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Chung DD, Chen AC, Choo CH, Zhang W, Williams D, Griffis CG, Bonezzi P, Jatavallabhula K, Sampath AP, Aldave AJ. Investigation of the functional impact of CHED- and FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations in human corneal endothelial cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296928. [PMID: 38252645 PMCID: PMC10802951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the solute linked carrier family 4 member 11 (SLC4A11) gene are associated with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and Fuchs corneal endothelial dystrophy type 4 (FECD4), both characterized by corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) dysfunction and/or cell loss leading to corneal edema and visual impairment. In this study, we characterize the impact of CHED-/FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations on CEnC function and SLC4A11 protein localization by generating and comparing human CEnC (hCEnC) lines expressing wild type SLC4A11 (SLC4A11WT) or mutant SLC4A11 harboring CHED-/FECD4-associated SLC4A11 mutations (SLC4A11MU). SLC4A11WT and SLC4A11MU hCEnC lines were generated to express either SLC4A11 variant 2 (V2WT and V2MU) or variant 3 (V3WT and V3MU), the two major variants expressed in ex vivo hCEnC. Functional assays were performed to assess cell barrier, proliferation, viability, migration, and NH3-induced membrane conductance. We demonstrate SLC4A11-/- and SLC4A11MU hCEnC lines exhibited increased migration rates, altered proliferation and decreased cell viability compared to SLC4A11WT hCEnC. Additionally, SLC4A11-/- hCEnC demonstrated decreased cell-substrate adhesion and membrane capacitances compared to SLC4A11WT hCEnC. Induction with 10mM NH4Cl led SLC4A11WT hCEnC to depolarize; conversely, SLC4A11-/- hCEnC hyperpolarized and the majority of SLC4A11MU hCEnC either hyperpolarized or had minimal membrane potential changes following NH4Cl induction. Immunostaining of primary hCEnC and SLC4A11WT hCEnC lines for SLC4A11 demonstrated predominately plasma membrane staining with poor or partial colocalization with mitochondrial marker COX4 within a subset of punctate subcellular structures. Overall, our findings suggest CHED-associated SLC4A11 mutations likely lead to hCEnC dysfunction, and ultimately CHED, by interfering with cell migration, proliferation, viability, membrane conductance, barrier function, and/or cell surface localization of the SLC4A11 protein in hCEnC. Additionally, based on their similar subcellular localization and exhibiting similar cell functional profiles, protein isoforms encoded by SLC4A11 variant 2 and variant 3 likely have highly overlapping functional roles in hCEnC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug D. Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Angela C. Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Charlene H. Choo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dominic Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher G. Griffis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Bonezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kavya Jatavallabhula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alapakkam P. Sampath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Aldave
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Wu AYT, Sekar P, Huang DY, Hsu SH, Chan CM, Lin WW. Spatiotemporal roles of AMPK in PARP-1- and autophagy-dependent retinal pigment epithelial cell death caused by UVA. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:91. [PMID: 37936170 PMCID: PMC10629085 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00978-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although stimulating autophagy caused by UV has been widely demonstrated in skin cells to exert cell protection, it remains unknown the cellular events in UVA-treated retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Human ARPE-19 cells were used to measure cell viability, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial mass and lysosomal mass by flow cytometry. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was recorded using Seahorse XF flux analyzer. Confocal microscopic images were performed to indicate the mitochondrial dynamics, LC3 level, and AMPK translocation after UVA irradiation. RESULTS We confirmed mitochondrial ROS production and DNA damage are two major features caused by UVA. We found the cell death is prevented by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and gene silencing of ATG5, and UVA induces ROS-dependent LC3II expression, LC3 punctate and TFEB expression, suggesting the autophagic death in the UVA-stressed RPE cells. Although PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib increases DNA damage, ROS production, and cell death, it also blocks AMPK activation caused by UVA. Interestingly we found a dramatic nuclear export of AMPK upon UVA irradiation which is blocked by N-acetylcysteine and olaparib. In addition, UVA exposure gradually decreases lysosomal mass and inhibits cathepsin B activity at late phase due to lysosomal dysfunction. Nevertheless, cathepsin B inhibitor, CA-074Me, reverses the death extent, suggesting the contribution of cathepsin B in the death pathway. When examining the role of EGFR in cellular events caused by UVA, we found that UVA can rapidly transactivate EGFR, and treatment with EGFR TKIs (gefitinib and afatinib) enhances the cell death accompanied by the increased LC3II formation, ROS production, loss of MMP and mass of mitochondria and lysosomes. Although AMPK activation by ROS-PARP-1 mediates autophagic cell death, we surprisingly found that pretreatment of cells with AMPK activators (A769662 and metformin) reverses cell death. Concomitantly, both agents block UVA-induced mitochondrial ROS production, autophagic flux, and mitochondrial fission without changing the inhibition of cathepsin B. CONCLUSION UVA exposure rapidly induces ROS-PARP-1-AMPK-autophagic flux and late lysosomal dysfunction. Pre-inducing AMPK activation can prevent cellular events caused by UVA and provide a new protective strategy in photo-oxidative stress and photo-retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yan-Tang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ponarulselvam Sekar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hao Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Wan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Mehta N, Verma A, Achanta DS, Kannabiran C, Roy S, Mishra DK, Chaurasia S, Edward DP, Ramappa M. Updates on congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2023; 13:405-416. [PMID: 38249503 PMCID: PMC10798399 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo-d-23-00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) is a rare genetic corneal disorder causing progressive cornea clouding and significant visual impairment. CHED remains a leading indication for pediatric corneal transplantation despite its infrequency, particularly in regions with high consanguinity rates like Southeast Asia. Identifying the Solute Carrier Family 4 Member 11 (SLC4A11) gene as the genetic basis of CHED has led to the discovery of it's various genetic variations. However, a comprehensive understanding of its clinical-genetic correlation, pathophysiology, and optimal management is ongoing. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge about CHED, covering its genetic origins, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical presentation, and management strategies. Surgical intervention, such as penetrating keratoplasty (PK), Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK), and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK), remains the primary treatment. DSAEK and DMEK offer advantages over PK, including quicker visual recovery, reduced complications, and longer graft survival, especially in the pediatric age group. The timing of surgical interventions depends on disease severity, age at presentation, comorbidities, and visual potential. Elevated oxidative stress in CHED corneal tissue suggests potential benefits from anti-inflammatory drugs to rescue mutated endothelial cells. Considering the limitations of corneal graft surgeries, exploring novel gene-based molecular therapies are essential for future management. Early diagnosis, appropriate surgical interventions, amblyopia control, and genetic counseling for predictive analysis are pivotal for optimizing CHED management. A multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, researchers, and genetic counselors is essential for precise diagnosis and optimal care for CHED patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neet Mehta
- Academy of Eye Care Education, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anshuman Verma
- Centre for Rare Eye Diseases and Ophthalmic Genetics, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Divya Sree Achanta
- Centre for Rare Eye Diseases and Ophthalmic Genetics, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- The Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Jasti V Ramanamma Children’s Eye Care Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Chitra Kannabiran
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sanhita Roy
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Center, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dilip Kumar Mishra
- Ophthalmic Pathology Services, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sunita Chaurasia
- The Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Deepak Paul Edward
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Muralidhar Ramappa
- Centre for Rare Eye Diseases and Ophthalmic Genetics, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- The Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Jasti V Ramanamma Children’s Eye Care Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Ali MJ. Etiopathogenesis of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO). Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101193. [PMID: 37394093 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction, or PANDO, is a common adult lacrimal drainage disorder. The current treatment modality of dacryocystorhinostomy to bypass the obstructed nasolacrimal duct has excellent outcomes. However, the understanding of the disease etiopathogenesis needs to be revisited. There are not many studies that specifically assessed any hypothesis or ones that convincingly put forth the presumed or confirmed interpretations regarding the PANDO pathogenesis or the mechanisms or pathways involved therein. Histopathological evidence points to recurrent inflammation of the nasolacrimal duct, subsequent fibrosis, and the resultant obstruction. The disease etiopathogenesis is considered multifactorial. Several implicated suspects include anatomical narrowing of the bony nasolacrimal duct, vascular factors, local hormonal imbalance, microbial influence, nasal abnormalities, autonomic dysregulation, surfactants, lysosomal dysfunction, gastroesophageal reflux, tear proteins, and deranged local host defenses. The present work reviewed the literature on the etiopathogenesis of primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) to gain insights into the present state of the understanding and the high-value translational implications of precisely decoding the disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javed Ali
- Govindram Seksaria Institute of Dacryology, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
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Ma DJ, Hwang JS, Noh KB, Oh SH, Kim KW, Shin YJ. Role of NADPH Oxidase 4 in Corneal Endothelial Cells Is Mediated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1228. [PMID: 37371958 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human corneal-endothelial cells (hCEnCs) are located on the inner layer of the cornea. Injury to CEnCs leads to permanent corneal edema, requiring corneal transplantation. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) has been reported to be implicated in the pathogenesis of CEnCs diseases. Thus, we investigated the role of NOX4 in CEnCs in this study. In an animal study, siRNA for NOX4 (siNOX4) or plasmid for NOX4 (pNOX4) was introduced into the corneal endothelium of rats by electroporation, using a square-wave electroporator (ECM830, Havard apparatus) to decrease or increase the expression of NOX4, respectively, and the rat corneas were cryoinjured through contact with a metal rod of 3 mm diameter frozen in liquid nitrogen for 10 min. The immunofluorescence staining of NOX4 and 8-OHdG showed that the levels of NOX4 and 8-OHdG were decreased in the siNOX4 group compared to the siControl, and increased in the pNOX4 group compared to the pControl at one week after treatment. Without cryoinjury, corneal opacity was more severe, and the density of CEnCs was lower, in pNOX4-treated rats compared to pControl. After cryoinjury, the corneas were more transparent, and the CEnC density was higher, in siNOX4-treated rats. The hCEnCs were cultured and transfected with siNOX4 and pNOX4. The silencing of NOX4 in hCEnCs resulted in a normal cell shape, higher viability, and higher proliferation rate than those transfected with the siControl, while NOX4 overexpression had the opposite effect. NOX4 overexpression increased the number of senescent cells and intracellular oxidative stress levels. NOX4 overexpression increased ATF4 and ATF6 levels, and nuclear translocation of XBP-1, which is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, while the silencing of NOX4 had the opposite effect. Additionally, the mitochondrial membrane potential was hyperpolarized by the silencing of NOX4, and depolarized by NOX4 overexpression. The LC3II levels, a marker of autophagy, were decreased by the silencing of NOX4, and increased by NOX4 overexpression. In conclusion, NOX4 plays a pivotal role in the wound-healing and senescence of hCEnCs, by modulating oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy. The regulation of NOX4 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for regulating the homeostasis of CEnCs, and treating corneal-endothelial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Joong Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sun Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bo Noh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Wook Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joo Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Medical Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
- Hallym BioEyeTech Research Center, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 07442, Republic of Korea
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Ogando DG, Kim ET, Li S, Bonanno JA. Corneal Edema in Inducible Slc4a11 Knockout Is Initiated by Mitochondrial Superoxide Induced Src Kinase Activation. Cells 2023; 12:1528. [PMID: 37296649 PMCID: PMC10253072 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Inducible Slc4a11 KO leads to corneal edema by disruption of the pump and barrier functions of the corneal endothelium (CE). The loss of Slc4a11 NH3-activated mitochondrial uncoupling leads to mitochondrial membrane potential hyperpolarization-induced oxidative stress. The goal of this study was to investigate the link between oxidative stress and the failure of pump and barrier functions and to test different approaches to revert the process. METHODS Mice which were homozygous for Slc4a11 Flox and Estrogen receptor -Cre Recombinase fusion protein alleles at 8 weeks of age were fed Tamoxifen (Tm)-enriched chow (0.4 g/Kg) for 2 weeks, and controls were fed normal chow. During the initial 14 days, Slc4a11 expression, corneal thickness (CT), stromal [lactate], Na+-K+ ATPase activity, mitochondrial superoxide levels, expression of lactate transporters, and activity of key kinases were assessed. In addition, barrier function was assessed by fluorescein permeability, ZO-1 tight junction integrity, and cortical cytoskeleton F-actin morphology. RESULTS Tm induced a rapid decay in Slc4a11 expression that was 84% complete at 7 days and 96% complete at 14 days of treatment. Superoxide levels increased significantly by day 7; CT and fluorescein permeability by day 14. Tight junction ZO-1 distribution and the cortical cytoskeleton were disrupted at day 14, concomitant with decreased expression of Cldn1, yet with increased tyrosine phosphorylation. Stromal lactate increased by 60%, Na+-K+ ATPase activity decreased by 40%, and expression of lactate transporters MCT2 and MCT4 significantly decreased, but MCT1 was unchanged at 14 days. Src kinase was activated, but not Rock, PKCα, JNK, or P38Mapk. Mitochondrial antioxidant Visomitin (SkQ1, mitochondrial targeted antioxidant) and Src kinase inhibitor eCF506 significantly slowed the increase in CT, with concomitant decreased stromal lactate retention, improved barrier function, reduced Src activation and Cldn1 phosphorylation, and rescued MCT2 and MCT4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Slc4a11 KO-induced CE oxidative stress triggered increased Src kinase activity that resulted in perturbation of the pump components and barrier function of the CE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joseph A. Bonanno
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (D.G.O.); (E.T.K.); (S.L.)
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Salemkour Y, Lenoir O. Endothelial Autophagy Dysregulation in Diabetes. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060947. [PMID: 36980288 PMCID: PMC10047205 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a major public health issue that affected 537 million people worldwide in 2021, a number that is only expected to increase in the upcoming decade. Diabetes is a systemic metabolic disease with devastating macro- and microvascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction is a key determinant in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Dysfunctional endothelium leads to vasoconstriction by decreased nitric oxide bioavailability and increased expression of vasoconstrictor factors, vascular inflammation through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a loss of microvascular density leading to low organ perfusion, procoagulopathy, and/or arterial stiffening. Autophagy, a lysosomal recycling process, appears to play an important role in endothelial cells, ensuring endothelial homeostasis and functions. Previous reports have provided evidence of autophagic flux impairment in patients with type I or type II diabetes. In this review, we report evidence of endothelial autophagy dysfunction during diabetes. We discuss the mechanisms driving endothelial autophagic flux impairment and summarize therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Salemkour
- PARCC, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Olivia Lenoir
- PARCC, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
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Liton PB, Boesze-Battaglia K, Boulton ME, Boya P, Ferguson TA, Ganley IG, Kauppinnen A, Laurie GW, Mizushima N, Morishita H, Russo R, Sadda J, Shyam R, Sinha D, Thompson DA, Zacks DN. AUTOPHAGY IN THE EYE: FROM PHYSIOLOGY TO PATHOPHYSOLOGY. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2178996. [PMID: 37034386 PMCID: PMC10078619 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2178996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic self-degradative pathway that promotes the degradation and recycling of intracellular material through the lysosomal compartment. Although first believed to function in conditions of nutritional stress, autophagy is emerging as a critical cellular pathway, involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Autophagy dysregulation is associated with an increasing number of diseases, including ocular diseases. On one hand, mutations in autophagy-related genes have been linked to cataracts, glaucoma, and corneal dystrophy; on the other hand, alterations in autophagy and lysosomal pathways are a common finding in essentially all diseases of the eye. Moreover, LC3-associated phagocytosis, a form of non-canonical autophagy, is critical in promoting visual cycle function. This review collects the latest understanding of autophagy in the context of the eye. We will review and discuss the respective roles of autophagy in the physiology and/or pathophysiology of each of the ocular tissues, its diurnal/circadian variation, as well as its involvement in diseases of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma B. Liton
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Pathology, Duke School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael E. Boulton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science. Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anu Kauppinnen
- Faculty of Health and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gordon W. Laurie
- Departments of Cell Biology, Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Rossella Russo
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Glaucoma Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Jaya Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology, and Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debra A. Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David N. Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Shi X, Liu J, Wang G. A peroxidase-like magneto-gold nanozyme AuNC@Fe 3O 4 with photothermal effect for induced cell apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1168750. [PMID: 37034252 PMCID: PMC10076705 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1168750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and malignant cancers worldwide. Conventional therapy strategies may not completely eradicate the tumor and may cause side effects during treatment. Nano-catalytic therapy, as a novel strategy, has attracted a great deal of attention. This study aimed to synthesize a multifunctional magneto-gold nanozyme AuNC@Fe3O4 and evaluate its anti-cancer potential in HepG2 cells in vitro. The characteristics of AuNC@Fe3O4 were assessed using a transmission electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, and energy-dispersive X-ray. The photothermal performance and peroxidase (POD)-like activity of AuNC@Fe3O4 were detected, using thermal camera and ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, respectively. The anti-cancer potential of AuNC@Fe3O4 was examined using cell counting kit-8, live/dead cell staining, and apoptosis analysis. Further research on HepG2 cells included the detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lysosomal impairment. We observed that the AuNC@Fe3O4 had a small size, good photothermal conversion efficiency and high POD-like activity, and also inhibited cell proliferation and enhanced cell apoptotic ability in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the AuNC@Fe3O4 enhanced ROS production and lysosomal impairment via the synergistic effect of photothermal and nano-catalytic therapies, which induced cell death or apoptosis. Thus, the magneto-gold nanozyme AuNC@Fe3O4 may offer a potential anti-cancer strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Shi
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jifa Liu
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guannan Wang
- College of Medical Engineering & the Key Laboratory for Medical Functional Nanomaterials, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Guannan Wang,
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Dias-Teixeira KL, Sharifian Gh M, Romano J, Norouzi F, Laurie GW. Autophagy in the normal and diseased cornea. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109274. [PMID: 36252655 PMCID: PMC10083687 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cornea and covering tear film are together the 'objective lens' of the eye through which 80% of light is refracted. Despite exposure to a physically harsh and at times infectious or toxic environment, transparency essential for sight is in most cases maintained. Such resiliency makes the avascular cornea a superb model for the exploration of autophagy in the regulation of homeostasis with relevancy to all organs. Nonetheless, missense mutations and inflammation respectively clog or apparently overwhelm autophagic flux to create dystrophies much like in neurodegenerative diseases or further exacerbate inflammation. Here there is opportunity to generate novel topical therapies towards the restoration of homeostasis with potential broad application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeff Romano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Norouzi
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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11
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Parreno J, Emin G, Vu MP, Clark JT, Aryal S, Patel SD, Cheng C. Methodologies to unlock the molecular expression and cellular structure of ocular lens epithelial cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:983178. [PMID: 36176273 PMCID: PMC9514789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.983178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transparent ocular lens in the anterior chamber of the eye is responsible for fine focusing of light onto the retina. The lens is entirely cellular with bulk of the tissue composed of fiber cells, and the anterior hemisphere of the lens is covered by a monolayer of epithelial cells. Lens epithelial cells are important for maintaining fiber cell homeostasis and for continual growth of the lens tissue throughout life. Cataracts, defined as any opacity in the lens, remain the leading cause of blindness in the world. Following cataract surgery, lens epithelial cells can undergo a process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to secondary cataracts due to posterior capsular opacification (PCO). Since the epithelial cells make up only a small fraction of the lens, specialized techniques are required to study lens epithelial cell biology and pathology. Studies using native lens epithelial cells often require pooling of samples to obtain enough cells to make sufficient samples for traditional molecular biology techniques. Here, we provide detailed protocols that enable the study of native mouse lens epithelial cells, including immunostaining of the native lens epithelium in flat mounts, extraction of RNA and proteins from pairs of lens epithelial monolayers, and isolation of lens epithelial cells for primary culture. These protocols will enable researchers to gain better insight on representative molecular expression and cellular structure of lens epithelial cells. We also provide comparative data between native, primary culture, and immortalized lens epithelial cells and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technique presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Parreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- *Correspondence: Justin Parreno, ; Catherine Cheng,
| | - Grace Emin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Michael P. Vu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Jackson T. Clark
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Sandeep Aryal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shaili D. Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Catherine Cheng
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Justin Parreno, ; Catherine Cheng,
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13
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Ma S, Liu X, Yin J, Hao L, Diao Y, Zhong J. Exosomes and autophagy in ocular surface and retinal diseases: new insights into pathophysiology and treatment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:174. [PMID: 35505403 PMCID: PMC9066793 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02854-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ocular surface and retinal diseases are widespread problems that cannot be ignored in today's society. However, existing prevention and treatment still have many shortcomings and limitations, and fail to effectively hinder the occurrence and development of them. MAIN BODY The purpose of this review is to give a detailed description of the potential mechanism of exosomes and autophagy. The eukaryotic endomembrane system refers to a range of membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm that are interconnected structurally and functionally, which regionalize and functionalize the cytoplasm to meet the needs of cells under different conditions. Exosomal biogenesis and autophagy are two important components of this system and are connected by lysosomal pathways. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that contain multiple signaling molecules produced by multivesicular bodies derived from endosomes. Autophagy includes lysosome-dependent degradation and recycling pathways of cells or organelles. Recent studies have revealed that there is a common molecular mechanism between exosomes and autophagy, which have been, respectively, confirmed to involve in ocular surface and retinal diseases. CONCLUSION The relationship between exosomes and autophagy and is mostly focused on fundus diseases, while a deeper understanding of them will provide new directions for the pathological mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular surface and retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisi Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayang Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyao Diao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Ave, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China. .,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
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Shyam R, Ogando DG, Bonanno JA. Mitochondrial ROS in Slc4a11 KO Corneal Endothelial Cells Lead to ER Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:878395. [PMID: 35557943 PMCID: PMC9086159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.878395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from Slc4a11 -/- mice have identified glutamine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as a significant contributor toward oxidative stress, impaired lysosomal function, aberrant autophagy, and cell death in this Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED) model. Because lysosomes are derived from endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi, we asked whether ER function is affected by mitochondrial ROS in Slc4a11 KO corneal endothelial cells. In mouse Slc4a11 -/- corneal endothelial tissue, we observed the presence of dilated ER and elevated expression of ER stress markers BIP and CHOP. Slc4a11 KO mouse corneal endothelial cells incubated with glutamine showed increased aggresome formation, BIP and GADD153, as well as reduced ER Ca2+ release as compared to WT. Induction of mitoROS by ETC inhibition also led to ER stress in WT cells. Treatment with the mitochondrial ROS quencher MitoQ, restored ER Ca2+ release and relieved ER stress markers in Slc4a11 KO cells in vitro. Systemic MitoQ also reduced BIP expression in Slc4a11 KO endothelium. We conclude that mitochondrial ROS can induce ER stress in corneal endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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15
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Duckworth EJ, Murugesan N, Li L, Rushbrooke LJ, Lee DK, De Donatis GM, Maetzel A, Yea CM, Hampton SL, Feener EP. Pharmacological suppression of the kallikrein kinin system with KVD900: An orally available plasma kallikrein inhibitor for the on-demand treatment of hereditary angioedema. Clin Exp Allergy 2022; 52:1059-1070. [PMID: 35278245 PMCID: PMC9544254 DOI: 10.1111/cea.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disease that leads to recurrent episodes of swelling and pain caused by uncontrolled plasma kallikrein (PKa) activity. Current guidelines recommend ready availability of on‐demand HAE treatments that can be administered early upon attack onset. This report describes the pharmacological and pharmacodynamic properties of the novel oral small‐molecule PKa inhibitor KVD900 as a potential on‐demand treatment for HAE. Methods Pharmacological properties of KVD900 on PKa and closely related serine proteases were characterized using kinetic fluorogenic substrate activity assays. Effects of KVD900 on PKa activity and kallikrein kinin system activation in whole plasma were measured in the presence of dextran sulphate (DXS)‐stimulation using a fluorogenic substrate and capillary immunoassays to quantify high molecular weight kininogen (HK), plasma prekallikrein and Factor XII cleavage. Pharmacodynamic effects of orally administered KVD900 were characterized in plasma samples from six healthy controls in a first in human phase 1 clinical trial and from 12 participants with HAE in a phase 2 clinical trial. Results KVD900 is a selective, competitive and reversible inhibitor of human PKa enzyme with a Ki of 3.02 nM. The association constant (Kon) of KVD900 for PKa is >10 × 106 M−1 s−1. Oral administration of KVD900 in a first‐in‐human clinical trial achieved rapid and near complete inhibition of DXS‐stimulated PKa enzyme activity and HK cleavage and reduced plasma prekallikrein and Factor XII activation in plasma. In individuals with HAE, orally administered KVD900 inhibited DXS‐stimulated PKa activity in plasma by ≥95% from 45 min to at least 4 h post‐dose and provided rapid protection of HK from cleavage. Conclusion KVD900 is a fast‐acting oral PKa inhibitor that rapidly inhibits PKa activity, kallikrein kinin system activation and HK cleavage in plasma. On‐demand administration of KVD900 may provide an opportunity to halt the generation of bradykinin and reverse HAE attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lily Li
- KalVista Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Daniel K Lee
- KalVista Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Andreas Maetzel
- KalVista Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute for Health Policy, Management & Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Shyam R, Ogando DG, Kim ET, Murugan S, Choi M, Bonanno JA. Rescue of the Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy Mouse Model by Adeno-Associated Viruse-Mediated Slc4a11 Replacement. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100084. [PMID: 36051248 PMCID: PMC9432820 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) is a rare condition that manifests at an early age showing corneal edema, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and eventually apoptosis of the endothelium due to loss of function of the membrane transport protein SLC4A11. This project tested whether replacing Slc4a11 into the Slc4a11 -/- CHED mouse model can reverse the disease-associated phenotypes. Design Experimental study. Participants Five-week-old or 11-week-old Slc4a11 -/- mice. Age- and gender-matched Slc4a11 +/+ animals were used as controls. A total of 124 animals (62 female, and 62 male) were used in this study. Fifty-three animals of the genotype Slc4a11 +/+ were used as age- and gender-matched noninjected controls. Seventy-one Slc4a11 -/- mice were administered anterior chamber injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV). Methods Anterior chambers of young (5 weeks old) or older (11 weeks old) Slc4a11 -/- mice were injected once with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) mouse Slc4a11 or AAV9-Null vectors. Corneal thickness was measured using OCT. End point analysis included corneal endothelial cell density, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and corneal lactate concentration. Main Outcome Measures Corneal thickness, endothelial cell loss, lactate levels, and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Results In the young animals, AAV9-Slc4a11 reversed corneal edema, endothelial cell loss, mitochondrial oxidative stress, lactate transporter expression, and corneal lactate concentration to the levels observed in wild-type animals. In the older animals, gene replacement did not reverse the phenotype but prevented progression. Conclusions Functional rescue of CHED phenotypes in the Slc4a11 -/- mouse is possible; however, early intervention is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Diego G. Ogando
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Edward T. Kim
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Subashree Murugan
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Moonjung Choi
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Joseph A. Bonanno
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
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Bonanno JA, Shyam R, Choi M, Ogando DG. The H + Transporter SLC4A11: Roles in Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Uncoupling. Cells 2022; 11:197. [PMID: 35053313 PMCID: PMC8773465 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute-linked cotransporter, SLC4A11, a member of the bicarbonate transporter family, is an electrogenic H+ transporter activated by NH3 and alkaline pH. Although SLC4A11 does not transport bicarbonate, it shares many properties with other members of the SLC4 family. SLC4A11 mutations can lead to corneal endothelial dystrophy and hearing deficits that are recapitulated in SLC4A11 knock-out mice. SLC4A11, at the inner mitochondrial membrane, facilitates glutamine catabolism and suppresses the production of mitochondrial superoxide by providing ammonia-sensitive H+ uncoupling that reduces glutamine-driven mitochondrial membrane potential hyperpolarization. Mitochondrial oxidative stress in SLC4A11 KO also triggers dysfunctional autophagy and lysosomes, as well as ER stress. SLC4A11 expression is induced by oxidative stress through the transcription factor NRF2, the master regulator of antioxidant genes. Outside of the corneal endothelium, SLC4A11's function has been demonstrated in cochlear fibrocytes, salivary glands, and kidneys, but is largely unexplored overall. Increased SLC4A11 expression is a component of some "glutamine-addicted" cancers, and is possibly linked to cells and tissues that rely on glutamine catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Bonanno
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (R.S.); (M.C.).; (D.G.O.)
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RNA sequencing uncovers alterations in corneal endothelial metabolism, pump and barrier functions of Slc4a11 KO mice. Exp Eye Res 2022; 214:108884. [PMID: 34871568 PMCID: PMC8792362 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Slc4a11 KO mice show significant corneal edema, altered endothelial morphology, and mitochondrial ROS at an early age without a decrease in endothelial cell density. We examined the differential gene expression profile between wild type (WT) and KO with the goal of finding pathways related to corneal endothelial metabolic, pump and barrier function that can explain the corneal edema. Freshly dissected Corneal Endothelium-Descemet's Membrane (CEDM) and cultured Mouse Corneal Endothelial Cells (MCEC) were obtained from WT and Slc4a11 KO mice. RNA sequencing Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) predicted activation, inhibition or differential regulation of several pathways. QPCR and Western analysis validated downregulation of Glycolytic enzymes, Mitochondrial complex components and Ion transporters. Functional testing revealed decreases in endothelial lactate production, Extracellular Acidification Rate (ECAR), glutaminolysis, and Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) of KO CEDM in the presence of Glutamine (Gln) that was not compensated by fatty acid oxidation. Stromal lactate was significantly elevated in KO along with decreased expression of MCT1 and MCT4 lactate transporters in endothelial cells. ATP levels were 2x higher in KO CEDM, concomitant with a 3-fold decrease in Na-K-ATPase activity and reduced basolateral membrane localization. Genes for cholesterol biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism and tight and adherens junctions were elevated. Alteration of tight junction structure and cortical cytoskeleton is evident in KO corneal endothelium with a significant increase in trans-endothelial fluorescein permeability. We conclude that Slc4a11 KO induces a coordinated decrease in glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lactate transport and Na-K-ATPase activity. These changes together with an altered barrier function cause an accumulation of stromal lactate in Slc4a11 KO mice leading to chronic corneal edema.
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