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Baksh J, Lee D, Mori K, Zhang Y, Torii H, Jeong H, Hou J, Negishi K, Tsubota K, Kurihara T. Myopia Is an Ischemic Eye Condition: A Review from the Perspective of Choroidal Blood Flow. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2777. [PMID: 38792319 PMCID: PMC11122110 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Myopia is a common refractive error that affects a large proportion of the population. Recent studies have revealed that alterations in choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal blood flow (ChBF) play important roles in the progression of myopia. Reduced ChBF could affect scleral cellular matrix remodeling, which leads to axial elongation and further myopia progression. As ChT and ChBF could be used as potential biomarkers for the progression of myopia, several recent myopia treatments have targeted alterations in ChT and ChBF. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent literature review on the relationship between ChBF and myopia. We also highlight the importance of ChT and ChBF in the progression of myopia and the potential of ChT as an important biomarker for myopia progression. This summary has significant implications for the development of novel strategies for preventing and treating myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaul Baksh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Deokho Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kiwako Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., 34 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Shen M, Han X, Yang Y, Huang H, Hou J, Jin L, Yu X, Zeng Y, He M. Longitudinal Changes in Choroidal Thickness Varied With Refractive Progression in Myopic and Non-Myopic Children: A Two-Year Cohort Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:17. [PMID: 38470328 PMCID: PMC10939140 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the longitudinal changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in children with different refractive status. Methods A total of 2290 children 3 to 14 years old who attended the first year of kindergarten (G0), first year of primary school (G1), fourth year of primary school (G4), or first year of junior high school (G7) in Guangzhou, China, were recruited and followed up for 2 years. All participants received cycloplegic autorefraction, axial length measurement and SFCT measurement using a CIRRUS HD-OCT device. Children were divided into groups of persistent non-myopia (PNM), persistent myopia (PM), or newly developed myopia (NDM). Children in the PNM and PM groups were further divided into subgroups of stable refraction (absolute mean annual spherical equivalent refraction [SER] change < 0.5 D) and refractive progression (absolute mean annual SER change ≥ 0.5 D). Results The mean ± SD ages for the G1 to G7 cohorts were 3.89 ± 0.30, 6.79 ± 0.47, 9.71 ± 0.34, and 12.54 ± 0.38, years, respectively. SFCT consistently decreased in the NDM group across the G1 to G7 cohorts (all P < 0.001) and exhibited variability across different age cohorts in the PNM and PM groups. Further subgroup analysis revealed significant thickening of SFCT in the PNM-stable group among the G0, G1, and G7 cohorts (all P < 0.05), whereas it remained stable among all cohorts in the PM-stable group (all P > 0.05). Conversely, SFCT exhibited thinning in the G4 and G7 cohorts in the PM-progressive group (both P < 0.01) and for the entire cohort of children in the PNM-progressive group (P = 0.012). Conclusions SFCT increased in nonmyopic children with stable refraction, remained stable in myopic children maintained stable refraction, and decreased in those with refractive progression, whether they were myopic or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaotong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hailu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinen Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yangfa Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Cox RA, Read SA, Hopkins S, Alonso-Caneiro D, Wood JM. Optical Coherence Tomography-Derived Measurements of the Optic Nerve Head Structure of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children. J Glaucoma 2024; 33:101-109. [PMID: 37523634 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
PRCIS This study demonstrated significant differences in optic nerve head characteristics in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children compared with non-Indigenous children, which has implications for glaucoma risk and diagnosis in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the optic nerve head (ONH) characteristics of visually normal Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and non-Indigenous Australian children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging was performed on the right eye of 95 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and 149 non-Indigenous Australian children (5-18 years). Horizontal and vertical line scans, centered on the ONH, were analyzed to determine the dimensions of the ONH (Bruch membrane opening diameter), optic cup diameter, Bruch membrane opening minimum rim width, and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. RESULTS The vertical but not horizontal Bruch membrane opening diameter of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children was significantly larger than non-Indigenous children (mean difference: 0.09 mm, P = 0.001). The horizontal (mean difference: 0.12 mm, P = 0.003) and vertical cup diameter (mean difference: 0.16 mm, P < 0.001) were also significantly larger in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, as were the horizontal and vertical cup-to-disc ratios (both P < 0.01). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children also had a significantly thinner Bruch membrane opening minimum rim width in the superior, nasal, and temporal meridians (all P < 0.001). Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS Differences exist in the ONH structure between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and non-Indigenous children, which may have implications for the detection and monitoring of ocular disease in this population and highlights the need to extend this research to the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Cox
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott A Read
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shelley Hopkins
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- School of Science Technology and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne M Wood
- Centre for Vision and Eye Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
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Yao Y, Fu J, Liu J, Li L, Chen W, Meng Z. Assessment of macular choroidal and retinal thickness: a cohort study in Tibetan healthy children. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1383. [PMID: 38228766 PMCID: PMC10792070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This research investigates the distribution, progressive changes, and contributing factors of macular choroidal and retinal thickness in Tibetan children utilizing swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). The Lhasa childhood study recruited 1632 students from seven primary schools in Lhasa. These participants underwent OCT and ophthalmological evaluations, encompassing retinal and choroidal thickness measurements, refractive error, axial length (AL), and systemic examinations. The median age of the scholars was 8.57 ± 0.50 years with a median spherical equivalent (SE) of 0.19 ± 1.28D. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that thinner macular choroid thickness was correlated with lower value of SE, worse best-corrected visual acuity, higher mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and boys, while retinal thickness was associated with better image quality and lower value of SE. The choroid and retina were significantly thinner in myopic children. SE was positively related to the thickness of all choroidal and full retinal subregions. In comparison to baseline data from 20 months prior, most regions of the full retina had significantly thinned. Choroidal thickness of Tibetan children is thinner than that of same-age children from other regions. Thinning of retina, the outer-sector GCC and GCIPL may be specified as a follow-up and prognostic indicator for myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jiawen Liu
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Operation Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhaojun Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100730, China
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Chiu LW, Chang YC, Chen KJ, Cheng KC. Analysis of macular choroidal thickness in normal Taiwanese eyes by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2023; 39:1245-1246. [PMID: 37656162 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Chiu
- Department of Education, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Chen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Verma A, Magesan K, Mahalingam M, T A, Sadda SR, Corradetti G, Alagorie AR, Gnanaraj R, Sen P. Age-Related Alterations of the Macular Choroid in Healthy Eyes Assessed by Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2023; 54:526-534. [PMID: 37642439 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20230728-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze age-related changes in the choroid in healthy eyes using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional, prospective, observational study enrolling 222 eyes of 116 healthy participants. SS-OCTA images were captured using the PLEX Elite 9000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec) with a 6 x 6 mm pattern centered on the fovea. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal volume (CV) were generated automatically through manufacturer tools available in the Advanced Retinal Imaging (ARI) hub network. Choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choriocapillaris flow deficits (CCFD) were computed using ImageJ. RESULTS CV was found to be significantly higher in women than men. Overall, there was a significant positive correlation between CVI and CCFD, and a significant negative correlation between CT and CV with age. The relationship, however, was more complex, as a decade-wise analysis showed that CT and CV increased until the second decade, followed by a decrease until the sixth decade, and then an increase again in the seventh and eighth decades. CVI was highest in the seventh decade. In contrast, CCFD increased consistently with age and in all the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) rings. CONCLUSION The choroidal blood flow and its thickness reduces as the age advances. While the choroidal flow deficits show a consistent increase with age and the distance from the foveal center, the relationship of other parameters with age is more complex. Having a normative database from healthy subjects is imperative for understanding the changes taking place in diseased states. Choroidal parameters can show significant variations with age. These differences are not uniform or consistent with age, highlighting the importance of a normative reference database to assess the significance of choroidal alterations associated with disease. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2023;54:526-534.].
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Gyawali P, Jnawali A, Kharal A, Subedi M, Kandel S, Puri PR, Paudel N. SubFoveal Choroidal Imaging in High Myopic Nepalese Cohort. J Ophthalmol 2023; 2023:2209496. [PMID: 37215947 PMCID: PMC10195179 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2209496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evidence suggests that choroid is thinner in myopes as compared to nonmyopes. However, choroidal thickness varies with the refractive error, age, axial length, and ethnicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in high myopic Nepalese subjects and to investigate its association with the mean spherical equivalent refractive error (MSE), axial length, and age. Methods Ninety-two eyes of 92 high myopic subjects (MSE ≤ -6 diopters) and 83 eyes of 83 emmetropic subjects (MSE: 0.00 Diopters) were included in the study. SFCT was assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and the axial length was measured using partial coherence interferometry. SFCT was measured manually using the inbuilt tool within the imaging software. Results SFCT in the high myopic subjects was significantly thinner (mean ± SD: 224.17 ± 68.91 μm) as compared to the emmetropic subjects (353.24 ± 65.63 μm) (mean difference, 127.76 ± 130.80 μm, and p < 0.001). In high myopic subjects, there was a significant negative correlation of choroidal thickness with the axial length (rho = -0.75; p < 0.001) and MSE (rho = -0.404; p < 0.01). Regression analysis demonstrated a decrease of choroidal thickness by 40.32 μm (p < 0.001) for every 1 millimeter increase in the axial length and by 11.65 μm (p < 0.001) for every 1 diopter increase in the MSE. Conclusion High myopic Nepalese subjects had significantly thinner choroid as compared to emmetropes. The MSE and axial length were inversely correlated with the SFCT. Age had no effect on SFCT in this study. These findings may have implications in interpreting choroidal thickness values in clinical and epidemiological studies in myopes, especially in the south Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parash Gyawali
- B. P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Ashutosh Jnawali
- B. P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Anish Kharal
- College of Optometry, The University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manish Subedi
- B. P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | | | - Prajjol Raj Puri
- B. P. Koirala Lions Center for Ophthalmic Studies, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Nabin Paudel
- Centre for Eye Research Ireland, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Lee SSY, Alonso-Caneiro D, Lingham G, Chen FK, Sanfilippo PG, Yazar S, Mackey DA. Choroidal Thickening During Young Adulthood and Baseline Choroidal Thickness Predicts Refractive Error Change. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:34. [PMID: 35616928 PMCID: PMC9150825 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.5.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the age-related change in choroidal thickness (ChT) and test the hypothesis that baseline ChT is predictive of refractive error change in healthy young adults. Methods Participants underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging and autorefraction at 20 (baseline) and 28 years old. The enhanced depth imaging mode on the SD-OCT was used to obtain images of the choroid. Scans were exported from the SD-OCT and analyzed with a custom software that automatically measures the central ChT. The longitudinal change in subfoveal ChT and association between baseline subfoveal ChT and 8-year change in refractive error (spherical equivalent) were determined using linear mixed models. Results In total, 395 eyes of 198 participants (44% men; 18-22 years at baseline) were included. Over 8 years, mean spherical equivalent decreased by 0.25 diopters (D) and axial length increased by 0.09 mm. Subfoveal choroid thickened by 1.3 µm/year (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.6-2.0), but this was reduced by 0.9 µm/year (95% CI = 1.6-0.2) for every 1 mm increase in axial length. For every 10 µm increase in baseline ChT, average annual change in spherical equivalent and axial length reduced by 0.006 D/year and 0.003 mm/year, respectively. Conclusions In a community-based cohort of young adults, the choroid continued to change during early adulthood. Choroidal thickening was less in eyes that were longer at baseline, and the choroid thinned in eyes that showed myopia progression. The association between baseline ChT and longitudinal changes in spherical equivalent and axial length supports the hypothesis that ChT may be predictive of refractive error development and/or myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Sze-Yee Lee
- The University of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Alonso-Caneiro
- Contact Lens and Visual Optic Laboratory, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gareth Lingham
- The University of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Ireland, School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fred K Chen
- The University of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul G Sanfilippo
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- The University of Western Australia, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating the Lions Eye Institute), Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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