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Uchańska A, Morytko A, Kwiecień K, Oleszycka E, Grygier B, Cichy J, Kwiecińska P. Lazy neutrophils - a lack of DGAT1 reduces the chemotactic activity of mouse neutrophils. Inflamm Res 2024:10.1007/s00011-024-01920-6. [PMID: 39043892 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophils are key players in the innate immune system, actively migrating to sites of inflammation in the highly energetic process of chemotaxis. In this study, we focus on the role of acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of triglycerides, the major form of stored energy, in neutrophil chemotaxis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a mouse model of psoriasis, we show that DGAT1-deficiency reduces energy-demanding neutrophil infiltration to the site of inflammation, but this inhibition is not caused by decreased glycolysis and reduced ATP production by neutrophils lacking DGAT1. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrate that DGAT1 also does not influence lipid accumulation in lipid droplets during inflammation. Interestingly, as has been shown previously, a lack of DGAT1 leads to an increase in the concentration of retinoic acid, and here, using real-time PCR and publicly-available next-generation RNA sequencing datasets, we show the upregulation of retinoic acid-responsive genes in Dgat1KO neutrophils. Furthermore, supplementation of WT neutrophils with exogenous retinoic acid mimics DGAT1-deficiency in the inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis in in vitro transwell assay. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that impaired skin infiltration by neutrophils in Dgat1KO mice is a result of the inhibitory action of an increased concentration of retinoic acid, rather than impaired lipid metabolism in DGAT1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Uchańska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
- Selvita S.A, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Morytko
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kwiecień
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Ewa Oleszycka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Beata Grygier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science, Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kwiecińska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland.
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2
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Harris JC, Prouty SM, Nelson MA, Sung DC, Nelson AM, Seykora JT, Kambayashi T, Grice EA. Laser-Capture Microdissection-Based RNA Sequencing for Profiling Mouse and Human Sebaceous Gland Transcriptomes. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1161-1165.e8. [PMID: 37979774 PMCID: PMC11034724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Harris
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephen M Prouty
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Molly A Nelson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Derek C Sung
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amanda M Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John T Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Vanderwolf K, Kyle C, Davy C. A review of sebum in mammals in relation to skin diseases, skin function, and the skin microbiome. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16680. [PMID: 38144187 PMCID: PMC10740688 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases vary among and within species but the causes of this variation can be unclear. Immune responses are an important driver of disease variation, but mechanisms on how the body resists pathogen establishment before activation of immune responses are understudied. Skin surfaces of mammals are the first line of defense against abiotic stressors and pathogens, and skin attributes such as pH, microbiomes, and lipids influence disease outcomes. Sebaceous glands produce sebum composed of multiple types of lipids with species-specific compositions. Sebum affects skin barrier function by contributing to minimizing water loss, supporting thermoregulation, protecting against pathogens, and preventing UV-induced damage. Sebum also affects skin microbiome composition both via its antimicrobial properties, and by providing potential nutrient sources. Intra- and interspecific variation in sebum composition influences skin disease outcomes in humans and domestic mammal species but is not well-characterized in wildlife. We synthesized knowledge on sebum function in mammals in relation to skin diseases and the skin microbiome. We found that sebum composition was described for only 29 live, wild mammalian species. Sebum is important in dermatophilosis, various forms of dermatitis, demodicosis, and potentially white-nose syndrome. Sebum composition likely affects disease susceptibility, as lipid components can have antimicrobial functions against specific pathogens. It is unclear why sebum composition is species-specific, but both phylogeny and environmental effects may drive differences. Our review illustrates the role of mammal sebum function and influence on skin microbes in the context of skin diseases, providing a baseline for future studies to elucidate mechanisms of disease resistance beyond immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanderwolf
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Kyle
- Forensic Science Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Natural Resources DNA Profiling and Forensics Center, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina Davy
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Guo Y, Hu Z, Chen J, Zhang J, Fan Z, Qu Q, Miao Y. Feasibility of adipose-derived therapies for hair regeneration: Insights based on signaling interplay and clinical overview. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 89:784-794. [PMID: 34883154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) is a dynamic component of the skin and closely interacts with the hair follicle. Interestingly, dWAT envelops the hair follicle during anagen and undergoes fluctuations in volume throughout the hair cycle. dWAT-derived extracellular vesicles can significantly regulate the hair cycle, and this provides a theoretical basis for utilizing adipose tissue as a feasible clinical strategy to treat hair loss. However, the amount and depth of the available literature are far from enough to fully elucidate the prominent role of dWAT in modulating the hair growth cycle. This review starts by investigating the hair cycle-coupled dWAT remodeling and the reciprocal signaling interplay underneath. Then, it summarizes the current literature and assesses the advantages and limitations of clinical research utilizing adipose-derived therapies for hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Guo
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiqi Hu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhexiang Fan
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qian Qu
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yong Miao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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5
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Dhouailly D. Evo Devo of the Vertebrates Integument. J Dev Biol 2023; 11:25. [PMID: 37367479 DOI: 10.3390/jdb11020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
All living jawed vertebrates possess teeth or did so ancestrally. Integumental surface also includes the cornea. Conversely, no other anatomical feature differentiates the clades so readily as skin appendages do, multicellular glands in amphibians, hair follicle/gland complexes in mammals, feathers in birds, and the different types of scales. Tooth-like scales are characteristic of chondrichthyans, while mineralized dermal scales are characteristic of bony fishes. Corneous epidermal scales might have appeared twice, in squamates, and on feet in avian lineages, but posteriorly to feathers. In contrast to the other skin appendages, the origin of multicellular glands of amphibians has never been addressed. In the seventies, pioneering dermal-epidermal recombination between chick, mouse and lizard embryos showed that: (1) the clade type of the appendage is determined by the epidermis; (2) their morphogenesis requires two groups of dermal messages, first for primordia formation, second for appendage final architecture; (3) the early messages were conserved during amniotes evolution. Molecular biology studies that have identified the involved pathways, extending those data to teeth and dermal scales, suggest that the different vertebrate skin appendages evolved in parallel from a shared placode/dermal cells unit, present in a common toothed ancestor, c.a. 420 mya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dhouailly
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, University Grenoble-Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
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6
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Epidermal Acyl-CoA-binding protein is indispensable for systemic energy homeostasis. Mol Metab 2020; 44:101144. [PMID: 33346070 PMCID: PMC7797911 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The skin is the largest sensory organ of the human body and plays a fundamental role in regulating body temperature. However, adaptive alterations in skin functions and morphology have only vaguely been associated with physiological responses to cold stress or sensation of ambient temperatures. We previously found that loss of acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP) in keratinocytes upregulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue and alters hepatic lipid metabolism, suggesting a link between epidermal barrier functions and systemic energy metabolism. METHODS To assess the physiological responses to loss of ACBP in keratinocytes in detail, we used full-body ACBP-/- and skin-specific ACBP-/- knockout mice to clarify how loss of ACBP affects 1) energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, 2) response to high-fat feeding and a high oral glucose load, and 3) expression of brown-selective gene programs by quantitative PCR in inguinal WAT (iWAT). To further elucidate the role of the epidermal barrier in systemic energy metabolism, we included mice with defects in skin structural proteins (ma/ma Flgft/ft) in these studies. RESULTS We show that the ACBP-/- mice and skin-specific ACBP-/- knockout mice exhibited increased energy expenditure, increased food intake, browning of the iWAT, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. The metabolic phenotype, including browning of the iWAT, was reversed by housing the mice at thermoneutrality (30 °C) or pharmacological β-adrenergic blocking. Interestingly, these findings were phenocopied in flaky tail mice (ma/ma Flgft/ft). Taken together, we demonstrate that a compromised epidermal barrier induces a β-adrenergic response that increases energy expenditure and browning of the white adipose tissue to maintain a normal body temperature. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that the epidermal barrier plays a key role in maintaining systemic metabolic homeostasis. Thus, regulation of epidermal barrier functions warrants further attention to understand the regulation of systemic metabolism in further detail.
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Daszczuk P, Mazurek P, Pieczonka TD, Olczak A, Boryń ŁM, Kobielak K. An Intrinsic Oscillation of Gene Networks Inside Hair Follicle Stem Cells: An Additional Layer That Can Modulate Hair Stem Cell Activities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:595178. [PMID: 33363148 PMCID: PMC7758224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article explores and summarizes recent progress in and the characterization of main players in the regulation and cyclic regeneration of hair follicles. The review discusses current views and discoveries on the molecular mechanisms that allow hair follicle stem cells (hfSCs) to synergistically integrate homeostasis during quiescence and activation. Discussion elaborates on a model that shows how different populations of skin stem cells coalesce intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, resulting in the maintenance of stemness and hair regenerative potential during an organism’s lifespan. Primarily, we focus on the question of how the intrinsic oscillation of gene networks in hfSCs sense and respond to the surrounding niche environment. The review also investigates the existence of a cell-autonomous mechanism and the reciprocal interactions between molecular signaling axes in hfSCs and niche components, which demonstrates its critical driving force in either the activation of whole mini-organ regeneration or quiescent homeostasis maintenance. These exciting novel discoveries in skin stem cells and the surrounding niche components propose a model of the intrinsic stem cell oscillator which is potentially instructive for translational regenerative medicine. Further studies, deciphering of the distribution of molecular signals coupled with the nature of their oscillation within the stem cells and niche environments, may impact the speed and efficiency of various approaches that could stimulate the development of self-renewal and cell-based therapies for hair follicle stem cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Daszczuk
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paula Mazurek
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz D Pieczonka
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Olczak
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz M Boryń
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kobielak
- Laboratory of Stem Cells, Development and Tissue Regeneration, Centre of New Technologies (CeNT), University of Warsaw (UW), Warsaw, Poland
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Maranesi M, Di Loria A, Dall’Aglio C, Piantedosi D, Lepri E, Ciaramella P, Mercati F. Leptin System in Obese Dog Skin: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122338. [PMID: 33316917 PMCID: PMC7764193 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Obesity is a widespread phenomenon in pets and its growing trend is similar to the human one. It can be associated with skin pathologies but there is little information on this field in domestic animals. Since in obesity adipokine plasmatic levels changes, in this study leptin (LEP) system was evaluated in the skin of obese dogs to observe changes in peripheral tissue. LEP is a hormone produced mainly by the adipose tissue and its serum level may reflect body mass index and BCS. LEP is also expressed in the skin and it has a prominent role in the biology of this tissue promoting cell proliferation and regulating the wound healing process. Investigation performed in obese and normal-weight dogs evidenced LEP and leptin receptor (LEPR) immunostaining in several skin structures. As LEP expression regards, differences were non-significant, while the LEPR transcripts appeared 10 fold higher in obesedogs. No differences were observed in the composition of skin associated immune system. The obese group-increased LEPR expression suggests that the receptor modulates the system control. The LEP system changes in the skin under obesity conditions however, the exact role of LEP in obese dog skin needs further insights. Abstract Obesity predisposes to several health problems including skin diseases. However, information on the relationship between obesity and skin disorders in pets is very scarce. Leptin (LEP) is mainly produced by adipose tissue and has a prominent role in skin biology. This study evaluated the LEP system in the skin of obese dogs compared to normal-weight animals. The investigation was carried out on 10 obese (Obese group) and 10 normal-weight (Normal-weight group) dogs through Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. Cells of skin associated immune system were also evaluated. No differences were evidenced between the two groups as well as skin inflammation. LEP differences were no significant, while LEPR transcript appeared 10-fold higher in obesedogs than in normal-weight ones. Immunostaining for both molecules was observed in several skin structures such as the epidermis, hair follicles, and glands. No differences appeared in the skin associated immune system composition. This study is a preliminary report showing that LEP system changes in obese dog skin. The increased LEPR expression observed in the obese group suggests that the receptor plays a modulating role in the system control. However, the exact role of LEPin the skin under obesity conditions needs further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Maranesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Antonio Di Loria
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II of Napoli, via F. Delpino 1, 080137 Napoli, Italy; (A.D.L.); (D.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Cecilia Dall’Aglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.M.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (E.L.); Tel.: +39-075-585-7633 (C.D.); +39-075-585-7733 (E.L.)
| | - Diego Piantedosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II of Napoli, via F. Delpino 1, 080137 Napoli, Italy; (A.D.L.); (D.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Elvio Lepri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.M.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (E.L.); Tel.: +39-075-585-7633 (C.D.); +39-075-585-7733 (E.L.)
| | - Paolo Ciaramella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University Federico II of Napoli, via F. Delpino 1, 080137 Napoli, Italy; (A.D.L.); (D.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Francesca Mercati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.M.); (F.M.)
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9
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Kovács D, Fazekas F, Oláh A, Törőcsik D. Adipokines in the Skin and in Dermatological Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239048. [PMID: 33260746 PMCID: PMC7730960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are the primary mediators of adipose tissue-induced and regulated systemic inflammatory diseases; however, recent findings revealed that serum levels of various adipokines correlate also with the onset and the severity of dermatological diseases. Importantly, further data confirmed that the skin serves not only as a target for adipokine signaling, but may serve as a source too. In this review, we aim to provide a complex overview on how adipokines may integrate into the (patho) physiological conditions of the skin by introducing the cell types, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and sebocytes, which are known to produce adipokines as well as the signals that target them. Moreover, we discuss data from in vivo and in vitro murine and human studies as well as genetic data on how adipokines may contribute to various aspects of the homeostasis of the skin, e.g., melanogenesis, hair growth, or wound healing, just as to the pathogenesis of dermatological diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Kovács
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.F.)
| | - Fruzsina Fazekas
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.F.)
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (D.K.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-255-602
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10
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Otto PI, Guimarães SEF, Calus MPL, Vandenplas J, Machado MA, Panetto JCC, da Silva MVGB. Single-step genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and post-GWAS analyses to identify genomic regions and candidate genes for milk yield in Brazilian Girolando cattle. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10347-10360. [PMID: 32896396 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Milk production is economically important to the Brazilian agribusiness, and the majority of the country's milk production derives from Girolando (Gir × Holstein) cows. This study aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes associated with 305-d milk yield (305MY) in Girolando cattle. In addition, we investigated the SNP-specific variances for Holstein and Gir breeds of origin within the sequence of candidate genes. A single-step genomic BLUP procedure was used to identify QTL associated with 305MY, and the most likely candidate genes were identified through follow-up analyses. Genomic breeding values specific for Holstein and Gir were estimated in the Girolando animals using a model that uses breed-specific partial relationship matrices, which were converted to breed of origin SNP effects. Differences between breed of origin were evaluated by comparing estimated SNP variances between breeds. From 10 genome regions explaining most additive genetic variance for 305MY in Girolando cattle, 7 candidate genes were identified on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, and 26. Within the sequence of these 7 candidate genes, Gir breed of origin SNP alleles showed the highest genetic variance. These results indicated QTL regions that could be further explored in genomic selection panels and which may also help in understanding the gene mechanisms involved in milk production in the Girolando breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela I Otto
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Simone E F Guimarães
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Mario P L Calus
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremie Vandenplas
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco A Machado
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - João Cláudio C Panetto
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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11
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In Vitro and Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Nine Antiacne Medicinal Plants. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3231413. [PMID: 32695206 PMCID: PMC7368212 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3231413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The present in vitro and randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial aims to determine the efficacy and safety of nine Mediterranean antiacne medicinal plants. The antimicrobial, antisebum, and anti-inflammatory activities of the plant extracts were evaluated in cells from the immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human monocytic cell line (THP-1) as well as in a double-blind, randomized, and placebo‐controlled trial. Most of the extracts showed no significant cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells up to 250 μg/ml. Inula helenium (IH) and Saponaria officinalis (SO) inhibited sebum production at 90 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml, respectively. The inhibition effect of SO on the growth of Cutibacterium acnes was 1.2 times higher than that of chloramphenicol. IH and SO extracts significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced IL-6 and TNF-α production in THP-1 cells reaching the control levels of untreated cells at a concentration of 250 μg/ml. SO, IH, and Solanum nigrum (SN) extracts inhibited the nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, an antiacne herbal cream (AHC) was prepared from different portions of extracts from SO, IH, and SN, and its efficacy was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, and controlled efficacy study with 41 acne patients, ages 18–24, who were asked to apply AHC (n = 27) or a placebo (n = 14) two to three times daily for six weeks. Results obtained indicate that the AHC has unique synergistic effects that halt sebum production, combined with highly antiseptic and anti-inflammatory activity, in which 54.95% (t = 19.37 P < 0.001) of acne inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions disappeared after two weeks, 85.3%, after five weeks (t = 14.19 P < 0.001), and 91.4%, at the end of the sixth week of application (t = 5.7 P < 0.001). In conclusion, SO, IH, and SN as single extracts and in combination as AHC showed significant antimicrobial, antisebum, and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in a double-blind, randomized, and controlled antiacne efficacy. Therefore, AHC represents an interesting alternative treatment for acne.
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Clayton RW, Langan EA, Ansell DM, de Vos IJHM, Göbel K, Schneider MR, Picardo M, Lim X, van Steensel MAM, Paus R. Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:592-624. [PMID: 31970855 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system communicates with peripheral tissues through nerve fibres and the systemic release of hypothalamic and pituitary neurohormones. Communication between the nervous system and the largest human organ, skin, has traditionally received little attention. In particular, the neuro-regulation of sebaceous glands (SGs), a major skin appendage, is rarely considered. Yet, it is clear that the SG is under stringent pituitary control, and forms a fascinating, clinically relevant peripheral target organ in which to study the neuroendocrine and neural regulation of epithelia. Sebum, the major secretory product of the SG, is composed of a complex mixture of lipids resulting from the holocrine secretion of specialised epithelial cells (sebocytes). It is indicative of a role of the neuroendocrine system in SG function that excess circulating levels of growth hormone, thyroxine or prolactin result in increased sebum production (seborrhoea). Conversely, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, and adrenal insufficiency result in reduced sebum production and dry skin. Furthermore, the androgen sensitivity of SGs appears to be under neuroendocrine control, as hypophysectomy (removal of the pituitary) renders SGs largely insensitive to stimulation by testosterone, which is crucial for maintaining SG homeostasis. However, several neurohormones, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, can stimulate sebum production independently of either the testes or the adrenal glands, further underscoring the importance of neuroendocrine control in SG biology. Moreover, sebocytes synthesise several neurohormones and express their receptors, suggestive of the presence of neuro-autocrine mechanisms of sebocyte modulation. Aside from the neuroendocrine system, it is conceivable that secretion of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters from cutaneous nerve endings may also act on sebocytes or their progenitors, given that the skin is richly innervated. However, to date, the neural controls of SG development and function remain poorly investigated and incompletely understood. Botulinum toxin-mediated or facial paresis-associated reduction of human sebum secretion suggests that cutaneous nerve-derived substances modulate lipid and inflammatory cytokine synthesis by sebocytes, possibly implicating the nervous system in acne pathogenesis. Additionally, evidence suggests that cutaneous denervation in mice alters the expression of key regulators of SG homeostasis. In this review, we examine the current evidence regarding neuroendocrine and neurobiological regulation of human SG function in physiology and pathology. We further call attention to this line of research as an instructive model for probing and therapeutically manipulating the mechanistic links between the nervous system and mammalian skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Clayton
- Centre for Dermatology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
| | - Ewan A Langan
- Centre for Dermatology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Department of Dermatology, Allergology und Venereology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
| | - David M Ansell
- Centre for Dermatology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Ivo J H M de Vos
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore
| | - Klaus Göbel
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore.,Department of Dermatology, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne, The University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 26, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin, 10589, Germany
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Centre of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - Xinhong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Maurice A M van Steensel
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 11 Mandalay Road, #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, 308232, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K.,Dr. Phllip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, RMSB 2023A, Miami, FL, 33136, U.S.A.,Monasterium Laboratory, Mendelstraße 17, Münster, 48149, Germany
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13
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Ueyama T, Sakuma M, Nakatsuji M, Uebi T, Hamada T, Aiba A, Saito N. Rac-Dependent Signaling from Keratinocytes Promotes Differentiation of Intradermal White Adipocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:75-84.e6. [PMID: 31351086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rac signaling affects numerous downstream targets in vitro; however, few studies have established in vivo levels. We generated mice with a single knockout (KO) of Rac1 (Keratin5(K5)-Cre;Rac1flox/flox, Rac1-KO) and double KO of Rac1 and Rac3 (K5-Cre;Rac1flox/flox;Rac3-/-, Rac1/Rac3-DKO) in keratinocytes. The hairless phenotype in Rac1-KO mice was markedly exacerbated in Rac1/Rac3-DKO mice. Strikingly, Rac1-KO mice exhibited thinner dermal white adipose tissue, which was considerably further reduced in Rac1/Rac3-DKO mice. DNA microarray using primary keratinocytes from Rac1/Rac3-DKO mice exhibited decreased mRNA levels of Bmp2, Bmp5, Fgf20, Fgf21, Fgfbp1, and Pdgfα. Combinational treatment with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 in culture medium, but not individual purified recombinant proteins, could differentiate 3T3-L1 fibroblasts into adipocytes, as could culture media from primary keratinocytes. Conversely, addition of anti-BMP2 or anti-FGF21 antibodies into the culture medium inhibited fibroblast differentiation. In addition, BMP2 and FGF21 treatment promoted adipocyte differentiation only of rat primary white adipocyte precursors but not rat primary brown adipocyte precursors. Furthermore, BMP2 and FGF21 treatment enhanced adipogenesis of normal human dermal fibroblasts. Notably, brown adipogenesis promoted by FGF21 was inhibited by BMP2. Thus, we propose a complex paracrine pathway from keratinocytes to intradermal pre-adipocytes, which functions as a Rac-dependent modulator of both white and brown adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mio Nakatsuji
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Uebi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hamada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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14
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Kasza I, Adler D, Nelson DW, Eric Yen CL, Dumas S, Ntambi JM, MacDougald OA, Hernando D, Porter WP, Best FA, Alexander CM. Evaporative cooling provides a major metabolic energy sink. Mol Metab 2019; 27:47-61. [PMID: 31302039 PMCID: PMC6717770 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Elimination of food calories as heat could help redress the excess accumulation of metabolic energy exhibited as obesity. Prior studies have focused on the induction of thermogenesis in beige and brown adipose tissues as the application of this principle, particularly because the β-adrenergic environment associated with thermogenic activation has been shown to have positive health implications. The counterpoint to this strategy is the regulation of heat loss; we propose that mammals with inefficient heat conservation will require more thermogenesis to maintain body temperature. Methods Surface temperature thermography and rates of trans-epidermal water loss were integrated to profile the total heat transfer of genetically-engineered and genetically variable mice. Results These data were incorporated with energy expenditure data to generate a biophysical profile to test the significance of increased rates of evaporative cooling. Conclusions We show that mouse skins vary considerably in their heat retention properties, whether because of naturally occurring variation (SKH-1 mice), or genetic modification of the heat-retaining lipid lamellae (SCD1, DGAT1 or Agouti Ay obese mice). In particular, we turn attention to widely different rates of evaporative cooling as the result of trans-epidermal water loss; higher rates of heat loss by evaporative cooling leads to increased demand for thermogenesis. We speculate that this physiology could be harnessed to create an energy sink to assist with strategies aimed at treating metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Kasza
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Doug Adler
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - David W Nelson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - C-L Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Sabrina Dumas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - James M Ntambi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, United States
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Warren P Porter
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Fred A Best
- Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - C M Alexander
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States.
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15
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Brément T, Cossec C, Roux C, Knol AC, Dréno B, Khammari A, Bourdeau P, Bruet V. Expression of Three Adipokines (Adiponectin, Leptin and Resistin) in Normal Canine Skin: a Pilot Study. J Comp Pathol 2018; 167:82-90. [PMID: 30503576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.10.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adipokines are biologically active cytokines that are mainly produced in adipose tissue. There is evidence, in man and mice, that some adipokines may be secreted in other tissues including the vascular endothelium, epithelia and sebaceous glands. Moreover, modified serum levels of adipokines have been detected in people with acne vulgaris or psoriasis; it is suspected that adipokines could contribute to local and systemic inflammatory conditions. We aimed to evaluate the expression of three adipokines (i.e. leptin, adiponectin and resistin) in normal canine skin. Formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded punch biopsy samples were obtained from the sparsely-haired skin of the caudal ventral abdomen of a single clinically healthy dog with no history of skin disease. Immunohistochemistry was applied, using rabbit polyclonal primary antibodies specific for leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Adipokines were not expressed in normal canine dermis or hypodermis. In contrast, they were detected in the keratinocytes of all epidermal layers and hair follicle segments, sebocytes, apocrine gland cells and in the vascular endothelium. This is the first report on the expression of adipokines in normal canine skin, a first step in studying their role in the skin physiology and inflammatory skin diseases of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brément
- Dermatology/Parasitology/Mycology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine-ONIRIS, University of Nantes, CS 40706, Nantes, France
| | - C Cossec
- NP3 Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine-ONIRIS, University of Nantes, CS 40706, Nantes 44307, France
| | - C Roux
- Dermatology/Parasitology/Mycology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine-ONIRIS, University of Nantes, CS 40706, Nantes, France
| | - A C Knol
- CRCINA, INSERM, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - B Dréno
- CRCINA, INSERM, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France; Dermatology Service, CIC1413, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - A Khammari
- CRCINA, INSERM, University of Angers, University of Nantes, Nantes, France; Dermatology Service, CIC1413, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - P Bourdeau
- Dermatology/Parasitology/Mycology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine-ONIRIS, University of Nantes, CS 40706, Nantes, France; NP3 Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine-ONIRIS, University of Nantes, CS 40706, Nantes 44307, France
| | - V Bruet
- Dermatology/Parasitology/Mycology Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine-ONIRIS, University of Nantes, CS 40706, Nantes, France; NP3 Unit, School of Veterinary Medicine-ONIRIS, University of Nantes, CS 40706, Nantes 44307, France.
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16
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Bhagat HA, Compton SA, Musso DL, Laudeman CP, Jackson KMP, Yi NY, Nierobisz LS, Forsberg L, Brenman JE, Sexton JZ. N-substituted phenylbenzamides of the niclosamide chemotype attenuate obesity related changes in high fat diet fed mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204605. [PMID: 30359371 PMCID: PMC6201879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are primary risk factors for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is generally exhibited by non-progressive simple steatosis. However, a significant subset of patient’s progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that is defined by the presence of steatosis, inflammation and hepatocyte injury with fibrosis. Unfortunately, there are no approved therapies for NAFLD or NASH and therefore therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Niclosamide is an U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved anthelmintic drug that mediates its effect by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Niclosamide and its salt forms, Niclosamide Ethanolamine (NEN), and Niclosamide Piperazine (NPP) have shown efficacy in murine models of diet induced obesity characterized by attenuation of the prominent fatty liver disease phenotype and improved glucose metabolism. While the exact mechanism(s) underlying these changes remains unclear, the ability to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation leading to increased energy expenditure and lipid metabolism or attenuation of PKA mediated glucagon signaling in the liver have been proposed. Unfortunately, niclosamide has very poor water solubility, leading to low oral bioavailability. This, in addition to mitochondrial uncoupling activity and potential genotoxicity have reduced enthusiasm for its clinical use. More recently, salt forms of niclosamide, NEN and NPP, have demonstrated improved oral bioavailability while retaining activity. This suggests that development of safer more effective niclosamide derivatives for the treatment of NAFLD and Type 2 Diabetes may be possible. Herein we explored the ability of a series of N-substituted phenylbenzamide derivatives of the niclosamide salicylanilide chemotype to attenuate hepatic steatosis using a novel phenotypic in vitro model of fatty liver and the high fat diet-fed mouse model of diet induced obesity. These studies identified novel compounds with improved pre-clinical properties that attenuate hepatic steatosis in vitro and in vivo. These compounds with improved drug properties may be useful in alleviating symptoms and protection against disease progression in patients with metabolic syndrome and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiral A. Bhagat
- Curl Bio LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - David L. Musso
- Curl Bio LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | - Na Young Yi
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lidia S. Nierobisz
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Forsberg
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jay E. Brenman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Curl Bio LLC, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Shetage SS, Traynor MJ, Brown MB, Chilcott RP. Sebomic identification of sex- and ethnicity-specific variations in residual skin surface components (RSSC) for bio-monitoring or forensic applications. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:194. [PMID: 30131075 PMCID: PMC6103988 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background “Residual skin surface components” (RSSC) is the collective term used for the superficial layer of sebum, residue of sweat, small quantities of intercellular lipids and components of natural moisturising factor present on the skin surface. Potential applications of RSSC include use as a sampling matrix for identifying biomarkers of disease, environmental exposure monitoring, and forensics (retrospective identification of exposure to toxic chemicals). However, it is essential to first define the composition of “normal” RSSC. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to characterise RSSC to determine commonalities and differences in RSSC composition in relation to sex and ethnicity. Methods Samples of RSSC were acquired from volunteers using a previously validated method and analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation–mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS). The resulting data underwent sebomic analysis. Results The composition and abundance of RSSC components varied according to sex and ethnicity. The normalised abundance of free fatty acids, wax esters, diglycerides and triglycerides was significantly higher in males than females. Ethnicity-specific differences were observed in free fatty acids and a diglyceride. Conclusions The HPLC-APCI-MS method developed in this study was successfully used to analyse the normal composition of RSSC. Compositional differences in the RSSC can be attributed to sex and ethnicity and may reflect underlying factors such as diet, hormonal levels and enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit S Shetage
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Matthew J Traynor
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Marc B Brown
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.,MedPharm Ltd, 50 Occam Road, Surrey Research Park, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7AB, UK
| | - Robert P Chilcott
- Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane Campus, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
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18
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Awazawa M, Gabel P, Tsaousidou E, Nolte H, Krüger M, Schmitz J, Ackermann PJ, Brandt C, Altmüller J, Motameny S, Wunderlich FT, Kornfeld JW, Blüher M, Brüning JC. A microRNA screen reveals that elevated hepatic ectodysplasin A expression contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Nat Med 2017; 23:1466-1473. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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19
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Wang H, Airola MV, Reue K. How lipid droplets "TAG" along: Glycerolipid synthetic enzymes and lipid storage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1131-1145. [PMID: 28642195 PMCID: PMC5688854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAG) serve as the predominant form of energy storage in mammalian cells, and TAG synthesis influences conditions such as obesity, fatty liver, and insulin resistance. In most tissues, the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway enzymes are responsible for TAG synthesis, and the regulation and function of these enzymes is therefore important for metabolic homeostasis. Here we review the sites and regulation of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT), lipin phosphatidic acid phosphatase (PAP), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzyme action. We highlight the critical roles that these enzymes play in human health by reviewing Mendelian disorders that result from mutation in the corresponding genes. We also summarize the valuable insights that genetically engineered mouse models have provided into the cellular and physiological roles of GPATs, AGPATs, lipins and DGATs. Finally, we comment on the status and feasibility of therapeutic approaches to metabolic disease that target enzymes of the glycerol 3-phosphate pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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20
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Sardella C, Winkler C, Quignodon L, Hardman JA, Toffoli B, Giordano Attianese GMP, Hundt JE, Michalik L, Vinson CR, Paus R, Desvergne B, Gilardi F. Delayed Hair Follicle Morphogenesis and Hair Follicle Dystrophy in a Lipoatrophy Mouse Model of Pparg Total Deletion. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:500-510. [PMID: 28964716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PPARγ regulates multiple aspects of skin physiology, including sebocyte differentiation, keratinocyte proliferation, epithelial stem cell survival, adipocyte biology, and inflammatory skin responses. However, the effects of its global deletion, namely of nonredundant key functions of PPARγ signaling in mammalian skin, are yet unknown because of embryonic lethality. Here, we describe the skin and hair phenotype of a whole-body PPARγ-null mouse (PpargΔ/Δ), obtained by preserving PPARγ expression in the placenta. PpargΔ/Δ mice exhibited total lipoatrophy and complete absence of sebaceous glands. Right after birth, hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis was transiently delayed, along with reduced expression of HF differentiation markers and of transcriptional regulators necessary for HF development. Later, adult PpargΔ/Δ mice developed scarring alopecia and severe perifollicular inflammation. Skin analyses in other models of lipodystrophy, AZIPtg/+ and Adipoq-Cretg/+Ppargfl/fl mice, coupled with skin graft experiments, showed that the early defects observed in hair morphogenesis were caused by the absence of adipose tissue. In contrast, the late alteration of HF cycle and appearance of inflammation were observed only in PpargΔ/Δ mice and likely were due to the lack sebaceous glands. Our findings underscore the increasing appreciation for the importance of adipose tissue-mediated signals in HF development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Sardella
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carine Winkler
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laure Quignodon
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan A Hardman
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barbara Toffoli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jennifer E Hundt
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles R Vinson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Laboratory of Metabolism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Béatrice Desvergne
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federica Gilardi
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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21
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Kruse V, Neess D, Færgeman NJ. The Significance of Epidermal Lipid Metabolism in Whole-Body Physiology. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:669-683. [PMID: 28668301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest sensory organ of the human body. The skin not only prevents loss of water and other components of the body, but also is involved in regulation of body temperature and serves as an essential barrier, protecting mammals from both routine and extreme environments. Given the importance of the skin in temperature regulation, it is surprising that adaptive alterations in skin functions and morphology only vaguely have been associated with systemic physiological responses. Despite that impaired lipid metabolism in the skin often impairs the epidermal permeability barrier and insulation properties of the skin, its role in regulating systemic physiology and metabolism is yet to be recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Kruse
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ditte Neess
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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22
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Li X, He C, Chen Z, Zhou C, Gan Y, Jia Y. A review of the role of sebum in the mechanism of acne pathogenesis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2017; 16:168-173. [DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development; School of Science; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing China
| | - Congfen He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development; School of Science; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Dermatology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology; Peking University People's Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Yao Gan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development; School of Science; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing China
| | - Yan Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development; School of Science; Beijing Technology and Business University; Beijing China
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Ma Z, Onorato JM, Chen L, Nelson DW, Yen CLE, Cheng D. Synthesis of neutral ether lipid monoalkyl-diacylglycerol by lipid acyltransferases. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1091-1099. [PMID: 28420705 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m073445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, ether lipids exert a wide spectrum of signaling and structural functions, such as stimulation of immune responses, anti-tumor activities, and enhancement of sperm functions. Abnormal accumulation of monoalkyl-diacylglycerol (MADAG) was found in Wolman's disease, a human genetic disorder defined by a deficiency in lysosomal acid lipase. In the current study, we found that among the nine recombinant human lipid acyltransferases examined, acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)1, DGAT2, acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT)2, MGAT3, acyl-CoA:wax-alcohol acyltransferase 2/MFAT, and DGAT candidate 3 were able to use 1-monoalkylglycerol (1-MAkG) as an acyl acceptor for the synthesis of monoalkyl-monoacylglycerol (MAMAG). These enzymes demonstrated different enzymatic turnover rates and relative efficiencies for the first and second acylation steps leading to the synthesis of MAMAG and MADAG, respectively. They also exhibited different degrees of substrate preference when presented with 1-monooleoylglycerol versus 1-MAkG. In CHO-K1 cells, treatment with DGAT1 selective inhibitor, XP-620, completely blocked the synthesis of MADAG, indicating that DGAT1 is the predominant enzyme responsible for the intracellular synthesis of MADAG in this model system. The levels of MADAG in the adrenal gland of DGAT1 KO mice were reduced as compared with those of the WT mice, suggesting that DGAT1 is a major enzyme for the synthesis of MADAG in this tissue. Our findings indicate that several of these lipid acyltransferases may be able to synthesize neutral ether lipids in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Ma
- Departments of Fibrosis Discovery Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400
| | - Joelle M Onorato
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400
| | - Luping Chen
- Departments of Fibrosis Discovery Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400
| | - David W Nelson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Chi-Liang Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Dong Cheng
- Departments of Fibrosis Discovery Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08543-5400
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Fischer H, Fumicz J, Rossiter H, Napirei M, Buchberger M, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Holocrine Secretion of Sebum Is a Unique DNase2-Dependent Mode of Programmed Cell Death. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:587-594. [PMID: 27771328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands produce sebum via holocrine secretion, a largely uncharacterized mode of programmed cell death that contributes to the homeostasis and barrier function of the skin. To determine the mechanism of DNA degradation during sebocyte cell death, we have inactivated candidate DNA-degrading enzymes by targeted gene deletions in mice. DNase1 and DNase1-like 2 were dispensable for nuclear DNA degradation in sebocytes. By contrast, epithelial cell-specific deletion of lysosomal DNase2 blocked DNA degradation in these cells. DNA breakdown during sebocyte differentiation coincided with the loss of LAMP1 and was accelerated by the abrogation of autophagy, the central cellular program of lysosome-dependent catabolism. Suppression of DNA degradation by the deletion of DNase2 resulted in aberrantly increased concentrations of residual DNA and decreased amounts of the DNA metabolite uric acid in secreted sebum. These results define holocrine secretion as a DNase2-mediated form of programmed cell death and suggest that autophagy-dependent metabolism, DNA degradation, and the molecular composition of sebum are mechanistically linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Fischer
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Fumicz
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidemarie Rossiter
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Napirei
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Leptin Expression in Wound Healing: A Clue to Exuberant Scar Formation. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:296-306. [PMID: 26258753 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leptin has been recognized as an important factor for promoting normal cutaneous wound healing. The aim of this work was to explore leptin expression in keloid and hypertrophic scars (HS) compared with surgical scars and normal skin. The relationship of this expression with clinicopathologic parameters of studied cases was also evaluated. Using immunohistochemical techniques, leptin was analyzed in skin biopsies of 60 nonobese subjects without metabolic syndrome who presented with keloids (20), HS (20), and surgical scars (20). Twenty normal skin samples, from age-matched, sex-matched, and body mass index-matched subjects, were enrolled as a control group. Leptin showed positive immunoreactivity in epidermis in all cases of surgical scars and keloids and in 75% of HS cases. Dermal expression in fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells was positive in all cases of surgical scars and keloids and in 70% of HS cases. Leptin was overexpressed in keloids and HS compared with normal skin in epidermis (P<0.001 for both) and dermis (P<0.001 for both) and to surgical scars both in epidermis (P=0.0006, P=0.01, respectively) and dermis (P=0.0001, P=0.001, respectively). Higher leptin H score was significantly associated with older age (P=0.02) and positive family history (P=0.002) in keloid cases and with axial site in keloid and HS cases (P=0.001, P=0.02, respectively). Significant positive correlation was noted between epidermal and dermal leptin H scores in keloids (r=+0.37, P=0.04) and HS (r=+0.39, P=0.02). This may be due to epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in scar pathogenesis. In conclusion, in situ leptin overexpression may increase the possibility of keloid and HS occurrence through altered cytokine production and prolonged healing phases with excessive deposition and delayed collagen degradation. This may open an avenue for research for new therapeutic modalities based on its inhibition.
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26
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Ehrmann C, Schneider MR. Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4623-4642. [PMID: 27457558 PMCID: PMC11108334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body sites such as the eyelids (Meibomian glands) or the preputial glands. Depending on their location, SG fulfill a number of functions, including protection of the skin and fur, thermoregulation, formation of the tear lipid film, and pheromone-based communication. Accordingly, SG abnormalities are associated with several diseases such as acne, cicatricial alopecia, and dry eye disease. An increasing number of genetically modified laboratory mouse lines develop SG abnormalities, and their study may provide important clues regarding the molecular pathways regulating SG development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we summarize in tabulated form the available mouse lines with SG abnormalities and, focusing on selected examples, discuss the insights they provide into SG biology and pathology. We hope this survey will become a helpful information source for researchers with a primary interest in SG but also as for researchers from unrelated fields that are unexpectedly confronted with a SG phenotype in newly generated mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Zouboulis CC, Picardo M, Ju Q, Kurokawa I, Törőcsik D, Bíró T, Schneider MR. Beyond acne: Current aspects of sebaceous gland biology and function. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:319-334. [PMID: 27726049 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sebaceous gland is most commonly found in association with a hair follicle. Its traditional function is the holocrine production of sebum, a complex mixture of lipids, cell debris, and other rather poorly characterized substances. Due to the gland's central role in acne pathogenesis, early research had focused on its lipogenic activity. Less studied aspects of the sebaceous gland, such as stem cell biology, the regulation of cellular differentiation by transcription factors, the significance of specific lipid fractions, the endocrine and specially the neuroendocrine role of the sebaceous gland, and its contribution to the innate immunity, the detoxification of the skin, and skin aging have only recently attracted the attention of researchers from different disciplines. Here, we summarize recent multidisciplinary progress in sebaceous gland research and discuss how sebaceous gland research may stimulate the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeting specific molecular pathways of the pathogenesis of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Auenweg 38, 06847, Dessau, Germany.
| | - Mauro Picardo
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Qiang Ju
- Department of Dermatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ichiro Kurokawa
- Department of Dermatology, Meiwa Hospital, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Dániel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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28
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Yue Y, Guo T, Yuan C, Liu J, Guo J, Feng R, Niu C, Sun X, Yang B. Integrated Analysis of the Roles of Long Noncoding RNA and Coding RNA Expression in Sheep (Ovis aries) Skin during Initiation of Secondary Hair Follicle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156890. [PMID: 27276011 PMCID: PMC4898689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of hair follicle (HF) is the first and most important stage of HF morphogenesis. However the precise molecular mechanism of initiation of hair follicle remains elusive. Meanwhile, in previous study, the more attentions had been paid to the function of genes, while the roles of non-coding RNAs (such as long noncoding RNA and microRNA) had not been described. Therefore, the roles of long noncoding RNA(LncRNA) and coding RNA in sheep skin during the initiation of sheep secondary HF were integrated and analyzed, by using strand-specific RNA sequencing (ssRNA-seq).A total of 192 significant differentially expressed genes were detected, including 67 up-regulated genes and 125 down-regulated genes between stage 0 and stage 1 of HF morphogenesis during HF initiation. Only Wnt2, FGF20 were just significant differentially expressed among Wnt, Shh, Notch and BMP signaling pathways. Further expression profile analysis of lncRNAs showed that 884 novel lncRNAs were discovered in sheep skin expression profiles. A total of 15 lncRNAs with significant differential expression were detected, 6 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated. Among of differentially expressed genes and LncRNA, XLOC002437 lncRNA and potential target gene COL6A6 were all significantly down-regulated in stage 1. Furthermore, by using RNAhybrid, XLOC005698 may be as a competing endogenous RNA ''sponges" oar-miR-3955-5p activity. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses indicated that the significantly enriched pathway was peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) pathway (corrected P-value < 0.05), indicating that PPAR pathway is likely to play significant roles during the initiation of secondary HF.Results suggest that the key differentially expressed genes and LncRNAs may be considered as potential candidate genes for further study on the molecular mechanisms of HF initiation, as well as supplying some potential values for understanding human hair disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojing Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruilin Feng
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chune Niu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bohui Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
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Dahlhoff M, Camera E, Schäfer M, Emrich D, Riethmacher D, Foster A, Paus R, Schneider MR. Sebaceous lipids are essential for water repulsion, protection against UVB-induced apoptosis and ocular integrity in mice. Development 2016; 143:1823-31. [PMID: 26989175 DOI: 10.1242/dev.132753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sebocytes, which are characterized by lipid accumulation that leads to cell disruption, can be found in hair follicle-associated sebaceous glands (SGs) or in free SGs such as the Meibomian glands in the eyelids. Because genetic tools that allow targeting of sebocytes while maintaining intact epidermal lipids are lacking, the relevance of sebaceous lipids in health and disease remains poorly understood. Using Scd3, which is expressed exclusively in mature sebocytes, we established a mouse line with sebocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase. Both RT-PCR analysis and crossing into Rosa26-lacZ reporter mice and Kras(G12D) mice confirmed Cre activity specifically in SGs, with no activity in other skin compartments. Importantly, loss of SCD3 function did not cause detectable phenotypical alterations, endorsing the usefulness of Scd3-Cre mice for further functional studies. Scd3-Cre-induced, diphtheria chain A toxin-mediated depletion of sebaceous lipids resulted in impaired water repulsion and thermoregulation, increased rates of UVB-induced epidermal apoptosis and caused a severe pathology of the ocular surface resembling Meibomian gland dysfunction. This novel mouse line will be useful for further investigating the roles of sebaceous lipids in skin and eye integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Dahlhoff
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Emanuela Camera
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome 00144, Italy
| | - Matthias Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Emrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
| | - Dieter Riethmacher
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - April Foster
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
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Koh EJ, Kim KJ, Choi J, Jeon HJ, Seo MJ, Lee BY. Ginsenoside Rg1 suppresses early stage of adipocyte development via activation of C/EBP homologous protein-10 in 3T3-L1 and attenuates fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish. J Ginseng Res 2015; 41:23-30. [PMID: 28123318 PMCID: PMC5223064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rg1 is a class of steroid glycoside and triterpene saponin in Panax ginseng. Many studies suggest that Rg1 suppresses adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1. However, the detail molecular mechanism of Rg1 on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 is still not fully understood. Methods 3T3-L1 preadipocyte was used to evaluate the effect of Rg1 on adipocyte development in the differentiation in a stage-dependent manner in vitro. Oil Red O staining and Nile red staining were conducted to measure intracellular lipid accumulation and superoxide production, respectively. We analyzed the protein expression using Western blot in vitro. The zebrafish model was used to investigate whether Rg1 suppresses the early stage of fat accumulation in vivo. Results Rg1 decreased lipid accumulation in early-stage differentiation of 3T3-L1 compared with intermediate and later stages of adipocyte differentiation. Rg1 dramatically increased CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein-10 (CHOP10) and subsequently reduced the C/EBPβ transcriptional activity that prohibited the initiation of adipogenic marker expression as well as triglyceride synthase. Rg1 decreased the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β, which are also essential for stimulating the expression of CEBPβ. Rg1 also reduced reactive oxygen species production because of the downregulated protein level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4). While Rg1 increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, it also dramatically decreased the accumulation of lipid and triglyceride in high fat diet-induced obese zebrafish. Conclusion We demonstrated that Rg1 suppresses early-stage differentiation via the activation of CHOP10 and attenuates fat accumulation in vivo. These results indicate that Rg1 might have the potential to reduce body fat accumulation in the early stage of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Koh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kui-Jin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jia Choi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hui Jeon Jeon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Min-Jung Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Boo-Yong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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31
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Balogun KA, Cheema SK. Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acids Prevented Adipocyte Hypertrophy by Downregulating DGAT-2 and FABP-4 in a Sex-Dependent Fashion. Lipids 2015; 51:25-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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32
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Yang RM, Liu F, He ZD, Ji M, Chu XX, Kang ZY, Cai DY, Gao NN. Anti-obesity effect of total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum Blume in fatty diet-fed mice via up-regulating leptin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 169:459-465. [PMID: 25576894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Chinese folk medicine, the leaves of Ligustrum robustum Blume (LR) were commonly used in the treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemia. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effect and mechanisms of total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum Blume (LRTPG) in fatty diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mice were divided randomly into 6 groups, i.e., control, model, positive (Orlistat 0.12g/kg), and LRTPG at three dosages (0.3, 0.6 or 1.2g/kg), respectively. Control mice were fed with standard diet; the others were fed with fatty diet. After 4 weeks׳ modeling, therapy mice were intragastrically administrated with positive drug or LRTPG for 5 weeks, respectively. Pharmacodynamic effects including body weight, fat weight, Lee׳s index, serum lipid levels, morphological changes and adipocyte area ratio were evaluated. The mechanisms were explored as the factors related to lipids metabolism in gene expressions by real-time PCR, and assured as the protein level of differential gene by Western blotting. RESULTS The anti-obesity effects of LRTPG in all treated mice were shown as decreased body weight, fat mass, Lee׳s index, total cholesterol (TC) level, and adipocyte area. The mechanisms were demonstrated as elevated mRNA and protein levels of adipose leptin, and consequently decreasing mRNA of adipose acyl coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) with increasing mRNA of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), which led to inhibition of triglyceride (TG) synthesis and promotion of cholesterol catabolism. CONCLUSIONS The anti-obesity effect of LRTPG in fatty diet-fed mice was related to the up-regulation of leptin, which may provide scientific evidence supporting the traditional usage of LR on obesity in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-mei Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen-dan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Min Ji
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-xin Chu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhuo-ying Kang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Da-yong Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nan-nan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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33
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Yue Y, Guo T, Liu J, Guo J, Yuan C, Feng R, Niu C, Sun X, Yang B. Exploring Differentially Expressed Genes and Natural Antisense Transcripts in Sheep (Ovis aries) Skin with Different Wool Fiber Diameters by Digital Gene Expression Profiling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129249. [PMID: 26076016 PMCID: PMC4468096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wool fiber diameter (WFD) is the most important economic trait of wool. However, the genes specifically controlling WFD remain elusive. In this study, the expression profiles of skin from two groups of Gansu Alpine merino sheep with different WFD (a super-fine wool group [FD = 18.0 ± 0.5 μm, n=3] and a fine wool group [FD=23.0 ± 0.5 μm, n=3]) were analyzed using next-generation sequencing-based digital gene expression profiling. A total of 40 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, including 9 up-regulated genes and 31 down-regulated genes. Further expression profile analysis of natural antisense transcripts (NATs) showed that more than 30% of the genes presented in sheep skin expression profiles had NATs. A total of 7 NATs with significant differential expression were detected, and all were down-regulated. Among of 40 DEGs, 3 DEGs (AQP8, Bos d2, and SPRR) had significant NATs which were all significantly down-regulated in the super-fine wool group. In total of DEGs and NATs were summarized as 3 main GO categories and 38 subcategories. Among the molecular functions, cellular components and biological processes categories, binding, cell part and metabolic process were the most dominant subcategories, respectively. However, no significant enrichment of GO terms was found (corrected P-value >0.05). The pathways that were significantly enriched with significant DEGs and NATs were mainly the lipoic acid metabolism, bile secretion, salivary secretion and ribosome and phenylalanine metabolism pathways (P < 0.05). The results indicated that expression of NATs and gene transcripts were correlated, suggesting a role in gene regulation. The discovery of these DEGs and NATs could facilitate enhanced selection for super-fine wool sheep through gene-assisted selection or targeted gene manipulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojing Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruilin Feng
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chune Niu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Sun
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bohui Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangouyan Street, Lanzhou, China
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Chen L, Faas GC, Ferando I, Mody I. Novel insights into the behavioral analysis of mice subjected to the forced-swim test. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e551. [PMID: 25871976 PMCID: PMC4462607 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The forced-swim test (FST) is one of the most widely used rodent behavioral assays, in which the immobility of animals is used to assess the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs. However, the existing, and mostly arbitrary, criteria used for quantification could lead to biased results. Here we believe we uncovered new confounding factors, revealed new indices to interpret the behavior of mice and propose an unbiased means for quantification of the FST.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Ph.D. Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G C Faas
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles Young Drive S, NRB1 575D, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. E-mail: or
| | - I Ferando
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - I Mody
- Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Physiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles Young Drive S, NRB1 575D, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. E-mail: or
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acyltransferase (AT) catalyzes the transfer of an acyl moiety from acyl-coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) to an acceptor. ATs play important roles in the maintenance of homeostasis in the human body and have been linked to various diseases; therefore, several ATs have been proposed as potential targets for the treatment or prevention of such diseases. The AT family includes acyl-CoA:cholesterol AT (ACAT), diacylglycerol AT (DGAT), and monoacylglycerol AT (MGAT) for the metabolism of lipids. Furthermore, recent molecular biological studies revealed the existence of their isozymes with distinct functions in the body. AREAS COVERED This review summarized patent filings published between 2010 and the present date that claimed isozyme-selective inhibitors of ACAT, DGAT and MGAT, which are involved in neutral lipid metabolism. EXPERT OPINION Isozymes of ACAT, DGAT and MGAT play distinct functions in neutral lipid metabolism in the human body and have been considered as potential therapeutic targets. Accordingly, isozyme-selective inhibitors that could be used in the treatment or prevention of lipid metabolism disorders were searched for. Of these, pyripyropene A derivatives, ACAT2-selective inhibitors, may be potential therapeutics for the treatment of atherosclerosis, homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Ohshiro
- Kitasato University, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
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36
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Törőcsik D, Kovács D, Camera E, Lovászi M, Cseri K, Nagy GG, Molinaro R, Rühl R, Tax G, Szabó K, Picardo M, Kemény L, Zouboulis CC, Remenyik É. Leptin promotes a proinflammatory lipid profile and induces inflammatory pathways in human SZ95 sebocytes. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171:1326-35. [PMID: 24975960 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, the adipocyte-secreted hormone that regulates weight, is known to link lipid metabolism with inflammation in various cell types. However, its role in human sebocytes has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of leptin in human sebaceous gland biology. METHODS Expression of the long form of the leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) was detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunochemistry. Lipid analysis was by high-performance thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and time-of-flight mass spectrometer mass detection. Lipid bodies were visualized by BODIPY staining using fluorescent microscopy and measured by flow cytometry. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels were assessed by real-time qRT-PCR and their release was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and 5-lipooxygenase (LOX) protein expression and phosphorylation of p65 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Expression of Ob-Rb was detected in human sebaceous glands and in cultured human SZ95 sebocytes. The treatment of SZ95 sebocytes with leptin led to enlarged intracellular lipid bodies, increased ratios of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids and decreased vitamin E levels. Further supporting a proinflammatory role, leptin induced COX-2 and 5-LOX expression in SZ95 sebocytes and augmented the production of IL-6 and IL-8 cytokines. On leptin treatment, the STAT-3 and nuclear factor-κB pathways were activated, indicating that these known leptin signalling pathways are active in human sebocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that leptin signalling may be involved in the proinflammatory regulation of sebaceous lipid metabolism and the induction of inflammatory enzymes and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H4032, Hungary
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37
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Zhang P, Kling RE, Ravuri SK, Kokai LE, Rubin JP, Chai JK, Marra KG. A review of adipocyte lineage cells and dermal papilla cells in hair follicle regeneration. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414556850. [PMID: 25383178 PMCID: PMC4221925 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414556850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is an exceedingly prevalent problem effecting men and women of all ages. The standard of care for alopecia involves either transplanting existing hair follicles to bald areas or attempting to stimulate existing follicles with topical and/or oral medication. Yet, these treatment options are fraught with problems of cost, side effects, and, most importantly, inadequate long-term hair coverage. Innovative cell-based therapies have focused on the dermal papilla cell as a way to grow new hair in previously bald areas. However, despite this attention, many obstacles exist, including retention of dermal papilla inducing ability and maintenance of dermal papilla productivity after several passages of culture. The use of adipocyte lineage cells, including adipose-derived stem cells, has shown promise as a cell-based solution to regulate hair regeneration and may help in maintaining or increasing dermal papilla cells inducing hair ability. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of the cellular contribution and regulation of dermal papilla cells and summarize adipocyte lineage cells in hair regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Russell E Kling
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sudheer K Ravuri
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren E Kokai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Peter Rubin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jia-Ke Chai
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Kacey G Marra
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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38
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He S, Hong Q, Lai Z, Yang DX, Ting PC, Kuethe JT, Cernak TA, Dykstra KD, Sperbeck DM, Wu Z, Yu Y, Yang GX, Jian T, Liu J, Guiadeen D, Krikorian AD, Sonatore LM, Wiltsie J, Liu J, Gorski JN, Chung CC, Gibson JT, Lisnock J, Xiao J, Wolff M, Tong SX, Madeira M, Karanam BV, Shen DM, Balkovec JM, Pinto S, Nargund RP, DeVita RJ. Discovery of a Potent and Selective DGAT1 Inhibitor with a Piperidinyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid Moiety. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1082-7. [PMID: 25349648 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery of a novel series of DGAT1 inhibitors in the benzimidazole class with a piperdinyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid moiety. This novel series possesses significantly improved selectivity against the A2A receptor, no ACAT1 off-target activity at 10 μM, and higher aqueous solubility and free fraction in plasma as compared to the previously reported pyridyl-oxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid series. In particular, 5B was shown to possess an excellent selectivity profile by screening it against a panel of more than 100 biological targets. Compound 5B significantly reduces lipid excursion in LTT in mouse and rat, demonstrates DGAT1 mediated reduction of food intake and body weight in mice, is negative in a 3-strain Ames test, and appears to distribute preferentially in the liver and the intestine in mice. We believe this lead series possesses significant potential to identify optimized compounds for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen He
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qingmei Hong
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhong Lai
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - David X. Yang
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Pauline C. Ting
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Kuethe
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Timothy A. Cernak
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kevin D. Dykstra
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Donald M. Sperbeck
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhicai Wu
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ginger X. Yang
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tianying Jian
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Deodial Guiadeen
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Arto D. Krikorian
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lisa M. Sonatore
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Judyann Wiltsie
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jinqi Liu
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Judith N. Gorski
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christine C. Chung
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jack T. Gibson
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - JeanMarie Lisnock
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jianying Xiao
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Wolff
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sharon X. Tong
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Maria Madeira
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Bindhu V. Karanam
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Dong-Ming Shen
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - James M. Balkovec
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi P. Nargund
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert J. DeVita
- Early Development and Discovery
Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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39
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Mercati F, Maranesi M, Dall’Aglio C, Scocco P, Pascucci L, Boiti C, Ceccarelli P. Leptin receptor is expressed by epidermis and skin appendages in dog. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1270-5. [PMID: 25131155 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is a polypeptide secreted by adipocytes which binds to a specific receptor (Ob-R) that is expressed in various tissues. The wide distribution of the Ob-R suggests that leptin might exert diverse biological functions, not only by regulating energy metabolism and appetite, but also by acting as a mitogen in many cell types, including keratinocytes. In this study, the presence and localization of Ob-R was investigated in the skin of the dog using RT-PCR and immunohistochemical techniques. RT-PCR revealed the presence of Ob-R m-RNA in the skin specimens collected from the dorsal region of two smooth coat breed dogs. Through immunohistochemistry performed on the skin of five dogs, the expression of the receptor was observed in the basal layer of the epidermis, in the hair follicles as well as in the apocrine sweat and sebaceous glands. No staining for Ob-R was detected in the suprabasal epidermis layers. Strong positive signals were observed in many cells of the outer root sheath of hair follicles in growing and in regressive phases. The identification of Ob-R in the above targets suggests that leptin may play a role in the regulation of cyclic renewal of the epidermis and skin appendages in dog. This study represents an important contribution to understand the complex mechanisms that are involved in the skin biology in this species.
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40
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Yen CLE, Nelson DW, Yen MI. Intestinal triacylglycerol synthesis in fat absorption and systemic energy metabolism. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:489-501. [PMID: 25231105 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r052902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays a prominent role in the biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (triglyceride; TAG). Digested dietary TAG is repackaged in the intestine to form the hydrophobic core of chylomicrons, which deliver metabolic fuels, essential fatty acids, and other lipid-soluble nutrients to the peripheral tissues. By controlling the flux of dietary fat into the circulation, intestinal TAG synthesis can greatly impact systemic metabolism. Genes encoding many of the enzymes involved in TAG synthesis have been identified. Among TAG synthesis enzymes, acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 and acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)1 are highly expressed in the intestine. Their physiological functions have been examined in the context of whole organisms using genetically engineered mice and, in the case of DGAT1, specific inhibitors. An emerging theme from recent findings is that limiting the rate of TAG synthesis in the intestine can modulate gut hormone secretion, lipid metabolism, and systemic energy balance. The underlying mechanisms and their implications for humans are yet to be explored. Pharmacological inhibition of TAG hydrolysis in the intestinal lumen has been employed to combat obesity and associated disorders with modest efficacy and unwanted side effects. The therapeutic potential of inhibiting specific enzymes involved in intestinal TAG synthesis warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Liang Eric Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
| | - David W Nelson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mei-I Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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41
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Sumikawa Y, Inui S, Nakajima T, Itami S. Hair cycle control by leptin as a new anagen inducer. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:27-32. [PMID: 24237265 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our purpose is to clarify the physiological role of leptin in hair cycle as leptin reportedly causes activation of Stat3, which is indispensable for hair cycling. While hair follicles in dorsal skin of 5-week-old C57/BL6 mice had progressed to late anagen phase, those in dorsal skin of 5-week-old leptin receptor deficient db/db mice remained in the first telogen and later entered the anagen at postnatal day 40, indicating that deficiency in leptin receptor signalling delayed the second hair cycle progression. Next, we shaved dorsal hairs on wild-type mice at postnatal 7 weeks and injected skin with mouse leptin or a mock. After 20 days, although mock injection showed no effect, hair growth occurred around leptin injection area. Human leptin fragment (aa22-56) had similar effects. Although the hair cycle of ob/ob mice was similar to that of wild-type mice, injection of mouse leptin on ob/ob mice at postnatal 7 weeks induced anagen transition. Immunohistochemically, leptin is expressed in hair follicles from catagen to early anagen in wild-type mice, suggesting that leptin is an anagen inducer in vivo. Phosphorylation of Erk, Jak2 and Stat3 in human keratinocytes was stimulated by leptin and leptin fragment. In addition, RT-PCR and ELISA showed that the production of leptin by human dermal papilla cells increased under hypoxic condition, suggesting that hypoxia in catagen/telogen phase promotes leptin production, preparing for entry into the next anagen. In conclusion, leptin, a well-known adipokine, acts as an anagen inducer and represents a new player in hair biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Sumikawa
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Osaka University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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42
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Floettmann E, Lees D, Seeliger F, Jones HB. Pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 induces sebaceous gland atrophy in mouse and dog skin while overt alopecia is restricted to the mouse. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:376-83. [PMID: 25112279 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314545657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) plays an important role in synthesizing lipids, and inhibitors of DGAT1 have been investigated as potential treatments for diabetes and metabolic diseases. DGAT1 knockout (-/-) mice are resistant to obesity, have increased sensitivity to insulin, and exhibit sebaceous gland atrophy and alopecia. Prolonged pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 with AZD7687 in mice results in the same skin phenotype, including sebaceous gland atrophy and alopecia, as seen in the skin of DGAT1 (-/-) mice. AZD7687-mediated effects on the skin were dose- and time-dependent and reversible. They occurred only at substantial levels of continuous DGAT1 inhibition. Prolonged treatment of dogs with AZD7687 also resulted in sebaceous gland atrophy but did not result in the more adverse skin changes of hair loss and skin lesions. Our findings highlight a significant risk of generating the same lesions that were seen in mouse skin during clinical development of DGAT1 inhibitors in humans and also reveal a species difference in the effects on the skin, indicating that the mouse may be an especially sensitive species. Therefore, although human therapeutic doses may not have the same influence on skin morphology as seen in mice, monitoring of skin changes will be essential in clinical trials with DGAT1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Lees
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Frank Seeliger
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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43
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Ceramide synthase 4 deficiency in mice causes lipid alterations in sebum and results in alopecia. Biochem J 2014; 461:147-58. [PMID: 24738593 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Five ceramide synthases (CerS2-CerS6) are expressed in mouse skin. Although CerS3 has been shown to fulfill an essential function during skin development, neither CerS6- nor CerS2-deficient mice show an obvious skin phenotype. In order to study the role of CerS4, we generated CerS4-deficient mice (Cers4-/-) and CerS4-specific antibodies. With these biological tools we analysed the tissue distribution and determined the cell-type specific expression of CerS4 in suprabasal epidermal layers of footpads as well as in sebaceous glands of the dorsal skin. Loss of CerS4 protein leads to an altered lipid composition of the sebum, which is more solidified and therefore might cause progressive hair loss due to physical blocking of the hair canal. We also noticed a strong decrease in C20 1,2-alkane diols consistent with the decrease of wax diesters in the sebum of Cers4-/- mice. Cers4-/- mice at 12 months old display additional epidermal tissue destruction due to dilated and obstructed pilary canals. Mass spectrometric analyses additionally show a strong decrease in C20-containing sphingolipids.
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44
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Fox BM, Sugimoto K, Iio K, Yoshida A, Zhang J(K, Li K, Hao X, Labelle M, Smith ML, Rubenstein SM, Ye G, McMinn D, Jackson S, Choi R, Shan B, Ma J, Miao S, Matsui T, Ogawa N, Suzuki M, Kobayashi A, Ozeki H, Okuma C, Ishii Y, Tomimoto D, Furakawa N, Tanaka M, Matsushita M, Takahashi M, Inaba T, Sagawa S, Kayser F. Discovery of 6-Phenylpyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]oxazines as Potent and Selective Acyl CoA:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) Inhibitors with in Vivo Efficacy in Rodents. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3464-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500135c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Fox
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kazuyuki Sugimoto
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Kiyosei Iio
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Yoshida
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Jian (Ken) Zhang
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kexue Li
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaolin Hao
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marc Labelle
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marie-Louise Smith
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven M. Rubenstein
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guosen Ye
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dustin McMinn
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Simon Jackson
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebekah Choi
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bei Shan
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ji Ma
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shichang Miao
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Takuya Matsui
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Nobuya Ogawa
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Masahiro Suzuki
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Akio Kobayashi
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ozeki
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Chihiro Okuma
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishii
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tomimoto
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Noboru Furakawa
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanaka
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Mutsuyoshi Matsushita
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Takahashi
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Takashi Inaba
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sagawa
- Central
Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Frank Kayser
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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45
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Nissimov JN, Das Chaudhuri AB. Hair curvature: a natural dialectic and review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:723-66. [PMID: 24617997 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although hair forms (straight, curly, wavy, etc.) are present in apparently infinite variations, each fibre can be reduced to a finite sequence of tandem segments of just three types: straight, bent/curly, or twisted. Hair forms can thus be regarded as resulting from genetic pathways that induce, reverse or modulate these basic curvature modes. However, physical interconversions between twists and curls demonstrate that strict one-to-one correspondences between them and their genetic causes do not exist. Current hair-curvature theories do not distinguish between bending and twisting mechanisms. We here introduce a multiple papillary centres (MPC) model which is particularly suitable to explain twisting. The model combines previously known features of hair cross-sectional morphology with partially/completely separated dermal papillae within single follicles, and requires such papillae to induce differential growth rates of hair cortical material in their immediate neighbourhoods. The MPC model can further help to explain other, poorly understood, aspects of hair growth and morphology. Separate bending and twisting mechanisms would be preferentially affected at the major or minor ellipsoidal sides of fibres, respectively, and together they exhaust the possibilities for influencing hair-form phenotypes. As such they suggest dialectic for hair-curvature development. We define a natural-dialectic (ND) which could take advantage of speculative aspects of dialectic, but would verify its input data and results by experimental methods. We use this as a top-down approach to first define routes by which hair bending or twisting may be brought about and then review evidence in support of such routes. In particular we consider the wingless (Wnt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways as paradigm pathways for molecular hair bending and twisting mechanisms, respectively. In addition to the Wnt canonical pathway, the Wnt/Ca(2+) and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways, and others, can explain many alternatives and specific variations of hair bending phenotypes. Mechanisms for hair papilla budding or its division by bisection or fission can explain MPC formation. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial (MET) transitions, acting in collaboration with epithelial-mesenchymal communications are also considered as mechanisms affecting hair growth and its bending and twisting. These may be treated as sub-mechanisms of an overall development from neural-crest stem cell (NCSC) lineages to differentiated hair follicle (HF) cell types, thus providing a unified framework for hair growth and development.
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Identification and characterization of sebaceous gland atrophy-sparing DGAT1 inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88908. [PMID: 24558447 PMCID: PMC3928314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) has been a mechanism of interest for metabolic disorders. DGAT1 inhibition has been shown to be a key regulator in an array of metabolic pathways; however, based on the DGAT1 KO mouse phenotype the anticipation is that pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 could potentially lead to skin related adverse effects. One of the aims in developing small molecule DGAT1 inhibitors that target key metabolic tissues is to avoid activity on skin-localized DGAT1 enzyme. In this report we describe a modeling-based approach to identify molecules with physical properties leading to differential exposure distribution. In addition, we demonstrate histological and RNA based biomarker approaches that can detect sebaceous gland atrophy pre-clinically that could be used as potential biomarkers in a clinical setting.
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47
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Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Nakamura MT, Yudell BE, Loor JJ. Regulation of energy metabolism by long-chain fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 53:124-44. [PMID: 24362249 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, excess energy is stored primarily as triglycerides, which are mobilized when energy demands arise. This review mainly focuses on the role of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in regulating energy metabolism as ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPAR-alpha expressed primarily in liver is essential for metabolic adaptation to starvation by inducing genes for beta-oxidation and ketogenesis and by downregulating energy expenditure through fibroblast growth factor 21. PPAR-delta is highly expressed in skeletal muscle and induces genes for LCFA oxidation during fasting and endurance exercise. PPAR-delta also regulates glucose metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis by inducing FOXO1 and PGC1-alpha. Genes targeted by PPAR-gamma in adipocytes suggest that PPAR-gamma senses incoming non-esterified LCFAs and induces the pathways to store LCFAs as triglycerides. Adiponectin, another important target of PPAR-gamma may act as a spacer between adipocytes to maintain their metabolic activity and insulin sensitivity. Another topic of this review is effects of skin LCFAs on energy metabolism. Specific LCFAs are required for the synthesis of skin lipids, which are essential for water barrier and thermal insulation functions of the skin. Disturbance of skin lipid metabolism often causes apparent resistance to developing obesity at the expense of normal skin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu T Nakamura
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Barbara E Yudell
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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49
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Feingold KR, Elias PM. Role of lipids in the formation and maintenance of the cutaneous permeability barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:280-94. [PMID: 24262790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The major function of the skin is to form a barrier between the internal milieu and the hostile external environment. A permeability barrier that prevents the loss of water and electrolytes is essential for life on land. The permeability barrier is mediated primarily by lipid enriched lamellar membranes that are localized to the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. These lipid enriched membranes have a unique structure and contain approximately 50% ceramides, 25% cholesterol, and 15% free fatty acids with very little phospholipid. Lamellar bodies, which are formed during the differentiation of keratinocytes, play a key role in delivering the lipids from the stratum granulosum cells into the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum. Lamellar bodies contain predominantly glucosylceramides, phospholipids, and cholesterol and following the exocytosis of lamellar lipids into the extracellular space of the stratum corneum these precursor lipids are converted by beta glucocerebrosidase and phospholipases into the ceramides and fatty acids, which comprise the lamellar membranes. The lipids required for lamellar body formation are derived from de novo synthesis by keratinocytes and from extra-cutaneous sources. The lipid synthetic pathways and the regulation of these pathways are described in this review. In addition, the pathways for the uptake of extra-cutaneous lipids into keratinocytes are discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Medicine Service and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Peter M Elias
- Metabolism Section, Medicine Service and Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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50
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Czyzyk TA, Andrews JL, Coskun T, Wade MR, Hawkins ED, Lockwood JF, Varga G, Sahr AE, Chen Y, Brozinick JT, Kikly K, Statnick MA. Genetic ablation of myelin protein zero-like 3 in mice increases energy expenditure, improves glycemic control, and reduces hepatic lipid synthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E282-92. [PMID: 23715724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00228.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity continues to be a global health problem, and thus it is imperative that new pathways regulating energy balance be identified. Recently, it was reported: (Hayashi K, Cao T, Passmore H, Jourdan-Le Saux C, Fogelgren B, Khan S, Hornstra I, Kim Y, Hayashi M, Csiszar K. J Invest Dermatol 123: 864-871, 2004) that mice carrying a missense mutation in myelin protein zero-like 3 (Mpzl3rc) have reduced body weight. To determine how Mpzl3 controls energy balance in vivo, we generated mice deficient in myelin protein zero-like 3 (Mpzl3-KO). Interestingly, KO mice were hyperphagic yet had reduced body weight and fat mass. Moreover, KO mice were highly resistant to body weight and fat mass gain after exposure to a high-fat, energy-dense diet. These effects on body weight and adiposity were driven, in part, by a pronounced increase in whole body energy expenditure levels in KO mice. KO mice also had reduced blood glucose levels during an intraperitoneal glucose challenge and significant reductions in circulating insulin levels suggesting an increase in insulin sensitivity. In addition, there was an overall increase in oxidative capacity and contractile force in skeletal muscle isolated from KO mice. Hepatic triglyceride levels were reduced by 92% in livers of KO mice, in part due to a reduction in de novo lipid synthesis. Interestingly, Mpzl3 mRNA expression in liver was increased in diet-induced obese mice. Moreover, KO mice exhibited an increase in insulin-stimulated Akt signaling in the liver, further demonstrating that Mpzl3 can regulate insulin sensitivity in this tissue. We have determined that Mpzl3 has a novel physiological role in controlling body weight regulation, energy expenditure, glycemic control, and hepatic triglyceride synthesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Traci A Czyzyk
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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