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Zhong Z, Cui XL, Tan KJ, Wu XY, Zhu XJ, Zhang JY, Zhang WJ, Wang HY, Zhang PL. Apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) derived from fibroblast-converted hepatocyte-like cells effectively ameliorate liver fibrosis. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:541. [PMID: 39238002 PMCID: PMC11375929 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a serious global health issue for which effective treatment remains elusive. Chemical-induced hepatocyte-like cells (ciHeps) have emerged as an appealing source for cell transplantation therapy, although they present several challenges such as the risk of lung thromboembolism or hemorrhage. Apoptotic vesicles (apoVs), small membrane vesicles generated during the apoptosis process, have gained attention for their role in regulating various physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we generated ciHep-derived apoVs (ciHep-apoVs) and investigated their therapeutic potential in alleviating liver fibrosis. Our findings revealed that ciHep-apoVs induced the transformation of macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype, effectively suppressed the activity of activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs), and enhanced the survival of hepatocytes. When intravenously administered to mice with liver fibrosis, ciHep-apoVs were primarily engulfed by macrophages and myofibroblasts, leading to a reduction in liver inflammation and fibrosis. Proteomic and miRNA analyses showed that ciHep-apoVs were enriched in various functional molecules that modulate crucial cellular processes, including metabolism, signaling transduction, and ECM-receptor interactions. ciHep-apoVs effectively suppressed aHSCs activity through the synergistic inhibition of glycolysis, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) cascades. These findings highlight the potential of ciHep-apoVs as multifunctional nanotherapeutics for liver fibrosis and provide insights into the treatment of other liver diseases and fibrosis in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhong
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, 366 Qianju Road, Shanghai, 201805, China
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Liang Cui
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, 366 Qianju Road, Shanghai, 201805, China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Kun-Jiang Tan
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, 366 Qianju Road, Shanghai, 201805, China
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wu
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, 366 Qianju Road, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Xiang-Jie Zhu
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, 366 Qianju Road, Shanghai, 201805, China
- Institute of Metabolism & Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jiu-Yu Zhang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, 366 Qianju Road, Shanghai, 201805, China
- Institute of Metabolism & Integrative Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wei-Jia Zhang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, 366 Qianju Road, Shanghai, 201805, China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, 366 Qianju Road, Shanghai, 201805, China.
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Pei-Lin Zhang
- National Center for Liver Cancer, Naval Medical University, 366 Qianju Road, Shanghai, 201805, China.
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Gongye X, Xia P, Ma T, Chai Y, Chen Z, Zhu Y, Qu C, Liu J, Guo WW, Zhang M, Liu Y, Tian M, Yuan Y. Liver Extracellular Vesicles and Particles Enriched β-Sitosterol Effectively Promote Liver Regeneration in Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:8117-8137. [PMID: 39139504 PMCID: PMC11319097 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s465346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The liver's regenerative capacity allows it to repair itself after injury. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) in the liver's interstitial space are crucial for signal transduction, metabolism, and immune regulation. Understanding the role and mechanism of liver-derived EVPs in regeneration is significant, particularly after partial hepatectomy, where the mechanisms remain unclear. Methods A 70% hepatectomy model was established in mice, and EVPs were isolated and characterized using electron microscopy, nanocharacterization, and Western blot analysis. Combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed β-sitosterol enrichment in EVPs and activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway during regeneration. The role of β-sitosterol in EVPs on the Hedgehog pathway and its targets were identified using qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis. The regulation of carnitine synthesis by this pathway was determined using a dual luciferase assay. The effect of a β-sitosterol diet on liver regeneration was verified in mice. Results After 70% hepatectomy, the liver successfully regenerated without liver failure or death. At 24 hours post-surgery, tissue staining showed transient regeneration-associated steatosis (TRAS), with increased Ki67 positivity at 48 hours. EVPs displayed a spherical lipid bilayer structure with particle sizes of 70-130 nm. CD9, CD63, and CD81 in liver-derived EVPs were confirmed. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed EVPs supplementation significantly promoted carnitine synthesis and fatty acid oxidation. Tissue staining confirmed accelerated TRAS resolution and enhanced liver regeneration with EVP supplementation. Mass spectrometry identified β-sitosterol in EVPs, which binds to Smo protein, activating the Hedgehog pathway. This led to the nuclear transport of Gli3, stimulating Setd5 transcription and inducing carnitine synthesis, thereby accelerating fatty acid oxidation. Mice with increased β-sitosterol intake showed faster TRAS resolution and liver regeneration compared to controls. Conclusion Liver-derived EVPs promote regeneration after partial hepatectomy. β-sitosterol from EVPs accelerates fatty acid oxidation and promotes liver regeneration by activating Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Gongye
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyin Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yibo Chai
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengming Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wing Wa Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minghe Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingyi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Medicine Research Center for Minimally Invasive Procedure of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases of Hubei Province, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Wu X, Yuan P, Wei N, Ma C, Fu M, Wu W. Extracellular vesicles derived from "serum and glucose" deprived HUCMSCs promoted skin wound healing through enhanced angiogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05058-1. [PMID: 38967721 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced from MSCs were currently considered as a novel therapeutic agent for skin tissue regeneration and repair. Preconditioning stem cells may activate more molecular pathways and release more bioactive agents. In this study, we obtained EVs from normal (N-EVs) and serum- and glucose-deprived (SGD-EVs) human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSCs), and showed that SGD-EVs promoted the migration, proliferation, and tube formation of HUVECs in vitro. In vivo experiments utilizing a rat model show that both N-EVs and SGD-EVs boosted angiogenesis of skin defects and accelerated skin wound healing, while treating wounds with SGD-EVs led to faster skin healing and enhanced angiogenesis. miRNA sequencing showed that miR-29a-3p was abundant in SGD-EVs, and overexpressing miR-29a-3p enhanced the angiogenic ability of HUVECs, while inhibiting miR-29a-3p presented the opposite effect. Further studies demonstrated that miR-29a-3p directly targeted CTNNBIP1, which mediated angiogenesis of HUCMSCs-derived EVs through inhibiting CTNNBIP1 to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings suggested that SGD-EVs promote angiogenesis via transferring miR-29a-3p, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway played a crucial role in SGD-EVs-induced VEGFA production during wound angiogenesis. Our results offered a new avenue for modifying EVs to enhance tissue angiogenesis and augment its role in skin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Pingping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingdi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 Changle West Road, Xincheng District, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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Mladenović D, Vesković M, Šutulović N, Hrnčić D, Stanojlović O, Radić L, Macut JB, Macut D. Adipose-derived extracellular vesicles - a novel cross-talk mechanism in insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 2024; 85:18-34. [PMID: 38285412 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is the best described risk factor for the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) while the major pathogenic mechanism linking these entities is insulin resistance (IR). IR is primarily caused by increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and lipids from visceral adipose tissue. Increased fatty acid mobilization results in ectopic fat deposition in the liver which causes endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress resulting in increased cytokine production and subsequent inflammation. Similarly, IR with hyperinsulinemia cause hyperandrogenism, the hallmark of PCOS, and inflammation in the ovaries. Proinflammatory cytokines from both liver and ovaries aggravate IR thus providing a complex interaction between adipose tissue, liver, and ovaries in inducing metabolic abnormalities in obese subjects. Although many pathogenic mechanisms of IR, NAFLD/MASLD, and PCOS are known, there is still no effective therapy for these entities suggesting the need for further evaluation of their pathogenesis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a novel cross-talk mechanism between organs and include membrane-bound vesicles containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that may change the phenotype and function of target cells. Adipose tissue releases EVs that promote IR, the development of all stages of NAFLD/MASLD and PCOS, while mesenchymal stem cell-derived AVs may alleviate metabolic abnormalities and may represent a novel therapeutic device in NAFLD/MASLD, and PCOS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of adipose tissue-derived EVs in the pathogenesis of IR, NAFLD/MASLD, and PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mladenović
- Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailovic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Milena Vesković
- Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailovic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Šutulović
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Hrnčić
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lena Radić
- Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelica Bjekić Macut
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, UMC Bežanijska kosa, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djuro Macut
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
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Taherian M, Bayati P, Mojtabavi N. Stem cell-based therapy for fibrotic diseases: mechanisms and pathways. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:170. [PMID: 38886859 PMCID: PMC11184790 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process, that could result in permanent scarring and impairment of the physiological function of the affected organ; this condition which is categorized under the term organ failure could affect various organs in different situations. The involvement of the major organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidney, heart, and skin, is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality across the world. Fibrotic disorders encompass a broad range of complications and could be traced to various illnesses and impairments; these could range from simple skin scars with beauty issues to severe rheumatologic or inflammatory disorders such as systemic sclerosis as well as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Besides, the overactivation of immune responses during any inflammatory condition causing tissue damage could contribute to the pathogenic fibrotic events accompanying the healing response; for instance, the inflammation resulting from tissue engraftment could cause the formation of fibrotic scars in the grafted tissue, even in cases where the immune system deals with hard to clear infections, fibrotic scars could follow and cause severe adverse effects. A good example of such a complication is post-Covid19 lung fibrosis which could impair the life of the affected individuals with extensive lung involvement. However, effective therapies that halt or slow down the progression of fibrosis are missing in the current clinical settings. Considering the immunomodulatory and regenerative potential of distinct stem cell types, their application as an anti-fibrotic agent, capable of attenuating tissue fibrosis has been investigated by many researchers. Although the majority of the studies addressing the anti-fibrotic effects of stem cells indicated their potent capabilities, the underlying mechanisms, and pathways by which these cells could impact fibrotic processes remain poorly understood. Here, we first, review the properties of various stem cell types utilized so far as anti-fibrotic treatments and discuss the challenges and limitations associated with their applications in clinical settings; then, we will summarize the general and organ-specific mechanisms and pathways contributing to tissue fibrosis; finally, we will describe the mechanisms and pathways considered to be employed by distinct stem cell types for exerting anti-fibrotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Taherian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Bayati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Mojtabavi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Shi X, Zhang K, Qi Q, Zhou W, Yu F, Zhang Y. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate hepatic stellate cells activation and liver fibrosis. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:734. [PMID: 38874773 PMCID: PMC11178641 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cirrhosis, a prevalent chronic liver disease, is characterized by liver fibrosis as its central pathological process. Recent advancements highlight the clinical efficacy of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UC-MSC) therapy in the treatment of liver cirrhosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the pharmacodynamic effects of UC-MSCs and MSC conditional medium (MSC-CM) in vivo, utilizing a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced fibrotic rat model. Concurrently, we assessed the in vitro impact of MSCs and MSC-CM on various cellular process of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), including proliferation, apoptosis, activation, immunomodulatory capabilities, and inflammatory factor secretion. Our results indicate that both MSCs and MSC-CM significantly ameliorate the pathological extent of fibrosis in animal tissues, reducing the collagen content, serum biochemical indices and fibrosis biomarkers. In vitro, MSC-CM significantly inhibited the activation of the HSC line LX-2. Notably, MSC-CM modulated the expression of type I procollagen and TGFβ-1 while increasing MMP1 expression. This modulation restored the MMP1/TIMP1 ratio imbalance and extracellular matrix deposition in TGFβ-1 induced fibrosis. Both MSCs and MSC-CM not only induced apoptosis in HSCs but also suppressed proliferation and inflammatory cytokine release from activated HSCs. Furthermore, MSCs and MSC-CM exerted a suppressive effect on total lymphocyte activation. CONCLUSIONS UC-MSCs and MSC-CM primarily modulate liver fibrosis severity by regulating HSC activation. This study provides both in vivo and in vitro pharmacodynamic evidence supporting the use of MSCs in liver fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Shi
- State Industrial Base for Stem Cell Engineering Products, Tianjin, 300384, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
- VCANBIO Cell & Gene Engineering Corp., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Industrial Base for Stem Cell Engineering Products, Tianjin, 300384, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
- VCANBIO Cell & Gene Engineering Corp., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Qi
- State Industrial Base for Stem Cell Engineering Products, Tianjin, 300384, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
- VCANBIO Cell & Gene Engineering Corp., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Wangyi Zhou
- State Industrial Base for Stem Cell Engineering Products, Tianjin, 300384, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
- VCANBIO Cell & Gene Engineering Corp., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengshi Yu
- State Industrial Base for Stem Cell Engineering Products, Tianjin, 300384, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China
- VCANBIO Cell & Gene Engineering Corp., Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Industrial Base for Stem Cell Engineering Products, Tianjin, 300384, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- VCANBIO Cell & Gene Engineering Corp., Ltd, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Blood Cell Therapy Technology, Tianjin, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin, China.
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Jiang S, Tian S, Wang P, Liu J, Sun K, Zhou X, Han Y, Shang Y. Native and engineered extracellular vesicles: novel tools for treating liver disease. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:3840-3856. [PMID: 38532706 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01921g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Liver diseases are classified as acute liver damage and chronic liver disease, with recurring liver damage causing liver fibrosis and progression to cirrhosis and hepatoma. Liver transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases; therefore, novel therapies are required. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are endogenous nanocarriers involved in cell-to-cell communication that play important roles in immune regulation, tissue repair and regeneration. Native EVs can potentially be used for various liver diseases owing to their high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and tissue permeability and engineered EVs with surface modification or cargo loading could further optimize therapeutic effects. In this review, we firstly introduced the mechanisms and effects of native EVs derived from different cells and tissues to treat liver diseases of different etiologies. Additionally, we summarized the possible methods to facilitate liver targeting and improve cargo-loading efficiency. In the treatment of liver disease, the detailed engineered methods and the latest delivery strategies were also discussed. Finally, we pointed out the limitations and challenges of EVs for future development and applications. We hope that this review could provide a useful reference for the development of EVs and promote the clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Siyuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Punan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Keshuai Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Air Force Hospital From Eastern Theater of PLA, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yulong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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DiStefano JK, Piras IS, Wu X, Sharma R, Garcia-Mansfield K, Willey M, Lovell B, Pirrotte P, Olson ML, Shaibi GQ. Changes in proteomic cargo of circulating extracellular vesicles in response to lifestyle intervention in adolescents with hepatic steatosis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 60:333-342. [PMID: 38479932 PMCID: PMC10937812 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that proteomic cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play a role in metabolic improvements following lifestyle interventions. However, the relationship between changes in liver fat and circulating EV-derived protein cargo following intervention remains unexplored. METHODS The study cohort comprised 18 Latino adolescents with obesity and hepatic steatosis (12 males/6 females; average age 13.3 ± 1.2 y) who underwent a six-month lifestyle intervention. EV size distribution and concentration were determined by light scattering intensity; EV protein composition was characterized by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Average hepatic fat fraction (HFF) decreased 23% by the end of the intervention (12.5% [5.5] to 9.6% [4.9]; P = 0.0077). Mean EV size was smaller post-intervention compared to baseline (120.2 ± 16.4 nm to 128.4 ± 16.5 nm; P = 0.031), although the difference in mean EV concentration (1.1E+09 ± 4.1E+08 particles/mL to 1.1E+09 ± 1.8E+08 particles/mL; P = 0.656)) remained unchanged. A total of 462 proteins were identified by proteomic analysis of plasma-derived EVs from participants pre- and post-intervention, with 113 proteins showing differential abundance (56 higher and 57 lower) between the two timepoints (adj-p <0.05). Pathway analysis revealed enrichment in complement cascade, initial triggering of complement, creation of C4 and C2 activators, and regulation of complement cascade. Hepatocyte-specific EV affinity purification identified 40 proteins with suggestive (p < 0.05) differential abundance between pre- and post-intervention samples. CONCLUSIONS Circulating EV-derived proteins, particularly those associated with the complement cascade, may contribute to improvements in liver fat in response to lifestyle intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K DiStefano
- Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Xiumei Wu
- Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Unit, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Krystine Garcia-Mansfield
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Maya Willey
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Brooke Lovell
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resource, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Micah L Olson
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Phoenix Children's, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Gabriel Q Shaibi
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Phoenix Children's, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Edson College of Nursing, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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9
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Zhang T, Qian C, Song M, Tang Y, Zhou Y, Dong G, Shen Q, Chen W, Wang A, Shen S, Zhao Y, Lu Y. Application Prospect of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Organoids and Cell Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2680. [PMID: 38473926 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its inception, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has been hailed as a powerful tool for comprehending disease etiology and advancing drug screening across various domains. While earlier iPSC-based disease modeling and drug assessment primarily operated at the cellular level, recent years have witnessed a significant shift towards organoid-based investigations. Organoids derived from iPSCs offer distinct advantages, particularly in enabling the observation of disease progression and drug metabolism in an in vivo-like environment, surpassing the capabilities of iPSC-derived cells. Furthermore, iPSC-based cell therapy has emerged as a focal point of clinical interest. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of non-integrative reprogramming methods that have evolved since the inception of iPSC technology. We also deliver a comprehensive examination of iPSC-derived organoids, spanning the realms of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and oncology, as well as systematically elucidate recent advancements in iPSC-related cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengyao Song
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yueke Zhou
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guanglu Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiuhong Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland
| | - Yang Zhao
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Azizsoltani A, Hatami B, Zali MR, Mahdavi V, Baghaei K, Alizadeh E. Obeticholic acid-loaded exosomes attenuate liver fibrosis through dual targeting of the FXR signaling pathway and ECM remodeling. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115777. [PMID: 37913732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage of liver fibrosis as a precancerous state could lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma which liver transplantation is the only effective treatment. Previous studies have indicated that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonists, such as obeticholic acid (OCA) protect against hepatic injuries. However, free OCA administration results in side effects in clinical trials that could be alleviated by applying bio carriers such as MSC-derived exosomes (Exo) with the potential to mimic the biological regenerative effect of their parent cells, as proposed in this study. Loading OCA into the Exo was conducted via water bath sonication. Ex vivo bio distribution studies validated the Exo-loaded OCA more permanently accumulated in the liver. Using CCL4-induced liver fibrosis, we proposed whether Exo isolated from human Warton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells loaded with a minimal dosage of OCA can facilitate liver recovery. Notably, Exo-loaded OCA exerted additive anti-fibrotic efficacy on histopathological features in CCL4-induced fibrotic mice. Compared to baseline, Exo-mediated delivery OCA results in marked improvements in the fibrotic-related indicators as well as serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations. Accordingly, the synergistic impact of Exo-loaded OCA as a promising approach is associated with the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and Fxr-Cyp7a1 cascade on CCL4-induced liver fibrosis mice. In conclusion, our data confirmed the additive protective effects of Exo-loaded OCA in fibrotic mice, which suggests a valuable therapeutic strategy to combat liver fibrosis. Furthermore, the use of Exo for accurate drug delivery to the liver tissue can be inspiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Azizsoltani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Hatami
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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11
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Paw M, Kusiak AA, Nit K, Litewka JJ, Piejko M, Wnuk D, Sarna M, Fic K, Stopa KB, Hammad R, Barczyk-Woznicka O, Cathomen T, Zuba-Surma E, Madeja Z, Ferdek PE, Bobis-Wozowicz S. Hypoxia enhances anti-fibrotic properties of extracellular vesicles derived from hiPSCs via the miR302b-3p/TGFβ/SMAD2 axis. BMC Med 2023; 21:412. [PMID: 37904135 PMCID: PMC10617123 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03117-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac fibrosis is one of the top killers among fibrotic diseases and continues to be a global unaddressed health problem. The lack of effective treatment combined with the considerable socioeconomic burden highlights the urgent need for innovative therapeutic options. Here, we evaluated the anti-fibrotic properties of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that were cultured under various oxygen concentrations. METHODS EVs were isolated from three hiPSC lines cultured under normoxia (21% O2; EV-N) or reduced oxygen concentration (hypoxia): 3% O2 (EV-H3) or 5% O2 (EV-H5). The anti-fibrotic activity of EVs was tested in an in vitro model of cardiac fibrosis, followed by a detailed investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Sequencing of EV miRNAs combined with bioinformatics analysis was conducted and a selected miRNA was validated using a miRNA mimic and inhibitor. Finally, EVs were tested in a mouse model of angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis. RESULTS We provide evidence that an oxygen concentration of 5% enhances the anti-fibrotic effects of hiPS-EVs. These EVs were more effective in reducing pro-fibrotic markers in activated human cardiac fibroblasts, when compared to EV-N or EV-H3. We show that EV-H5 act through the canonical TGFβ/SMAD pathway, primarily via miR-302b-3p, which is the most abundant miRNA in EV-H5. Our results show that EV-H5 not only target transcripts of several profibrotic genes, including SMAD2 and TGFBR2, but also reduce the stiffness of activated fibroblasts. In a mouse model of heart fibrosis, EV-H5 outperformed EV-N in suppressing the inflammatory response in the host and by attenuating collagen deposition and reducing pro-fibrotic markers in cardiac tissue. CONCLUSIONS In this work, we provide evidence of superior anti-fibrotic properties of EV-H5 over EV-N or EV-H3. Our study uncovers that fine regulation of oxygen concentration in the cellular environment may enhance the anti-fibrotic effects of hiPS-EVs, which has great potential to be applied for heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Paw
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka A Kusiak
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Nit
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek J Litewka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Piejko
- 3Rd Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University - Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dawid Wnuk
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Sarna
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Fic
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga B Stopa
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ruba Hammad
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Barczyk-Woznicka
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Freiburg iPS Core Facility, Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł E Ferdek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bobis-Wozowicz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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12
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Leszczynska A, Stoess C, Sung H, Povero D, Eguchi A, Feldstein A. Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic and Diagnostic Tools for Chronic Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2808. [PMID: 37893181 PMCID: PMC10604241 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases can lead to fibrotic changes that may progress to the development of cirrhosis, which poses a significant risk for morbidity and increased mortality rates. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and viral hepatitis are prevalent liver diseases that may lead to cirrhosis. The advanced stages of cirrhosis can be further complicated by cancer development or end-stage liver disease and liver failure. Hence, early detection and diagnosis of liver fibrosis is crucial for preventing the progression to cirrhosis and improving patient outcomes. Traditionally, invasive liver biopsy has been considered the gold standard for diagnosing and staging liver fibrosis. In the last decade, research has focused on non-invasive methods, known as liquid biopsies, which involve the identification of disease-specific biomarkers in human fluids, such as blood. Among these alternative approaches, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising diagnostic and therapeutic tools for various diseases, including chronic liver diseases. EVs are released from stressed or damaged cells and can be isolated and quantified. Moreover, EVs facilitate cell-to-cell communication by transporting various cargo, and they have shown the potential to reduce the expression of profibrogenic markers, making them appealing tools for novel anti-fibrotic treatments. This review focuses on the impact of EVs in chronic liver diseases and exploring their potential applications in innovative therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Stoess
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (A.L.)
- Department of Surgery, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Sung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (A.L.)
| | - Davide Povero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Akiko Eguchi
- Biobank Center, Mie University Hospital, Tsu 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Ariel Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; (A.L.)
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13
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Levy D, Abadchi SN, Shababi N, Ravari MR, Pirolli NH, Bergeron C, Obiorah A, Mokhtari-Esbuie F, Gheshlaghi S, Abraham JM, Smith IM, Powsner EH, Solomon TJ, Harmon JW, Jay SM. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Wound Repair in a Diabetic Mouse Model via an Anti-Inflammatory Immunomodulatory Mechanism. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300879. [PMID: 37335811 PMCID: PMC10592465 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have recently been explored in clinical trials for treatment of diseases with complex pathophysiologies. However, production of MSC EVs is currently hampered by donor-specific characteristics and limited ex vivo expansion capabilities before decreased potency, thus restricting their potential as a scalable and reproducible therapeutic. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a self-renewing source for obtaining differentiated iPSC-derived MSCs (iMSCs), circumventing both scalability and donor variability concerns for therapeutic EV production. Thus, it is initially sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential of iMSC EVs. Interestingly, while utilizing undifferentiated iPSC EVs as a control, it is found that their vascularization bioactivity is similar and their anti-inflammatory bioactivity is superior to donor-matched iMSC EVs in cell-based assays. To supplement this initial in vitro bioactivity screen, a diabetic wound healing mouse model where both the pro-vascularization and anti-inflammatory activity of these EVs would be beneficial is employed. In this in vivo model, iPSC EVs more effectively mediate inflammation resolution within the wound bed. Combined with the lack of additional differentiation steps required for iMSC generation, these results support the use of undifferentiated iPSCs as a source for therapeutic EV production with respect to both scalability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Niloufar Shababi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mohsen Rouhani Ravari
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Pirolli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cade Bergeron
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Angel Obiorah
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Farzad Mokhtari-Esbuie
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shayan Gheshlaghi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - John M. Abraham
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ian M. Smith
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Emily H. Powsner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Talia J. Solomon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - John W. Harmon
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Steven M. Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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14
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Dos Santos Bronel BA, Maquigussa E, Boim MA, da Silva Novaes A. Effect of extracellular vesicles derived from induced pluripotent stem cells on mesangial cells underwent a model of fibrosis in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15749. [PMID: 37735602 PMCID: PMC10514265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrogenic process plays a significant pathophysiological role in the progression of chronic kidney disease. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one strategy to delay disease progression but does not reverse established fibrosis. In this context, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been considered an alternative due to their regenerative potential. iPSCs exert their effects through paracrine signaling, which releases specific biomolecules into the extracellular environment, either directly or within extracellular vesicle (EVs), that can reach target cells. This study aims to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of iPSC-derived EVs (EV-iPSCs) in an in vitro model of fibrosis using mouse mesangial cells (MMCs) stimulated with TGF-β. EV-iPSCs were obtained by differentially ultracentrifuging iPSCs culture medium. MMCs were stimulated with 5 ng/mL of TGF-β and simultaneously treated with or without EV-iPSCs for 24 h. Markers of inflammation, fibrosis, and RAS components were assessed using RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Under TGF-β stimulus, MMCs exhibited increased expression of inflammation markers, RAS components, and fibrosis. However, these changes were mitigated in the presence of EV-iPSCs. EV-iPSCs effectively reduced inflammation, RAS activation, and fibrogenesis in this fibrosis model involving mesangial cells, suggesting their potential as a strategy to reduce glomerular sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aristides Dos Santos Bronel
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 781 Pedro de Toledo St, 13° Floor, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Edgar Maquigussa
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 781 Pedro de Toledo St, 13° Floor, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Mirian Aparecida Boim
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 781 Pedro de Toledo St, 13° Floor, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil
| | - Antônio da Silva Novaes
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 781 Pedro de Toledo St, 13° Floor, São Paulo, SP, 04039-032, Brazil.
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15
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Sitbon A, Delmotte PR, Goumard C, Turco C, Gautheron J, Conti F, Aoudjehane L, Scatton O, Monsel A. Therapeutic potentials of mesenchymal stromal cells-derived extracellular vesicles in liver failure and marginal liver graft rehabilitation: a scoping review. Minerva Anestesiol 2023; 89:690-706. [PMID: 37079286 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.23.17265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Liver failure includes distinct subgroups of diseases: Acute liver failure (ALF) without preexisting cirrhosis, acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) (severe form of cirrhosis associated with organ failures and excess mortality), and liver fibrosis (LF). Inflammation plays a key role in ALF, LF, and more specifically in ACLF for which we have currently no treatment other than liver transplantation (LT). The increasing incidence of marginal liver grafts and the shortage of liver grafts require us to consider strategies to increase the quantity and quality of available liver grafts. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown beneficial pleiotropic properties with limited translational potential due to the pitfalls associated with their cellular nature. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are innovative cell-free therapeutics for immunomodulation and regenerative purposes. MSC-EVs encompass further advantages: pleiotropic effects, low immunogenicity, storage stability, good safety profile, and possibility of bioengineering. Currently, no human studies explored the impact of MSC-EVs on liver disease, but several preclinical studies highlighted their beneficial effects. In ALF and ACLF, data showed that MSC-EVs attenuate hepatic stellate cells activation, exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-ferroptosis properties, and promote regeneration of the liver, autophagy, and improve metabolism through mitochondrial function recovery. In LF, MSC-EVs demonstrated anti-fibrotic properties associated with liver tissue regeneration. Normothermic-machine perfusion (NMP) combined with MSC-EVs represents an attractive therapy to improve liver regeneration before LT. Our review suggests a growing interest in MSC-EVs in liver failure and gives an appealing insight into their development to rehabilitate marginal liver grafts through NMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Sitbon
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Sorbonne University, Paris, France -
- UMRS-938, Research Center of Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne University, Paris, France -
| | - Pierre-Romain Delmotte
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Claire Goumard
- UMRS-938, Research Center of Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Department of Digestive, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Célia Turco
- UMRS-938, Research Center of Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Digestive and Oncologic Surgery, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- UMRS-938, Research Center of Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Filomena Conti
- UMRS-938, Research Center of Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Department of Digestive, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- IHU-Innovation of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Lynda Aoudjehane
- UMRS-938, Research Center of Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- IHU-Innovation of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), INSERM, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Scatton
- UMRS-938, Research Center of Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Department of Digestive, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Monsel
- Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- INSERM UMRS-959 Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne University, Paris, France
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16
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Vp V, Kannan A, Perumal MK. Role of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles during the progression of liver inflammation to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1125-1140. [PMID: 36960683 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound cargos that vary in size and are stably transported through various bodily fluids. Extracellular vesicles communicate information between the cells and organs. Extracellular vesicles from the diseased cells alter cellular responses of the recipient cells contributing to disease progression. In obesity, adipocytes become hypertrophic and the extracellular vesicles from these dysfunctional adipocytes showed altered cargo contents instigating pathophysiological response leading to chronic liver diseases. In this review, the role of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles on the progression of liver inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma are extensively discussed. Newer approaches are crucial to take advantage of extracellular vesicles and their content as biomarkers to diagnose initial liver inflammation before reaching to an irreversible liver failure stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateish Vp
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anbarasu Kannan
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Madan Kumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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17
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Matos BMD, Stimamiglio MA, Correa A, Robert AW. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: From now to the future. World J Stem Cells 2023; 15:453-465. [PMID: 37342215 PMCID: PMC10277970 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v15.i5.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometric particles that enclose cell-derived bioactive molecules in a lipid bilayer and serve as intercellular communication tools. Accordingly, in various biological contexts, EVs are reported to engage in immune modulation, senescence, and cell proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, EVs could be key elements for potential off-the-shelf cell-free therapy. Little has been studied regarding EVs derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-EVs), even though hPSCs offer good opportunities for induction of tissue regeneration and unlimited proliferative ability. In this review article, we provide an overview of studies using hPSC-EVs, focusing on identifying the conditions in which the cells are cultivated for the isolation of EVs, how they are characterized, and applications already demonstrated. The topics reported in this article highlight the incipient status of the studies in the field and the significance of hPSC-EVs’ prospective applications as PSC-derived cell-free therapy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moises de Matos
- Stem Cells Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Curitiba 81350010, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Alejandro Correa
- Stem Cells Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Curitiba 81350010, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Anny Waloski Robert
- Stem Cells Basic Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Curitiba 81350010, Paraná, Brazil
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18
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Cheng W, Fan C, Song Q, Chen P, Peng H, Lin L, Liu C, Wang B, Zhou Z. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapies for organ fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1119606. [PMID: 37274156 PMCID: PMC10232908 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1119606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases result in organ remodelling and dysfunctional failure and account for one-third of all deaths worldwide. There are no ideal treatments that can halt or reverse progressive organ fibrosis, moreover, organ transplantation is complicated by problems with a limited supply of donor organs and graft rejection. The development of new approaches, especially induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based therapy, is becoming a hot topic due to their ability to self-renew and differentiate into different cell types that may replace the fibrotic organs. In the past decade, studies have differentiated iPSCs into fibrosis-relevant cell types which were demonstrated to have anti-fibrotic effects that may have the potential to inform new effective precision treatments for organ-specific fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the potential of iPSC-based cellular approaches as therapeutic avenues for treating organ fibrosis, the advantages and disadvantages of iPSCs compared with other types of stem cell-based therapies, as well as the challenges and future outlook in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengming Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijing Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Unit of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
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19
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Yin KL, Li M, Song PP, Duan YX, Ye WT, Tang W, Kokudo N, Gao Q, Liao R. Unraveling the Emerging Niche Role of Hepatic Stellate Cell-derived Exosomes in Liver Diseases. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:441-451. [PMID: 36643031 PMCID: PMC9817040 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play an essential role in various liver diseases, and exosomes are critical mediators of intercellular communication in local and distant microenvironments. Cellular crosstalk between HSCs and surrounding multiple tissue-resident cells promotes or inhibits the activation of HSCs. Substantial evidence has revealed that HSC-derived exosomes are involved in the occurrence and development of liver diseases through the regulation of retinoid metabolism, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, protein metabolism, and mitochondrial metabolism. HSC-derived exosomes are underpinned by vehicle molecules, such as mRNAs and microRNAs, that function in, and significantly affect, the processes of various liver diseases, such as acute liver injury, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, fibrosis, and cancer. As such, numerous exosomes derived from HSCs or HSC-associated exosomes have attracted attention because of their biological roles and translational applications as potential targets for therapeutic targets. Herein, we review the pathophysiological and metabolic processes associated with HSC-derived exosomes, their roles in various liver diseases and their potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Li Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei-Pei Song
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu-Xin Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Tang
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kokudo
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Qiang Gao, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-9906. ; Rui Liao, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0057-2792. E-mail:
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Correspondence to: Qiang Gao, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Liver Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6695-9906. ; Rui Liao, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0057-2792. E-mail:
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20
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Shen J, Cao J, Chen M, Zhang Y. Recent advances in the role of exosomes in liver fibrosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023. [PMID: 37114594 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We aim to summarize the current status of research on the role of exosomes in liver fibrosis. METHODS A review of the relevant literature was performed and the key findings were presented. RESULTS Most studies focused on the role of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells, other types of stem cells, and liver resident cells including hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, and hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis. Exosomes have been reported to play an essential role in the inactivation or activation of hepatic stellate cells through the delivery of non-coding RNAs and proteins. In recent years, this exosome cargo has become a research hotspot. CONCLUSIONS Recent studies have indicated the potential therapeutic benefit of exosomes in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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21
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Xu X, Wang Y, Luo X, Gao X, Gu W, Ma Y, Xu L, Yu M, Liu X, Liu J, Wang X, Zheng T, Mao C, Dong L. A non-invasive strategy for suppressing asthmatic airway inflammation and remodeling: Inhalation of nebulized hypoxic hUCMSC-derived extracellular vesicles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1150971. [PMID: 37090722 PMCID: PMC10113478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1150971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are extremely promising nanoscale cell-free therapeutic agents. We previously identified that intravenous administration (IV) of human umbilical cord MSC-EVs (hUCMSC-EVs), especially hypoxic hUCMSC-EVs (Hypo-EVs), could suppress allergic airway inflammation and remodeling. Here, we further investigated the therapeutic effects of Hypo-EVs administration by atomizing inhalation (INH), which is a non-invasive and efficient drug delivery method for lung diseases. We found that nebulized Hypo-EVs produced by the atomization system (medical/household air compressor and nebulizer) maintained excellent structural integrity. Nebulized Dir-labeled Hypo-EVs inhaled by mice were mainly restricted to lungs. INH administration of Hypo-EVs significantly reduced the airway inflammatory infiltration, decreased the levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), declined the content of OVA-specific IgE in serum, attenuated the goblet cell metaplasia, and the expressions of subepithelial collagen-1 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Notably, Hypo-EV INH administration was generally more potent than Hypo-EV IV in suppressing IL-13 levels and collagen-1 and α-SMA expressions. RNA sequencing revealed that various biological processes, such as cell adhesion, innate immune response, B cell activation, and extracellular space, were associated with the activity of Hypo-EV INH against asthma mice. In addition, Hypo-EVs could load exogenous miR-146a-5p (miR-146a-5p-EVs). Furthermore, INH administration of miR-146a-5p-EVs resulted in a significantly increased expression of miR-146a-5p mostly in lungs, and offered greater protection against the OVA-induced increase in airway inflammation, subepithelial collagen accumulation and myofibroblast compared with nebulized Hypo-EVs. Overall, nebulized Hypo-EVs effectively attenuated allergic airway inflammation and remodeling, potentially creating a non-invasive route for the use of MSC-EVs in asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated Huai’an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinkai Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuerong Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Gu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongbin Ma
- Department of Central Laboratory, Jintan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mengzhu Yu
- Department of Paidology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiameng Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Liyang Dong, ; Tingting Zheng, ; Chaoming Mao,
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Liyang Dong, ; Tingting Zheng, ; Chaoming Mao,
| | - Liyang Dong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Liyang Dong, ; Tingting Zheng, ; Chaoming Mao,
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22
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Zhang Z, Sun Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Dong R, Xu Y, Zhang M, Lv Q, Chen X, Liu Y. Melatonin pretreatment can improve the therapeutic effect of adipose-derived stem cells on CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis. TOXIN REV 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2023.2191263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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23
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Levy D, Abadchi SN, Shababi N, Ravari MR, Pirolli NH, Bergeron C, Obiorah A, Mokhtari-Esbuie F, Gheshlaghi S, Abraham JM, Smith IM, Powsner E, Solomon T, Harmon JW, Jay SM. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote wound repair in a diabetic mouse model via an anti-inflammatory immunomodulatory mechanism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.19.533334. [PMID: 36993554 PMCID: PMC10055496 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.19.533334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have recently been widely explored in clinical trials for treatment of diseases with complex pathophysiology. However, production of MSC EVs is currently hampered by donor-specific characteristics and limited ex vivo expansion capabilities before decreased potency, thus restricting their potential as a scalable and reproducible therapeutic. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a self-renewing source for obtaining differentiated iPSC-derived MSCs (iMSCs), circumventing both scalability and donor variability concerns for therapeutic EV production. Thus, we initially sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential of iMSC EVs. Interestingly, while utilizing undifferentiated iPSC EVs as a control, we found that their vascularization bioactivity was similar and their anti-inflammatory bioactivity was superior to donor-matched iMSC EVs in cell-based assays. To supplement this initial in vitro bioactivity screen, we employed a diabetic wound healing mouse model where both the pro-vascularization and anti-inflammatory activity of these EVs would be beneficial. In this in vivo model, iPSC EVs more effectively mediated inflammation resolution within the wound bed. Combined with the lack of additional differentiation steps required for iMSC generation, these results support the use of undifferentiated iPSCs as a source for therapeutic EV production with respect to both scalability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Niloufar Shababi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mohsen Rouhani Ravari
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Pirolli
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Cade Bergeron
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Angel Obiorah
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Farzad Mokhtari-Esbuie
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shayan Gheshlaghi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - John M. Abraham
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ian M. Smith
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Emily Powsner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Talia Solomon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - John W. Harmon
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Steven M. Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Zahmatkesh E, Khoshdel Rad N, Hossein-Khannazer N, Mohamadnejad M, Gramignoli R, Najimi M, Malekzadeh R, Hassan M, Vosough M. Cell and cell-derivative-based therapy for liver diseases: current approaches and future promises. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 17:237-249. [PMID: 36692130 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2023.2172398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to the recent updates from World Health Organization, liver diseases are the 12th most common cause of mortality. Currently, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the most effective and the only treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Owing to several shortcomings like finite numbers of healthy organ donors, lifelong immunosuppression, and complexity of the procedure, cell and cell-derivatives therapies have emerged as a potential therapeutic alternative for liver diseases. Various cell types and therapies have been proposed and their therapeutic effects evaluated in preclinical or clinical studies, including hepatocytes, hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from stem cells, human liver stem cells (HLSCs), combination therapies with various types of cells, organoids, and implantable cell-biomaterial constructs with synthetic and natural polymers or even decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM). AREAS COVERED In this review, we highlighted the current status of cell and cell-derivative-based therapies for liver diseases. Furthermore, we discussed future prospects of using HLCs, liver organoids, and their combination therapies. EXPERT OPINION Promising application of stem cell-based techniques including iPSC technology has been integrated into novel techniques such as gene editing, directed differentiation, and organoid technology. iPSCs offer promising prospects to represent novel therapeutic strategies and modeling liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khoshdel Rad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Hossein-Khannazer
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohamadnejad
- Cell-Based Therapies Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Nóbrega DND, Carvalho TL, do Ó KP, Lima RED, Farias ICC, Souza RDS, Pereira JB, Maranhão ACN, Lima VFDS, Melo ALTMD, Silva TCG, Belmont TFDM, Gomes ECDS, Vasconcelos LRS. MicroRNA dysregulation in schistosomiasis-induced hepatic fibrosis: a systematic review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:257-265. [PMID: 36803616 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2182190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs are involved in gene regulation in several common liver diseases and may play an essential role in activating hepatic stellate cells. The role of these post-transcriptional regulators in schistosomiasis needs to be further studied in populations from endemic areas for a better understanding of the disease, the development of new therapeutic approaches, and the use of biomarkers for the prognosis of schistosomiasis. AREAS COVERED We performed a systematic review to describe the main human microRNAs identified in non-experimental studies associated with aggravation of the disease in people infected with Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) and Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum). Structured searches were carried out in PubMed, Medline, Science Direct, Directory of Open Access Journals, Scielo, Medcarib, and Global Index Medicus databases without time and language restrictions. This is a systematic review following the guidelines of the PRISMA platform. EXPERT OPINION The miR-146a-5p, miR-150-5p, let-7a-5p, let-7d-5p, miR-92a- 3p, and miR-532-5p are associated with liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis caused by S. japonicum, revealing that these miRNAs that have been shown to be associated with liver fibrosis are good targets for new studies that evaluate their potential as a biomarker or even treating liver fibrosis in schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kleyton Palmeira do Ó
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | - Raul Emídio de Lima
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julia Braga Pereira
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Brazil
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26
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Hu X, Ge Q, Zhang Y, Li B, Cheng E, Wang Y, Huang Y. A review of the effect of exosomes from different cells on liver fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114415. [PMID: 36812711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is a common pathological process caused by various acute and chronic liver injury factors, which is mainly characterized by inflammation and excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver. A better understanding of the mechanisms leading to liver fibrosis helps develop better treatments. The exosome is a crucial vesicle secreted by almost all cells, containing nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, cytokines, and other bioactive components, which play an important role in the transmission of intercellular material and information. Recent studies have shown the relevance of exosomes in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, and exosomes dominate an essential role in hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we systematically analyze and summarize exosomes from diverse cell sources as potential promoters, inhibitors, and even treatments for hepatic fibrosis to provide a clinical reference for exosomes as the diagnostic target or therapeutic means of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Hu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qinglin Ge
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Erli Cheng
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Karnas E, Dudek P, Zuba-Surma EK. Stem cell- derived extracellular vesicles as new tools in regenerative medicine - Immunomodulatory role and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1120175. [PMID: 36761725 PMCID: PMC9902918 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the practical use of stem cells (SCs) in the clinic has attracted significant attention in the regenerative medicine due to the ability of these cells to proliferate and differentiate into other cell types. However, recent findings have demonstrated that the therapeutic capacity of SCs may also be mediated by their ability to secrete biologically active factors, including extracellular vesicles (EVs). Such submicron circular membrane-enveloped vesicles may be released from the cell surface and harbour bioactive cargo in the form of proteins, lipids, mRNA, miRNA, and other regulatory factors. Notably, growing evidence has indicated that EVs may transfer their bioactive content into recipient cells and greatly modulate their functional fate. Thus, they have been recently envisioned as a new class of paracrine factors in cell-to-cell communication. Importantly, EVs may modulate the activity of immune system, playing an important role in the regulation of inflammation, exhibiting broad spectrum of the immunomodulatory activity that promotes the transition from pro-inflammatory to pro-regenerative environment in the site of tissue injury. Consequently, growing interest is placed on attempts to utilize EVs in clinical applications of inflammatory-related dysfunctions as potential next-generation therapeutic factors, alternative to cell-based approaches. In this review we will discuss the current knowledge on the biological properties of SC-derived EVs, with special focus on their role in the regulation of inflammatory response. We will also address recent findings on the immunomodulatory and pro-regenerative activity of EVs in several disease models, including in vitro and in vivo preclinical, as well as clinical studies. Finally, we will highlight the current perspectives and future challenges of emerging EV-based therapeutic strategies of inflammation-related diseases treatment.
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Liu P, Qian Y, Liu X, Zhu X, Zhang X, Lv Y, Xiang J. Immunomodulatory role of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in liver fibrosis. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1096402. [PMID: 36685534 PMCID: PMC9848585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1096402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a fibrogenic and inflammatory process that results from hepatocyte injury and is characterized by hepatic architectural distortion and resultant loss of liver function. There is no effective treatment for advanced fibrosis other than liver transplantation, but it is limited by expensive costs, immune rejection, and postoperative complications. With the development of regenerative medicine in recent years, mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) transplantation has become the most promising treatment for liver fibrosis. The underlying mechanisms of MSC anti-fibrotic effects include hepatocyte differentiation, paracrine, and immunomodulation, with immunomodulation playing a central role. This review discusses the immune cells involved in liver fibrosis, the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs, and the immunomodulation mechanisms of MSC-based strategies to attenuate liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, we discuss the current challenges and future directions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yerong Qian
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xulong Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xufeng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Center for Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Junxi Xiang, ; Yi Lv,
| | - Junxi Xiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Junxi Xiang, ; Yi Lv,
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Liu X, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. Human Hepatic Stellate Cells: Isolation and Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2669:221-232. [PMID: 37247063 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3207-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis of different etiologies is characterized by activation of hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) into collagen type I secreting myofibroblasts, which produce fibrous scar and make the liver fibrotic. aHSCs are the major source of myofibroblasts and, therefore, the primary targets of anti-fibrotic therapy. Despite extensive studies, targeting of aHSCs in patients provides challenges. The progress in anti-fibrotic drug development relies on translational studies but is limited by the availability of primary human HSCs. Here we describe a perfusion/gradient centrifugation-based method of the large-scale isolation of highly purified and viable human HSCs (hHSCs) from normal and diseased human livers and the strategies of hHSC cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA.
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30
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Lu X, Song M, Gao N. Extracellular Vesicles and Fatty Liver. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1418:129-141. [PMID: 37603277 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Fatty liver is a complex pathological process caused by multiple etiologies. In recent years, the incidence of fatty liver has been increasing year by year, and it has developed into a common chronic disease that seriously affects people's health around the world. It is an important risk factor for liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and a variety of extrahepatic chronic diseases. Therefore, the early diagnosis and early therapy of fatty liver are important. Except for invasive liver biopsy, there is still a lack of reliable diagnosis and staging methods. Extracellular vesicles are small double-layer lipid membrane vesicles derived from most types of cells. They play an important role in intercellular communication and participate in the occurrence and development of many diseases. Since extracellular vesicles can carry a variety of biologically active substances after they are released by cells, they have received widespread attention. The occurrence and development of fatty liver are also closely related to extracellular vesicles. In addition, extracellular vesicles are expected to provide a new direction for the diagnosis of fatty liver. This article reviews the relationship between extracellular vesicles and fatty liver, laying a theoretical foundation for the development of new strategies for the diagnosis and therapy of fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Lu
- Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Meiyi Song
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
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Hou Z, Lin Y, Yang X, Chen J, Li G. Therapeutics of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiocerebrovascular and Metabolic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1418:187-205. [PMID: 37603281 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membranous vesicles containing DNA, RNA, lipids, and proteins, which play versatile roles in intercellular communications. EVs are increasingly being recognized as the promising therapeutic agents for many diseases, including cardiocerebrovascular and metabolic diseases, due to their ability to deliver functional and therapeutical molecules. In this chapter, the biological characteristics and functions of EVs are briefly summarized. Importantly, the current state of applying EVs in the prevention and treatment of cardiocerebrovascular and metabolic diseases, including myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, myocardial hypertrophy, stroke, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, fatty liver, obesity, thyroid diseases, and osteoporosis, is discussed. Lastly, the challenges and prospects related to the preclinical and clinical application of EVs receive a particular focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Hou
- College of Basic Medical and Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated with Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyan Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated with Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Fangshan Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Basic Medical and Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Muñoz-Hernández R, Rojas Á, Gato S, Gallego J, Gil-Gómez A, Castro MJ, Ampuero J, Romero-Gómez M. Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416217. [PMID: 36555854 PMCID: PMC9786586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived vesicles released by a variety of cell types, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, and immune cells in normal and pathological conditions. Depending on their biogenesis, there is a complex repertoire of EVs that differ in size and origin. EVs can carry lipids, proteins, coding and non-coding RNAs, and mitochondrial DNA causing alterations to the recipient cells, functioning as intercellular mediators of cell-cell communication (auto-, para-, juxta-, or even endocrine). Nevertheless, many questions remain unanswered in relation to the function of EVs under physiological and pathological conditions. The development and optimization of methods for EV isolation are crucial for characterizing their biological functions, as well as their potential as a treatment option in the clinic. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively review the results from different studies that investigated the role of hepatic EVs during liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In general, the identification of patients with early-stage liver disease leads to better therapeutic interventions and optimal management. Although more light needs to be shed on the mechanisms of EVs, their use for early diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis has come into the focus of research as a high-potential source of 'liquid biopsies', since they can be found in almost all biological fluids. The use of EVs as new targets or nanovectors in drug delivery systems for liver disease therapy is also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Muñoz-Hernández
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.M.-H.); (M.R.-G.)
| | - Ángela Rojas
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sheila Gato
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gallego
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Castro
- Servicio de Citometría y Separación Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Ampuero
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Romero-Gómez
- SeLiver Group, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocio University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- UCM Digestive Diseases, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.M.-H.); (M.R.-G.)
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Lozano J, Rai A, Lees JG, Fang H, Claridge B, Lim SY, Greening DW. Scalable Generation of Nanovesicles from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Cardiac Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14334. [PMID: 36430812 PMCID: PMC9696585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from stem cells have shown significant therapeutic potential to repair injured cardiac tissues and regulate pathological fibrosis. However, scalable generation of stem cells and derived EVs for clinical utility remains a huge technical challenge. Here, we report a rapid size-based extrusion strategy to generate EV-like membranous nanovesicles (NVs) from easily sourced human iPSCs in large quantities (yield 900× natural EVs). NVs isolated using density-gradient separation (buoyant density 1.13 g/mL) are spherical in shape and morphologically intact and readily internalised by human cardiomyocytes, primary cardiac fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. NVs captured the dynamic proteome of parental cells and include pluripotency markers (LIN28A, OCT4) and regulators of cardiac repair processes, including tissue repair (GJA1, HSP20/27/70, HMGB1), wound healing (FLNA, MYH9, ACTC1, ILK), stress response/translation initiation (eIF2S1/S2/S3/B4), hypoxia response (HMOX2, HSP90, GNB1), and extracellular matrix organization (ITGA6, MFGE8, ITGB1). Functionally, NVs significantly promoted tubule formation of endothelial cells (angiogenesis) (p < 0.05) and survival of cardiomyocytes exposed to low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) (p < 0.0001), as well as attenuated TGF-β mediated activation of cardiac fibroblasts (p < 0.0001). Quantitative proteome profiling of target cell proteome following NV treatments revealed upregulation of angiogenic proteins (MFGE8, MYH10, VDAC2) in endothelial cells and pro-survival proteins (CNN2, THBS1, IGF2R) in cardiomyocytes. In contrast, NVs attenuated TGF-β-driven extracellular matrix remodelling capacity in cardiac fibroblasts (ACTN1, COL1A1/2/4A2/12A1, ITGA1/11, THBS1). This study presents a scalable approach to generating functional NVs for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Lozano
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Alin Rai
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jarmon G. Lees
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Bethany Claridge
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Shiang Y. Lim
- O’Brien Institute Department, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Surgery and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore 169609, Singapore
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David W. Greening
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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Lv K, Wang Y, Lou P, Liu S, Zhou P, Yang L, Lu Y, Cheng J, Liu J. Extracellular vesicles as advanced therapeutics for the resolution of organ fibrosis: Current progress and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042983. [PMCID: PMC9630482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis is a serious health challenge worldwide, and its global incidence and medical burden are increasing dramatically each year. Fibrosis can occur in nearly all major organs and ultimately lead to organ dysfunction. However, current clinical treatments cannot slow or reverse the progression of fibrosis to end-stage organ failure, and thus advanced anti-fibrotic therapeutics are urgently needed. As a type of naturally derived nanovesicle, native extracellular vesicles (EVs) from multiple cell types (e.g., stem cells, immune cells, and tissue cells) have been shown to alleviate organ fibrosis in many preclinical models through multiple effective mechanisms, such as anti-inflammation, pro-angiogenesis, inactivation of myofibroblasts, and fibrinolysis of ECM components. Moreover, the therapeutic potency of native EVs can be further enhanced by multiple engineering strategies, such as genetic modifications, preconditionings, therapeutic reagent-loadings, and combination with functional biomaterials. In this review, we briefly introduce the pathology and current clinical treatments of organ fibrosis, discuss EV biology and production strategies, and particularly focus on important studies using native or engineered EVs as interventions to attenuate tissue fibrosis. This review provides insights into the development and translation of EV-based nanotherapies into clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lv
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Lou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pingya Zhou
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jingping Liu,
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Reif S, Atias A, Musseri M, Koroukhov N, Gerstl RG. Beneficial Effects of Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Liver Fibrosis Progression by Inhibiting Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194049. [PMID: 36235702 PMCID: PMC9571732 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the consequence of various chronic liver diseases, resulting in accumulation of extracellular matrix, following the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Based on the milk-derived extracellular vesicles’ (MDEs’) characteristics and biological proprieties, we investigate whether MDEs may regulate fibrotic progression by inhibiting HSCs’ activation via the MDEs’ miRNA content. In order to study this question, we examined the effect of human and cow MDEs on HSCs isolated from murine livers, on activation, proliferation and their proteins’ expression. We have shown that MDEs are able to enter into HSCs in vitro and into the livers in vivo. MDEs inhibited HSCs’ proliferation following stimulation with PDGF. Moreover, in vivo treatment with MDEs resulted in an increase of in miRNA-148 and Let7a expression in HSCs. In contrast, treatment with MDEs reduced the expression of miR-21 in HSCs. In addition, MDEs regulate HSC activation, as was shown by downregulation of collagen I expression and alpha smooth muscle actin, and upregulation of PPARγ. MDEs carrying beneficial miRNAs can be a nontoxic natural target for treatment of liver cirrhosis.
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Liver Regeneration by Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Have We Reached the End of the Road? Cells 2022; 11:cells11152312. [PMID: 35954155 PMCID: PMC9367594 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the organ with the highest regenerative capacity in the human body. However, various insults, including viral infections, alcohol or drug abuse, and metabolic overload, may cause chronic inflammation and fibrosis, leading to irreversible liver dysfunction. Despite advances in surgery and pharmacological treatments, liver diseases remain a leading cause of death worldwide. To address the shortage of donor liver organs for orthotopic liver transplantation, cell therapy in liver disease has emerged as a promising regenerative treatment. Sources include primary hepatocytes or functional hepatocytes generated from the reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Different types of stem cells have also been employed for transplantation to trigger regeneration, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) as well as adult and fetal liver progenitor cells. HSCs, usually defined by the expression of CD34 and CD133, and MSCs, defined by the expression of CD105, CD73, and CD90, are attractive sources due to their autologous nature, ease of isolation and cryopreservation. The present review focuses on the use of bone marrow HSCs for liver regeneration, presenting evidence for an ongoing crosstalk between the hematopoietic and the hepatic system. This relationship commences during embryogenesis when the fetal liver emerges as the crossroads between the two systems converging the presence of different origins of cells (mesoderm and endoderm) in the same organ. Ample evidence indicates that the fetal liver supports the maturation and expansion of HSCs during development but also later on in life. Moreover, the fact that the adult liver remains one of the few sites for extramedullary hematopoiesis—albeit pathological—suggests that this relationship between the two systems is ongoing. Can, however, the hematopoietic system offer similar support to the liver? The majority of clinical studies using hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with liver disease report favourable observations. The underlying mechanism—whether paracrine, fusion or transdifferentiation or a combination of the three—remains to be confirmed.
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Sun J, Zhang D, Li Y. Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2022; 13:909518. [PMID: 35770186 PMCID: PMC9234305 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.909518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide due to the sedentary and overeating lifestyle. Yet, the pathophysiology of MAFLD is still unclear and no drug has been approved for MAFLD treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous membrane-bound particles released from almost all types of cells. These nano-sized particles mediate intercellular communication through their bioactive cargos including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. The EVs modulate metabolic homeostasis via communication between adipose tissue and liver. The dysregulation of lipid metabolism leads to inflammation in liver and the number and compounds of EVs are changed during MAFLD. The injured hepatocytes secrete EVs to induce the migration of bone marrow-derived monocytes and the activation of macrophages in liver. The EVs secreted by different cells regulate the alteration of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) phenotypes and HSC activation gives rise to liver fibrosis. Based on the participation of EVs in MAFLD progression, we discuss the prospects of EVs as a therapeutic target and their application in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dianbao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yiling Li, ; Dianbao Zhang,
| | - Yiling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yiling Li, ; Dianbao Zhang,
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Psaraki A, Ntari L, Karakostas C, Korrou-Karava D, Roubelakis MG. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: The regenerative impact in liver diseases. Hepatology 2022; 75:1590-1603. [PMID: 34449901 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver dysfunctions are classified into acute and chronic diseases, which comprise a heterogeneous group of pathological features and a high mortality rate. Liver transplantation remains the gold-standard therapy for most liver diseases, with concomitant limitations related to donor organ shortage and lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. A concept in liver therapy intends to overcome these limitations based on the secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs; microvesicles and exosomes) by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). A significant number of studies have shown that factors released by MSCs could induce liver repair and ameliorate systemic inflammation through paracrine effects. It is well known that this paracrine action is based not only on the secretion of cytokines and growth factors but also on EVs, which regulate pathways associated with inflammation, hepatic fibrosis, integrin-linked protein kinase signaling, and apoptosis. Herein, we extensively discuss the differential effects of MSC-EVs on different liver diseases and on cellular and animal models and address the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the therapeutic potential of EVs. In addition, we cover the crucial information regarding the type of molecules contained in MSC-EVs that can be effective in the context of liver diseases. In conclusion, outcomes on MSC-EV-mediated therapy are expected to lead to an innovative, cell-free, noninvasive, less immunogenic, and nontoxic alternative strategy for liver treatment and to provide important mechanistic information on the reparative function of liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Psaraki
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Lydia Ntari
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Christos Karakostas
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Despoina Korrou-Karava
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Maria G Roubelakis
- Laboratory of BiologyMedical SchoolNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- Centre of Basic ResearchBiomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of AthensAthensGreece
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39
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Pan Y, Tan WF, Yang MQ, Li JY, Geller DA. The therapeutic potential of exosomes derived from different cell sources in liver diseases. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G397-G404. [PMID: 35107032 PMCID: PMC8917924 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00054.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small nanovesicles with a size of approximately 40-120 nm that are secreted from cells. They are involved in the regulation of cell homeostasis and mediate intercellular communication. In addition, they carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids that regulate the biological activity of receptor cells. Recent studies have shown that exosomes perform important functions in liver diseases. This review will focus on liver diseases (drug-induced liver injury, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, liver fibrosis, acute liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma) and summarize the therapeutic potential of exosomes from different cell sources in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Pan
- 1Colorectal Cancer Center, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Tan
- 2Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mu-Qing Yang
- 3Department of General Surgery, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji-Yu Li
- 3Department of General Surgery, Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - David A. Geller
- 4Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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40
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Kim HJ, Kim G, Lee J, Lee Y, Kim JH. Secretome of Stem Cells: Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Diseases, Stemness, Differentiation, and Reprogramming. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2022; 19:19-33. [PMID: 34817808 PMCID: PMC8782975 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that stem cells or stem cell-derived cells may contribute to tissue repair, not only by replacing lost tissue but also by delivering complex sets of secretory molecules, called secretomes, into host injured tissues. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained much attention for their diverse and important roles in a wide range of pathophysiological processes. EVs are released from most types of cells and mediates cell-cell communication by activating receptors on target cells or by being taken up by recipient cells. EVs, including microvesicles and exosomes, encapsulate and carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids in the lumen and on the cell surface. Thus, EV-mediated intercellular communication has been extensively studied across various biological processes. While a number of investigations has been conducted in different tissues and body fluids, the field lacks a systematic review on stem cell-derived EVs, especially regarding their roles in stemness and differentiation. Here, we provide an overview of the pathophysiological roles of EVs and summarize recent findings focusing on EVs released from various types of stem cells. We also highlight emerging evidence for the potential implication of EVs in self-renewal, differentiation, and reprograming and discuss the benefits and limitations in translational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, West building of Life Sciences, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Gyeongmin Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, West building of Life Sciences, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jihun Lee
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, West building of Life Sciences, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, West building of Life Sciences, Seoul, 02841, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, West building of Life Sciences, Seoul, 02841, South Korea.
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41
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Yao J, Yu Y, Nyberg SL. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Novel Concepts. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 211:368-384. [PMID: 32615573 PMCID: PMC7775900 DOI: 10.1159/000508182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide with incurable liver disease die because of inadequate treatment options and limited availability of donor organs for liver transplantation. Regenerative medicine as an innovative approach to repairing and replacing cells, tissues, and organs is undergoing a major revolution due to the unprecedented need for organs for patients around the world. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been widely studied in the field of liver regeneration and are considered to be the most promising candidate therapies. This review will conclude the current state of efforts to derive human iPSCs for potential use in the modeling and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Clinical Research and Project Management Office, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Key Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation; Nanjing, China
| | - Scott L. Nyberg
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Corresponding Author: Scott L. Nyberg, William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Fax: (507) 284-2511,
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42
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Development of extracellular vesicle-based medicinal products: A position paper of the group "Extracellular Vesicle translatiOn to clinicaL perspectiVEs - EVOLVE France". Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114001. [PMID: 34673131 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are emergent therapeutic effectors that have reached clinical trial investigation. To translate EV-based therapeutic to clinic, the challenge is to demonstrate quality, safety, and efficacy, as required for any medicinal product. EV research translation into medicinal products is an exciting and challenging perspective. Recent papers, provide important guidance on regulatory aspects of pharmaceutical development, defining EVs for therapeutic applications and critical considerations for the development of potency tests. In addition, the ISEV Task Force on Regulatory Affairs and Clinical Use of EV-based Therapeutics as well as the Exosomes Committee from the ISCT are expected to contribute in an active way to the development of EV-based medicinal products by providing update on the scientific progress in EVs field, information to patients and expert resource network for regulatory bodies. The contribution of our work group "Extracellular Vesicle translatiOn to clinicaL perspectiVEs - EVOLVE France", created in 2020, can be positioned in complement to all these important initiatives. Based on complementary scientific, technical, and medical expertise, we provide EV-specific recommendations for manufacturing, quality control, analytics, non-clinical development, and clinical trials, according to current European legislation. We especially focus on early phase clinical trials concerning immediate needs in the field. The main contents of the investigational medicinal product dossier, marketing authorization applications, and critical guideline information are outlined for the transition from research to clinical development and ultimate market authorization.
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43
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Deng Y, Xia B, Chen Z, Wang F, Lv Y, Chen G. Stem Cell-based Therapy Strategy for Hepatic Fibrosis by Targeting Intrahepatic Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:77-93. [PMID: 34668120 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The whole liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage fibrosis. However, the lack of available donors, immune rejection and total cost of surgery remain as the key challenges in advancing liver fibrosis therapeutics. Due to the multi-differentiation and low immunogenicity of stem cells, treatment of liver fibrosis with stem cells has been considered as a valuable new therapeutic modality. The pathological progression of liver fibrosis is closely related to the changes in the activities of intrahepatic cells. Damaged hepatocytes, activated Kupffer cells and other inflammatory cells lead to hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, further promoting apoptosis of damaged hepatocytes, while stem cells can work on fibrosis-related intrahepatic cells through relevant transduction pathways. Herein, this article elucidates the phenomena and the mechanisms of the crosstalk between various types of stem cells and intrahepatic cells including HSCs and hepatocytes in the treatment of liver fibrosis. Then, the important influences of chemical compositions, mechanical properties and blood flow on liver fibrosis models with stem cell treatment are emphasized. Clinical trials on stem cell-based therapy for liver fibrosis are also briefly summarized. Finally, continuing challenges and future directions of stem cell-based therapy for hepatic fibrosis are discussed. In short, stem cells play an important advantage and have a great potential in treating liver fibrosis by interacting with intrahepatic cells. Clarifying how stem cells interact with intrahepatic cells to change the progression of liver fibrosis is of great significance for a deeper understanding of liver fibrosis mechanisms and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Deng
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, No. 69 Hongguang Avenue, Banan District, Chongqing, 400054, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xia
- Engineering Research Center for Waste Oil Recovery Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongmin Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, No. 69 Hongguang Avenue, Banan District, Chongqing, 400054, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuping Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, No. 69 Hongguang Avenue, Banan District, Chongqing, 400054, People's Republic of China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Lv
- Mechanobiology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobao Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, No. 69 Hongguang Avenue, Banan District, Chongqing, 400054, People's Republic of China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, People's Republic of China.
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44
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Cell-Based Regeneration and Treatment of Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910276. [PMID: 34638617 PMCID: PMC8508969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver, in combination with a functional biliary system, is responsible for maintaining a great number of vital body functions. However, acute and chronic liver diseases may lead to irreversible liver damage and, ultimately, liver failure. At the moment, the best curative option for patients suffering from end-stage liver disease is liver transplantation. However, the number of donor livers required by far surpasses the supply, leading to a significant organ shortage. Cellular therapies play an increasing role in the restoration of organ function and can be integrated into organ transplantation protocols. Different types and sources of stem cells are considered for this purpose, but highly specific immune cells are also the focus of attention when developing individualized therapies. In-depth knowledge of the underlying mechanisms governing cell differentiation and engraftment is crucial for clinical implementation. Additionally, novel technologies such as ex vivo machine perfusion and recent developments in tissue engineering may hold promising potential for the implementation of cell-based therapies to restore proper organ function.
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45
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Current and Emerging Approaches for Hepatic Fibrosis Treatment. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2021; 2021:6612892. [PMID: 34326871 PMCID: PMC8310447 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6612892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis resulting from chronic liver injury is a key factor to develop liver cirrhosis and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which are major health burden worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary for antifibrotic therapies to prevent chronic liver disease progression and HCC development. There has been tremendous progress in understanding the mechanisms of liver fibrosis in the last decade, which has created new opportunities for the treatment of this condition. In this review, we aim to make an overview on information of different potential therapies (drug treatment, cell therapy, and liver transplantation) for the liver fibrosis and hope to provide the therapeutic options available for the treatment of liver fibrosis and discuss novel approaches.
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46
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Wu D, Zhu H, Wang H. Extracellular Vesicles in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:707429. [PMID: 34335310 PMCID: PMC8316622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.707429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest vital solid organ in the body, liver is consisting of multiple types of cells including hepatocytes, Kupffer cell, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and other immune cells. The communication between these cells is critical in maintaining liver function homeostasis, and dysregulation of such communication contributes to the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and ectosomes, act as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can be produced and uptaken by a wide range of cells including all types of cells in the liver. Growing evidences show that EVs are involved in the development of liver diseases, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In this review, we will summarize recent advance in how EVs production are altered in NAFLD and ALD and how the changes of EVs quantity and cargos influence the progression of these diseases. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of EVs in NAFLD and ALD will be also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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47
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Kronstadt SM, Pottash AE, Levy D, Wang S, Chao W, Jay SM. Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Sepsis Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000259. [PMID: 34423113 PMCID: PMC8378673 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a deadly condition lacking a specific treatment despite decades of research. This has prompted the exploration of new approaches, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerging as a focal area. EVs are nanosized, cell-derived particles that transport bioactive components (i.e., proteins, DNA, and RNA) between cells, enabling both normal physiological functions and disease progression depending on context. In particular, EVs have been identified as critical mediators of sepsis pathophysiology. However, EVs are also thought to constitute the biologically active component of cell-based therapies and have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects in sepsis models. The dual nature of EVs in sepsis is explored here, discussing their endogenous roles and highlighting their therapeutic properties and potential. Related to the latter component, prior studies involving EVs from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and other sources are discussed and emerging producer cells that could play important roles in future EV-based sepsis therapies are identified. Further, how methodologies could impact therapeutic development toward sepsis treatment to enhance and control EV potency is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alex E Pottash
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wei Chao
- Translational Research Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering and Program in Molecular and, Cell Biology, University of Maryland, 3102 A. James Clark Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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48
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Zhang L, Pu K, Liu X, Bae SDW, Nguyen R, Bai S, Li Y, Qiao L. The Application of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Against Liver Diseases: An Update and a Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:644594. [PMID: 34277651 PMCID: PMC8280311 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases are a major health concern globally, and are associated with poor survival and prognosis of patients. This creates the need for patients to accept the main alternative treatment of liver transplantation to prevent progression to end-stage liver disease. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning complex liver diseases and their pathology is an emerging goal of stem cell scope. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from somatic cells are a promising alternative approach to the treatment of liver disease, and a prospective model for studying complex liver diseases. Here, we review hiPSC technology of cell reprogramming and differentiation, and discuss the potential application of hiPSC-derived liver cells, such as hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, in refractory liver-disease modeling and treatment, and drug screening and toxicity testing. We also consider hiPSC safety in clinical applications, based on genomic and epigenetic alterations, tumorigenicity, and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ke Pu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sarah Da Won Bae
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Romario Nguyen
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Suyang Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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49
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Extracellular Vesicles in Organ Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Diagnostics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071596. [PMID: 34202136 PMCID: PMC8305303 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the unrelenting deposition of excessively large amounts of insoluble interstitial collagen due to profound matrigenic activities of wound-associated myofibroblasts during chronic injury in diverse tissues and organs. It is a highly debilitating pathology that affects millions of people globally and leads to decreased function of vital organs and increased risk of cancer and end-stage organ disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced within the chronic wound environment have emerged as important vehicles for conveying pro-fibrotic signals between many of the cell types involved in driving the fibrotic response. On the other hand, EVs from sources such as stem cells, uninjured parenchymal cells, and circulation have in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic activities that have provided novel and much-needed therapeutic options. Finally, EVs in body fluids of fibrotic individuals contain cargo components that may have utility as fibrosis biomarkers, which could circumvent current obstacles to fibrosis measurement in the clinic, allowing fibrosis stage, progression, or regression to be determined in a manner that is accurate, safe, minimally-invasive, and conducive to repetitive testing. This review highlights the rapid and recent progress in our understanding of EV-mediated fibrotic pathogenesis, anti-fibrotic therapy, and fibrosis staging in the lung, kidney, heart, liver, pancreas, and skin.
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50
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Suprunenko EA, Sazonova EA, Vasiliev AV. Extracellular Vesicles of Pluripotent Stem Cells. Russ J Dev Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360421030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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