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Park S, Raghunathan VK, Ramarapu R, Moshiri A, Yiu G, Casanova MI, Cosert K, McCorkell M, Leonard BC, Thomasy SM. Biomechanic, proteomic and miRNA transcriptional changes in the trabecular meshwork of primates injected with intravitreal triamcinolone. Vision Res 2024; 222:108456. [PMID: 38991466 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2024.108456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Although biomechanical changes of the trabecular meshwork (TM) are important to the pathogenesis of glucocorticoids-induced ocular hypertension (GC-OHT), there is a knowledge gap in the underlying molecular mechanisms of the development of it. In this study, we performed intravitreal triamcinolone injection (IVTA) in one eye of 3 rhesus macaques. Following IVTA, we assessed TM stiffness using atomic force microscopy and investigated changes in proteomic and miRNA expression profiles. One of 3 macaques developed GC-OHT with a difference in intraocular pressure of 4.2 mmHg and a stiffer TM with a mean increase in elastic moduli of 0.60 kPa versus the non-injected control eye. In the IVTA-treated eyes, proteins associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and mitochondrial oxidoreductation were significantly upregulated. The significantly upregulated miR-29b and downregulated miR-335-5p post-IVTA supported the role of oxidative stress and mitophagy in the GC-mediated biomechanical changes in TM, respectively. The significant upregulation of miR-15/16 cluster post-IVTA may indicate a resultant TM cell apoptosis contributing to the increase in outflow resistance. Despite the small sample size, these results expand our knowledge of GC-mediated responses in the TM and furthermore, may help explain steroid responsiveness in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwan Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Raneesh Ramarapu
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ala Moshiri
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Glenn Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - M Isabel Casanova
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Krista Cosert
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michelle McCorkell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brian C Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95817, USA; California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Sugali CK, Rayana NP, Dai J, Harvey DH, Dhamodaran K, Mao W. GSK3β Inhibitors Inhibit TGFβ Signaling in the Human Trabecular Meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:3. [PMID: 39087933 PMCID: PMC11305430 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.10.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness, and its primary risk factor is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to pathologic changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM). We previously showed that there is a cross-inhibition between TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways in the TM. In this study, we determined if activation of the Wnt signaling pathway using small-molecule Wnt activators can inhibit TGFβ2-induced TM changes and ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods Primary human TM (pHTM) cells and transduced SBE-GTM3 cells were treated with or without Wnt and/or TGFβ signaling activators and used for luciferase assays; for the extraction of whole-cell lysate, conditioned medium, cytosolic proteins, and nuclear proteins for Western immunoblotting (WB); or for immunofluorescent staining. Human donor eyes were perfusion cultured to study the effect of Wnt activators on IOP. Results We found that the small-molecule Wnt activators (GSK3β inhibitors) (BIO, SB216763, and CHIR99021) activated canonical Wnt signaling in pHTM cells without toxicity at tested concentrations. This activation inhibited TGFβ signaling as well as TGFβ2-induced extracellular matrix deposition and formation of cross-linked actin networks in pHTM cells or SBE-GTM3 cells. We also observed nuclear translocation of both Smad4 and β-catenin in pHTM cells, which suggested that the cross-inhibition between the TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways may occur in the nucleus. Using our ex vivo model, we found that CHIR99021 inhibited TGFβ2-induced OHT in perfusion-cultured human eyes. Conclusions Our results showed that small-molecule Wnt activators have the potential for treating TGFβ signaling-induced OHT in patients with POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenna Kesavulu Sugali
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Naga Pradeep Rayana
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Jiannong Dai
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Devon H. Harvey
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Kamesh Dhamodaran
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Weiming Mao
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- STARK Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Pancheri NM, Ellingson AJ, Marchus CR, Durgesh V, Verhage T, Yensen N, Schiele NR. Lysyl Oxidase Production by Murine C3H10T1/2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Increased by TGFβs and Differentially Modulated by Mechanical Stimuli. Stem Cells Dev 2024; 33:355-364. [PMID: 38770821 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2023.0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Tendons are frequently injured and have limited regenerative capacity. This motivates tissue engineering efforts aimed at restoring tendon function through strategies to direct functional tendon formation. Generation of a crosslinked collagen matrix is paramount to forming mechanically functional tendon. However, it is unknown how lysyl oxidase (LOX), the primary mediator of enzymatic collagen crosslinking, is regulated by stem cells. This study investigates how multiple factors previously identified to promote tendon formation and healing (transforming growth factor [TGF]β1 and TGFβ2, mechanical stimuli, and hypoxia-inducible factor [HIF]-1α) regulate LOX production in the murine C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) line. We hypothesized that TGFβ signaling promotes LOX activity in C3H10T1/2 MSCs, which is regulated by both mechanical stimuli and HIF-1α activation. TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 increased LOX levels as a function of concentration and time. Inhibiting the TGFβ type I receptor (TGFβRI) decreased TGFβ2-induced LOX production by C3H10T1/2 MSCs. Low (5 mPa) and high (150 mPa) magnitudes of fluid shear stress were applied to test impacts of mechanical stimuli, but without TGFβ2, loading alone did not alter LOX levels. Low loading (5 mPa) with TGFβ2 increased LOX at 7 days greater than TGFβ2 treatment alone. Neither HIF-1α knockdown (siRNA) nor activation (CoCl2) affected LOX levels. Ultimately, results suggest that TGFβ2 and appropriate loading magnitudes contribute to LOX production by C3H10T1/2 MSCs. Potential application of these findings includes treatment with TGFβ2 and appropriate mechanical stimuli to modulate LOX production by stem cells to ultimately control collagen matrix stiffening and support functional tendon formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Pancheri
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Allison J Ellingson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Colin R Marchus
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Vibhav Durgesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Tabitha Verhage
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Nicholas Yensen
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Nathan R Schiele
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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Zeng R, Zhang D, Zhang J, Pan Y, Liu X, Qi Q, Xu J, Xu C, Shi S, Wang J, Liu T, Dong L. Targeting lysyl oxidase like 2 attenuates OVA-induced airway remodeling partly via the AKT signaling pathway. Respir Res 2024; 25:230. [PMID: 38824593 PMCID: PMC11144323 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelium is an important component of airway structure and the initiator of airway remodeling in asthma. The changes of extracellular matrix (ECM), such as collagen deposition and structural disturbance, are typical pathological features of airway remodeling. Thus, identifying key mediators that derived from airway epithelium and capable of modulating ECM may provide valuable insights for targeted therapy of asthma. METHODS The datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus database were analyzed to screen differentially expressed genes in airway epithelium of asthma. We collected bronchoscopic biopsies and serum samples from asthmatic and healthy subjects to assess lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2) expression. RNA sequencing and various experiments were performed to determine the influences of LOXL2 knockdown in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse models. The roles and mechanisms of LOXL2 in bronchial epithelial cells were explored using LOXL2 small interfering RNA, overexpression plasmid and AKT inhibitor. RESULTS Both bioinformatics analysis and further experiments revealed that LOXL2 is highly expressed in airway epithelium of asthmatics. In vivo, LOXL2 knockdown significantly inhibited OVA-induced ECM deposition and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mice. In vitro, the transfection experiments on 16HBE cells demonstrated that LOXL2 overexpression increases the expression of N-cadherin and fibronectin and reduces the expression of E-cadherin. Conversely, after silencing LOXL2, the expression of E-cadherin is up-regulated. In addition, the remodeling and EMT process that induced by transforming growth factor-β1 could be enhanced and weakened after LOXL2 overexpression and silencing in 16HBE cells. Combining the RNA sequencing of mouse lung tissues and experiments in vitro, LOXL2 was involved in the regulation of AKT signaling pathway. Moreover, the treatment with AKT inhibitor in vitro partially alleviated the consequences associated with LOXL2 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results demonstrated that epithelial LOXL2 plays a role in asthmatic airway remodeling partly via the AKT signaling pathway and highlighted the potential of LOXL2 as a therapeutic target for airway remodeling in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zeng
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Pan
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Qi
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Changjuan Xu
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuochuan Shi
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Respiratory, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Jinan, China.
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Hariani HN, Ghosh AK, Rosen SM, Tso HY, Kessinger C, Zhang C, Jones WK, Sappington RM, Mitchell CH, Stubbs EB, Rao VR, Kaja S. Lysyl oxidase like-1 deficiency in optic nerve head astrocytes elicits reactive astrocytosis and alters functional effects of astrocyte derived exosomes. Exp Eye Res 2024; 240:109813. [PMID: 38331016 PMCID: PMC10962968 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial progressive ocular pathology that manifests clinically with damage to the optic nerve (ON) and the retina, ultimately leading to blindness. The optic nerve head (ONH) shows the earliest signs of glaucoma pathology, and therefore, is an attractive target for drug discovery. The goal of this study was to elucidate the effects of reactive astrocytosis on the elastin metabolism pathway in primary rat optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHA), the primary glial cell type in the unmyelinated ONH. Following exposure to static equibiaxial mechanical strain, we observed prototypic molecular and biochemical signatures of reactive astrocytosis that were associated with a decrease in lysyl oxidase like 1 (Loxl1) expression and a concomitant decrease in elastin (Eln) gene expression. We subsequently investigated the role of Loxl1 in reactive astrocytosis by generating primary rat ONHA cultures with ∼50% decreased Loxl1 expression. Our results suggest that reduced Loxl1 expression is sufficient to elicit molecular signatures of elastinopathy in ONHA. Astrocyte derived exosomes (ADE) significantly increased the length of primary neurites of primary neurons in vitro. In contrast, ADE from Loxl1-deficient ONHA were deficient of trophic effects on neurite outgrowth in vitro, positing that Loxl1 dysfunction and the ensuing impaired elastin synthesis during reactive astrocytosis in the ONH may contribute to impaired neuron-glia signaling in glaucoma. Our data support a role of dysregulated Loxl1 function in eliciting reactive astrocytosis in glaucoma subtypes associated with increased IOP, even in the absence of genetic polymorphisms in LOXL1 typically associated with exfoliation glaucoma. This suggests the need for a paradigm shift toward considering lysyl oxidase activity and elastin metabolism and signaling as contributors to an altered secretome of the ONH that may lead to the progression of glaucomatous changes. Future research is needed to investigate cargo of exosomes in the context of reactive astrocytosis and identify the pathways leading to the observed transcriptome changes during reactive astrocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh N Hariani
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Anita K Ghosh
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Sasha M Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Department of Radiology, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Huen-Yee Tso
- Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cassidy Kessinger
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Chongyu Zhang
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - W Keith Jones
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA; Translational Eye and Vision Research Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Evan B Stubbs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Vidhya R Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA
| | - Simon Kaja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA; Research Service, Edward Hines Jr Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA.
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Fontana F, Sommariva M, Anselmi M, Bianchi F, Limonta P, Gagliano N. Differentiation States of Phenotypic Transition of Melanoma Cells Are Revealed by 3D Cell Cultures. Cells 2024; 13:181. [PMID: 38247872 PMCID: PMC10814891 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is characterized by high metastatic potential favored by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading melanoma cells to exhibit a spectrum of typical EMT markers. This study aimed to analyze the expression of EMT markers in A375 and BLM melanoma cell lines cultured in 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids using morphological and molecular methods. The expression of EMT markers was strongly affected by 3D arrangement and revealed a hybrid phenotype for the two cell lines. Indeed, although E-cadherin was almost undetectable in both A375 and BLM cells, cortical actin was detected in A375 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids and was strongly expressed in BLM 3D spheroids. The mesenchymal marker N-cadherin was significantly up-regulated in A375 3D spheroids while undetectable in BLM cells, but vimentin was similarly expressed in both cell lines at the gene and protein levels. This pattern suggests that A375 cells exhibit a more undifferentiated/mesenchymal phenotype, while BLM cells have more melanocytic/differentiated characteristics. Accordingly, the Zeb1 and 2, Slug, Snail and Twist gene expression analyses showed that they were differentially expressed in 2D monolayers compared to 3D spheroids, supporting this view. Furthermore, A375 cells are characterized by a greater invasive potential, strongly influenced by 3D arrangement, compared to the BLM cell line, as evaluated by SDS-zymography and TIMPs gene expression analysis. Finally, TGF-β1, a master controller of EMT, and lysyl oxidase (LOX), involved in melanoma progression, were strongly up-regulated by 3D arrangement in the metastatic BLM cells alone, likely playing a role in the metastatic phases of melanoma progression. Overall, these findings suggest that A375 and BLM cells possess a hybrid/intermediate phenotype in relation to the expression of EMT markers. The former is characterized by a more mesenchymal/undifferentiated phenotype, while the latter shows a more melanocytic/differentiated phenotype. Our results contribute to the characterization of the role of EMT in melanoma cells and confirm that a 3D cell culture model could provide deeper insight into our understanding of the biology of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.F.); (M.A.); (P.L.)
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Martina Anselmi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.F.); (M.A.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (F.B.)
- U. O. Laboratorio Morfologia Umana Applicata, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.F.); (M.A.); (P.L.)
| | - Nicoletta Gagliano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.S.); (F.B.)
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Yan X, Wu S, Liu Q, Cheng Y, Teng Y, Ren T, Zhang J, Wang N. Serine to proline mutation at position 341 of MYOC impairs trabecular meshwork function by causing autophagy deregulation. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38212635 PMCID: PMC10784477 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01801-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a highly heritable disease, and myocilin was the first identified causal and most common pathogenic gene in glaucoma. Serine-to-proline mutation at position 341 of myocilin (MYOCS341P) is associated with severe glaucoma phenotypes in a five-generation primary open-angle glaucoma family. However, the underlying mechanisms are underexplored. Herein, we established the MYOCS341P transgenic mouse model and characterized the glaucoma phenotypes. Further, we systematically explored the functional differences between wild-type and MYOCS341P through immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and RNA-seq analyses. We found that MYOCS341P transgenic mice exhibit glaucoma phenotypes, characterized by reduced aqueous humor outflow, elevated intraocular pressure, decreased trabecular meshwork (TM) cell number, narrowed Schlemm's canal, retinal ganglion cell loss, and visual impairment. Mechanistically, the secretion of dysfunctional MYOCS341P accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), inducing ER stress and dysregulation of autophagy, thereby promoting TM cell death. We describe an effective transgenic model for mechanistic studies and the screening of therapeutic targets. Our data generated from high-throughput analyses help elucidate the mechanism underlying mutant MYOC-related glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Yan
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Shen Wu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Yufei Teng
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Tianmin Ren
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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8
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Li H, Zhu X, Cao X, Lu Y, Zhou J, Zhang X. Single-cell analysis reveals lysyl oxidase (Lox) + fibroblast subset involved in cardiac fibrosis of diabetic mice. J Adv Res 2023; 54:223-237. [PMID: 36706988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction are the main characteristics of diabetic heart disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic myocardial fibrosis remain unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of cardiac fibroblasts in diabetic mice and its possible mechanism in the development of diabetic myocardial fibrosis. METHODS We established a diabetic mouse model by injecting mice with streptozotocin. The overall cell profiles in diabetic hearts were analyzed using single-cell RNA transcriptomic techniques. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Cardiac fibrosis was assessed by Masson's trichrome and Sirius red staining. Protein expression was analyzed using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS A total of 11,585 cells were captured in control (Ctrl) and diabetic (DM) hearts. Twelve cell types were identified in this study. The number of fibroblasts was significantly higher in the DM hearts than in the Ctrl group. The fibroblasts were further re-clustered into nine subsets. Interestingly, cluster 4 fibroblasts were significantly increased in diabetic hearts compared with other fibroblast clusters. Lysyl oxidase (Lox) was highly expressed in DM fibroblasts (especially in cluster 4). Beta-aminopropionitrile, a Lox inhibitor, inhibited collagen expression and alleviated cardiac dysfunction in the diabetic group. Lysyl oxidase inhibition also reduced high glucose-induced collagen protein upregulation in primary fibroblasts. Moreover, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor not only prevented an increase in Lox and Col I but also inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the heterogeneity of cardiac fibroblasts in diabetic mice for the first time. Fibroblasts with high expression of Lox (cluster 4 fibroblasts) were identified to play a crucial role in fibrosis in diabetic heart disease. The findings of this study may provide a possible therapeutic target for interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyangzi Li
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Cao
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yicheng Lu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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9
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Suarez MF, Schmitt HM, Kuhn MS, Watkins T, Hake KM, Weisz T, Flynn EJ, Elliott MH, Hauser MA, Stamer WD. Genetic background determines severity of Loxl1-mediated systemic and ocular elastosis in mice. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050392. [PMID: 37905384 PMCID: PMC10668029 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a systemic, age-related disorder characterized by elastosis and extracellular matrix deposits. Its most significant ocular manifestation is an aggressive form of glaucoma associated with variants in the gene encoding lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1). Depending upon the population, variants in LOXL1 can impart risk or protection for PEX, suggesting the importance of genetic context. As LOXL1 protein levels are lower and the degree of elastosis is higher in people with PEX, we studied Loxl1-deficient mice on three different genetic backgrounds: C57BL/6 (BL/6), 129S×C57BL/6 (50/50) and 129S. Early onset and high prevalence of spontaneous pelvic organ prolapse in BL/6 Loxl1-/- mice necessitated the study of mice that were <2 months old. Similar to pelvic organ prolapse, most elastosis endpoints were the most severe in BL/6 Loxl1-/- mice, including skin laxity, pulmonary tropoelastin accumulation, expansion of Schlemm's canal and dilation of intrascleral veins. Interestingly, intraocular pressure was elevated in 50/50 Loxl1-/- mice, depressed in BL/6 Loxl1-/- mice and unchanged in 129S Loxl1-/- mice compared to that of control littermates. Overall, the 129S background was protective against most elastosis phenotypes studied. Thus, repair of elastin-containing tissues is impacted by the abundance of LOXL1 and genetic context in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Suarez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Heather M. Schmitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Megan S. Kuhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - TeddiJo Watkins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kristyn M. Hake
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Tara Weisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Edward J. Flynn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Michael H. Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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10
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Sundaresan Y, Yacoub S, Kodati B, Amankwa CE, Raola A, Zode G. Therapeutic applications of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology for the treatment of ocular diseases. FEBS J 2023; 290:5248-5269. [PMID: 36877952 PMCID: PMC10480348 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Ocular diseases are a highly heterogeneous group of phenotypes, caused by a spectrum of genetic variants and environmental factors that exhibit diverse clinical symptoms. As a result of its anatomical location, structure and immune privilege, the eye is an ideal system to assess and validate novel genetic therapies. Advances in genome editing have revolutionized the field of biomedical science, enabling researchers to understand the biology behind disease mechanisms and allow the treatment of several health conditions, including ocular pathologies. The advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based gene editing facilitates efficient and specific genetic modifications in the nucleic acid sequence, resulting in permanent changes at the genomic level. This approach has advantages over other treatment strategies and is promising for the treatment of various genetic and non-genetic ocular conditions. This review provides an overview of the CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system and summarizes recent advances in the therapeutic application of CRISPR/Cas9 for the treatment of various ocular pathologies, as well as future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bindu Kodati
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Charles E. Amankwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Akash Raola
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Gulab Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
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11
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Kas SM, Mundra PA, Smith DL, Marais R. Functional classification of DDOST variants of uncertain clinical significance in congenital disorders of glycosylation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17648. [PMID: 37848450 PMCID: PMC10582084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are rare genetic disorders with a spectrum of clinical manifestations caused by abnormal N-glycosylation of secreted and cell surface proteins. Over 130 genes are implicated and next generation sequencing further identifies potential disease drivers in affected individuals. However, functional testing of these variants is challenging, making it difficult to distinguish pathogenic from non-pathogenic events. Using proximity labelling, we identified OST48 as a protein that transiently interacts with lysyl oxidase (LOX), a secreted enzyme that cross-links the fibrous extracellular matrix. OST48 is a non-catalytic component of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, which transfers glycans to substrate proteins. OST48 is encoded by DDOST, and 43 variants of DDOST are described in CDG patients, of which 34 are classified as variants of uncertain clinical significance (VUS). We developed an assay based on LOX N-glycosylation that confirmed two previously characterised DDOST variants as pathogenic. Notably, 39 of the 41 remaining variants did not have impaired activity, but we demonstrated that p.S243F and p.E286del were functionally impaired, consistent with a role in driving CDG in those patients. Thus, we describe a rapid assay for functional testing of clinically relevant CDG variants to complement genome sequencing and support clinical diagnosis of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors M Kas
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Piyushkumar A Mundra
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Duncan L Smith
- Biological Mass Spectrometry Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- Molecular Oncology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
- Oncodrug Ltd, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.
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12
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Poe A, Martinez Yus M, Wang H, Santhanam L. Lysyl oxidase like-2 in fibrosis and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C694-C707. [PMID: 37458436 PMCID: PMC10635644 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00176.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is an important and essential reparative response to injury that, if left uncontrolled, results in the excessive synthesis, deposition, remodeling, and stiffening of the extracellular matrix, which is deleterious to organ function. Thus, the sustained activation of enzymes that catalyze matrix remodeling and cross linking is a fundamental step in the pathology of fibrotic diseases. Recent studies have implicated the amine oxidase lysyl oxidase like-2 (LOXL2) in this process and established significantly elevated expression of LOXL2 as a key component of profibrotic conditions in several organ systems. Understanding the relationship between LOXL2 and fibrosis as well as the mechanisms behind these relationships can offer significant insights for developing novel therapies. Here, we summarize the key findings that demonstrate the link between LOXL2 and fibrosis and inflammation, examine current therapeutics targeting LOXL2 for the treatment of fibrosis, and discuss future directions for experiments and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Poe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Marta Martinez Yus
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Huilei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and CCM, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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13
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Tarchi SM, Pernia Marin M, Hossain MM, Salvatore M. Breast stiffness, a risk factor for cancer and the role of radiology for diagnosis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:582. [PMID: 37649088 PMCID: PMC10466778 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last five decades, breast density has been associated with increased risk of developing breast cancer. Mammographically dense breasts are considered those belonging to the heterogeneously dense breasts, and extremely dense breasts subgroups according to the American College of Radiology's Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS). There is a statistically significant correlation between the increased mammographic density and the presence of more glandular tissue alone. However, the strength of this correlation is weak. Although the mechanisms driving breast density-related tumor initiation and progression are still unknown, there is evidence suggesting that certain molecular pathways participating in epithelial-stromal interactions may play a pivotal role in the deposition of fibrillar collagen, increased matrix stiffness, and cell migration that favor breast density and carcinogenesis. This article describes these molecular mechanisms as potential "landscapers" for breast density-related cancer. We also introduce the term "Breast Compactness" to reflect collagen density of breast tissue on chest CT scan and the use of breast stiffness measurements as imaging biomarkers for breast cancer screening and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M Tarchi
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Pernia Marin
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Md Murad Hossain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Salvatore
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I. Advances in targeting the extracellular matrix for glaucoma therapy: current updates. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1217-1229. [PMID: 38069479 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2293748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-recognized risk factor for development of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Ocular hypertension is associated with excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in trabecular meshwork (TM) resulting in increased aqueous outflow resistance and elevated IOP. Hence, therapeutic options targeting ECM remodeling in TM to lower IOP in glaucomatous eyes are of considerable importance. AREAS COVERED This paper discusses the complex process of ECM regulation in TM and explores promising therapeutic targets. The role of Transforming Growth Factor-β as a central player in ECM deposition in TM is discussed. We elaborate the key regulatory processes involved in its activation, release, signaling, and cross talk with other signaling pathways including Rho GTPase, Wnt, integrin, cytokines, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Further, we summarize the therapeutic agents that have been explored to target ECM dysregulation in TM. EXPERT OPINION Targeting molecular pathways to reduce ECM deposition and/or enhance its degradation are of considerable significance for IOP lowering. Challenges lie in pinpointing specific targets and designing drug delivery systems to precisely interact with pathologically active/inactive signaling. Recent advances in monoclonal antibodies, fusion molecules, and vectored nanotechnology offer potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Yuan M, Lin X, Wang D, Dai J. Proteins: Neglected active ingredients in edible bird's nest. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2023; 15:383-390. [PMID: 37538855 PMCID: PMC10394320 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible bird's nest (EBN) is a kind of natural invigorant with a long history of consumption in Asia, especially in China. EBN is formed by mixing the saliva of swiftlets (Aerodramus) with feathers and other components during the breeding season. Proteins are the most important nutrient in EBN. By studying proteins in EBN, we can not only elucidate their components at the molecular level, but also study their bioactivities. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the proteins in EBN. Previous research on the proteins in EBN was preliminary and cursory, and no one has summarized and analyzed the proteins in EBN and correlated the bioactivities of these proteins with the biological functions of EBN. This article focused on the proteins in EBN, listed the proteins identified in different proteomic studies, and introduced the sources, structures and bioactivities of the most frequently identified proteins, including acidic mammalian chitinase, lysyl oxidase homolog 3, mucin-5AC, ovoinhibitor, nucleobindin-2, calcium-binding protein (MW: 4.5 × 104) and glucose-regulated protein (MW: 7.8 × 104). The properties of these proteins are closely related to the bioactivities of EBN. Therefore, this article can provide inspiration for further research on the efficacy of EBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Yuan
- Hebei Edible Bird's Nest Fresh Stew Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065700, China
| | - Xiaoxian Lin
- Hebei Edible Bird's Nest Fresh Stew Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065700, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Hebei Edible Bird's Nest Fresh Stew Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065700, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianye Dai
- Hebei Edible Bird's Nest Fresh Stew Technology Innovation Center, Langfang 065700, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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16
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Cheng WC, Lawson C, Liu HH, Wilkie L, Dobromylskyj M, Luis Fuentes V, Dudhia J, Connolly DJ. Exploration of Mediators Associated with Myocardial Remodelling in Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2112. [PMID: 37443910 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) affects both humans and cats and exhibits considerable interspecies similarities that are exemplified by underlying pathological processes and clinical presentation to the extent that developments in the human field may have direct relevance to the feline disease. Characteristic changes on histological examination include cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial and replacement fibrosis. Clinically, HCM is characterised by significant diastolic dysfunction due to a reduction in ventricular compliance and relaxation associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and the development of ventricular hypertrophy. Studies in rodent models and human HCM patients have identified key protein mediators implicated in these pathological changes, including lumican, lysyl oxidase and TGF-β isoforms. We therefore sought to quantify and describe the cellular location of these mediators in the left ventricular myocardium of cats with HCM and investigate their relationship with the quantity and structural composition of the ECM. We identified increased myocardial content of lumican, LOX and TGF-β2 mainly attributed to their increased expression within cardiomyocytes in HCM cats compared to control cats. Furthermore, we found strong correlations between the expressions of these mediators that is compatible with their role as important components of cellular pathways promoting remodelling of the left ventricular myocardium. Fibrosis and hypertrophy are important pathological changes in feline HCM, and a greater understanding of the mechanisms driving this pathology may facilitate the identification of potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ching Cheng
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Charlotte Lawson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Hui-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Lois Wilkie
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Virginia Luis Fuentes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - David J Connolly
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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17
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Kotsaris G, Qazi TH, Bucher CH, Zahid H, Pöhle-Kronawitter S, Ugorets V, Jarassier W, Börno S, Timmermann B, Giesecke-Thiel C, Economides AN, Le Grand F, Vallecillo-García P, Knaus P, Geissler S, Stricker S. Odd skipped-related 1 controls the pro-regenerative response of fibro-adipogenic progenitors. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:19. [PMID: 37019910 PMCID: PMC10076435 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration requires the coordinated interplay of diverse tissue-resident- and infiltrating cells. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are an interstitial cell population that provides a beneficial microenvironment for muscle stem cells (MuSCs) during muscle regeneration. Here we show that the transcription factor Osr1 is essential for FAPs to communicate with MuSCs and infiltrating macrophages, thus coordinating muscle regeneration. Conditional inactivation of Osr1 impaired muscle regeneration with reduced myofiber growth and formation of excessive fibrotic tissue with reduced stiffness. Osr1-deficient FAPs acquired a fibrogenic identity with altered matrix secretion and cytokine expression resulting in impaired MuSC viability, expansion and differentiation. Immune cell profiling suggested a novel role for Osr1-FAPs in macrophage polarization. In vitro analysis suggested that increased TGFβ signaling and altered matrix deposition by Osr1-deficient FAPs actively suppressed regenerative myogenesis. In conclusion, we show that Osr1 is central to FAP function orchestrating key regenerative events such as inflammation, matrix secretion and myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kotsaris
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Musculoskeletal Development and Regeneration Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Taimoor H Qazi
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Christian H Bucher
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hafsa Zahid
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Musculoskeletal Development and Regeneration Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Biology and Computing IMPRS-BAC, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Pöhle-Kronawitter
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Musculoskeletal Development and Regeneration Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladimir Ugorets
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Cell Signaling Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - William Jarassier
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Stefan Börno
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 73, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Fabien Le Grand
- Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR 5261, Inserm U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Pedro Vallecillo-García
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Musculoskeletal Development and Regeneration Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Cell Signaling Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Geissler
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Julius Wolff Institute, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Advanced Therapies (BECAT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Musculoskeletal Development and Regeneration Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Jiang Y, Zhou L, Wang Y, Ouyang J, Li S, Xiao X, Jia X, Wang J, Yi Z, Sun W, Jiao X, Wang P, Hejtmancik JF, Zhang Q. The Genetic Confirmation and Clinical Characterization of LOXL3-Associated MYP28: A Common Type of Recessive Extreme High Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:14. [PMID: 36917121 PMCID: PMC10019489 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In previous studies, biallelic LOXL3 variants have been shown to cause autosomal recessive Stickler syndrome in one Saudi Arabian family or autosomal recessive early-onset high myopia (eoHM, MYP28) in two Chinese families. The current study aims to elucidate the clinical and genetic features of LOXL3-associated MYP28 in seven new families and two previously published families. Methods LOXL3 variants were detected based on the exome sequencing data of 8389 unrelated probands with various ocular conditions. Biallelic variants were identified through multiple online bioinformatic tools, comparative analysis, and co-segregation analysis. The available clinical data were summarized. Results Biallelic LOXL3 variants were exclusively identified in nine of 1226 families with eoHM but in none of the 7163 families without eoHM (P = 2.97 × 10-8, Fisher's exact test), including seven new and two previously reported families. Seven pathogenic variants were detected, including one nonsense (c.1765C>T/p.Arg589*), three frameshift (c.39dupG/p.Leu14Alafs*21; c.544delC/p.Leu182Cysfs*3, c.594delG/p.Gln199Lysfs*35), and three missense (c.371G>A/p.Cys124Tyr; c.1051G>A/p.Gly351Arg; c.1669G>A/p.Glu557Lys) variants. Clinical data of nine patients from nine unrelated families revealed myopia at the first visit at about 5 years of age, showing slow progression with age. Visual acuity at the last visit ranged from 0.04 to 0.9 (median age at last visit = 5 years, range 3.5-15 years). High myopic fundus changes, observed in all nine patients, were classified as tessellated fundus (C1) in five patients and diffuse choroidal atrophy (C2) in four patients. Electroretinograms showed mildly reduced cone responses and normal rod responses. Except for high myopia, no other specific features were shared by these patients. Conclusions Biallelic LOXL3 variants exclusively presenting in nine unrelated patients with eoHM provide firm evidence implicating MYP28, with an estimated prevalence of 7.3 × 10-3 in eoHM and of about 7.3 × 10-5 in the general population for LOXL3-associated eoHM. So far, MYP28 represents a common type of autosomal recessive extreme eoHM, with a frequency comparable to LRPAP1-associated MYP23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueshan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiao
- Ophthalmic Molecular Genetics Section, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Panfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic Molecular Genetics Section, Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Liu Z, Mo F, Dong X, Chen G, Gao J, Zhang J. Progressive degeneration of the retina in Loxl3 mutant mouse model of Stickler syndrome. Dev Biol 2023; 495:54-62. [PMID: 36610533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stickler syndrome is a multisystem collagenopathy with affected individuals exhibiting a high rate of ocular complications. Lysyl oxidase-like 3 (LOXL3) is a human disease gene candidate with a critical role in catalyzing collagen crosslinking. A homozygous missense variant of LOXL3 was reported in Stickler syndrome with severe myopia. However, the underlying mechanisms of the LOXL3 missense mutation that causes Stickler syndrome are unknown. In this study, a mouse model of Stickler syndrome induced by LOXL3 mutation (c.2027G > A, p.Cys676Try) was obtained using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing techniques. The Loxl3 mutant mice exhibited perinatal death, spinal deformity, and cleft palate, and Loxl3 mutation also induced skeletal dysplasia and progressive visual degeneration. Furthermore, we observed the damage of the bruch's membrane (BrM) and an increase in the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Rpe65 in the Loxl3 mutant mice. Thus, we provided the critical in vivo evidence that Loxl3 possibly has a pivotal role in maintaining the eye function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Fan Mo
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyu Dong
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ge Chen
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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20
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Macromolecular crowding regulates matrix composition and gene expression in human gingival fibroblast cultures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2047. [PMID: 36739306 PMCID: PMC9899282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard cell cultures are performed in aqueous media with a low macromolecule concentration compared to tissue microenvironment. In macromolecular crowding (MMC) experiments, synthetic polymeric crowders are added into cell culture media to better mimic macromolecule concentrations found in vivo. However, their effect on cultured cells is incompletely understood and appears context-dependent. Here we show using human gingival fibroblasts, a cell type associated with fast and scarless wound healing, that MMC (standard medium supplemented with Ficoll 70/400) potently modulates fibroblast phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) composition compared to standard culture media (nMMC) over time. MMC significantly reduced cell numbers, but increased accumulation of collagen I, cellular fibronectin, and tenascin C, while suppressing level of SPARC (Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich). Out of the 75 wound healing and ECM related genes studied, MMC significantly modulated expression of 25 genes compared to nMMC condition. MMC also suppressed myofibroblast markers and promoted deposition of basement membrane molecules collagen IV, laminin 1, and expression of LAMB3 (Laminin Subunit Beta 3) gene. In cell-derived matrices produced by a novel decellularization protocol, the altered molecular composition of MMC matrices was replicated. Thus, MMC may improve cell culture models for research and provide novel approaches for regenerative therapy.
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21
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Mao BH, Nguyen Thi KM, Tang MJ, Kamm RD, Tu TY. The interface stiffness and topographic feature dictate interfacial invasiveness of cancer spheroids. Biofabrication 2023; 15. [PMID: 36594698 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acaa00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During cancer metastasis, tumor cells likely navigate, in a collective manner, discrete tissue spaces comprising inherently heterogeneous extracellular matrix microstructures where interfaces may be frequently encountered. Studies have shown that cell migration modes can be determined by adaptation to mechanical/topographic cues from interfacial microenvironments. However, less attention has been paid to exploring the impact of interfacial mechnochemical attributes on invasive and metastatic behaviors of tumor aggregates. Here, we excogitated a collagen matrix-solid substrate interface platform to investigate the afore-stated interesting issue. Our data revealed that stiffer interfaces stimulated spheroid outgrowth by motivating detachment of single cells and boosting their motility and velocity. However, stronger interfacial adhesive strength between matrix and substrate led to the opposite outcomes. Besides, this interfacial parameter also affected the morphological switch between migration modes of the detached cells and their directionality. Mechanistically, myosin II-mediated cell contraction, compared to matrix metalloproteinases-driven collagen degradation, was shown to play a more crucial role in the invasive outgrowth of tumor spheroids in interfacial microenvironments. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of heterogeneous interfaces in addressing and combating cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Hsu Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Kim Mai Nguyen Thi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Tang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Roger D Kamm
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Ting-Yuan Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan.,Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan No.1, University Road, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
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22
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Jalilian I, Muppala S, Ali M, Anderson JD, Phinney B, Salemi M, Wilmarth PA, Murphy CJ, Thomasy SM, Raghunathan V. Cell derived matrices from bovine corneal endothelial cells as a model to study cellular dysfunction. Exp Eye Res 2023; 226:109303. [PMID: 36343671 PMCID: PMC11349083 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a progressive corneal disease that impacts the structure and stiffness of the Descemet's membrane (DM), the substratum for corneal endothelial cells (CECs). These structural alterations of the DM could contribute to the loss of the CECs resulting in corneal edema and blindness. Oxidative stress and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways have been implicated in endothelial cell loss and endothelial to mesenchymal transition of CECs in FECD. Ascorbic acid (AA) is found at high concentrations in FECD and its impact on CEC survival has been investigated. However, how TGF-β and AA effect the composition and rigidity of the CEC's matrix remains unknown. METHODS In this study, we investigated the effect of AA, TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 on the deposition, ultrastructure, stiffness, and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by primary bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCECs). RESULTS Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy post-decellularization demonstrated a robust deposition and distinct structure of ECM in response to treatments. AFM measurements showed that the modulus of the matrix in BCECs treated with TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 was significantly lower than the controls. There was no difference in the stiffness of the matrix between the AA-treated cell and controls. Gene Ontology analysis of the proteomics results revealed that AA modulates the oxidative stress pathway in the matrix while TGF-β induces the expression of matrix proteins collagen IV, laminin, and lysyl oxidase homolog 1. CONCLUSIONS Molecular pathways identified in this study demonstrate the differential role of soluble factors in the pathogenesis of FECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Jalilian
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Santoshi Muppala
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Maryam Ali
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Johnathon D Anderson
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core, University of California, Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core, University of California, Davis Genome Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resources, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Sara M Thomasy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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23
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Huang L, Wei Z, Wang X, Lan C, Zhu Y, Ye Q. AZD6738 Decreases Intraocular Pressure and Inhibits Fibrotic Response in Trabecular Meshwork through CHK1/P53 Pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Lausecker F, Lennon R, Randles MJ. The kidney matrisome in health, aging, and disease. Kidney Int 2022; 102:1000-1012. [PMID: 35870643 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated extracellular matrix is the hallmark of fibrosis, and it has a profound impact on kidney function in disease. Furthermore, perturbation of matrix homeostasis is a feature of aging and is associated with declining kidney function. Understanding these dynamic processes, in the hope of developing therapies to combat matrix dysregulation, requires the integration of data acquired by both well-established and novel technologies. Owing to its complexity, the extracellular proteome, or matrisome, still holds many secrets and has great potential for the identification of clinical biomarkers and drug targets. The molecular resolution of matrix composition during aging and disease has been illuminated by cutting-edge mass spectrometry-based proteomics in recent years, but there remain key questions about the mechanisms that drive altered matrix composition. Basement membrane components are particularly important in the context of kidney function; and data from proteomic studies suggest that switches between basement membrane and interstitial matrix proteins are likely to contribute to organ dysfunction during aging and disease. Understanding the impact of such changes on physical properties of the matrix, and the subsequent cellular response to altered stiffness and viscoelasticity, is of critical importance. Likewise, the comparison of proteomic data sets from multiple organs is required to identify common matrix biomarkers and shared pathways for therapeutic intervention. Coupled with single-cell transcriptomics, there is the potential to identify the cellular origin of matrix changes, which could enable cell-targeted therapy. This review provides a contemporary perspective of the complex kidney matrisome and draws comparison to altered matrix in heart and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lausecker
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Randles
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK.
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25
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Liu X, Zhao L, Chen Y, Gao Y, Tian Q, Son JS, Chae SA, de Avila JM, Zhu MJ, Du M. Obesity induces adipose fibrosis and collagen cross-linking through suppressing AMPK and enhancing lysyl oxidase expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166454. [PMID: 35644337 PMCID: PMC9990697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is the main component of connective tissue surrounding adipocytes. Collagen cross-linking affects adipose remodeling, which is crucial for maintaining function and metabolic homeostasis of adipose tissue. However, the effects of obesity on collagen cross-linking and adipose fibrosis remain to be examined. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate obesity-induced collagen cross-linking in adipose tissue and explore the underlying mechanisms. We found that obesity increased mature nonreducible collagen cross-linking in white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice, which was associated with inhibition of AMPK, up-regulation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and the expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX), a key enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of mature cross-linking products. In SVCs and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, AMPK activation by metformin or AICAR inhibited TGF-β1-induced fibrogenesis and expression of LOX, which was further confirmed by ectopic expression of AMPK WT and K45R mutant. Consistently, in vivo, knocking out AMPK increased fibrosis and collagen cross-linking. Our study showed that AMPK downregulation due to obesity increases TGF-β signaling and LOX expression, which enhances adipose fibrosis and collagen cross-linking. Thus, AMPK is a therapeutic target for ameliorating the obesity-induced fibrosis, improving metabolic health of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Liu
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Yanting Chen
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Yao Gao
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Qiyu Tian
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Jun Seok Son
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Jeanene Marie de Avila
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Min Du
- Laboratory of Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
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26
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Laurentino TDS, Soares RDS, Marie SKN, Oba-Shinjo SM. Correlation of Matrisome-Associatted Gene Expressions with LOX Family Members in Astrocytomas Stratified by IDH Mutation Status. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179507. [PMID: 36076905 PMCID: PMC9455728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cell infiltrative ability into surrounding brain tissue is a characteristic of diffusely infiltrative astrocytoma and is strongly associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness. Collagens are the most abundant ECM scaffolding proteins and contribute to matrix organization and stiffness. LOX family members, copper-dependent amine oxidases, participate in the collagen and elastin crosslinking that determine ECM tensile strength. Common IDH mutations in lower-grade gliomas (LGG) impact prognosis and have been associated with ECM stiffness. We analyzed the expression levels of LOX family members and matrisome-associated genes in astrocytoma stratified by malignancy grade and IDH mutation status. A progressive increase in expression of all five LOX family members according to malignancy grade was found. LOX, LOXL1, and LOXL3 expression correlated with matrisome gene expressions. LOXL1 correlations were detected in LGG with IDH mutation (IDHmut), LOXL3 correlations in LGG with IDH wild type (IDHwt) and strong LOX correlations in glioblastoma (GBM) were found. These increasing correlations may explain the increment of ECM stiffness and tumor aggressiveness from LGG-IDHmut and LGG-IDHwt through to GBM. The expression of the mechanosensitive transcription factor, β-catenin, also increased with malignancy grade and was correlated with LOXL1 and LOXL3 expression, suggesting involvement of this factor in the outside–in signaling pathway.
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27
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Mzyk P, Hernandez H, Le T, Ramirez JR, McDowell CM. Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in the Trabecular Meshwork. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:936115. [PMID: 35912101 PMCID: PMC9335276 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.936115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. With limited therapeutics targeting the pathogenesis at the trabecular meshwork (TM), there is a great need for identifying potential new targets. Recent evidence has implicated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and it is signaling pathway in augmenting the effects of transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGFβ2) and downstream extracellular matrix production. In this review, we examine the role of TLR4 signaling in the trabecular meshwork and the interplay between endogenous activators of TLR4 (damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)), extracellular matrix (ECM), and the effect on intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mzyk
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Thanh Le
- University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, United States
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28
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Patil SV, Kasetti RB, Millar JC, Zode GS. A Novel Mouse Model of TGFβ2-Induced Ocular Hypertension Using Lentiviral Gene Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6883. [PMID: 35805889 PMCID: PMC9266301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease leading to irreversible blindness. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common form and is associated with the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Reduced aqueous humor (AH) outflow due to trabecular meshwork (TM) dysfunction is responsible for IOP elevation in POAG. Extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and stiffening of the TM are associated with increased outflow resistance. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β2, a profibrotic cytokine, is known to play an important role in the development of ocular hypertension (OHT) in POAG. An appropriate mouse model is critical in understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of TGFβ2-induced OHT. To achieve this, TM can be targeted with recombinant viral vectors to express a gene of interest. Lentiviruses (LV) are known for their tropism towards TM with stable transgene expression and low immunogenicity. We, therefore, developed a novel mouse model of IOP elevation using LV gene transfer of active human TGFβ2 in the TM. We developed an LV vector-encoding active hTGFβ2C226,228S under the control of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Adult C57BL/6J mice were injected intravitreally with LV expressing null or hTGFβ2C226,228S. We observed a significant increase in IOP 3 weeks post-injection compared to control eyes with an average delta change of 3.3 mmHg. IOP stayed elevated up to 7 weeks post-injection, which correlated with a significant drop in the AH outflow facility (40.36%). Increased expression of active TGFβ2 was observed in both AH and anterior segment samples of injected mice. The morphological assessment of the mouse TM region via hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and direct ophthalmoscopy examination revealed no visible signs of inflammation or other ocular abnormalities in the injected eyes. Furthermore, transduction of primary human TM cells with LV_hTGFβ2C226,228S exhibited alterations in actin cytoskeleton structures, including the formation of F-actin stress fibers and crossed-linked actin networks (CLANs), which are signature arrangements of actin cytoskeleton observed in the stiffer fibrotic-like TM. Our study demonstrated a mouse model of sustained IOP elevation via lentiviral gene delivery of active hTGFβ2C226,228S that induces TM dysfunction and outflow resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gulab S. Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (S.V.P.); (R.B.K.); (J.C.M.)
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29
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Bioinformatic Prioritization and Functional Annotation of GWAS-Based Candidate Genes for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061055. [PMID: 35741817 PMCID: PMC9222386 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most prevalent glaucoma subtype, but its exact etiology is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to prioritize the most likely ‘causal’ genes and identify functional characteristics and underlying biological pathways of POAG candidate genes. Methods: We used the results of a large POAG genome-wide association analysis study from GERA and UK Biobank cohorts. First, we performed systematic gene-prioritization analyses based on: (i) nearest genes; (ii) nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms; (iii) co-regulation analysis; (iv) transcriptome-wide association studies; and (v) epigenomic data. Next, we performed functional enrichment analyses to find overrepresented functional pathways and tissues. Results: We identified 142 prioritized genes, of which 64 were novel for POAG. BICC1, AFAP1, and ABCA1 were the most highly prioritized genes based on four or more lines of evidence. The most significant pathways were related to extracellular matrix turnover, transforming growth factor-β, blood vessel development, and retinoic acid receptor signaling. Ocular tissues such as sclera and trabecular meshwork showed enrichment in prioritized gene expression (>1.5 fold). We found pleiotropy of POAG with intraocular pressure and optic-disc parameters, as well as genetic correlation with hypertension and diabetes-related eye disease. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying glaucoma pathogenesis and have prioritized many novel candidate genes for functional follow-up studies.
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30
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Abstract
Tendons are collagen-rich musculoskeletal tissues that possess the mechanical strength needed to transfer forces between muscles and bones. The mechanical development and function of tendons are impacted by collagen crosslinks. However, there is a limited understanding of how collagen crosslinking is regulated in tendon during development and aging. Therefore, the objective of the present review was to highlight potential regulators of enzymatic and non-enzymatic collagen crosslinking and how they impact tendon function. The main collagen crosslinking enzymes include lysyl oxidase (LOX) and the lysyl oxidase-like isoforms (LOXL), whereas non-enzymatic crosslinking is mainly mediated by the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Regulators of the LOX and LOXL enzymes may include mechanical stimuli, mechanotransducive cell signaling pathways, sex hormones, transforming growth factor (TGF)β family, hypoxia, and interactions with intracellular or extracellular proteins. AGE accumulation in tendon is due to diabetic conditions and aging, and can be mediated by diet and mechanical stimuli. The formation of these enzymatic and non-enzymatic collagen crosslinks plays a major role in tendon biomechanics and in the mechanisms of force transfer. A more complete understanding of how enzymatic and non-enzymatic collagen crosslinking is regulated in tendon will better inform tissue engineering and regenerative therapies aimed at restoring the mechanical function of damaged tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Ellingson
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - N.M. Pancheri
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - N.R. Schiele
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA,Address for correspondence: Nathan R. Schiele, Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr. MS 0904, Moscow, ID, USA. Telephone number: 208 8859063
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31
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Sugali CK, Rayana NP, Dai J, Peng M, Mao W. Age and sex affect TGFβ2-induced ocular hypertension in C57BL/6J mice. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109055. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cleavage of LOXL1 by BMP1 and ADAMTS14 Proteases Suggests a Role for Proteolytic Processing in the Regulation of LOXL1 Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063285. [PMID: 35328709 PMCID: PMC8951505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family catalyze the oxidative deamination of lysine and hydroxylysine residues in collagen and elastin in the initiation step of the formation of covalent cross-links, an essential process for connective tissue maturation. Proteolysis has emerged as an important level of regulation of LOX enzymes with the cleavage of the LOX isoform by metalloproteinases of the BMP1 (bone morphogenetic protein 1) and ADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) families as a model example. Lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1), an isoform associated with pelvic organ prolapse and pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma, has also been reported to be proteolytically processed by these proteases. However, precise molecular information on these proteolytic events is not available. In this study, using genetic cellular models, along with proteomic analyses, we describe that LOXL1 is processed by BMP1 and ADAMTS14 and identify the processing sites in the LOXL1 protein sequence. Our data show that BMP1 cleaves LOXL1 in a unique location within the pro-peptide region, whereas ADAMTS14 processes LOXL1 in at least three different sites located within the pro-peptide and in the first residues of the catalytic domain. Taken together, these results suggest a complex regulation of LOXL1 function by BMP1- and ADAMTS14-mediated proteolysis where LOXL1 enzymes retaining variable fragments of N-terminal region may display different capabilities.
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Kan HW, Hsieh JH, Wang SW, Yeh TY, Chang MF, Tang TY, Chao CC, Feng FP, Hsieh ST. Nonpermissive skin environment impairs nerve regeneration in diabetes via Sec31a. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:821-833. [PMID: 35285061 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the microenvironment for peripheral nerve regeneration is permissive, such a mechanism is defective in diabetes, and the molecular mediators remain elusive. This study aimed to (1) investigate the relationship between skin innervation and collagen pathology in diabetic neuropathy and to (2) clarify the molecular alterations that occur in response to hyperglycemia and their effects on axon regeneration. METHODS We addressed this issue using two complementary systems: (1) human skin from patients with diabetic neuropathy and to (2) a coculture model of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) with rat dorsal root ganglia neurons in the context of intrinsic neuronal factor and extrinsic microenvironmental collagen and its biosynthetic pathways. RESULTS In diabetic neuropathy, the skin innervation of intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFd), a measure of sensory nerve degeneration, was reduced with similar expression of a growth associated protein 43, a marker of nerve regeneration. In contrast, the content and packing of collagen in the diabetic skin became more rigid than the control skin. Sec31a, a protein that regulates the collagen biosynthetic pathway, was upregulated and inversely correlated with IENFd. In the cell model, activated HDFs exposed to high-glucose medium enhanced the expression of Sec31a and collagen I through the activation of transforming growth factor β, a profibrotic molecule. Sec31a upregulation impaired neurite outgrowth. This effect was reversed by silencing Sec31a expression and neurite outgrowth was resumed. INTERPRETATION The current study provides evidence that Sec31a plays a key role in inhibiting nerve regeneration in diabetic neuropathy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Kan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824005, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsien Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, E-DA Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824005, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Yen Yeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fong Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Tsz-Yi Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chao Chao
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ping Feng
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan.,Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
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miR-486-5p Restrains Extracellular Matrix Production and Oxidative Damage in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Targeting TGF-β/SMAD2 Pathway. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:3584192. [PMID: 35251709 PMCID: PMC8890899 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3584192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is characterized by elevated intraocular pressure caused by aqueous outflow dysfunction. Trabecular meshwork plays a key role in controlling intraocular pressure by modulating aqueous outflow. This study investigated the protective effects of miR-486-5p in H2O2-stimulated human trabecular meshwork cells (TMCs). Methods TMCs were disposed with 300 μM H2O2 to establish oxidative damage models in vitro. miR-486-5p mimics and its controls were transfected into TMCs, and cell apoptosis and extracellular matrix production (ECM) genes were measured by flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were also assayed. Online tools and luciferase reporter assays were used to uncover the relationship between miR-486-5p and the TGF-β/SMAD2 pathway. Results We found that H2O2-induced oxidative damage in TMCs and miR-486-5p was downregulated in H2O2-stimulated TMCs. Overexpression of miR-486-5p mitigated H2O2-induced oxidative damage by inhibiting apoptosis, reducing cleaved caspase-3/9 expression, reducing MDA levels, and increasing SOD levels as well as downregulating ECM genes. SMAD2 was demonstrated to be targeted by miR-486-5p, and miR-486-5p inhibited TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling in H2O2-stimulated TMCs. Additionally, SMAD2 was upregulated by H2O2, and SMAD2 upregulation abrogated the protective effects of miR-486-5p against H2O2-induced injury. Conclusion miR-486-5p restrains H2O2-induced oxidative damage in TMCs by targeting the TGF-β/SMAD2 pathway.
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Zhong Y, Mahoney RC, Khatun Z, Chen HH, Nguyen CT, Caravan P, Roberts JD. Lysyl oxidase regulation and protein aldehydes in the injured newborn lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L204-L223. [PMID: 34878944 PMCID: PMC8794022 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00158.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During newborn lung injury, excessive activity of lysyl oxidases (LOXs) disrupts extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. Previous studies indicate that TGFβ activation in the O2-injured mouse pup lung increases lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression. But how TGFβ regulates this, and whether the LOXs generate excess pulmonary aldehydes are unknown. First, we determined that O2-mediated lung injury increases LOX protein expression in TGFβ-stimulated pup lung interstitial fibroblasts. This regulation appeared to be direct; this is because TGFβ treatment also increased LOX protein expression in isolated pup lung fibroblasts. Then using a fibroblast cell line, we determined that TGFβ stimulates LOX expression at a transcriptional level via Smad2/3-dependent signaling. LOX is translated as a pro-protein that requires secretion and extracellular cleavage before assuming amine oxidase activity and, in some cells, reuptake with nuclear localization. We found that pro-LOX is processed in the newborn mouse pup lung. Also, O2-mediated injury was determined to increase pro-LOX secretion and nuclear LOX immunoreactivity particularly in areas populated with interstitial fibroblasts and exhibiting malformed ECM. Then, using molecular probes, we detected increased aldehyde levels in vivo in O2-injured pup lungs, which mapped to areas of increased pro-LOX secretion in lung sections. Increased activity of LOXs plays a critical role in the aldehyde generation; an inhibitor of LOXs prevented the elevation of aldehydes in the O2-injured pup lung. These results reveal new mechanisms of TGFβ and LOX in newborn lung disease and suggest that aldehyde-reactive probes might have utility in sensing the activation of LOXs in vivo during lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rose C. Mahoney
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zehedina Khatun
- 4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,5Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,6Division of Health Science Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Howard H. Chen
- 4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,5Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,6Division of Health Science Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher T. Nguyen
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,5Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Caravan
- 4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts,5Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,6Division of Health Science Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts,7The Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jesse D. Roberts
- 1Cardiovascular Research Center of the General Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,2Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,3Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,4Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Tong X, Zhang S, Wang D, Zhang L, Huang J, Zhang T, Fan H. Azithromycin Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis Partly by Inhibiting the Expression of LOX and LOXL-2. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:709819. [PMID: 34803671 PMCID: PMC8602210 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.709819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and progressive process of tissue repair. Azithromycin (AZM) may be beneficial for the treatment of PF because AZM has anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory roles and inhibits remodeling, but the mechanism is not entirely clear. In this study, we established a mouse PF model induced by bleomycin (BLM) and primary mouse lung fibroblasts stimulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to explore the possible mechanisms of AZM in PF. Results showed that AZM reduces mortality and lung inflammation and attenuates BLM-induced PF in mice. AZM effectively reduced the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and type I collagen. Meanwhile, expression of lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase-like protein (LOXL)-2 in the lung tissue of mice after AZM treatment was significantly lower than in the BLM group. In addition, this study found that AZM significantly inhibits the TGF-β1/Smad and JNK/c-Jun signaling pathways in vivo, and expression of a-SMA, type I collagen, LOX and LOXL-2 in the lung tissue of mice treated with AZM was significantly lower than that in the BLM group. In vitro, AZM also effectively inhibited type I collagen, LOX, LOXL-2 and JNK-c-Jun signaling pathways in TGF-β1-stimulated primary mouse fibroblasts, and this effect was similar to that of a JNK-specific inhibitor (SP600125). In conclusion, AZM effectively attenuated BLM-induced PF in mice, which may play a role by partially inhibiting the JNK/c-Jun and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathways and reducing production of LOX and LOXL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongguang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jizheng Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianli Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ates KM, Estes AJ, Liu Y. Potential underlying genetic associations between keratoconus and diabetes mellitus. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2021; 1:100005. [PMID: 34746916 PMCID: PMC8570550 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2021.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Keratoconus (KC) is the most common ectatic corneal disease, characterized by significantly localized thinning of the corneal stroma. Genetic, environmental, hormonal, and metabolic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of KC. Additionally, multiple comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, may affect the risk of KC. Main Body Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have been reported to have lower risk of developing KC by way of increased endogenous collagen crosslinking in response to chronic hyperglycemia. However, this remains a debated topic as other studies have suggested either a positive association or no association between DM and KC. To gain further insight into the underlying genetic components of these two diseases, we reviewed candidate genes associated with KC and central corneal thickness in the literature. We then explored how these genes may be regulated similarly or differentially under hyperglycemic conditions and the role they play in the systemic complications associated with DM. Conclusion Our comprehensive review of potential genetic factors underlying KC and DM provides a direction for future studies to further determine the genetic etiology of KC and how it is influenced by systemic diseases such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Ates
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Amy J. Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Rayana NP, Sugali CK, Dai J, Peng M, Liu S, Zhang Y, Wan J, Mao W. Using CRISPR Interference as a Therapeutic Approach to Treat TGFβ2-Induced Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:7. [PMID: 34499703 PMCID: PMC8434756 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) as the most important risk factor. POAG IOP elevation is due to pathological changes in the trabecular meshwork (TM). Elevated TGFβ2 contributes to these changes and increases IOP. We have shown that histone hyperacetylation is associated with TGFβ2 elevation in the TM. In this study, we determined if clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) interference could specifically deacetylate histones and decrease TGFβ2 in the TM. Methods We tested the efficiency of different promoters in driving KRAB-dCAS9 expression in human TM cells. We also screened and determined the optimal sgRNA sequence in the inhibition of TGFβ2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR was used to determine the binding of KRAB-dCAS9. An adenovirus-mediated TGFβ2-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) mouse model was used to determine the effect of the CRISPR interference system in vivo. Results We found that the CRISPR interference system inhibited TGFβ2 expression in human TM cells, and properly designed sgRNA targeted the promoter of the TGFβ2 gene. Using sgRNA targeting the CMV promoter of the Ad5-CMV-TGFβ2 viral vector, we found that lentivirus-mediated KRAB-dCAS9 and sgRNA expression was able to inhibit Ad5-CMV-TGFβ2-induced OHT in C57BL/6J female and male mice eyes. This inhibition of OHT was associated with decreased levels of TGFβ2 and extracellular matrix proteins in the mouse eye. Conclusions Our results indicate that CRISPR interference is a useful tool for gene inhibition and may be a therapeutic approach to treat TGFβ2-induced OHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Pradeep Rayana
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Chenna Kesavulu Sugali
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Jiannong Dai
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Michael Peng
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Shaohui Liu
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Weiming Mao
- Eugene & Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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Pehrsson M, Mortensen JH, Manon-Jensen T, Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA, Davies MJ. Enzymatic cross-linking of collagens in organ fibrosis - resolution and assessment. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:1049-1064. [PMID: 34330194 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1962711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Enzymatic cross-linking of the collagens within the extracellular matrix (ECM) catalyzed by enzymes such as lysyl oxidase (LOX) and lysyl oxidase like-enzymes 1-4 (LOXL), transglutaminase 2 (TG2), and peroxidasin (PXDN) contribute to fibrosis progression through extensive collagen cross-linking. Studies in recent years have begun elucidating the important role of collagen cross-linking in perpetuating progression of organ fibrosis independently of inflammation through an increasingly stiff and noncompliant ECM. Therefore, collagen cross-linking and the cross-linking enzymes have become new targets in anti-fibrotic therapy as well as targets of novel biomarkers to properly assess resolution of the fibrotic ECM.Areas covered: The enzymatic actions of enzymes catalyzing collagen cross-linking and their relevance in organ fibrosis. Potential biomarkers specifically quantifying proteolytic fragments of collagen cross-linking is discussed based on Pubmed search done in November 2020 as well as the authors knowledge.Expert opinion: Current methods for the assessment of fibrosis involve the use of invasive and/or cumbersome and expensive methods such as tissue biopsies. Thus, an unmet need exists for the development and validation of minimally invasive biomarkers of proteolytic fragments of cross-linked collagens. These biomarkers may aid in the development and proper assessment of fibrosis resolution in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pehrsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biomarkers & Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark
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Nair KS, Srivastava C, Brown RV, Koli S, Choquet H, Kang HS, Kuo YM, Grimm SA, Sutherland C, Badea A, Johnson GA, Zhao Y, Yin J, Okamoto K, Clark G, Borrás T, Zode G, Kizhatil K, Chakrabarti S, John SWM, Jorgenson E, Jetten AM. GLIS1 regulates trabecular meshwork function and intraocular pressure and is associated with glaucoma in humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4877. [PMID: 34385434 PMCID: PMC8361148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronically elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor of primary open-angle glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness. Dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM), which controls the outflow of aqueous humor (AqH) from the anterior chamber, is the major cause of elevated IOP. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient in the Krüppel-like zinc finger transcriptional factor GLI-similar-1 (GLIS1) develop chronically elevated IOP. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological analysis reveal that deficiency in GLIS1 expression induces progressive degeneration of the TM, leading to inefficient AqH drainage from the anterior chamber and elevated IOP. Transcriptome and cistrome analyses identified several glaucoma- and extracellular matrix-associated genes as direct transcriptional targets of GLIS1. We also identified a significant association between GLIS1 variant rs941125 and glaucoma in humans (P = 4.73 × 10-6), further supporting a role for GLIS1 into glaucoma etiology. Our study identifies GLIS1 as a critical regulator of TM function and maintenance, AqH dynamics, and IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saidas Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chitrangda Srivastava
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert V Brown
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Swanand Koli
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Hong Soon Kang
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sara A Grimm
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Caleb Sutherland
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra Badea
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Kyoko Okamoto
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Terete Borrás
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gulab Zode
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Simon W M John
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Anton M Jetten
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Mirna Expression in Glaucomatous and TGFβ2 Treated Lamina Cribrosa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126178. [PMID: 34201109 PMCID: PMC8229860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies that leads to irreversible vision loss. The optic nerve head (ONH) is the site of initial optic nerve damage in glaucoma. ONH-derived lamina cribrosa (LC) cells synthesize extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins; however, these cells are adversely affected in glaucoma and cause detrimental changes to the ONH. LC cells respond to mechanical strain by increasing the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGFβ2) and ECM proteins. Moreover, microRNAs (miRNAs or miR) regulate ECM gene expression in different fibrotic diseases, including glaucoma. A delicate homeostatic balance between profibrotic and anti-fibrotic miRNAs may contribute to the remodeling of ONH. This study aimed to determine whether modulation of miRNAs alters the expression of ECM in human LC cells. Primary human normal and glaucoma LC cells were grown to confluency and treated with or without TGFβ2 for 24 h. Differences in expression of miRNAs were analyzed using miRNA qPCR arrays. miRNA PCR arrays showed that the miR-29 family was significantly decreased in glaucomatous LC cell strains compared to age-matched controls. TGFβ2 treatment downregulated the expression of multiple miRNAs, including miR-29c-3p, compared to controls in LC cells. LC cells transfected with miR-29c-3p mimics or inhibitors modulated collagen expression.
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Mody AA, Millar JC, Clark AF. ID1 and ID3 are Negative Regulators of TGFβ2-Induced Ocular Hypertension and Compromised Aqueous Humor Outflow Facility in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:3. [PMID: 33938911 PMCID: PMC8107646 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose In POAG, elevated IOP remains the major risk factor in irreversible vision loss. Increased TGFβ2 expression in POAG aqueous humor and in the trabecular meshwork (TM) amplifies extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and reduces ECM turnover in the TM, leading to a decreased aqueous humor (AH) outflow facility and increased IOP. Inhibitor of DNA binding proteins (ID1 and ID3) inhibit TGFβ2-induced fibronectin and PAI-1 production in TM cells. We examined the effects of ID1 and ID3 gene expression on TGFβ2-induced ocular hypertension and decreased AH outflow facility in living mouse eyes. Methods IOP and AH outflow facility changes were determined using a mouse model of Ad5-hTGFβ2C226S/C288S-induced ocular hypertension. The physiological function of ID1 and ID3 genes were evaluated using Ad5 viral vectors to enhance or knockdown ID1/ID3 gene expression in the TM of BALB/cJ mice. IOP was measured in conscious mice using a Tonolab impact tonometer. AH outflow facilities were determined by constant flow infusion in live mice. Results Over-expressing ID1 and ID3 significantly blocked TGFβ2-induced ocular hypertension (P < 0.0001). Although AH outflow facility was significantly decreased in TGFβ2-transduced eyes (P < 0.04), normal outflow facility was preserved in eyes injected concurrently with ID1 or ID3 along with TGFβ2. Knockdown of ID1 or ID3 expression exacerbated TGFβ2-induced ocular hypertension. Conclusions Increased expression of ID1 and ID3 suppressed both TGFβ2-elevated IOP and decreased AH outflow facility. ID1 and/or ID3 proteins thus may show promise as future candidates as IOP-lowering targets in POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avani A Mody
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - J Cameron Millar
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Abbot F Clark
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The genetic basis of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma, is steadily being elucidated. This review summarizes the recent advances on genetic risk factors for PEX syndrome/glaucoma and their potential functional implications in PEX pathophysiology. RECENT FINDINGS As of today, seven loci associated with the risk of PEX surpassing genome-wide significance have been identified by well-powered genome-wide association studies and sequencing efforts. LOXL1 (lysyl oxidase-like 1) represents the major genetic effect locus, although the biological role of common risk variants and their reversed effect in different ethnicities remain an unresolved problem. Rare protein-coding variants at LOXL1 and a single noncoding variant downstream of LOXL1 showed no allele effect reversal and suggested potential roles for elastin homeostasis and vitamin A metabolism in PEX pathogenesis. Other PEX-associated genetic variants provided biological insights into additional disease processes and pathways, including ubiquitin-proteasome function, calcium signaling, and lipid biosynthesis. Gene-environment interactions, epigenetic alterations, and integration of multiomics data have further contributed to our knowledge of the complex etiology underlying PEX syndrome and glaucoma. SUMMARY PEX-associated genes are beginning to reveal relevant biological pathways and processes involved in disease development. To understand the functional consequences and molecular mechanisms of these loci and to translate them into novel therapeutic approaches are the major challenges for the future.
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Yemanyi F, Vranka J, Raghunathan VK. Crosslinked Extracellular Matrix Stiffens Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells Via Dysregulating β-catenin and YAP/TAZ Signaling Pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:41. [PMID: 32832971 PMCID: PMC7452853 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether genipin-induced crosslinked cell-derived matrix (XCDM) precipitates fibrotic phenotypes in human trabecular meshwork (hTM) cells by dysregulating β-catenin and Yes-associated protein (YAP)/ transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling pathways. Methods Cell-derived matrices were treated with control or genipin for 5 hours to obtain respective uncrosslinked (CDM) and XCDMs and characterized. hTM cells were seeded on these matrices with/without Wnt pathway modulators in serum-free media for 24 hours. Elastic modulus, gene, and protein (whole cell and subcellular fractions) expressions of signaling mediators and targets of Wnt/β-catenin and YAP/TAZ pathways were determined. Results At the highest genipin concentration (10% XCDM), XCDM had increased immunostaining of N-ε(γ-glutamyl)-lysine crosslinks, appeared morphologically fused, and was stiffer (5.3-fold, P < 0.001). On 10% XCDM, hTM cells were 7.8-fold (P < 0.001) stiffer, total β-catenin was unchanged, pβ-catenin was elevated, and pGSK3β was suppressed. Although 10% XCDM had no effect on cytoplasmic β-catenin levels, it reduced nuclear β-catenin, cadherin 11, and key Wnt target genes/proteins. The 10% XCDM increased total TAZ, decreased pTAZ, and increased cytoplasmic TAZ levels in hTM cells. The 10% XCDM increased total YAP, reduced nuclear YAP levels, and critical YAP/TAZ target genes/proteins. Wnt activation rescued hTM cells from 10% XCDM-induced stiffening associated with increased nuclear β-catenin. Conclusions Increased cytoplasmic TAZ may inhibit β-catenin from its nuclear shuttling or regulating cadherin 11 important for aqueous homeostasis. Elevated cytoplasmic TAZ may inhibit YAP's probable homeostatic function in the nucleus. Together, TAZ's cytoplasmic localization may be an important downstream event of how increased TM extracellular matrix (ECM) crosslinking may cause increased stiffness and ocular hypertension in vivo. However, Wnt pathway activation may ameliorate ocular hypertensive phenotypes induced by crosslinked ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janice Vranka
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Fan Y, Wei J, Guo L, Zhao S, Xu C, Sun H, Guo T. Osthole Reduces Mouse IOP Associated With Ameliorating Extracellular Matrix Expression of Trabecular Meshwork Cell. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:38. [PMID: 32821914 PMCID: PMC7445364 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Elevation of IOP in POAG is thought to involve excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork (TM), leading to an increase in outflow resistance of the aqueous humor. Osthole, a coumarin derivative extracted from the fruit of a variety of plants, such as Cnidium monnieri, is reported to prevent profibrotic responses by inhibiting Smad signaling pathway activated by TGF-β in liver, kidney, and cardiac tissues. We tested if osthole can (1) inhibit TGF-β2–induced extracellular matrix expression in cultured human TM (HTM) cells, and (2) lower TGF-β2–induced ocular hypertension in the mouse. Methods Cultured HTM cells were treated with 5 ng/mL TGF-β2 for 48 hours, then with osthole for 24 hours. The expressions of fibronectin, collagen type IV, and laminin were assessed by quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry. BALB/cJ mice were injected intravitreally with an adenoviral vector encoding a bioactive mutant of TGF-β2 (Ad.hTGF-β2226/228) in one eye to induce ocular hypertension, with the uninjected contralateral or Ad.Empty-injected eye serving as controls. Mice were then treated with a daily intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg osthole. Conscious mouse IOP values were measured using a TonoLab rebound tonometer. Results In cultured HTM cells, stimulation with TGF-β2 increased expressions of fibronectin, collagen IV, and laminin. These in vitro changes were significantly and completely mitigated by osthole (10 µM). Daily intraperitoneal injections of 30 mg/kg osthole, starting either at day 0 (same day as Ad.hTGF-β2226/228 injection) or at day 14, significantly decreased TGF-β2–induced ocular hypertension in the mouse. In contrast, osthole did not affect IOP of control eyes. Conclusions These results demonstrated that osthole is capable of reducing TGF-β2–induced extracellular matrix expression in cultured HTM cells. It also reduced TGF-β2–induced ocular hypertension in the mouse. These findings indicate that this natural product may be useful as a novel treatment for POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medicine College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jiahong Wei
- Bengbu Medicine College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Luan Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medicine University, Luan, Anhui, China
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Bengbu Medicine College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Chenyu Xu
- Bengbu Medicine College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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Chen J, Ding ZY, Li S, Liu S, Xiao C, Li Z, Zhang BX, Chen XP, Yang X. Targeting transforming growth factor-β signaling for enhanced cancer chemotherapy. Theranostics 2021; 11:1345-1363. [PMID: 33391538 PMCID: PMC7738904 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, drugs targeting transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling have received tremendous attention for late-stage cancer treatment since TGFβ signaling has been recognized as a prime driver for tumor progression and metastasis. Nonetheless, in healthy and pre-malignant tissues, TGFβ functions as a potent tumor suppressor. Furthermore, TGFβ signaling plays a key role in normal development and homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and immune evasion, and by suppressing tumor-associated inflammation. Therefore, targeting TGFβ signaling for cancer therapy is challenging. Recently, we and others showed that blocking TGFβ signaling increased chemotherapy efficacy, particularly for nanomedicines. In this review, we briefly introduce the TGFβ signaling pathway, and the multifaceted functions of TGFβ signaling in cancer, including regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the behavior of cancer cells. We also summarize TGFβ targeting agents. Then, we highlight TGFβ inhibition strategies to restore the extracellular matrix (ECM), regulate the tumor vasculature, reverse epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and impair the stemness of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) to enhance cancer chemotherapy efficacy. Finally, the current challenges and future opportunities in targeting TGFβ signaling for cancer therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ze-yang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sha Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-xiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-ping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, and Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Diseases, National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, 510530, China
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Greene AG, Eivers SB, McDonnell F, Dervan EWJ, O'Brien CJ, Wallace DM. Differential Lysyl oxidase like 1 expression in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma is orchestrated via DNA methylation. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108349. [PMID: 33188817 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) is the most common cause of secondary open angle glaucoma worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene Lysyl oxidase like 1 (LOXL1) are strongly associated with the development of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXFG). However, these SNPs are also present in 50-80% of the general population, suggestive of other factors being involved in the pathogenesis of PXFG. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of epigenetic regulation, specifically DNA methylation, on LOXL1 expression in PXFG using human tenons fibroblasts (HTFs), aqueous humour and serum samples from donors with and without PXFG. LOXL1 expression in HTFs was measured by qPCR and Western Blotting and LOXL1 concentration in aqueous humour was determined by ELISA. Global DNA methylation levels were quantified using an ELISA for 5-methylcytosine. MeDIP assays assessed the methylation status of the LOXL1 promoter region. Expression of methylation-associated enzymes (DNMT1, DNMT3a and MeCP2) were determined by qPCR and inhibited by 0.3 μM 5-azacytidine (5-aza). Results showed that LOXL1 expression was significantly decreased in PXFG HTFs compared with Control HTFs at gene (Fold change 0.37 ± 0.05, P < 0.01) level and showed a decrease, when measured at the protein level (Fold change 0.65 ± 0.42, P = 0.22), however this was not found to be significant. LOXL1 concentration was increased in the aqueous of PXFG patients compared with Controls (2.76 ± 0.78 vs. 1.79 ± 0.33 ng/ml, P < 0.01). Increased global methylation (56.07% ± 4.87% vs. 32.39% ± 4.29%, P < 0.01) was observed in PXFG HTFs compared with Control HTFs, as was expression of methylation-associated enzymes (DNMT1 1.58 ± 0.30, P < 0.05, DNMT3a 1.89 ± 0.24, P < 0.05, MeCP2 1.63 ± 0.30, P < 0.01). Methylation-associated enzymes were also increased when measured at protein level (DNMT1 5.70 ± 2.64, P = 0.04, DNMT3a 1.79 ± 1.55, P = 0.42, MeCP2 1.64 ± 1.33, P = 0.45). LOXL1 promoter methylation was increased in patients with PXFG compared to Control patients in both blood (3.98 ± 2.24, 2.10 ± 1.29, P < 0.05) and HTF cells (37.31 ± 22.0, 8.66 ± 10.40, P < 0.01). Treatment of PXFG HTFs with in 5-azacytidine increased LOXL1 expression when compared with untreated PXFG HTFs (Fold change 2.26 ± 0.67, P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that LOXL1 expression is altered in PXFG via DNA methylation and that reversal of these epigenetic changes may represent future potential therapeutic targets in the management of PXFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Greene
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah B Eivers
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona McDonnell
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edward W J Dervan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Deborah M Wallace
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Yemanyi F, Vranka J, Raghunathan VK. Glucocorticoid-induced cell-derived matrix modulates transforming growth factor β2 signaling in human trabecular meshwork cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15641. [PMID: 32973273 PMCID: PMC7518434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant remodeling of trabecular meshwork (TM) extracellular matrix (ECM) may induce ocular hypertensive phenotypes in human TM (hTM) cells to cause ocular hypertension, via a yet unknown mechanism. Here, we show that, in the absence of exogenous transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGFβ2), compared with control matrices (VehMs), glucocorticoid-induced cell-derived matrices (GIMs) trigger non-Smad TGFβ2 signaling in hTM cells, correlated with overexpression/activity of structural ECM genes (fibronectin, collagen IV, collagen VI, myocilin), matricellular genes (connective tissue growth factor [CTGF], secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine), crosslinking genes/enzymes (lysyl oxidase, lysyl oxidase-like 2–4, tissue transglutaminase-2), and ECM turnover genes/enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases-MMP2,14 and their inhibitors-TIMP2). However, in the presence of exogenous TGFβ2, VehMs and GIMs activate Smad and non-Smad TGFβ2 signaling in hTM cells, associated with overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and differential upregulation of aforementioned ECM genes/proteins with new ones emerging (collagen-I, thrombospondin-I, plasminogen activator inhibitor, MMP1, 9, ADAMTS4, TIMP1); with GIM-TGFβ2-induced changes being mostly more pronounced. This suggests dual glaucomatous insults potentiate profibrotic signaling/phenotypes. Lastly, we demonstrate type I TGFβ receptor kinase inhibition abrogates VehM-/GIM- and/or TGFβ2-induced upregulation of α-SMA and CTGF. Collectively, pathological TM microenvironments are sufficient to elicit adverse cellular responses that may be ameliorated by targeting TGFβ2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Janice Vranka
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Collagen promotes anti-PD-1/PD-L1 resistance in cancer through LAIR1-dependent CD8 + T cell exhaustion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4520. [PMID: 32908154 PMCID: PMC7481212 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor extracellular matrix has been associated with drug resistance and immune suppression. Here, proteomic and RNA profiling reveal increased collagen levels in lung tumors resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Additionally, elevated collagen correlates with decreased total CD8+ T cells and increased exhausted CD8+ T cell subpopulations in murine and human lung tumors. Collagen-induced T cell exhaustion occurs through the receptor LAIR1, which is upregulated following CD18 interaction with collagen, and induces T cell exhaustion through SHP-1. Reduction in tumor collagen deposition through LOXL2 suppression increases T cell infiltration, diminishes exhausted T cells, and abrogates resistance to anti-PD-L1. Abrogating LAIR1 immunosuppression through LAIR2 overexpression or SHP-1 inhibition sensitizes resistant lung tumors to anti-PD-1. Clinically, increased collagen, LAIR1, and TIM-3 expression in melanoma patients treated with PD-1 blockade predict poorer survival and response. Our study identifies collagen and LAIR1 as potential markers for immunotherapy resistance and validates multiple promising therapeutic combinations.
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50
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Schmitt HM, Johnson WM, Aboobakar IF, Strickland S, Gomez-Caraballo M, Parker M, Finnegan L, Corcoran DL, Skiba NP, Allingham RR, Hauser MA, Stamer WD. Identification and activity of the functional complex between hnRNPL and the pseudoexfoliation syndrome-associated lncRNA, LOXL1-AS1. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:1986-1995. [PMID: 32037441 PMCID: PMC7390937 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome exhibit various connective tissue pathologies associated with dysregulated extracellular matrix homeostasis. PEX glaucoma is a common, aggressive form of open-angle glaucoma resulting from the deposition of fibrillary material in the conventional outflow pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive pathogenesis and genetic risk remain poorly understood. PEX glaucoma-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms are located in and affect activity of the promoter of LOXL1-AS1, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Nuclear and non-nuclear lncRNAs regulate a host of biological processes, and when dysregulated, contribute to disease. Here we report that LOXL1-AS1 localizes to the nucleus where it selectively binds to the mRNA processing protein, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein-L (hnRNPL). Both components of this complex are critical for the regulation of global gene expression in ocular cells, making LOXL1-AS1 a prime target for investigation in PEX syndrome and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Schmitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - William M Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Inas F Aboobakar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shelby Strickland
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701 USA
| | - María Gomez-Caraballo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Megan Parker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura Finnegan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David L Corcoran
- Genomic Analysis and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Duke University, Duke University CIEMAS, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nikolai P Skiba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - R Rand Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael A Hauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701 USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Duke Eye Center AERI Rm 4014, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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