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Jabbehdari S, Oganov AC, Rezagholi F, Mohammadi S, Harandi H, Yazdanpanah G, Arevalo JF. Age-related macular degeneration and neurodegenerative disorders: Shared pathways in complex interactions. Surv Ophthalmol 2024; 69:303-310. [PMID: 38000700 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease are debilitating conditions that affect millions worldwide. Despite the different clinical manifestations of these diseases, growing evidence suggests that they share common pathways in their pathogenesis including inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired autophagy. In this review, we explore the complex interactions between AMD and neurodegenerative disorders, focusing on their shared mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. We also discuss the current opportunities and challenges for developing effective treatments that can target these pathways to prevent or slow down disease progression in AMD. Some of the promising strategies that we explore include modulating the immune response, reducing oxidative stress, enhancing autophagy and lysosomal function, and targeting specific protein aggregates or pathways. Ultimately, a better understanding of the shared pathways between AMD and neurodegenerative disorders may pave the way for novel and more efficacious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayena Jabbehdari
- Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Anthony C Oganov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Fateme Rezagholi
- School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Soheil Mohammadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Harandi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J Fernando Arevalo
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Sultan T, Khatlani T, Alshehri AA, Radhakrishnan R, Lobo GP, Alsirhy E, Almobarak FA, Osman EA, Al-Obeidan SA. APOE ε2-Carriers Are Associated with an Increased Risk of Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma in Patients of Saudi Origin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4571. [PMID: 38674156 PMCID: PMC11050284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms (rs429358 and rs7412) and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) in a Saudi cohort. Genotyping of 437 DNA samples (251 controls, 92 PACG, 94 PXG) was conducted using PCR-based Sanger sequencing. The results showed no significant differences in the allele and genotype frequencies of rs429358 and rs7412 between the PACG/PXG cases and controls. Haplotype analysis revealed ε3 as predominant, followed by ε4 and ε2 alleles, with no significant variance in PACG/PXG. However, APOE genotype analysis indicated a significant association between ε2-carriers and PACG (odds ratio = 4.82, 95% CI 1.52-15.26, p = 0.007), whereas no notable association was observed with PXG. Logistic regression confirmed ε2-carriers as a significant predictor for PACG (p = 0.008), while age emerged as significant for PXG (p < 0.001). These findings suggest a potential role of ε2-carriers in PACG risk within the Saudi cohort. Further validation and larger-scale investigations are essential to elucidate the precise role of APOE in PACG pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A. Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A. Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Tanvir Khatlani
- Department of Blood and Cancer Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz A. Alshehri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Imam Abdulrahman Alfaisal Hospital, Riyadh 14723, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55347, USA; (R.R.)
| | - Glenn P. Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55347, USA; (R.R.)
| | - Ehab Alsirhy
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Faisal A. Almobarak
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Essam A. Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
| | - Saleh A. Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia (E.A.); (S.A.A.-O.)
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11411, Saudi Arabia
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Shwani T, Zhang C, Owen LA, Shakoor A, Vitale AT, Lillvis JH, Barr JL, Cromwell P, Finley R, Husami N, Au E, Zavala RA, Graves EC, Zhang SX, Farkas MH, Ammar DA, Allison KM, Tawfik A, Sherva RM, Li M, Stambolian D, Kim IK, Farrer LA, DeAngelis MM. Patterns of Gene Expression, Splicing, and Allele-Specific Expression Vary among Macular Tissues and Clinical Stages of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2023; 12:2668. [PMID: 38067097 PMCID: PMC10705168 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness, and elucidating its underlying disease mechanisms is vital to the development of appropriate therapeutics. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially spliced genes (DSGs) across the clinical stages of AMD in disease-affected tissue, the macular retina pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid and the macular neural retina within the same eye. We utilized 27 deeply phenotyped donor eyes (recovered within a 6 h postmortem interval time) from Caucasian donors (60-94 years) using a standardized published protocol. Significant findings were then validated in an independent set of well-characterized donor eyes (n = 85). There was limited overlap between DEGs and DSGs, suggesting distinct mechanisms at play in AMD pathophysiology. A greater number of previously reported AMD loci overlapped with DSGs compared to DEGs between disease states, and no DEG overlap with previously reported loci was found in the macular retina between disease states. Additionally, we explored allele-specific expression (ASE) in coding regions of previously reported AMD risk loci, uncovering a significant imbalance in C3 rs2230199 and CFH rs1061170 in the macular RPE/choroid for normal eyes and intermediate AMD (iAMD), and for CFH rs1061147 in the macular RPE/choroid for normal eyes and iAMD, and separately neovascular AMD (NEO). Only significant DEGs/DSGs from the macular RPE/choroid were found to overlap between disease states. STAT1, validated between the iAMD vs. normal comparison, and AGTPBP1, BBS5, CERKL, FGFBP2, KIFC3, RORα, and ZNF292, validated between the NEO vs. normal comparison, revealed an intricate regulatory network with transcription factors and miRNAs identifying potential upstream and downstream regulators. Findings regarding the complement genes C3 and CFH suggest that coding variants at these loci may influence AMD development via an imbalance of gene expression in a tissue-specific manner. Our study provides crucial insights into the multifaceted genomic underpinnings of AMD (i.e., tissue-specific gene expression changes, potential splice variation, and allelic imbalance), which may open new avenues for AMD diagnostics and therapies specific to iAMD and NEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treefa Shwani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Charles Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Leah A. Owen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (A.S.); (A.T.V.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Akbar Shakoor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (A.S.); (A.T.V.)
| | - Albert T. Vitale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (A.S.); (A.T.V.)
| | - John H. Lillvis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14212, USA
| | - Julie L. Barr
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Parker Cromwell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Robert Finley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Nadine Husami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Elizabeth Au
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Rylee A. Zavala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Elijah C. Graves
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
| | - Sarah X. Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Michael H. Farkas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14212, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - David A. Ammar
- Lion’s Eye Institute for Transplant & Research, Tampa, FL 33605, USA;
| | - Karen M. Allison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Amany Tawfik
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies and Eye Research Center, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI 48309, USA;
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Richard M. Sherva
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (R.M.S.); (L.A.F.)
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Ivana K. Kim
- Retina Service, Massachusetts Eye & Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA;
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (R.M.S.); (L.A.F.)
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (T.S.); (C.Z.); (L.A.O.); (J.H.L.); (J.L.B.); (P.C.); (R.F.); (N.H.); (E.A.); (R.A.Z.); (E.C.G.); (S.X.Z.); (M.H.F.)
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; (A.S.); (A.T.V.)
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14212, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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4
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López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salobrar-García E, Álvarez-Gutierrez M, Elvira-Hurtado L, Barabash A, Ramírez-Toraño F, Fernández-Albarral JA, Matamoros JA, Nebreda A, García-Colomo A, Ramírez AI, Salazar JJ, Gil P, Maestú F, Ramírez JM, de Hoz R. Exploratory Longitudinal Study of Ocular Structural and Visual Functional Changes in Subjects at High Genetic Risk of Developing Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2024. [PMID: 37509663 PMCID: PMC10377092 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the evolution of visual changes in cognitively healthy individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Participants with a first-degree family history of AD (FH+) and carrying the Ε4+ allele for the ApoE gene (ApoE ε4+) underwent retinal thickness analysis using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual function assessments, including visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), color perception, perception digital tests, and visual field analysis. Structural analysis divided participants into FH+ ApoE ε4+ and FH- ApoE ε4- groups, while functional analysis further categorized them by age (40-60 years and over 60 years). Over the 27-month follow-up, the FH+ ApoE ε4+ group exhibited thickness changes in all inner retinal layers. Comparing this group to the FH- ApoE ε4- group at 27 months revealed progressing changes in the inner nuclear layer. In the FH+ ApoE ε4+ 40-60 years group, no progression of visual function changes was observed, but an increase in VA and CS was maintained at 3 and 12 cycles per degree, respectively, compared to the group without AD risk at 27 months. In conclusion, cognitively healthy individuals at risk for AD demonstrated progressive retinal structural changes over the 27-month follow-up, while functional changes remained stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Gutierrez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Ana Barabash
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERMED), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Ramírez-Toraño
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Alberto Nebreda
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Alejandra García-Colomo
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Gil
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Memory Unit, Geriatrics Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Maestú
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory of Cognitive and Computational Neurscience, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain; (F.R.-T.); (A.N.); (A.G.-C.)
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.-C.); (L.S.-P.); (E.S.-G.); (M.Á.-G.); (L.E.-H.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (P.G.); (F.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Shughoury A, Sevgi DD, Ciulla TA. Molecular Genetic Mechanisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071233. [PMID: 35886016 PMCID: PMC9316037 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is among the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. In addition to environmental risk factors, such as tobacco use and diet, genetic background has long been established as a major risk factor for the development of AMD. However, our ability to predict disease risk and personalize treatment remains limited by our nascent understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AMD pathogenesis. Research into the molecular genetics of AMD over the past two decades has uncovered 52 independent gene variants and 34 independent loci that are implicated in the development of AMD, accounting for over half of the genetic risk. This research has helped delineate at least five major pathways that may be disrupted in the pathogenesis of AMD: the complement system, extracellular matrix remodeling, lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress response. This review surveys our current understanding of each of these disease mechanisms, in turn, along with their associated pathogenic gene variants. Continued research into the molecular genetics of AMD holds great promise for the development of precision-targeted, personalized therapies that bring us closer to a cure for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aumer Shughoury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Duriye Damla Sevgi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Clearside Biomedical, Inc., Alpharetta, GA 30005, USA
- Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46290, USA
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6
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Characterization of Retinal Drusen in Subjects at High Genetic Risk of Developing Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease: An Exploratory Analysis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050847. [PMID: 35629270 PMCID: PMC9145327 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Having a family history (FH+) of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and being a carrier of at least one ɛ4 allele of the ApoE gene are two of the main risk factors for the development of AD. AD and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) share one of the main risk factors, such as age, and characteristics including the presence of deposits (Aβ plaques in AD and drusen in AMD); however, the role of apolipoprotein E isoforms in both pathologies is controversial. We analyzed and characterized retinal drusen by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in subjects, classifying them by their AD FH (FH- or FH+) and their allelic characterization of ApoE ɛ4 (ApoE ɛ4- or ApoE ɛ4+) and considering cardiovascular risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus). In addition, we analyzed the choroidal thickness by OCT and the area of the foveal avascular zone with OCTA. We did not find a relationship between a family history of AD or any of the ApoE isoforms and the presence or absence of drusen. Subjects with drusen show choroidal thinning compared to patients without drusen, and thinning could trigger changes in choroidal perfusion that may give rise to the deposits that generate drusen.
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7
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Viturino MG, Neto JM, Bajano FF, Costa SM, Roque AB, Borges GF, Ananina G, Rim PH, Medina FM, Costa FF, Vasconcellos JPD, Melo MBD. Evaluation of APOE polymorphisms and the risk for age-related macular degeneration in a Southeastern Brazilian population. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1148-1155. [PMID: 33467888 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220985466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the role of APOE polymorphisms (rs429358 and rs7412) in the risk of age-related macular degeneration in a sample of the Southeastern Brazilian population. Seven hundred and five unrelated individuals were analyzed, 334 with age-related macular degeneration (case group), and 371 without the disease (control group). In the case group, patients were further stratified according to disease phenotypes, divided into dry and wet age-related macular degeneration, and non-advanced and advanced age-related macular degeneration. APOE polymorphisms (rs429358 and rs7412) were evaluated through polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. In the comparison of cases vs. controls, none of the associations reached statistical significance, considering the Bonferroni-adjusted P-value, although there was a suggestive protection for the E3/E4 genotype (OR = 0.626; P-value = 0.037) and E4 carriers (OR = 0.6515; P-value = 0.047). Statistically significant protection for both the E3/E4 genotype and E4 carriers was observed in the comparisons: advanced age-related macular degeneration vs. controls (OR = 0.3665, P-value = 0.491 × 10-3 and OR = 0.4031, P-value = 0.814 × 10-3, respectively), advanced age-related macular degeneration vs. non-advanced age-related macular degeneration (OR = 0.2529, P-value = 0.659 × 10-4 and OR = 0.2692, P-value = 0.631 × 10-4, respectively). In the comparison of wet age-related macular degeneration vs. control, protection was statistically significant only for E3/E4 (OR = 0.4052, P-value = 0.001). None of the comparisons demonstrated any significant association for E2 genotypes or E2 carriers in age-related macular degeneration risk in this study. Findings suggest a protective role of the E4 haplotype in the APOE gene in the risk for advanced and wet forms of age-related macular degeneration, in a sample of the Brazilian population. To our knowledge, this is the first Brazilian study to show the association between APOE polymorphisms and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gm Viturino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Jamil M Neto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Flávia F Bajano
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Sueli Ms Costa
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Alicia B Roque
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Gessica Fs Borges
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Galina Ananina
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil
| | - Priscila Hh Rim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Flávio M Medina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20551-030, Brazil
| | - Fernando F Costa
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-878, Brazil
| | - José Pc de Vasconcellos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Mônica B de Melo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-875, Brazil
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Fernández‐Vega B, García M, Olivares L, Álvarez L, González‐Fernández A, Artime E, Fernández‐Vega Cueto A, Cobo T, Coca‐Prados M, Vega JA, González‐Iglesias H. The association study of lipid metabolism gene polymorphisms with AMD identifies a protective role for APOE-E2 allele in the wet form in a Northern Spanish population. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:e282-e291. [PMID: 31654486 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the potential role of eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the most relevant lipid metabolism genes in Northern Spanish patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A case-control study of 228 unrelated native Northern Spanish patients diagnosed with AMD (73 dry and 155 wet) and 95 healthy controls was performed. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and genotyped for the SNPs APOE rs429358 and rs7412; CTEP rs3764261; LIPC rs10468017 and rs493258; LPL rs12678919; ABCA1 rs1883025; ABCA4 rs76157638, rs3112831 and rs1800555; and SCARB1 rs5888, using TaqMan probes. An additional association study of ε2, ε3 and ε4 major isoforms of APOE gene with AMD has been carried out. RESULTS The allele and genotype frequencies for each of the eleven sequence variants in the lipid metabolism genes did not show significant differences when comparing AMD cases and controls. Statistical analysis revealed that APOE-ε2 carrier genotypes were less frequently observed in patients with wet AMD compared to controls (5.8% versus 13.7%, respectively: p = 3.28 × 10-2 ; OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19-0.95). The frequency of the allele T of rs10468017 (LIPC gene) was lower in dry AMD cases compared to controls (15.8 versus 27.9%, respectively: p = 8.4 × 10-3 OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.33-0.98). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a protective role for APOE-ε2 allele to wet AMD in the Northern Spanish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández‐Vega
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández‐Vega Oviedo Spain
- Instituto Universitario Fernández‐Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo) Oviedo Spain
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Grupo SINPOS Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Montserrat García
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández‐Vega Oviedo Spain
- Instituto Universitario Fernández‐Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo) Oviedo Spain
| | - Lorena Olivares
- Instituto Universitario Fernández‐Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo) Oviedo Spain
| | - Lydia Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario Fernández‐Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo) Oviedo Spain
| | - Adrián González‐Fernández
- Instituto Universitario Fernández‐Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo) Oviedo Spain
| | - Enol Artime
- Instituto Universitario Fernández‐Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo) Oviedo Spain
| | - Andrés Fernández‐Vega Cueto
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández‐Vega Oviedo Spain
- Instituto Universitario Fernández‐Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo) Oviedo Spain
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico‐Quirúrgicas Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
| | - Miguel Coca‐Prados
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - José A. Vega
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular Grupo SINPOS Universidad de Oviedo Oviedo Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma de Chile Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Héctor González‐Iglesias
- Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández‐Vega Oviedo Spain
- Instituto Universitario Fernández‐Vega (Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Universidad de Oviedo) Oviedo Spain
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9
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Role of Mitochondrial DNA Damage in ROS-Mediated Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102374. [PMID: 31091656 PMCID: PMC6566654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex eye disease that affects millions of people worldwide and is the main reason for legal blindness and vision loss in the elderly in developed countries. Although the cause of AMD pathogenesis is not known, oxidative stress-related damage to retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is considered an early event in AMD induction. However, the precise cause of such damage and of the induction of oxidative stress, including related oxidative effects occurring in RPE and the onset and progression of AMD, are not well understood. Many results point to mitochondria as a source of elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in AMD. This ROS increase can be associated with aging and effects induced by other AMD risk factors and is correlated with damage to mitochondrial DNA. Therefore, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage can be an essential element of AMD pathogenesis. This is supported by many studies that show a greater susceptibility of mtDNA than nuclear DNA to DNA-damaging agents in AMD. Therefore, the mitochondrial DNA damage reaction (mtDDR) is important in AMD prevention and in slowing down its progression as is ROS-targeting AMD therapy. However, we know far less about mtDNA than its nuclear counterparts. Further research should measure DNA damage in order to compare it in mitochondria and the nucleus, as current methods have serious disadvantages.
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10
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Smoller JW. The use of electronic health records for psychiatric phenotyping and genomics. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:601-612. [PMID: 28557243 PMCID: PMC6440216 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of electronic health record (EHRs) in healthcare systems has created a vast and continuously growing resource of clinical data and provides new opportunities for population-based research. In particular, the linking of EHRs to biospecimens and genomic data in biobanks may help address what has become a rate-limiting study for genetic research: the need for large sample sizes. The principal roadblock to capitalizing on these resources is the need to establish the validity of phenotypes extracted from the EHR. For psychiatric genetic research, this represents a particular challenge given that diagnosis is based on patient reports and clinician observations that may not be well-captured in billing codes or narrative records. This review addresses the opportunities and pitfalls in EHR-based phenotyping with a focus on their application to psychiatric genetic research. A growing number of studies have demonstrated that diagnostic algorithms with high positive predictive value can be derived from EHRs, especially when structured data are supplemented by text mining approaches. Such algorithms enable semi-automated phenotyping for large-scale case-control studies. In addition, the scale and scope of EHR databases have been used successfully to identify phenotypic subgroups and derive algorithms for longitudinal risk prediction. EHR-based genomics are particularly well-suited to rapid look-up replication of putative risk genes, studies of pleiotropy (phenomewide association studies or PheWAS), investigations of genetic networks and overlap across the phenome, and pharmacogenomic research. EHR phenotyping has been relatively under-utilized in psychiatric genomic research but may become a key component of efforts to advance precision psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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11
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Liutkeviciene R, Vilkeviciute A, Smalinskiene A, Tamosiunas A, Petkeviciene J, Zaliuniene D, Lesauskaite V. The role of apolipoprotein E (rs7412 and rs429358) in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:457-462. [PMID: 29851526 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1479429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of incurable visual impairment in the developed countries. The main pathological change in AMD is the formation of drusen containing 40% of lipids, dominated by esterified cholesterol (EC) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), and protein. Haplotype ε4 of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) acts as a ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor and is involved in the maintenance and repair of neuronal cell membranes. PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the association of AMD with ApoE gene polymorphism variants (rs7412 and rs429358). METHODOLOGY A total of 2133 subjects were enrolled in our research. The study group comprised patients with early AMD (n = 413) and exudative AMD (n = 307), and the control group enrolled randomly selected persons (n = 1413). The genotyping of ApoE (rs7412 and rs429358) was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS Statistical analysis revealed that ApoE 4/2 genotype was less frequently observed in in older patients with exudative AMD compared to older healthy controls (0.4% vs. 4.0%, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that ApoE 4/2 genotype was less frequently observed in old patients (65 years and more) with exudative AMD compared to old healthy controls. It leads to hypothesis on the protective effect of ApoE 4/2 to develop AMD in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasa Liutkeviciene
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy , Kaunas , Lithuania.,b Neuroscience Institute , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Alvita Vilkeviciute
- b Neuroscience Institute , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Alina Smalinskiene
- c Institute of Cardiology , Medicine Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Abdonas Tamosiunas
- c Institute of Cardiology , Medicine Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Janina Petkeviciene
- d Faculty of Public Health , Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Dalia Zaliuniene
- a Department of Ophthalmology , Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy , Kaunas , Lithuania
| | - Vaiva Lesauskaite
- c Institute of Cardiology , Medicine Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania
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12
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Xiying M, Wenbo W, Wangyi F, Qinghuai L. Association of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphisms with Age-related Macular Degeneration Subtypes: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2017; 48:370-377. [PMID: 28889998 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the worldwide leading cause of blindness among the elderly, especially in developed countries. The possible association between apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism (ε2, ε3, ε4) and AMD has been extensively investigated with conflicting results, especially when specifying different clinical phenotypes of AMD. Herein, we conducted a meta-analysis by integrating several recent large-sample studies to verify the effect of ApoE polymorphisms on AMD subtypes. METHODS The retrieve for targeted literature was conducted based on the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, and Web of Science. Summary odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used for estimation of risk. The p-value was adjusted due to the multiple comparison. RESULTS A total of 12 studies included in the final summary analysis, including 13842 cases and 38647 controls. ApoE ε4 carrier was inversely associated with early stage AMD (OR = 0.889, 95% CI = 0.82-0.97), geographic atrophy (OR = 0.594, 95% CI = 0.43-0.83) and neovascular AMD (OR = 0.670, 95% CI = 0.58-0.76). Stratification analysis by ethnicity revealed that the ApoE ε4 carriers was associated with neovascular AMD in both Caucasians (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.47-0.83) and East Asians (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.58-0.79). A significant association of ApoE ε2 carriers was only found with early AMD in Black and East Asian population, however small samples and limited studies restrict its generalization. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis revealed a significantly protective role of ε4 on each subtypes of AMD, but no supportive evidence of the association of ε2 with AMD. Thus, further studies with larger samples are needed to understand the precise role of ε2 on AMD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Xiying
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wu Wenbo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wangyi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liu Qinghuai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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13
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C3a Increases VEGF and Decreases PEDF mRNA Levels in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6958752. [PMID: 27747237 PMCID: PMC5055919 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6958752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Complement activation, specifically complement 3 (C3) activation and C3a generation, contributes to an imbalance between angiogenic stimulation by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenic inhibition by pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF), leading to pathological angiogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of C3a and small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting C3 on the levels of VEGF and PEDF mRNAs in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. ARPE-19 cells were cultured in the presence of exogenous C3a at 0.1 μM and 0.3 μM C3a for 24, 48, and 72 hours. 0.1 pmol/μL duplexes of siRNA targeting C3 were applied for C3a inhibition by transfecting ARPE-19 cells for 48 hours. RT-PCR was performed to examine the level of VEGF and PEDF mRNA. A random siRNA duplex was set for control siRNA. Results demonstrated that exogenous C3a significantly upregulated VEGF and downregulated PEDF mRNA levels in cultured ARPE-19 cells, and siRNA targeting C3 transfection reversed the above changes, significantly reducing VEGF and enhancing PEDF mRNAs level in ARPE-19 cells compared to the control. The present data provided evidence that reducing C3 activation can decreases VEGF and increase PEDF mRNA level in RPE and may serve as a potential therapy in pathological angiogenesis.
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14
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Lambert NG, ElShelmani H, Singh MK, Mansergh FC, Wride MA, Padilla M, Keegan D, Hogg RE, Ambati BK. Risk factors and biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:64-102. [PMID: 27156982 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker can be a substance or structure measured in body parts, fluids or products that can affect or predict disease incidence. As age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the developed world, much research and effort has been invested in the identification of different biomarkers to predict disease incidence, identify at risk individuals, elucidate causative pathophysiological etiologies, guide screening, monitoring and treatment parameters, and predict disease outcomes. To date, a host of genetic, environmental, proteomic, and cellular targets have been identified as both risk factors and potential biomarkers for AMD. Despite this, their use has been confined to research settings and has not yet crossed into the clinical arena. A greater understanding of these factors and their use as potential biomarkers for AMD can guide future research and clinical practice. This article will discuss known risk factors and novel, potential biomarkers of AMD in addition to their application in both academic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Lambert
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Hanan ElShelmani
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Malkit K Singh
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Fiona C Mansergh
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Michael A Wride
- Ocular Development and Neurobiology Research Group, Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Maximilian Padilla
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - David Keegan
- Mater Misericordia Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Clinical Science Block A, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, Co.Antrim, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Ambati Lab, John A. Moran Eye Center, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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15
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Common coding variants in the HLA-DQB1 region confer susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1049-55. [PMID: 26733291 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk variants in the complement system point to the important role of immune response and inflammation in the pathogenesis of AMD. Although the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region has a central role in regulating immune response, previous studies of genetic variation in HLA genes and AMD have been limited by sample size or incomplete coverage of the HLA region by first-generation genotyping arrays and imputation panels. Here, we conducted a large-scale HLA fine-mapping study with 4841 AMD cases and 23 790 controls of non-Hispanic white ancestry from the Kaiser Permanente Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging cohort. Genotyping was conducted using custom Affymetrix Axiom arrays, with dense coverage of the HLA region. Classic HLA polymorphisms were imputed using SNP2HLA, which utilizes a large reference panel to provide improved imputation accuracy of variants in this region. We examined a total of 6937 SNPs and 172 classical HLA alleles, conditioning on established AMD risk variants, which revealed novel associations with two non-synonymous SNPs in perfect linkage disequilibrium, rs9274390 and rs41563814 (odds ratio (OR)=1.21; P=1.4 × 10(-11)) corresponding to amino-acid changes at position 66 and 67 in HLA-DQB1, respectively, and the DQB1*02 classical HLA allele (OR=1.22; P=3.9 × 10(-10)) with the risk of AMD. We confirmed these association signals, again conditioning on established risk variants, in the MMAP data set of subjects with advanced AMD (rs9274390/rs41563814: OR=1.28; P=1.30 × 10(-3), DQB1*02: OR=1.32; P=9.00 × 10(-4)). These findings support a role of HLA class II alleles in the risk of AMD.
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