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Beatty CJ, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Quiroga-Garza ME, Perez VL, Jester JV, Saban DR. The Yin and Yang of non-immune and immune responses in meibomian gland dysfunction. Ocul Surf 2024; 32:81-90. [PMID: 38224775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a leading cause of dry eye disease and one of the most common ophthalmic conditions encountered in eye clinics worldwide. These holocrine glands are situated in the eyelid, where they produce specialized lipids, or meibum, needed to lubricate the eye surface and slow tear film evaporation - functions which are critical to preserving high-resolution vision. MGD results in tear instability, rapid tear evaporation, changes in local microflora, and dry eye disease, amongst other pathological entities. While studies identifying the mechanisms of MGD have generally focused on gland obstruction, we now know that age is a major risk factor for MGD that is associated with abnormal cell differentiation and renewal. It is also now appreciated that immune-inflammatory disorders, such as certain autoimmune diseases and atopy, may trigger MGD, as demonstrated through a T cell-driven neutrophil response. Here, we independently discuss the underlying roles of gland and immune related factors in MGD, as well as the integration of these two distinct mechanisms into a unified perspective that may aid future studies. From this unique standpoint, we propose a revised model in which glandular dysfunction and immunopathogenic pathways are not primary versus secondary contributors in MGD, but are fluid, interactive, and dynamic, which we likened to the Yin and Yang of MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J Beatty
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Raul E Ruiz-Lozano
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Manuel E Quiroga-Garza
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Victor L Perez
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - James V Jester
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Foster Center for Ocular Immunology at Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Blanco T, Singh RB, Nakagawa H, Taketani Y, Dohlman TH, Chen Y, Chauhan SK, Yin J, Dana R. Conventional type I migratory CD103 + dendritic cells are required for corneal allograft survival. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:711-726. [PMID: 36642378 PMCID: PMC10413378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Corneal transplant rejection primarily occurs because of the T helper 1 (Th1) effector cell-mediated immune response of the host towards allogeneic tissue. The evidence suggests that type 1 migratory conventional CD103+ dendritic cells (CD103+DC1) acquire an immunosuppressive phenotype in the tumor environment; however, the involvement of CD103+DC1 in allograft survival continues to be an elusive question of great clinical significance in tissue transplantation. In this study, we assess the role of CD103+DC1 in suppressing Th1 alloreactivity against transplanted corneal allografts. The immunosuppressive function of CD103+DC1 has been extensively studied in non-transplantation settings. We found that host CD103+DC1 infiltrates the corneal graft and migrates to the draining lymph nodes to suppress alloreactive CD4+ Th1 cells via the programmed death-ligand 1 axis. The systemic depletion of CD103+ DC1 in allograft recipients leads to amplified Th1 activation, impaired Treg function, and increased rate of allograft rejection. Although allograft recipient Rag1 null mice reconstituted with naïve CD4+CD25- T cells efficiently generated peripheral Treg cells (pTreg), the CD103+DC1-depleted mice failed to generate pTreg. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of pTreg failed to rescue allografts in CD103+DC1-depleted recipients from rejection. These data demonstrate the critical role of CD103+DC1 in regulating host alloimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Blanco
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation, and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Rohan Bir Singh
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation, and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Hayate Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation, and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yukako Taketani
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation, and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Thomas H Dohlman
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation, and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Yihe Chen
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation, and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation, and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Jia Yin
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation, and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Reza Dana
- Laboratory of Corneal Immunology, Transplantation, and Regeneration, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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Panthagani J, Suleiman K, Vincent RC, Ong HS, Wallace GR, Rauz S. Conjunctival transcriptomics in ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:142-149. [PMID: 37690517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (OcMMP) is an orphan disease characterized by chronic autoimmune-driven conjunctival inflammation leading to progressive scarring, debilitating symptoms, and blinding sequelae. This feasibility study aims to demonstrate conjunctival genetic transcriptomic analyses as a putative tool for interrogation of pathogenic signaling pathways in OcMMP. METHODS Conjunctival RNA profiling using the NanoString nCounter Human Fibrosis panel was undertaken on RNA extracted from conjunctival swabs obtained from 6 MMP patients (8 eyes; 4 M/2F; median age 78 [range 64-84] years); and 8 age-matched control participants (15 eyes; 3 M/5F; median age 69.5 [range 69-88] years). Data from 770 genes were analyzed with ROSALIND HyperScale architecture and stratified according to the level of clinically visible bulbar conjunctival inflammation. Normalization, fold-changes (≥+1.5-fold or ≤ -1.5-fold) and p-values adjustment (<0.05) using the Benjamini-Hochberg method were calculated. RESULTS 93 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed between OcMMP versus controls of which 48 were upregulated, and 45 downregulated. The top 4 upregulated DEGs represented fibrosis (COL3A1, COL1A1, FN1 and THBS1) while the key under-expressed genes (SCIN, HMGS2, XCL1/2) were indicative of ocular surface failure (goblet cell loss, keratinization, vulnerability to secondary infections). Forty-four pathways had a global significance score ≥2, the most significant being those related to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, synthesis, and degradation. These pathways were accentuated in eyes with visible inflammation. CONCLUSIONS NanoString methodology acquired via a simple conjunctival swab identifies profibrotic genes in OcMMP group and differentiates inflamed eyes. Longitudinal sampling and following investigative intervention will further mechanistic insight and development of novel biomarkers to monitor disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Panthagani
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, UK; Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kusy Suleiman
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, UK; Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel C Vincent
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Hon Shing Ong
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Graham R Wallace
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Saaeha Rauz
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, UK; Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK.
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Gordhan HM, Miller ST, Clancy DC, Ina M, McDougal AV, Cutno DK, Brown RV, Lichorowic CL, Sturdivant JM, Vick KA, Williams SS, deLong MA, White JC, Kopczynski CC, Ellis DA. Eyes on Topical Ocular Disposition: The Considered Design of a Lead Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitor That Utilizes a Unique Azetidin-3-Amino Bridging Scaffold to Attenuate Off-Target Kinase Activity, While Driving Potency and Aqueous Solubility. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37314941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An unmet medical need remains for patients suffering from dry eye disease (DED). A fast-acting, better-tolerated noncorticosteroid anti-inflammatory eye drop could improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Herein, we describe a small-molecule drug discovery effort to identify novel, potent, and water-soluble JAK inhibitors as immunomodulating agents for topical ocular disposition. A focused library of known 3-(4-(2-(arylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanenitriles was evaluated as a molecular starting point. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) revealed a ligand-efficient (LE) JAK inhibitor series, amenable to aqueous solubility. Subsequent in vitro analysis indicated the potential for off-target toxicity. A KINOMEscan selectivity profile of 5 substantiated the likelihood of widespread series affinity across the human kinome. An sp2-to-sp3 drug design strategy was undertaken to attenuate off-target kinase activity while driving JAK-STAT potency and aqueous solubility. Tactics to reduce aromatic character, increase fraction sp3 (Fsp3), and bolster molecular complexity led to the azetidin-3-amino bridging scaffold in 31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeren M Gordhan
- Alcon Research, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Steven T Miller
- Alcon Research, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Daphne C Clancy
- Alcon Research, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Maria Ina
- Alcon Research, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Alan V McDougal
- Alcon Research, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - D'Quan K Cutno
- Alcon Research, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Robert V Brown
- Alcon Research, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | | | | | - Kyle A Vick
- ID Business Solutions, Ltd., Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | | | - Jeffrey C White
- Baxter Healthcare Corp., Deerfield, Illinois 60015, United States
| | | | - David A Ellis
- Alcon Research, LLC, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
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Sturdivant J, Williams SS, Ina M, Weksler M, McDougal A, Clancy D, deLong MA, Girouard N, Zaretskaia M, Brennan K, Glendenning A, Foley B, Lin CW, White JC, Kopczynski C, Kelly CR. Discovery and Preclinical Development of Novel Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Rho Kinase Inhibitor: Corticosteroid Conjugates. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:117-127. [PMID: 36602977 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: A new class of ocular steroids designed to mitigate steroid-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation while maintaining anti-inflammatory activity was developed. Herein is described the discovery and preclinical characterization of ROCK'Ster compound 1. Methods: Codrugs consisting of a Rho kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) and a corticosteroid were synthesized. Compounds were initially screened in vitro for ROCKi activity and anti-inflammatory activity against the proinflammatory interleukin 23 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pathways. Selected compounds were then screened for solubility, chemical stability, and ex vivo corneal metabolism. Lead compound 1 was evaluated for IOP lowering in the Dutch Belted rabbit and for anti-inflammatory efficacy in both a postcataract surgery model and an allergic eye disease (AED) mouse model. Results: Several ROCK'Sters were found to be potent inhibitors of ROCK (Kis < 50 nM), have high anti-inflammatory activity in vitro (IC50s < 50 nM), display sufficient stability in topical ophthalmic formulations, and have a moderate rate of corneal metabolism. Compound 1 (0.1% and 0.25%, quater in die [QID]-4 times a day) demonstrated IOP-lowering capability without inducing hyperemia in our rabbit model. When compared with the marketed steroids, Durezol® and Pred Forte®, compound 1 (0.1%, 0.25%) demonstrated noninferiority in clinical scoring in a rabbit model of inflammation after surgery. In addition, anti-inflammatory outcomes were observed with compound 1 (0.1%) relative to Lotemax® or vehicle control in an AED mouse model. Conclusion: ROCK'Ster compound 1 is a novel compound suitable for topical ocular dosing that possesses IOP-lowering capability along with similar anti-inflammatory activity compared with marketed steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Sturdivant
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stuart S Williams
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Ina
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meredith Weksler
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan McDougal
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daphne Clancy
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mitchell A deLong
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalie Girouard
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Zaretskaia
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Brennan
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angela Glendenning
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Briana Foley
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cheng-Wen Lin
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey C White
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casey Kopczynski
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Curtis R Kelly
- Research & Development, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Perez VL, Mousa HM, Soifer M, Beatty C, Sarantopoulos S, Saban DR, Levy RB. Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Route of Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease Progression That Drives a Vicious Cycle of Ocular Surface Inflammatory Damage. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 247:42-60. [PMID: 36162534 PMCID: PMC10270654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of aggressive meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in the immune pathogenesis of ocular graft-vs-host disease (GVHD). METHODS In mice, an allogeneic GVHD model was established by transferring bone marrow (BM) and purified splenic T cells from C57BL/6J mice into irradiated C3-SW.H2b mice (BM+T). Control groups received BM only. Mice were scored clinically across the post-transplantation period. MGD severity was categorized using the degree of atrophy on harvested lids. Immune disease was analyzed using flow cytometry of tissues along with fluorescent tracking of BM cells onto the ocular surface. In humans, parameters from 57 patients with ocular GVHD presenting to the Duke Eye Center were retrospectively reviewed. MGD was categorized using the degree of atrophy on meibographs. Immune analysis was done using high-parameter flow cytometry on tear samples. RESULTS Compared with BM only, BM+T mice had higher systemic disease scores that correlated with tear fluid loss and eyelid edema. BM+T had higher immune cell infiltration in the ocular tissues and higher CD4+-cell cytokine expression in draining lymph nodes. BM+T mice with worse MGD scores had significantly worse corneal staining. In patients with ocular GVHD, 96% had other organs affected. Patients with ocular GVHD had abnormal parameters on dry eye testing, high matrix metalloproteinase-9 positivity (92%), and abundance of immune cells in tear samples. Ocular surface disease signs were worse in patients with higher MGD severity scores. CONCLUSIONS Ocular GVHD is driven by a systemic, T-cell-dependent process that causes meibomian gland damage and induces a robust form of ocular surface disease that correlates with MGD severity. NOTE: Publication of this article is sponsored by the American Ophthalmological Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Perez
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology (V.L.P., H.M.M., M.S.); Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center (C.B., D.R.S.).
| | - Hazem M Mousa
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology (V.L.P., H.M.M., M.S.); Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center (C.B., D.R.S.)
| | - Matias Soifer
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology (V.L.P., H.M.M., M.S.); Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center (C.B., D.R.S.)
| | - Cole Beatty
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center (C.B., D.R.S.)
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Division of Hematological Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Duke University Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute (S.S.) Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center (C.B., D.R.S.)
| | - Robert B Levy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida (R.B.L.), USA
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Szczepan M, Llorián-Salvador M, Chen M, Xu H. Immune Cells in Subretinal Wound Healing and Fibrosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:916719. [PMID: 35755781 PMCID: PMC9226489 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.916719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subretinal space is devoid of any immune cells under normal conditions and is an immune privileged site. When photoreceptors and/or retinal pigment epithelial cells suffer from an injury, a wound healing process will be initiated. Retinal microglia and the complement system, as the first line of retinal defense, are activated to participate in the wound healing process. If the injury is severe or persists for a prolonged period, they may fail to heal the damage and circulating immune cells will be summoned leading to chronic inflammation and abnormal wound healing, i.e., subretinal or intraretinal fibrosis, a sight-threatening condition frequently observed in rhematogenous retinal detachment, age-related macular degeneration and recurrent uveoretinitis. Here, we discussed the principles of subretinal wound healing with a strong focus on the conditions whereby the damage is beyond the healing capacity of the retinal defense system and highlighted the roles of circulating immune cells in subretinal wound healing and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Szczepan
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - María Llorián-Salvador
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Chen
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom,Aier Institute of Optometry and Vision Science, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Heping Xu,
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8
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Single-cell transcriptional profiling of murine conjunctival immune cells reveals distinct populations expressing homeostatic and regulatory genes. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:620-628. [PMID: 35361907 PMCID: PMC9262780 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00507-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells in the exposed conjunctiva mucosa defend against environmental and microbial stresses. Expression profiling by single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to identify conjunctival immune cell populations expressing homeostatic and regulatory genes. Fourteen distinct clusters were identified, including myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages), dendritic cells (DC), and lymphoid cells (B, T, γδT, ILC2, and NK) lineages. Novel neutrophil [lipocalin (Lcn2) high and low), and MHCIIlo macrophage (MP) clusters were identified. More than half of the cells map to myeloid and dendritic cell populations with differential expression profiles that include genes with homeostatic and regulatory functions: Serpinb2 (MHCIIlo macrophage), Apoe (monocyte), Cd209a (macrophage), Cst3 (cDC1), and IL4i1 in migratory DC (mDC). ILC2 expresses the goblet cell trophic factor IL-13. Suppressed inflammatory and activated anti-inflammatory/regulatory pathways were observed in certain myeloid and DC populations. Confocal immunolocalization of identity markers showed mDC (CCR7, FASCIN1) located on or within the conjunctival epithelium. Monocyte, macrophage, cDC1 and IL-13/IL-5+ ILC2 were located below the conjunctival epithelium and goblet cells. This study found distinct immune cell populations in the conjunctiva and identified cells expressing genes with known homeostatic and immunoregulatory functions.
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9
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Mucosal immunology of the ocular surface. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1143-1157. [PMID: 36002743 PMCID: PMC9400566 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a sensory organ exposed to the environment and protected by a mucosal tissue barrier. While it shares a number of features with other mucosal tissues, the ocular mucosal system, composed of the conjunctiva, Meibomian glands, and lacrimal glands, is specialized to address the unique needs of (a) lubrication and (b) host defense of the ocular surface. Not surprisingly, most challenges, physical and immunological, to the homeostasis of the eye fall into those two categories. Dry eye, a dysfunction of the lacrimal glands and/or Meibomian glands, which can both cause, or arise from, sensory defects, including those caused by corneal herpes virus infection, serve as examples of these perturbations and will be discussed ahead. To preserve vision, dense neuronal and immune networks sense various stimuli and orchestrate responses, which must be tightly controlled to provide protection, while simultaneously minimizing collateral damage. All this happens against the backdrop of, and can be modified by, the microorganisms that colonize the ocular mucosa long term, or that are simply transient passengers introduced from the environment. This review will attempt to synthesize the existing knowledge and develop trends in the study of the unique mucosal and immune elements of the ocular surface.
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10
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Swarup A, Ta CN, Wu AY. Molecular mechanisms and treatments for ocular symblephara. Surv Ophthalmol 2022; 67:19-30. [PMID: 33932469 PMCID: PMC8553799 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There are currently no effective methods to prevent or durably treat ocular symblephara, the adhesions between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva. How symblephara form at the molecular level is largely unknown. We present here an overview of current clinical symblephara treatments and describe potential molecular mechanisms behind conjunctival adhesion formation that may inform future symblephara treatment and prevention options. Understanding how symblephara form at the molecular level will facilitate treatment development. Preventative therapies may be possible by targeting symblephara progenitor cells immediately after injuries, while novel therapeutics should be aimed at modulating TGF-β pathways and effector cells in conjunctival scarring to treat symblephara formation more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Swarup
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Christopher N Ta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Albert Y Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine.
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11
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Galletti JG, de Paiva CS. The ocular surface immune system through the eyes of aging. Ocul Surf 2021; 20:139-162. [PMID: 33621658 PMCID: PMC8113112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the last century, advances in healthcare, housing, and education have led to an increase in life expectancy. Longevity is accompanied by a higher prevalence of age-related diseases, such as cancer, autoimmunity, diabetes, and infection, and part of this increase in disease incidence relates to the significant changes that aging brings about in the immune system. The eye is not spared by aging either, presenting with age-related disorders of its own, and interestingly, many of these diseases have immune pathophysiology. Being delicate organs that must be exposed to the environment in order to capture light, the eyes are endowed with a mucosal environment that protects them, the so-called ocular surface. As in other mucosal sites, immune responses at the ocular surface need to be swift and potent to eliminate threats but are at the same time tightly controlled to prevent excessive inflammation and bystander damage. This review will detail how aging affects the mucosal immune response of the ocular surface as a whole and how this process relates to the higher incidence of ocular surface disease in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias G Galletti
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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12
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Singh PP, Yu C, Mathew R, Perez VL, Saban DR. Meibomian gland dysfunction is suppressed via selective inhibition of immune responses by topical LFA-1/ICAM antagonism with lifitegrast in the allergic eye disease (AED) model. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:271-278. [PMID: 33812087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The etiology of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is incompletely understood, despite being a common ophthalmic condition and an area of unmet medical need. It is characterized by an insufficiency in glandular provision of specialized lipids (meibum) to the tear film and is a major cause of dry eye. Work in the allergic eye disease (AED) mouse model has revealed an immunopathogenic role in MGD causation, now raising interest in the applicability of immunomodulatory therapies. As such, we herein ask whether inhibition of lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1/intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)-1 signaling via topical lifitegrast administration has a therapeutic effect on MGD in AED mice. METHODS Mice were induced with AED by i.p. injection of ovalbumin (OVA) mixed with alum and pertussis toxin, followed 2 weeks later by once daily topical OVA challenges for 7 days. Mice were treated topically with 5% lifitegrast ophthalmic solution or vehicle (PBS) 30 min prior to challenge. We developed a clinical ranking method to assess MGD severity, and also scored clinical allergy. Conjunctivae and draining lymph nodes were collected for flow cytometry. RESULTS Topical lifitegrast significantly inhibited clinical MGD severity, which was associated with diminished pathogenic TH17 cell and neutrophil numbers in the conjunctiva. No significant change in conjunctival TH2 cells or eosinophils, and only marginal differences in ocular allergy were observed. CONCLUSIONS In AED mice, lifitegrast inhibited MGD severity marked by a reduction in select immune populations in the conjunctiva. Our findings warrant future examination of lifitegrast in the treatment of patients with forms of MGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pali P Singh
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rose Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victor L Perez
- Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Foster Center for Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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13
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Holowatyj AN, Haffa M, Lin T, Scherer D, Gigic B, Ose J, Warby CA, Himbert C, Abbenhardt-Martin C, Achaintre D, Boehm J, Boucher KM, Gicquiau A, Gsur A, Habermann N, Herpel E, Kauczor HU, Keski-Rahkonen P, Kloor M, von Knebel-Doeberitz M, Kok DE, Nattenmüller J, Schirmacher P, Schneider M, Schrotz-King P, Simon T, Ueland PM, Viskochil R, Weijenberg MP, Scalbert A, Ulrich A, Bowers LW, Hursting SD, Ulrich CM. Multi-omics Analysis Reveals Adipose-tumor Crosstalk in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:817-828. [PMID: 32655010 PMCID: PMC7877796 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and obesity-driven cancer rates are continuing to rise worldwide. We hypothesize that adipocyte-colonocyte interactions are a key driver of obesity-associated cancers. To understand the clinical relevance of visceral adipose tissue in advancing tumor growth, we analyzed paired tumor-adjacent visceral adipose, normal mucosa, and colorectal tumor tissues as well as presurgery blood samples from patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. We report that high peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) visceral adipose tissue expression is associated with glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling-the major signaling receptor for collagen-as well as fibrosis and adipogenesis pathway signaling in colorectal tumors. These associations were supported by correlations between PPARG visceral adipose tissue expression and circulating levels of plasma 4-hydroxyproline and serum intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), as well as gene set enrichment analysis and joint gene-metabolite pathway results integration that yielded significant enrichment of genes defining epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-as in fibrosis and metastasis-and genes involved in glycolytic metabolism, confirmed this association. We also reveal that elevated prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) colorectal tumor expression is associated with a fibrotic signature in adipose-tumor crosstalk via GPVI signaling and dendritic cell maturation in visceral adipose tissue. Systemic metabolite and biomarker profiling confirmed that high PTGS2 expression in colorectal tumors is significantly associated with higher concentrations of serum amyloid A and glycine, and lower concentrations of sphingomyelin, in patients with colorectal cancer. This multi-omics study suggests that adipose-tumor crosstalk in patients with colorectal cancer is a critical microenvironment interaction that could be therapeutically targeted.See related spotlight by Colacino et al., p. 803.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreana N Holowatyj
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mariam Haffa
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tengda Lin
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - Jennifer Ose
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christy A Warby
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Caroline Himbert
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Clare Abbenhardt-Martin
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Achaintre
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Juergen Boehm
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Audrey Gicquiau
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Andrea Gsur
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Habermann
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Esther Herpel
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Kloor
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Peter Schirmacher
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Petra Schrotz-King
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Per M Ueland
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Viskochil
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | | | - Laura W Bowers
- Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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14
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Vijayaraj P, Minasyan A, Durra A, Karumbayaram S, Mehrabi M, Aros CJ, Ahadome SD, Shia DW, Chung K, Sandlin JM, Darmawan KF, Bhatt KV, Manze CC, Paul MK, Wilkinson DC, Yan W, Clark AT, Rickabaugh TM, Wallace WD, Graeber TG, Damoiseaux R, Gomperts BN. Modeling Progressive Fibrosis with Pluripotent Stem Cells Identifies an Anti-fibrotic Small Molecule. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3488-3505.e9. [PMID: 31825831 PMCID: PMC6927560 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive organ fibrosis accounts for one-third of all deaths worldwide, yet preclinical models that mimic the complex, progressive nature of the disease are lacking, and hence, there are no curative therapies. Progressive fibrosis across organs shares common cellular and molecular pathways involving chronic injury, inflammation, and aberrant repair resulting in deposition of extracellular matrix, organ remodeling, and ultimately organ failure. We describe the generation and characterization of an in vitro progressive fibrosis model that uses cell types derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. Our model produces endogenous activated transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and contains activated fibroblastic aggregates that progressively increase in size and stiffness with activation of known fibrotic molecular and cellular changes. We used this model as a phenotypic drug discovery platform for modulators of fibrosis. We validated this platform by identifying a compound that promotes resolution of fibrosis in in vivo and ex vivo models of ocular and lung fibrosis. Vijayaraj et al. describe the generation and characterization of an in vitro progressive fibrosis model that is broadly applicable to progressive organ fibrosis. They use it to identify a promising anti-fibrotic therapy that acts by activating normal tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Vijayaraj
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aspram Minasyan
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abdo Durra
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Saravanan Karumbayaram
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mehrsa Mehrabi
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cody J Aros
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sarah D Ahadome
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David W Shia
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Chung
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jenna M Sandlin
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kelly F Darmawan
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kush V Bhatt
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chase C Manze
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manash K Paul
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dan C Wilkinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Weihong Yan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amander T Clark
- Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tammy M Rickabaugh
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W Dean Wallace
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brigitte N Gomperts
- UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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15
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Etienne J, Joanne P, Catelain C, Riveron S, Bayer AC, Lafable J, Punzon I, Blot S, Agbulut O, Vilquin JT. Aldehyde dehydrogenases contribute to skeletal muscle homeostasis in healthy, aging, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1047-1069. [PMID: 32157826 PMCID: PMC7432589 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are key players in cell survival, protection, and differentiation via the metabolism and detoxification of aldehydes. ALDH activity is also a marker of stem cells. The skeletal muscle contains populations of ALDH-positive cells amenable to use in cell therapy, whose distribution, persistence in aging, and modifications in myopathic context have not been investigated yet. METHODS The Aldefluor® (ALDEF) reagent was used to assess the ALDH activity of muscle cell populations, whose phenotypic characterizations were deepened by flow cytometry. The nature of ALDH isoenzymes expressed by the muscle cell populations was identified in complementary ways by flow cytometry, immunohistology, and real-time PCR ex vivo and in vitro. These populations were compared in healthy, aging, or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, healthy non-human primates, and Golden Retriever dogs (healthy vs. muscular dystrophic model, Golden retriever muscular dystrophy [GRMD]). RESULTS ALDEF+ cells persisted through muscle aging in humans and were equally represented in several anatomical localizations in healthy non-human primates. ALDEF+ cells were increased in dystrophic individuals in humans (nine patients with DMD vs. five controls: 14.9 ± 1.63% vs. 3.6 ± 0.39%, P = 0.0002) and dogs (three GRMD dogs vs. three controls: 10.9 ± 2.54% vs. 3.7 ± 0.45%, P = 0.049). In DMD patients, such increase was due to the adipogenic ALDEF+ /CD34+ populations (11.74 ± 1.5 vs. 2.8 ± 0.4, P = 0.0003), while in GRMD dogs, it was due to the myogenic ALDEF+ /CD34- cells (3.6 ± 0.6% vs. 1.03 ± 0.23%, P = 0.0165). Phenotypic characterization associated the ALDEF+ /CD34- cells with CD9, CD36, CD49a, CD49c, CD49f, CD106, CD146, and CD184, some being associated with myogenic capacities. Cytological and histological analyses distinguished several ALDH isoenzymes (ALDH1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1B1, 1L1, 2, 3A1, 3A2, 3B1, 3B2, 4A1, 7A1, 8A1, and 9A1) expressed by different cell populations in the skeletal muscle tissue belonging to multinucleated fibres, or myogenic, endothelial, interstitial, and neural lineages, designing them as potential new markers of cell type or of metabolic activity. Important modifications were noted in isoenzyme expression between healthy and DMD muscle tissues. The level of gene expression of some isoenzymes (ALDH1A1, 1A3, 1B1, 2, 3A2, 7A1, 8A1, and 9A1) suggested their specific involvement in muscle stability or regeneration in situ or in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study unveils the importance of the ALDH family of isoenzymes in the skeletal muscle physiology and homeostasis, suggesting their roles in tissue remodelling in the context of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Etienne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pierre Joanne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, IBPS, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Catelain
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Riveron
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Clarissa Bayer
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Lafable
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabel Punzon
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, IMRB, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ENVA, U955-E10, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Blot
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, INSERM, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, IMRB, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ENVA, U955-E10, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, IBPS, UMR 8256 Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Thomas Vilquin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, AIM, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, UMRS 974, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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16
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Huang E, Peng N, Xiao F, Hu D, Wang X, Lu L. The Roles of Immune Cells in the Pathogenesis of Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5203. [PMID: 32708044 PMCID: PMC7432671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury and inflammatory response trigger the development of fibrosis in various diseases. It has been recognized that both innate and adaptive immune cells are important players with multifaceted functions in fibrogenesis. The activated immune cells produce various cytokines, modulate the differentiation and functions of myofibroblasts via diverse molecular mechanisms, and regulate fibrotic development. The immune cells exhibit differential functions during different stages of fibrotic diseases. In this review, we summarized recent advances in understanding the roles of immune cells in regulating fibrotic development and immune-based therapies in different disorders and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms with a focus on mTOR and JAK-STAT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Huang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Na Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second People’s Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; (N.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Fan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Dajun Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, the Second People’s Hospital of Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, China; (N.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (E.H.); (F.X.)
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17
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Kalogeropoulos D, Papoudou-Bai A, Lane M, Goussia A, Charchanti A, Moschos MM, Kanavaros P, Kalogeropoulos C. Antigen-presenting cells in ocular surface diseases. Int Ophthalmol 2020; 40:1603-1618. [PMID: 32107692 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the role of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the pathogenesis of ocular surface diseases (OSD). METHODS A thorough literature search was performed in PubMed database. An additional search was made in Google Scholar to complete the collected items. RESULTS APCs have the ability to initiate and direct immune responses and are found in most lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. APCs continuously sample their environment, present antigens to T cells and co-ordinate immune tolerance and responses. Many different types of APCs have been described and there is growing evidence that these cells are involved in the pathogenesis of OSD. OSD is a complex term for a myriad of disorders that are often characterized by ocular surface inflammation, tear film instability and impairment of vision. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the immunotopographical distribution of APCs in the normal ocular surface. APCs appear to play a critical role in the pathology of a number of conditions associated with OSD including infectious keratitis, ocular allergy, dry eye disease and pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Papoudou-Bai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Mark Lane
- Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, UK
| | - Anna Goussia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Antonia Charchanti
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marilita M Moschos
- First Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Athens G. Gennimatas, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Chris Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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18
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de Paiva CS. Highlights from the 22nd International Ocular Surface Society meeting. Ocul Surf 2019; 18:13-18. [PMID: 31785389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC 505G, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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19
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Wang S, Yu J, Kane MA, Moise AR. Modulation of retinoid signaling: therapeutic opportunities in organ fibrosis and repair. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 205:107415. [PMID: 31629008 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, is an important signaling molecule during embryonic development serving critical roles in morphogenesis, organ patterning and skeletal and neural development. Retinoic acid is also important in postnatal life in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, while retinoid-based therapies have long been used in the treatment of a variety of cancers and skin disorders. As the number of people living with chronic disorders continues to increase, there is great interest in extending the use of retinoid therapies in promoting the maintenance and repair of adult tissues. However, there are still many conflicting results as we struggle to understand the role of retinoic acid in the multitude of processes that contribute to tissue injury and repair. This review will assess our current knowledge of the role retinoic acid signaling in the development of fibroblasts, and their transformation to myofibroblasts, and of the potential use of retinoid therapies in the treatment of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suya Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Alexander R Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.
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20
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Reyes NJ, Yu C, Mathew R, Kunnen CM, Kalnitsky J, Redfern RL, Leonardi A, Perez VL, MacLeod AS, Gupta PK, Saban DR. Neutrophils cause obstruction of eyelid sebaceous glands in inflammatory eye disease in mice. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/451/eaas9164. [PMID: 30045980 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aas9164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Meibomian glands (MGs) are sebaceous glands of the eyelid margin that secrete lipids needed to avert tear evaporation and to help maintain ocular surface homeostasis. Obstruction of MGs or other forms of MG dysfunction can promote chronic diseases of the ocular surface. Although chronic eyelid inflammation, such as allergic eye disease, is an associated risk factor for obstructive MG dysfunction, it is not clear whether inflammatory processes contribute to the pathophysiology of MG obstruction. We show that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) promoted MG obstruction in a chronic inflammatory model of allergic eye disease in mice. Analysis of leukocytes in tears of patients with MG dysfunction showed an increase in PMN numbers compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, PMN numbers in tears positively correlated with clinical severity of MG dysfunction. Our findings point to a role for PMNs in the pathogenesis and progression of MG dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Reyes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rose Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Carolina M Kunnen
- College of Optometry, The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Joan Kalnitsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel L Redfern
- College of Optometry, The Ocular Surface Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Andrea Leonardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Victor L Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Preeya K Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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21
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Royer DJ, Echegaray-Mendez J, Lin L, Gmyrek GB, Mathew R, Saban DR, Perez VL, Carr DJ. Complement and CD4 + T cells drive context-specific corneal sensory neuropathy. eLife 2019; 8:48378. [PMID: 31414985 PMCID: PMC6783265 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether complement dysregulation directly contributes to the pathogenesis of peripheral nervous system diseases, including sensory neuropathies, is unclear. We addressed this important question in a mouse model of ocular HSV-1 infection, where sensory nerve damage is a common clinical problem. Through genetic and pharmacologic targeting, we uncovered a central role for C3 in sensory nerve damage at the morphological and functional levels. Interestingly, CD4 T cells were central in facilitating this complement-mediated damage. This same C3/CD4 T cell axis triggered corneal sensory nerve damage in a mouse model of ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, this was not the case in a T-dependent allergic eye disease (AED) model, suggesting that this inflammatory neuroimmune pathology is specific to certain disease etiologies. Collectively, these findings uncover a central role for complement in CD4 T cell-dependent corneal nerve damage in multiple disease settings and indicate the possibility for complement-targeted therapeutics to mitigate sensory neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Royer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States
| | | | - Liwen Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Grzegorz B Gmyrek
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States
| | - Rose Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Victor L Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, United States
| | - Daniel Jj Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States
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22
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Shah M, Cabrera-Ghayouri S, Christie LA, Held KS, Viswanath V. Translational Preclinical Pharmacologic Disease Models for Ophthalmic Drug Development. Pharm Res 2019; 36:58. [PMID: 30805711 PMCID: PMC6394514 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of human diseases are critical to our understanding of disease etiology, pathology, and progression and enable the development of effective treatments. An ideal model of human disease should capture anatomical features and pathophysiological mechanisms, mimic the progression pattern, and should be amenable to evaluating translational endpoints and treatment approaches. Preclinical animal models have been developed for a variety of human ophthalmological diseases to mirror disease mechanisms, location of the affected region in the eye and severity. These models offer clues to aid in our fundamental understanding of disease pathogenesis and enable progression of new therapies to clinical development by providing an opportunity to gain proof of concept (POC). Here, we review preclinical animal models associated with development of new therapies for diseases of the ocular surface, glaucoma, presbyopia, and retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We have focused on summarizing the models critical to new drug development and described the translational features of the models that contributed to our understanding of disease pathogenesis and establishment of preclinical POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Shah
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Sara Cabrera-Ghayouri
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Lori-Ann Christie
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Katherine S Held
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA
| | - Veena Viswanath
- Biological Research, Allergan plc, 2525 Dupont Drive, Irvine, California, 92612, USA.
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23
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Saban DR, Hodges RR, Mathew R, Reyes NJ, Yu C, Kaye R, Swift W, Botten N, Serhan CN, Dartt DA. Resolvin D1 treatment on goblet cell mucin and immune responses in the chronic allergic eye disease (AED) model. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:145-153. [PMID: 30279513 PMCID: PMC6301119 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe, chronic eye allergy is an understudied, vision-threatening condition. Treatments remain limited. We used a mouse model of severe allergic eye disease (AED) to determine whether topical application of the pro-resolution mediator Resolvin D1 (RvD1) terminates the response. AED was induced by injection of ovalbumin (OVA) followed by topical challenge of OVA daily. RvD1 was applied topically prior to OVA. Clinical symptoms were scored. Eye washes were assayed for MUC5AC. After 7 days, eyes were removed and the number of goblet cells, T helper cell responses and presence of immune cells in draining lymph nodes and conjunctiva determined. Topical RvD1 treatment significantly reduced symptoms of AED. RvD1 did not alter the systemic type 2 immune response in the lymph nodes. AED increased the total amount of goblet cell mucin secretion, but not the number of goblet cells. RvD1 prevented this increase, but did not alter goblet cell number. Absolute numbers of CD4 + T cells, total CD11b + myeloid cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes, but not macrophages increased in AED versus RvD1-treated mice. We conclude that topical application of RvD1 reduced the ocular allergic response by local actions in conjunctival immune response and a decrease in goblet cell mucin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Robin R. Hodges
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rose Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Nancy J. Reyes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Chen Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Rebecca Kaye
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - William Swift
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nora Botten
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charles N. Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Darlene A. Dartt
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Corresponding author: Darlene Dartt, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, 617-912-0272,
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24
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Lee JS, Jeong SJ, Kim S, Chalifour L, Yun TJ, Miah MA, Li B, Majdoubi A, Sabourin A, Keler T, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Choi EY, Epelman S, Choi JH, Thibodeau J, Oh GT, Cheong C. Conventional Dendritic Cells Impair Recovery after Myocardial Infarction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1784-1798. [PMID: 30097529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic myocardial injury results in sterile cardiac inflammation that leads to tissue repair, two processes controlled by mononuclear phagocytes. Despite global burden of cardiovascular diseases, we do not understand the functional contribution to pathogenesis of specific cardiac mononuclear phagocyte lineages, in particular dendritic cells. To address this limitation, we used detailed lineage tracing and genetic studies to identify bona fide murine and human CD103+ conventional dendritic cell (cDC)1s, CD11b+ cDC2s, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in the heart of normal mice and immunocompromised NSG mice reconstituted with human CD34+ cells, respectively. After myocardial infarction (MI), the specific depletion of cDCs, but not pDCs, improved cardiac function and prevented adverse cardiac remodeling. Our results showed that fractional shortening measured after MI was not influenced by the absence of pDCs. Interestingly, however, depletion of cDCs significantly improved reduction in fractional shortening. Moreover, fibrosis and cell areas were reduced in infarcted zones. This correlated with reduced numbers of cardiac macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, indicating a blunted inflammatory response. Accordingly, mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ were reduced. Collectively, our results demonstrate the unequivocal pathological role of cDCs following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seong Lee
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Sinai Kim
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Lorraine Chalifour
- Lady Davis Institute, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Tae Jin Yun
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mohammad Alam Miah
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Abdelilah Majdoubi
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Antoine Sabourin
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Jean V Guimond
- Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux Jeanne-Mance, Montreal, Quebec H2T 2R9, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Eui-Young Choi
- Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, South Korea
| | - Slava Epelman
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; and
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea;
| | - Cheolho Cheong
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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25
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Chigbu DI, Minhas BK. Immunopathology of Allergic Conjunctivitis. EUROPEAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.33590/emj/10312711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic conjunctivitis is predominantly an immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to environmental allergens. Allergic diseases affect >30% of the world’s population, of which 40% report associated ocular manifestations. Cellular and soluble mediators play a major role in the pathophysiology of allergic conjunctivitis. Mast cells, which are major effector cells of allergic conjunctivitis, undergo activation and degranulation to release histamine, tryptase, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and cytokines. These mediators play important roles in immunopathological mechanisms that generate the clinical manifestations of allergic conjunctivitis. These clinical features include conjunctival hyperaemia, chemosis, tearing, itching, papillae, mucus discharge, and eyelid oedema. Histamine mediates the early phase of the allergic immune response, whereas lipid mediators and cytokines are involved in the late phase of the immunopathology of allergic conjunctivitis. Current management of allergic conjunctivitis includes non-pharmacological approaches such as allergen avoidance and palliative therapy, whereas pharmacological therapeutic modalities may include antihistamine–mast cell stabiliser combination ophthalmic formulations and allergen-specific immunotherapy. Furthermore, as cellular and soluble mediators play a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis and immunopathology of allergic conjunctivitis, development of immunotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic agents specific to these mediators can enhance the therapeutic index and safety profile of anti-allergy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeGaulle I. Chigbu
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bhawanjot K. Minhas
- Pennsylvania College of Optometry, Salus University, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Abstract
Ocular IgE-associated allergy ranges from mild disease (seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis) to more chronic/severe and vision-threatening forms (atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis). Whereas mild forms of disease have been studied extensively, less is known about the more chronic forms. Our lab has helped to address this knowledge gap by developing and characterizing an allergen-induced, chronic/severe, IgE-associated model of ocular allergy referred to as the severe allergic eye disease (AED) model. It is distinct from previously described models that mimic the more mild forms, referred to in the literature as the allergic conjunctivitis (AC) model. The purpose of this method article is to detail the protocol to induce and characterize the AED model and directly compare these mice to the mild AC model. Troubleshooting and implications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Reyes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rose Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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27
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Abstract
"Paucibacterial" levels of the normal eye surface have left immunologists wondering whether a true microbiome exists there. In this issue of Immunity, St. Leger et al. (2017) address this head-on, discovering a naturally existing commensal in mice that induces γδT cell-mediated protection from opportunistic infection.
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28
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Abstract
Major advances in mononuclear phagocyte biology have been made but key questions pertinent to their roles in health and disease remain, including in the visual system. One problem concerns how dendritic cells can trigger immune responses from certain tightly regulated immune- privileged sites of the eye. Another, albeit separate, problem involves whether there are functional specializations for microglia versus monocytes in retinal neurodegeneration. In this Review, we examine novel insights in eye immune privilege and, separately, we discuss recent inroads concerning retinal degeneration. Both themes have been extensively studied in the visual system and show parallels with recent findings concerning mononuclear phagocytes in the central nervous system and in the periphery.
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29
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Dart JK. The 2016 Bowman Lecture Conjunctival curses: scarring conjunctivitis 30 years on. Eye (Lond) 2017; 31:301-332. [PMID: 28106896 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is in two sections. The first section summarises 35 conditions, both common and infrequent, causing cicatrising conjunctivitis. Guidelines for making a diagnosis are given together with the use of diagnostic tests, including direct and indirect immunofluorescence, and their interpretation. The second section evaluates our knowledge of ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid, which is the commonest cause of cicatrizing conjunctivitis in most developed countries. The clinical characteristics, demographics, and clinical signs of the disease are described. This is followed by a review and re-evaluation of the pathogenesis of conjunctival inflammation in mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), resulting in a revised hypothesis of the autoimmune mechanisms causing inflammation in ocular MMP. The relationship between inflammation and scarring in MMP conjunctiva is described. Recent research, describing the role of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and retinoic acid (RA) in both the initiation and perpetuation of profibrotic activity in MMP conjunctival fibroblasts is summarised and the potential for antifibrotic therapy, using ALDH inhibition, is discussed. The importance of the management of the ocular surface in MMP is briefly summarised. This is followed with the rationale for the use of systemic immunomodulatory therapy, currently the standard of care for patients with active ocular MMP. The evidence for the use of these drugs is summarised and guidelines given for their use. Finally, the areas for research and innovation in the next decade are reviewed including the need for better diagnostics, markers of disease activity, and the potential for biological and topical therapies for both inflammation and scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dart
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and The UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Corneal and External Disease Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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30
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Ahadome SD, Abraham DJ, Rayapureddi S, Saw VP, Saban DR, Calder VL, Norman JT, Ponticos M, Daniels JT, Dart JK. Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibition blocks mucosal fibrosis in human and mouse ocular scarring. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87001. [PMID: 27699226 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a systemic mucosal scarring disease, commonly causing blindness, for which there is no antifibrotic therapy. Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 (ALDH1) is upregulated in both ocular MMP (OMMP) conjunctiva and cultured fibroblasts. Application of the ALDH metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), to normal human conjunctival fibroblasts in vitro induced a diseased phenotype. Conversely, application of ALDH inhibitors, including disulfiram, to OMMP fibroblasts in vitro restored their functionality to that of normal controls. ALDH1 is also upregulated in the mucosa of the mouse model of scarring allergic eye disease (AED), used here as a surrogate for OMMP, in which topical application of disulfiram decreased fibrosis in vivo. These data suggest that progressive scarring in OMMP results from ALDH/RA fibroblast autoregulation, that the ALDH1 subfamily has a central role in immune-mediated ocular mucosal scarring, and that ALDH inhibition with disulfiram is a potential and readily translatable antifibrotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Ahadome
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valerie P Saw
- NIH Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R Saban
- Duke University School of Medicine, Departments of Ophthalmology and Immunology, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Virginia L Calder
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jill T Norman
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markella Ponticos
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie T Daniels
- Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John K Dart
- NIH Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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