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Ran L, Chen M, Ye J, Zhang S, Luo Z, Bai T, Qian C, Zhou Q, Shan M, Chu Y, Herrmann J, Li Q, Wang F. UK5099 Inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome Independently of its Long-Established Target Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2307224. [PMID: 38946607 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome has been recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of numerous common diseases. UK5099, a long-established inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), is previously found to inhibit macrophage inflammatory responses independent of MPC expression. However, the mechanisms by which UK5099 inhibit inflammatory responses remain unclear. Here, it is shown that UK5099 is a potent inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome in both mouse and human primary macrophages. UK5099 selectively suppresses the activation of the NLRP3 but not the NLRC4 or AIM2 inflammasomes. Of note, UK5099 retains activities on NLRP3 in macrophages devoid of MPC expression, indicating this inhibitory effect is MPC-independent. Mechanistically, UK5099 abrogates mitochondria-NLRP3 interaction and in turn inhibits the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Further, a single dose of UK5099 persistently reduces IL-1β production in an endotoxemia mouse model. Importantly, structure modification reveals that the inhibitory activities of UK5099 on NLRP3 are unrelated to the existence of the activated double bond within the UK5099 molecule. Thus, this study uncovers a previously unknown molecular target for UK5099, which not only offers a new candidate for the treatment of NLRP3-driven diseases but also confounds its use as an MPC inhibitor in immunometabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Ran
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Medical College, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 570102, China
| | - Jihui Ye
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Medical College, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Medical College, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tengfei Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chenchen Qian
- Division of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Medical College, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mengtian Shan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
- Medical College, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yong Chu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Rd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Feilong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
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D'Andrea L, Audano M, Pedretti S, Pelucchi S, Stringhi R, Imperato G, De Cesare G, Cambria C, Laporte MH, Zamboni N, Antonucci F, Di Luca M, Mitro N, Marcello E. Glucose-derived glutamate drives neuronal terminal differentiation in vitro. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:991-1021. [PMID: 38243137 PMCID: PMC10933318 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal maturation is the phase during which neurons acquire their final characteristics in terms of morphology, electrical activity, and metabolism. However, little is known about the metabolic pathways governing neuronal maturation. Here, we investigate the contribution of the main metabolic pathways, namely glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid oxidation, during the maturation of primary rat hippocampal neurons. Blunting glucose oxidation through the genetic and chemical inhibition of the mitochondrial pyruvate transporter reveals that this protein is critical for the production of glutamate, which is required for neuronal arborization, proper dendritic elongation, and spine formation. Glutamate supplementation in the early phase of differentiation restores morphological defects and synaptic function in mitochondrial pyruvate transporter-inhibited cells. Furthermore, the selective activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors restores the impairment of neuronal differentiation due to the reduced generation of glucose-derived glutamate and rescues synaptic local translation. Fatty acid oxidation does not impact neuronal maturation. Whereas glutamine metabolism is important for mitochondria, it is not for endogenous glutamate production. Our results provide insights into the role of glucose-derived glutamate as a key player in neuronal terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D'Andrea
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pedretti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona Stringhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Imperato
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia De Cesare
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Cambria
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Via F.lli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20054 Milan and via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, Italy
| | - Marine H Laporte
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), Via F.lli Cervi 93, Segrate, 20054 Milan and via Vanvitelli 32, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Neuroscience, IN-CNR, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Jiang H, Xu C, Li W, Zhou L, Fang F. Generation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (BCHNCi003-A) from a patient with mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency caused by biallelic MPC1 mutations. Stem Cell Res 2023; 72:103206. [PMID: 37769383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency (MPYCD) is a rare mitochondrial disease characterized by developmental delay, microcephaly, growth failure, increased serum lactate with a normal lactate/pyruvate ratio. Mutations in the MPC1 gene have been identified to cause MPYCD. Herein, we generated an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line from the skin fibroblasts of a patient with MPYCD, carrying biallelic mutations, c.208G>A (p.Ala70Thr) and c.290G>A (p.Arg97Gln) in MPC1. These iPSCs showed the expression of pluripotency markers, the ability to differentiate into three germ layers, and MPC1 mutations with normal karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Weifang Maternal and Children Health Hospital, China; Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China
| | - Chaolong Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Weifang Maternal and Children Health Hospital, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China.
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Tavoulari S, Sichrovsky M, Kunji ERS. Fifty years of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier: New insights into its structure, function, and inhibition. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14016. [PMID: 37366179 PMCID: PMC10909473 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) resides in the mitochondrial inner membrane, where it links cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolism by transporting pyruvate produced in glycolysis into the mitochondrial matrix. Due to its central metabolic role, it has been proposed as a potential drug target for diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, neurodegeneration, and cancers relying on mitochondrial metabolism. Little is known about the structure and mechanism of MPC, as the proteins involved were only identified a decade ago and technical difficulties concerning their purification and stability have hindered progress in functional and structural analyses. The functional unit of MPC is a hetero-dimer comprising two small homologous membrane proteins, MPC1/MPC2 in humans, with the alternative complex MPC1L/MPC2 forming in the testis, but MPC proteins are found throughout the tree of life. The predicted topology of each protomer consists of an amphipathic helix followed by three transmembrane helices. An increasing number of inhibitors are being identified, expanding MPC pharmacology and providing insights into the inhibitory mechanism. Here, we provide critical insights on the composition, structure, and function of the complex and we summarize the different classes of small molecule inhibitors and their potential in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiria Tavoulari
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Maximilian Sichrovsky
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Edmund R. S. Kunji
- Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Findlay S, Nair R, Merrill RA, Kaiser Z, Cajelot A, Aryanpour Z, Heath J, St-Louis C, Papadopoli D, Topisirovic I, St-Pierre J, Sebag M, Kesarwala AH, Hulea L, Taylor EB, Shanmugam M, Orthwein A. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier complex potentiates the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Blood Adv 2023; 7:3485-3500. [PMID: 36920785 PMCID: PMC10362273 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022008345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy that emerges from antibody-producing plasma B cells. Proteasome inhibitors, including the US Food and Drug Administration-approved bortezomib (BTZ) and carfilzomib (CFZ), are frequently used for the treatment of patients with MM. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients with MM are refractory or develop resistance to this class of inhibitors, which represents a significant challenge in the clinic. Thus, identifying factors that determine the potency of proteasome inhibitors in MM is of paramount importance to bolster their efficacy in the clinic. Using genome-wide CRISPR-based screening, we identified a subunit of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex, MPC1, as a common modulator of BTZ response in 2 distinct human MM cell lines in vitro. We noticed that CRISPR-mediated deletion or pharmacological inhibition of the MPC complex enhanced BTZ/CFZ-induced MM cell death with minimal impact on cell cycle progression. In fact, targeting the MPC complex compromised the bioenergetic capacity of MM cells, which is accompanied by reduced proteasomal activity, thereby exacerbating BTZ-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. Importantly, we observed that the RNA expression levels of several regulators of pyruvate metabolism were altered in advanced stages of MM for which they correlated with poor patient prognosis. Collectively, this study highlights the importance of the MPC complex for the survival of MM cells and their responses to proteasome inhibitors. These findings establish mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism as a potential target for the treatment of MM and an unappreciated strategy to increase the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Findlay
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Remya Nair
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ronald A. Merrill
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Zafir Kaiser
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Cajelot
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Polytech Nice-Sophia, Université Côte d’Azur, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Zahra Aryanpour
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - John Heath
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Catherine St-Louis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - David Papadopoli
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ivan Topisirovic
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Julie St-Pierre
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael Sebag
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Laura Hulea
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
- Département de Biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Eric B. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Mala Shanmugam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Alexandre Orthwein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Pujol C, Lebigot E, Gaignard P, Galai S, Kraoua I, Bault JP, Dard R, Youssef-Turki IB, Omar S, Boutron A, Wai T, Slama A. MPC2 variants disrupt mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism and cause an early-onset mitochondriopathy. Brain 2022; 146:858-864. [PMID: 36417180 PMCID: PMC9976959 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate is an essential metabolite produced by glycolysis in the cytosol and must be transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix, where it is oxidized to fuel mitochondrial respiration. Pyruvate import is performed by the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a hetero-oligomeric complex composed by interdependent subunits MPC1 and MPC2. Pathogenic variants in the MPC1 gene disrupt mitochondrial pyruvate uptake and oxidation and cause autosomal-recessive early-onset neurological dysfunction in humans. The present work describes the first pathogenic variants in MPC2 associated with human disease in four patients from two unrelated families. In the first family, patients presented with antenatal developmental abnormalities and harboured a homozygous c.148T>C (p.Trp50Arg) variant. In the second family, patients that presented with infantile encephalopathy carried a missense c.2T>G (p.Met1?) variant disrupting the initiation codon. Patient-derived skin fibroblasts exhibit decreased pyruvate-driven oxygen consumption rates with normal activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and mitochondrial respiratory chain and no defects in mitochondrial content or morphology. Re-expression of wild-type MPC2 restored pyruvate-dependent respiration rates in patient-derived fibroblasts. The discovery of pathogenic variants in MPC2 therefore broadens the clinical and genetic landscape associated with inborn errors in pyruvate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pauline Gaignard
- Biochemistry Department, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP Paris Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Said Galai
- Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia,Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ichraf Kraoua
- Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Philippe Bault
- Department of Gynecology, Poissy—Saint Germain en Laye Hospital, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - Rodolphe Dard
- Department of Gynecology, Poissy—Saint Germain en Laye Hospital, 78300 Poissy, France,Department of Medical Genetics, Poissy—Saint Germain en Laye Hospital, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - Ilhem Ben Youssef-Turki
- Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheil Omar
- Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Audrey Boutron
- Biochemistry Department, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP Paris Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Timothy Wai
- Correspondence to: Timothy Wai Mitochondrial Biology Group, Institut Pasteur 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France E-mail:
| | - Abdelhamid Slama
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Abdel Slama Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital de Bicêtre78 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France E-mail:
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Ketogenic Diet Treatment of Defects in the Mitochondrial Malate Aspartate Shuttle and Pyruvate Carrier. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173605. [PMID: 36079864 PMCID: PMC9460686 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial malate aspartate shuttle system (MAS) maintains the cytosolic NAD+/NADH redox balance, thereby sustaining cytosolic redox-dependent pathways, such as glycolysis and serine biosynthesis. Human disease has been associated with defects in four MAS-proteins (encoded by MDH1, MDH2, GOT2, SLC25A12) sharing a neurological/epileptic phenotype, as well as citrin deficiency (SLC25A13) with a complex hepatopathic-neuropsychiatric phenotype. Ketogenic diets (KD) are high-fat/low-carbohydrate diets, which decrease glycolysis thus bypassing the mentioned defects. The same holds for mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) 1 deficiency, which also presents neurological deficits. We here describe 40 (18 previously unreported) subjects with MAS-/MPC1-defects (32 neurological phenotypes, eight citrin deficiency), describe and discuss their phenotypes and genotypes (presenting 12 novel variants), and the efficacy of KD. Of 13 MAS/MPC1-individuals with a neurological phenotype treated with KD, 11 experienced benefits—mainly a striking effect against seizures. Two individuals with citrin deficiency deceased before the correct diagnosis was established, presumably due to high-carbohydrate treatment. Six citrin-deficient individuals received a carbohydrate-restricted/fat-enriched diet and showed normalisation of laboratory values/hepatopathy as well as age-adequate thriving. We conclude that patients with MAS-/MPC1-defects are amenable to dietary intervention and that early (genetic) diagnosis is key for initiation of proper treatment and can even be lifesaving.
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Yiew NKH, Finck BN. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier at the crossroads of intermediary metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E33-E52. [PMID: 35635330 PMCID: PMC9273276 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate metabolism, a central nexus of carbon homeostasis, is an evolutionarily conserved process and aberrant pyruvate metabolism is associated with and contributes to numerous human metabolic disorders including diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. As a product of glycolysis, pyruvate is primarily generated in the cytosol before being transported into the mitochondrion for further metabolism. Pyruvate entry into the mitochondrial matrix is a critical step for efficient generation of reducing equivalents and ATP and for the biosynthesis of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids from pyruvate. However, for many years, the identity of the carrier protein(s) that transported pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix remained a mystery. In 2012, the molecular-genetic identification of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a heterodimeric complex composed of protein subunits MPC1 and MPC2, enabled studies that shed light on the many metabolic and physiological processes regulated by pyruvate metabolism. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating pyruvate transport and the processes affected by pyruvate metabolism may enable novel therapeutics to modulate mitochondrial pyruvate flux to treat a variety of disorders. Herein, we review our current knowledge of the MPC, discuss recent advances in the understanding of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism in various tissue and cell types, and address some of the outstanding questions relevant to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K H Yiew
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian N Finck
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Jiang H, Alahmad A, Fu S, Fu X, Liu Z, Han X, Li L, Song T, Xu M, Liu S, Wang J, Albash B, Alaqeel A, Catalina V, Prokisch H, Taylor RW, McFarland R, Fang F. Identification and characterization of novel MPC1 gene variants causing mitochondrial pyruvate carrier deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:264-277. [PMID: 34873722 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, is a key metabolic molecule enabling mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthesis and takes part in multiple biosynthetic pathways within mitochondria. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) plays a vital role in transporting pyruvate from the cytosol into the organelle. In humans, MPC is a hetero-oligomeric complex formed by the MPC1 and MPC2 paralogs that are both necessary to stabilize each other and form a functional MPC. MPC deficiency (OMIM#614741) due to pathogenic MPC1 variants is a rare autosomal recessive disease involving developmental delay, microcephaly, growth failure, and increased serum lactate and pyruvate. To date, two MPC1 variants in four cases have been reported, though only one with a detailed clinical description. Herein, we report three novel pathogenic MPC1 variants in six patients from three unrelated families, identified within European, Kuwaiti, and Chinese mitochondrial disease patient cohorts, one of whom presented as a Leigh-like syndrome. Functional analysis in primary fibroblasts from the patients revealed decreased expression of MPC1 and MPC2. We rescued pyruvate-driven oxygen consumption rate in patient's fibroblasts by reconstituting with wild-type MPC1. Complementing homozygous MPC1 mutant cDNA with CRISPR-deleted MPC1 C2C12 cells verified the mechanism of variants: unstable MPC complex or ablated pyruvate uptake activity. Furthermore, we showed that glutamine and beta-hydroxybutyrate were alternative substrates to maintain mitochondrial respiration when cells lack pyruvate. In conclusion, we expand the clinical phenotypes and genotypes associated with MPC deficiency, with our studies revealing glutamine as a potential therapy for MPC deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafang Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Ahmad Alahmad
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Kuwait Medical Genetics Centre, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Song Fu
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhimei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Han
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Song
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Manting Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Vasilescu Catalina
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Services for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Services for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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10
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De La Rossa A, Laporte MH, Astori S, Marissal T, Montessuit S, Sheshadri P, Ramos-Fernández E, Mendez P, Khani A, Quairiaux C, Taylor EB, Rutter J, Nunes JM, Carleton A, Duchen MR, Sandi C, Martinou JC. Paradoxical neuronal hyperexcitability in a mouse model of mitochondrial pyruvate import deficiency. eLife 2022; 11:72595. [PMID: 35188099 PMCID: PMC8860443 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal excitation imposes a high demand of ATP in neurons. Most of the ATP derives primarily from pyruvate-mediated oxidative phosphorylation, a process that relies on import of pyruvate into mitochondria occuring exclusively via the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). To investigate whether deficient oxidative phosphorylation impacts neuron excitability, we generated a mouse strain carrying a conditional deletion of MPC1, an essential subunit of the MPC, specifically in adult glutamatergic neurons. We found that, despite decreased levels of oxidative phosphorylation and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential in these excitatory neurons, mice were normal at rest. Surprisingly, in response to mild inhibition of GABA mediated synaptic activity, they rapidly developed severe seizures and died, whereas under similar conditions the behavior of control mice remained unchanged. We report that neurons with a deficient MPC were intrinsically hyperexcitable as a consequence of impaired calcium homeostasis, which reduced M-type potassium channel activity. Provision of ketone bodies restored energy status, calcium homeostasis and M-channel activity and attenuated seizures in animals fed a ketogenic diet. Our results provide an explanation for the seizures that frequently accompany a large number of neuropathologies, including cerebral ischemia and diverse mitochondriopathies, in which neurons experience an energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simone Astori
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
| | - Thomas Marissal
- Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED), Université d'Aix- Marseille
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva
| | | | - Preethi Sheshadri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London
| | | | | | - Abbas Khani
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva
| | | | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
| | - Jared Rutter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | | | - Alan Carleton
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
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11
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Xu L, Phelix CF, Chen LY. Structural Insights into the Human Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Complexes. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:5614-5625. [PMID: 34664967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate metabolism requires the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) proteins to transport pyruvate from the intermembrane space through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix. The lack of the atomic structures of MPC hampers the understanding of the functional states of MPC and molecular interactions with the substrate or inhibitor. Here, we develop the de novo models of human MPC complexes and characterize the conformational dynamics of the MPC heterodimer formed by MPC1 and MPC2 (MPC1/2) by computational simulations. Our results reveal that functional MPC1/2 prefers to adopt an inward-open conformation, with the carrier open to the matrix side, whereas the outward-open states are less populated. The energy barrier for pyruvate transport in MPC1/2 is low enough, and the inhibitor UK5099 blocks the pyruvate transport by stably binding to MPC1/2. Notably, consistent with experimental results, the MPC1 L79H mutation significantly alters the conformations of MPC1/2 and thus fails for substrate transport. However, the MPC1 R97W mutation seems to retain the transport activity. The present de novo models of MPC complexes provide structural insights into the conformational states of MPC complexes and mechanistic understanding of interactions between the substrate/inhibitor and MPC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Clyde F Phelix
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Liao Y Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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12
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Learning from Yeast about Mitochondrial Carriers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102044. [PMID: 34683364 PMCID: PMC8539049 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that play an important role in both energetic and synthetic metabolism of eukaryotic cells. The flow of metabolites between the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix is controlled by a set of highly selective carrier proteins localised in the inner mitochondrial membrane. As defects in the transport of these molecules may affect cell metabolism, mutations in genes encoding for mitochondrial carriers are involved in numerous human diseases. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a traditional model organism with unprecedented impact on our understanding of many fundamental processes in eukaryotic cells. As such, the yeast is also exceptionally well suited for investigation of mitochondrial carriers. This article reviews the advantages of using yeast to study mitochondrial carriers with the focus on addressing the involvement of these carriers in human diseases.
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13
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García-Rodríguez D, Giménez-Cassina A. Ketone Bodies in the Brain Beyond Fuel Metabolism: From Excitability to Gene Expression and Cell Signaling. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:732120. [PMID: 34512261 PMCID: PMC8429829 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.732120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies are metabolites that replace glucose as the main fuel of the brain in situations of glucose scarcity, including prolonged fasting, extenuating exercise, or pathological conditions such as diabetes. Beyond their role as an alternative fuel for the brain, the impact of ketone bodies on neuronal physiology has been highlighted by the use of the so-called “ketogenic diets,” which were proposed about a century ago to treat infantile seizures. These diets mimic fasting by reducing drastically the intake of carbohydrates and proteins and replacing them with fat, thus promoting ketogenesis. The fact that ketogenic diets have such a profound effect on epileptic seizures points to complex biological effects of ketone bodies in addition to their role as a source of ATP. In this review, we specifically focus on the ability of ketone bodies to regulate neuronal excitability and their effects on gene expression to respond to oxidative stress. Finally, we also discuss their capacity as signaling molecules in brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío García-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Giménez-Cassina
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Noterman MF, Chaubey K, Lin-Rahardja K, Rajadhyaksha AM, Pieper AA, Taylor EB. Dual-process brain mitochondria isolation preserves function and clarifies protein composition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019046118. [PMID: 33836587 PMCID: PMC7980376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019046118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain requires continuously high energy production to maintain ion gradients and normal function. Mitochondria critically undergird brain energetics, and mitochondrial abnormalities feature prominently in neuropsychiatric disease. However, many unique aspects of brain mitochondria composition and function are poorly understood. Developing improved neuroprotective therapeutics thus requires more comprehensively understanding brain mitochondria, including accurately delineating protein composition and channel-transporter functional networks. However, obtaining pure mitochondria from the brain is especially challenging due to its distinctive lipid and cell structure properties. As a result, conflicting reports on protein localization to brain mitochondria abound. Here we illustrate this problem with the neuropsychiatric disease-associated L-type calcium channel Cav1.2α1 subunit previously observed in crude mitochondria. We applied a dual-process approach to obtain functionally intact versus compositionally pure brain mitochondria. One branch utilizes discontinuous density gradient centrifugation to isolate semipure mitochondria suitable for functional assays but unsuitable for protein localization because of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contamination. The other branch utilizes self-forming density gradient ultracentrifugation to remove ER and yield ultrapure mitochondria that are suitable for investigating protein localization but functionally compromised. Through this process, we evaluated brain mitochondria protein content and observed the absence of Cav1.2α1 and other previously reported mitochondrial proteins, including the NMDA receptor, ryanodine receptor 1, monocarboxylate transporter 1, excitatory amino acid transporter 1, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Conversely, we confirmed mitochondrial localization of several plasma membrane proteins previously reported to also localize to mitochondria. We expect this dual-process isolation procedure will enhance understanding of brain mitochondria in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Noterman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kalyani Chaubey
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Kristi Lin-Rahardja
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Anjali M Rajadhyaksha
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
- Pediatric Neurology, Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106;
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242;
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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15
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Tomar D, Elrod JW. Metabolite regulation of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter channel. Cell Calcium 2020; 92:102288. [PMID: 32956979 PMCID: PMC8017895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is known to stimulate mitochondrial bioenergetics through the modulation of TCA cycle dehydrogenases and electron transport chain (ETC) complexes. This is hypothesized to be an essential pathway of energetic control to meet cellular ATP demand. While regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial calcium uptake have been reported, it remains unknown if metabolite flux itself feedsback to regulate mitochondrial calcium (mCa2+) uptake. This hypothesis was recently tested by Nemani et al. (Sci. Signal. 2020) where the authors report that TCA cycle substrate flux regulates the mitochondrial calcium uniporter channel gatekeeper, mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1), gene transcription in an early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) dependent fashion. They posit this is a regulatory feedback mechanism to control ionic homeostasis and mitochondrial bioenergetics with changing fuel availability. Here, we provide a historical overview of mitochondrial calcium exchange and comprehensive appraisal of these results in the context of recent literature and discuss possible regulatory pathways of mCa2+ uptake and mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanendra Tomar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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16
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Sequence Features of Mitochondrial Transporter Protein Families. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1611. [PMID: 33260588 PMCID: PMC7761412 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers facilitate the transfer of small molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) to support mitochondrial function and core cellular processes. In addition to the classical SLC25 (solute carrier family 25) mitochondrial carriers, the past decade has led to the discovery of additional protein families with numerous members that exhibit IMM localization and transporter-like properties. These include mitochondrial pyruvate carriers, sideroflexins, and mitochondrial cation/H+ exchangers. These transport proteins were linked to vital physiological functions and disease. Their structures and transport mechanisms are, however, still largely unknown and understudied. Protein sequence analysis per se can often pinpoint hotspots that are of functional or structural importance. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the sequence features of mitochondrial transporters with a special focus on the newly included SLC54, SLC55 and SLC56 families of the SLC solute carrier superfamily. Taking a step further, we combine sequence conservation analysis with transmembrane segment and secondary structure prediction methods to extract residue positions and sequence motifs that likely play a role in substrate binding, binding site gating or structural stability. We hope that our review will help guide future experimental efforts by the scientific community to unravel the transport mechanisms and structures of these novel mitochondrial carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Gyimesi
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, and Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, Kinderklinik, Freiburgstrasse 15, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
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17
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Insights on the Quest for the Structure-Function Relationship of the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110407. [PMID: 33227948 PMCID: PMC7699257 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The atomic structure of a biological macromolecule determines its function. Discovering how one or more amino acid chains fold and interact to form a protein complex is critical, from understanding the most fundamental cellular processes to developing new therapies. However, this is far from a straightforward task, especially when studying a membrane protein. The functional link between the oligomeric state and complex composition of the proteins involved in the active mitochondrial transport of cytosolic pyruvate is a decades-old question but remains urgent. We present a brief historical review beginning with the identification of the so-called mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) proteins, followed by a rigorous conceptual analysis of technical approaches in more recent biochemical studies that seek to isolate and reconstitute the functional MPC complex(es) in vitro. We correlate these studies with early kinetic observations and current experimental and computational knowledge to assess their main contributions, identify gaps, resolve ambiguities, and better define the research goal. Abstract The molecular identity of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) was presented in 2012, forty years after the active transport of cytosolic pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix was first demonstrated. An impressive amount of in vivo and in vitro studies has since revealed an unexpected interplay between one, two, or even three protein subunits defining different functional MPC assemblies in a metabolic-specific context. These have clear implications in cell homeostasis and disease, and on the development of future therapies. Despite intensive efforts by different research groups using state-of-the-art computational tools and experimental techniques, MPCs’ structure-based mechanism remains elusive. Here, we review the current state of knowledge concerning MPCs’ molecular structures by examining both earlier and recent studies and presenting novel data to identify the regulatory, structural, and core transport activities to each of the known MPC subunits. We also discuss the potential application of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) studies of MPC reconstituted into nanodiscs of synthetic copolymers for solving human MPC2.
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18
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Saneto RP. Mitochondrial diseases: expanding the diagnosis in the era of genetic testing. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2020; 4:384-428. [PMID: 33426505 PMCID: PMC7791531 DOI: 10.20517/jtgg.2020.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are clinically and genetically heterogeneous. These diseases were initially described a little over three decades ago. Limited diagnostic tools created disease descriptions based on clinical, biochemical analytes, neuroimaging, and muscle biopsy findings. This diagnostic mechanism continued to evolve detection of inherited oxidative phosphorylation disorders and expanded discovery of mitochondrial physiology over the next two decades. Limited genetic testing hampered the definitive diagnostic identification and breadth of diseases. Over the last decade, the development and incorporation of massive parallel sequencing has identified approximately 300 genes involved in mitochondrial disease. Gene testing has enlarged our understanding of how genetic defects lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. These findings have expanded the understanding of how mechanisms of mitochondrial physiology can induce dysfunction and disease, but the complete collection of disease-causing gene variants remains incomplete. This article reviews the developments in disease gene discovery and the incorporation of gene findings with mitochondrial physiology. This understanding is critical to the development of targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell P. Saneto
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Neuroscience Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Neurology/Division of Pediatric Neurology, Seattle Children’s Hospital/University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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19
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Tompkins SC, Sheldon RD, Rauckhorst AJ, Noterman MF, Solst SR, Buchanan JL, Mapuskar KA, Pewa AD, Gray LR, Oonthonpan L, Sharma A, Scerbo DA, Dupuy AJ, Spitz DR, Taylor EB. Disrupting Mitochondrial Pyruvate Uptake Directs Glutamine into the TCA Cycle away from Glutathione Synthesis and Impairs Hepatocellular Tumorigenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2608-2619.e6. [PMID: 31484072 PMCID: PMC6746334 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a devastating cancer increasingly caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Disrupting the liver Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC) in mice attenuates NAFLD. Thus, we considered whether liver MPC disruption also prevents HCC. Here, we use the N-nitrosodiethylamine plus carbon tetrachloride model of HCC development to test how liver-specific MPC knock out affects hepatocellular tumorigenesis. Our data show that liver MPC ablation markedly decreases tumorigenesis and that MPC-deficient tumors transcriptomically downregulate glutathione metabolism. We observe that MPC disruption and glutathione depletion in cultured hepatomas are synthetically lethal. Stable isotope tracing shows that hepatocyte MPC disruption reroutes glutamine from glutathione synthesis into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. These results support a model where inducing metabolic competition for glutamine by MPC disruption impairs hepatocellular tumorigenesis by limiting glutathione synthesis. These findings raise the possibility that combining MPC disruption and glutathione stress may be therapeutically useful in HCC and additional cancers. Tompkins et al. utilize stable glutamine isotope tracers in vivo and ex vivo to demonstrate hepatocyte MPC disruption increases TCA cycle glutamine utilization at the expense of glutathione synthesis and decreases hepatocellular tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Tompkins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Adam J Rauckhorst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Maria F Noterman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Shane R Solst
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Jane L Buchanan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Kranti A Mapuskar
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Alvin D Pewa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA; FOEDRC Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Lawrence R Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Lalita Oonthonpan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Arpit Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Diego A Scerbo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Adam J Dupuy
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Douglas R Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA; Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA; Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA; FOEDRC Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA.
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20
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Buchanan JL, Taylor EB. Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Function in Health and Disease across the Lifespan. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081162. [PMID: 32784379 PMCID: PMC7464753 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a nodal mediator of pyruvate metabolism, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) plays a pivotal role in many physiological and pathological processes across the human lifespan, from embryonic development to aging-associated neurodegeneration. Emerging research highlights the importance of the MPC in diverse conditions, such as immune cell activation, cancer cell stemness, and dopamine production in Parkinson’s disease models. Whether MPC function ameliorates or contributes to disease is highly specific to tissue and cell type. Cell- and tissue-specific differences in MPC content and activity suggest that MPC function is tightly regulated as a mechanism of metabolic, cellular, and organismal control. Accordingly, recent studies on cancer and diabetes have identified protein–protein interactions, post-translational processes, and transcriptional factors that modulate MPC function. This growing body of literature demonstrates that the MPC and other mitochondrial carriers comprise a versatile and dynamic network undergirding the metabolism of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L. Buchanan
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA;
| | - Eric B. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA;
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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The Multifaceted Pyruvate Metabolism: Role of the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071068. [PMID: 32708919 PMCID: PMC7407832 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, plays a major role in cell metabolism. Produced in the cytosol, it is oxidized in the mitochondria where it fuels the citric acid cycle and boosts oxidative phosphorylation. Its sole entry point into mitochondria is through the recently identified mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC). In this review, we report the latest findings on the physiology of the MPC and we discuss how a dysfunctional MPC can lead to diverse pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer.
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22
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NADPH and Glutathione Redox Link TCA Cycle Activity to Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis. iScience 2020; 23:101116. [PMID: 32417402 PMCID: PMC7254477 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many metabolic diseases disrupt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but little is known about how metabolic activity is communicated to the ER. Here, we show in hepatocytes and other metabolically active cells that decreasing the availability of substrate for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle diminished NADPH production, elevated glutathione oxidation, led to altered oxidative maturation of ER client proteins, and attenuated ER stress. This attenuation was prevented when glutathione oxidation was disfavored. ER stress was also alleviated by inhibiting either TCA-dependent NADPH production or Glutathione Reductase. Conversely, stimulating TCA activity increased NADPH production, glutathione reduction, and ER stress. Validating these findings, deletion of the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier-which is known to decrease TCA cycle activity and protect the liver from steatohepatitis-also diminished NADPH, elevated glutathione oxidation, and alleviated ER stress. Together, our results demonstrate a novel pathway by which mitochondrial metabolic activity is communicated to the ER through the relay of redox metabolites.
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23
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Cunningham CN, Rutter J. 20,000 picometers under the OMM: diving into the vastness of mitochondrial metabolite transport. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50071. [PMID: 32329174 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic compartmentalization enabled by mitochondria is key feature of many cellular processes such as energy conversion to ATP production, redox balance, and the biosynthesis of heme, urea, nucleotides, lipids, and others. For a majority of these functions, metabolites need to be transported across the impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane by dedicated carrier proteins. Here, we examine the substrates, structural features, and human health implications of four mitochondrial metabolite carrier families: the SLC25A family, the mitochondrial ABCB transporters, the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), and the sideroflexin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey N Cunningham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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24
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Tang BL. Targeting the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier for Neuroprotection. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9090238. [PMID: 31540439 PMCID: PMC6770198 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9090238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial pyruvate carriers mediate pyruvate import into the mitochondria, which is key to the sustenance of the tricarboxylic cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. However, inhibition of mitochondria pyruvate carrier-mediated pyruvate transport was recently shown to be beneficial in experimental models of neurotoxicity pertaining to the context of Parkinson’s disease, and is also protective against excitotoxic neuronal death. These findings attested to the metabolic adaptability of neurons resulting from MPC inhibition, a phenomenon that has also been shown in other tissue types. In this short review, I discuss the mechanism and potential feasibility of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier inhibition as a neuroprotective strategy in neuronal injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 117596, Singapore.
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
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25
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Sharma A, Oonthonpan L, Sheldon RD, Rauckhorst AJ, Zhu Z, Tompkins SC, Cho K, Grzesik WJ, Gray LR, Scerbo DA, Pewa AD, Cushing EM, Dyle MC, Cox JE, Adams C, Davies BS, Shields RK, Norris AW, Patti G, Zingman LV, Taylor EB. Impaired skeletal muscle mitochondrial pyruvate uptake rewires glucose metabolism to drive whole-body leanness. eLife 2019; 8:e45873. [PMID: 31305240 PMCID: PMC6684275 DOI: 10.7554/elife.45873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic cycles are a fundamental element of cellular and organismal function. Among the most critical in higher organisms is the Cori Cycle, the systemic cycling between lactate and glucose. Here, skeletal muscle-specific Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC) deletion in mice diverted pyruvate into circulating lactate. This switch disinhibited muscle fatty acid oxidation and drove Cori Cycling that contributed to increased energy expenditure. Loss of muscle MPC activity led to strikingly decreased adiposity with complete muscle mass and strength retention. Notably, despite decreasing muscle glucose oxidation, muscle MPC disruption increased muscle glucose uptake and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Furthermore, chronic and acute muscle MPC deletion accelerated fat mass loss on a normal diet after high fat diet-induced obesity. Our results illuminate the role of the skeletal muscle MPC as a whole-body carbon flux control point. They highlight the potential utility of modulating muscle pyruvate utilization to ameliorate obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpit Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Lalita Oonthonpan
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Adam J Rauckhorst
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Sean C Tompkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Kevin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, School of MedicineWashington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Wojciech J Grzesik
- Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- FOEDRC Metabolic Phenotyping Core Facility, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Lawrence R Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Diego A Scerbo
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Alvin D Pewa
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Emily M Cushing
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Michael C Dyle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - James E Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Chris Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Brandon S Davies
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Richard K Shields
- Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Andrew W Norris
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- FOEDRC Metabolic Phenotyping Core Facility, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Gary Patti
- Department of Chemistry, School of MedicineWashington UniversitySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Leonid V Zingman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center (FOEDRC), Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
- FOEDRC Metabolomics Core Facility, Carver College of MedicineUniversity of IowaIowa CityUnited States
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