na+-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1 (hSMCT1, SLC5A8). Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Savion N, Dahamshi S, Morein M, Kotev-Emeth S. S-Allylmercapro- N-Acetylcysteine Attenuates the Oxidation-Induced Lens Opacification and Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Death In Vitro. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8010025. [PMID: 30654434 PMCID: PMC6357052 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of S-Allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine (ASSNAC) to protect human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells (line ARPE-19) and porcine lenses from oxidative stress was studied. Confluent ARPE-19 cultures were incubated with ASSNAC or N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) followed by exposure to oxidants and glutathione level and cell survival were determined. Porcine lenses were incubated with ASSNAC and then exposed to H2O2 followed by lens opacity measurement and determination of glutathione (reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG)) in isolated lens adhering epithelial cells (lens capsule) and fiber cells consisting the lens cortex and nucleus (lens core). In ARPE-19 cultures, ASSNAC (0.2 mM; 24 h) increased glutathione level by 2–2.5-fold with significantly higher increase in GSH compared to NAC treated cultures. Similarly, ex-vivo exposure of lenses to ASSNAC (1 mM) significantly reduced the GSSG level and prevented H2O2 (0.5 mM)-induced lens opacification. These results demonstrate that ASSNAC up-regulates glutathione level in RPE cells and protects them from oxidative stress-induced cell death as well as protects lenses from oxidative stress-induced opacity. Further validation of these results in animal models may suggest a potential use for ASSNAC as a protective therapy in retinal degenerative diseases as well as in attenuation of oxidative stress-induced lens opacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphtali Savion
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 61390, Israel.
| | - Samia Dahamshi
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 61390, Israel.
| | - Milana Morein
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 61390, Israel.
| | - Shlomo Kotev-Emeth
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute and Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 61390, Israel.
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Inagaki A, Hayashi M, Andharia N, Matsuda H. Involvement of butyrate in electrogenic K + secretion in rat rectal colon. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:313-327. [PMID: 30250967 PMCID: PMC6334752 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are synthesized from dietary carbohydrates by colonic bacterial fermentation. These SCFAs supply energy, suppress cancer, and affect ion transport. However, their roles in ion transport and regulation in the intracellular environment remain unknown. In order to elucidate the roles of SCFAs, we measured short-circuit currents (ISC) and performed RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses of ion transporters in rat rectal colon. The application of 30 mM butyrate shifted ISC in a negative direction, but did not attenuate the activity of epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC). The application of bumetanide, a Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter inhibitor, to the basolateral side reduced the negative ISC shift induced by butyrate. The application of XE991, a KCNQ-type K+ channel inhibitor, to the apical side decreased the ISC shift induced by butyrate in a dose-dependent manner. The ISC shift was independent of HCO3− and insensitive to ibuprofen, an SMCT1 inhibitor. The mucosa from rat rectal colon expressed mRNAs of H+-coupled monocarboxylate transporters (MCT1, MCT4, and MCT5, also referred to as SLC16A1, SLC16A3, and SLC16A4, respectively). RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that KCNQ2 and KCNQ4 localized to the apical membrane of surface cells in rat rectal colon. These results indicate that butyrate, which may be transported by H+-coupled monocarboxylate transporters, activates K+ secretion through KCNQ-type K+ channels on the apical membrane in rat rectal colon. KCNQ-type K+ channels may play a role in intestinal secretion and defense mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Inagaki
- Medical Research Project, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Mikio Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Naaz Andharia
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsuda
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, 573-1010, Japan
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Vasireddi M, Crum A, May H, Katz D, Hilliard J. A novel antiviral inhibits Zika virus infection while increasing intracellular glutathione biosynthesis in distinct cell culture models. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:46-52. [PMID: 30217651 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of a specific free-form amino acids formulation on Zika virus replication in two different cell culture model systems, one representative of humans and the other of Old World primates from whom Zika virus was first isolated. Here we present data demonstrating that the formulation of the specific free-form amino acid (FFAAP), comprising cystine, glycine, and a glutamate source, along with a minute concentration of selenium inhibited Zika virus replication by up to 90% with an ED90 (effective dose at which 90% of a dose of Zika virus was inhibited) of 2.5 mM in human cells and 4 mM Vero cells. The ED90 concentration of precursors was innocuous for uninfected cells, but resulted in reduced Zika virus replication by up to 90% at 2-5 mM concentrations in nonhuman primate cells and at 1-3 mM concentration in human placental cells. Two important observations were forthcoming: 1) Zika virus production was decreased by up to 90% in Vero and JEG-3 cells treated with FFAAP (ED90 4.0 mM, and 2.5 mM, respectively) throughout 48-72 h of post infection (hpi) compared to untreated infected cells and 2) Zika virus requires intracellular glutathione for replication in human placental cells, while showing enhanced replication in Vero cells with no glutathione. Relative increases in intracellular glutathione biosynthesis followed FFAAP treatment but blocking intracellular biosynthesis of glutathione in human cells resulted in virus inhibition in human placental cells. The blockade of biosynthesis actually increased Zika virus replication in Vero cells. These findings identify an efficacious inhibitor, FFAAP, of Zika virus replication in both human and nonhuman primate cells, while providing novel insight into the different roles of intracellular glutathione in Zika virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Vasireddi
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Albert Crum
- ProImmune Research Institute, LLC, Rhinebeck, NY, 12572, USA
| | | | - David Katz
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Julia Hilliard
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
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Kubo Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Recent advances in drug and nutrient transport across the blood-retinal barrier. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:513-531. [PMID: 29719158 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1472764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is the barrier separating the blood and neural retina, and transport systems for low-weight molecules at the BRB are expected to be useful for developing drugs for the treatment of ocular neural disorders and maintaining a healthy retina. Areas covered: This review discusses blood-to-retina and retina-to-blood transport of drugs and nutrients at the BRB. In particular, P-gp (ABCB1/MDR1) has low impact on the transport of cationic drugs at the BRB, suggesting a significant role of novel organic cation transporters in influx and efflux transport of lipophilic cationic drugs between blood and the retina. The transport of pravastatin at the BRB involves transporters including organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4). Recent studies have shown the involvement of solute carrier transporters in the blood-to-retina transport of nutrients including riboflavin, L-ornithine, β-alanine, and L-histidine, implying that dipeptide transport at the BRB is minimal. Expert opinion: Novel organic cation transport systems and the elimination-dominant transport of pravastatin at the BRB are expected to be useful in systemic drug delivery to the neural retina without CNS side effects. The mechanism of nutrient transport at the BRB is expected to provide a new strategy for delivery of nutrient-mimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kubo
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
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Expression and function of connexin 43 protein in mouse and human retinal pigment epithelial cells as hemichannels and gap junction proteins. Exp Eye Res 2018; 168:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Sivaprakasam S, Bhutia YD, Yang S, Ganapathy V. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Transporters: Role in Colonic Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:299-314. [PMID: 29357130 PMCID: PMC6019286 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are generated in colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. Though diffusion in protonated form is a significant route, carrier-mediated mechanisms constitute the major route for the entry of SCFA in their anionic form into colonic epithelium. Several transport systems operate in cellular uptake of SCFA. MCT1 (SLC16A1) and MCT4 (SLC16A3) are H+-coupled and mediate electroneutral transport of SCFA (H+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). MCT1 is expressed both in the apical membrane and basolateral membrane of colonic epithelium whereas MCT4 specifically in the basolateral membrane. SMCT1 (SLC5A8) and SMCT2 (SLC5A12) are Na+-coupled; SMCT1-mediated transport is electrogenic (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 2:1) whereas SMCT2-mediated transport is electroneutral (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). SMCT1 and SMCT2 are expressed exclusively in the apical membrane. An anion-exchange mechanism also operates in the apical membrane in which SCFA entry in anionic form is coupled to bicarbonate efflux; the molecular identity of this exchanger however remains unknown. All these transporters are subject to regulation, notably by their substrates themselves; this process involves cell-surface receptors with SCFA as signaling molecules. There are significant alterations in the expression of these transporters in ulcerative colitis and colon cancer. The tumor-associated changes occur via transcriptional regulation by p53 and HIF1α and by promoter methylation. As SCFA are obligatory for optimal colonic health, the transporters responsible for the entry and transcellular transfer of these bacterial products in colonic epithelium are critical determinants of colonic function under physiological conditions and in disease states. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:299-314, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Yangzom D. Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Shengping Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Gurav A, Sivaprakasam S, Bhutia YD, Boettger T, Singh N, Ganapathy V. Slc5a8, a Na+-coupled high-affinity transporter for short-chain fatty acids, is a conditional tumour suppressor in colon that protects against colitis and colon cancer under low-fibre dietary conditions. Biochem J 2015; 469:267-78. [PMID: 25984582 PMCID: PMC4943859 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian colon harbours trillions of bacteria under physiological conditions; this symbiosis is made possible because of a tolerized response from the mucosal immune system. The mechanisms underlying this tolerogenic phenomenon remain poorly understood. In the present study we show that Slc5a8 (solute carrier gene family 5a, member 8), a Na(+)-coupled high-affinity transporter in colon for the bacterial fermentation product butyrate, plays a critical role in this process. Among various immune cells in colon, dendritic cells (DCs) are unique not only in their accessibility to luminal contents but also in their ability to induce tolerogenic phenotype in T-cells. We found that DCs exposed to butyrate express the immunosuppressive enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A2 (Aldh1A2), promote conversion of naive T-cells into immunosuppressive forkhead box P3(+) (FoxP3(+)) Tregs (regulatory T-cells) and suppress conversion of naive T-cells into pro-inflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ-producing cells. Slc5a8-null DCs do not induce IDO1 and Aldh1A2 and do not generate Tregs or suppress IFN-γ-producing T-cells in response to butyrate. We also provide in vivo evidence for an obligatory role for Slc5a8 in suppression of IFN-γ-producing T-cells. Furthermore, Slc5a8 protects against colitis and colon cancer under conditions of low-fibre intake but not when dietary fibre intake is optimal. This agrees with the high-affinity nature of the transporter to mediate butyrate entry into cells. We conclude that Slc5a8 is an obligatory link between dietary fibre and mucosal immune system via the bacterial metabolite butyrate and that this transporter is a conditional tumour suppressor in colon linked to dietary fibre content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Gurav
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A
| | - Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A
| | - Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Boettger
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr 43, Bad Nauheim, D-61231, Germany
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, U.S.A
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, U.S.A.
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Involvement of the carrier-mediated process in the retina-to-blood transport of spermine at the inner blood-retinal barrier. Exp Eye Res 2014; 124:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Promsote W, Veeranan-Karmegam R, Ananth S, Shen D, Chan CC, Lambert NA, Ganapathy V, Martin PM. L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelium. Mol Vis 2014; 20:73-88. [PMID: 24426777 PMCID: PMC3888500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidant- and inflammation-induced damage to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is central to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Thus, developing novel strategies to protect these cells is important. We reported previously on the robust antioxidant and therefore cell-protective effects of the cysteine pro-drug L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (OTC) in cultured human RPE cells. New reports citing a novel anti-inflammatory role for OTC in addition to the known glutathione-stimulating and antioxidant properties emerged recently; however, this role has not been evaluated in RPE cells or in intact retina. Given the crucial causative roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in AMD pathogenesis, knowing whether OTC might exhibit a similar benefit in this cell and tissue type has high clinical relevance; thus, we evaluated OTC in the present study. METHODS ARPE-19 and primary RPE cells isolated from wild-type, Gpr109a(-/-) , or Slc5a8(-/-) mouse eyes were exposed to TNF-α in the presence or absence of OTC, followed by analysis of IL-6 and Ccl2 expression with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cellular and molecular markers of inflammation and oxidative stress (i.e., IL-1β, TGF-β, ABCG1, ABCA1, reduced glutathione, and dihydroethidium) were evaluated in Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) double knockout mice on rd8 background (DKO rd8) treated with OTC (10 mg/ml) in drinking water for a period of 5 months. RESULTS OTC treatment significantly inhibited the expression and secretion of IL-6 and Ccl2 in TNF-α-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. Studies conducted using DKO rd8 animals treated with OTC in drinking water confirmed these findings. Cellular and molecular markers of inflammation were significantly suppressed in the retinas of the OTC-treated DKO rd8 animals. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies of the possible mechanism(s) to explain these actions revealed that although OTC is an agonist of the anti-inflammatory G-protein coupled receptor GPR109A and a transportable substrate of the sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter SMCT1 (SLC5A8), these properties may play a role but do not explain entirely the anti-inflammatory effects this compound elicits in cultured RPE cells and the intact mouse retina. CONCLUSIONS This study represents, to our knowledge, the first report of the suppressive effects of OTC on inflammation in cultured RPE cells and on inflammation and oxidative stress in the retina in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Promsote
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | | | - Sudha Ananth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Defen Shen
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nevin A. Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
| | - Pamela M. Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA,Department of Ophthalmology, and the Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA,James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
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Usui T, Kubo Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. β-Alanine and l-histidine transport across the inner blood-retinal barrier: Potential involvement in l-carnosine supply. Exp Eye Res 2013; 113:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lee D, Kim D, Mok H, Jeong JH, Choi D, Kim SH. Bioreducible Crosslinked Polyelectrolyte Complexes for MMP-2 siRNA Delivery into Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Pharm Res 2012; 29:2213-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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