1
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Guo S, Kolan S, Li G, Hammarström CL, Grimolizzi F, Stuhr LEB, Skålhegg BS. Reduced EO771-induced tumour growth and increased overall-survival of mice ablated for immune cell-specific catalytic subunit Cβ2 of protein kinase A. Immunol Lett 2024; 268:106884. [PMID: 38908524 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Ablation of the immune-specific catalytic subunit Cβ2 of protein kinase A is associated with a proinflammatory phenotype and increased sensitivity to autoimmunity in mice. Here we show that tumour growth of the adenocarcinoma cell line EO771 in the breast and in the lung after injection into the mammary fat pad and tail vein, respectively, was significantly reduced in mice ablated for Cβ2 compared to wild-type mice. In both cases, the breast and lung tumours showed increased infiltration of immune cells in the mice lacking Cβ2 compared to wild-type mice. Despite this, it appeared that solid tissue- versus intravenously injected EO771 cells evoked different immune responses. This was reflected by significantly increased levels of splenic proinflammatory immune cells and circulating cytokines in Cβ2 ablated mice carrying breast- but not the lung tumours. Moreover, Cβ2 ablated mice injected with EO771 cells showed increased overall survival compared to wild-type mice. Taken together, our results suggest for a role for immune cell-specific Cβ2 in protecting against tumour growth induced by EO771 cells in mice that is reflected in improved overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shrikant Kolan
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gaoyang Li
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Franco Grimolizzi
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn Steen Skålhegg
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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2
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Iwanami N, Richter AS, Sikora K, Boehm T. Tnpo3 controls splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding the canonical TCR α chain of iNKT cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3645. [PMID: 37339974 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39422-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconventional T cells, such as innate natural killer T cells (iNKT) cells, are an important part of vertebrate immune defences. iNKT recognise glycolipids through a T cell receptor (TCR) that is composed of a semi-invariant TCR α chain, paired with a restricted set of TCR β chains. Here, we show that splicing of the cognate Trav11-Traj18-Trac pre-mRNA encoding the characteristic Vα14Jα18 variable region of this semi-invariant TCR depends on the presence of Tnpo3. The Tnpo3 gene encodes a nuclear transporter of the β-karyopherin family whose cargo includes various splice regulators. The block of iNKT cell development in the absence of Tnpo3 can be overcome by transgenic provision of a rearranged Trav11-Traj18-Trac cDNA, indicating that Tnpo3 deficiency does not interfere with the development of iNKT cells per se. Our study thus identifies a role for Tnpo3 in regulating the splicing of the pre-mRNA encoding the cognate TCRα chain of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimasa Iwanami
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
- Genedata AG, Margarethenstrasse 38, 4053, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Sikora
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Boehm
- Bioinformatics Unit, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
- Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Huang Z, Ouyang M, Lu S, Wang Y, Peng Q. Optogenetic Control for Investigating Subcellular Localization of Fyn Kinase Activity in Single Live Cells. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1901-1909. [PMID: 32198118 PMCID: PMC7225052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies with various Src family kinase biosensors showed that the nuclear kinase activities are much suppressed compared to those in the cytosol, suggesting that these kinases are regulated differently in the nucleus and in the cytosol. In this study, using Fyn as an example, we first engineered a Fyn biosensor with a light-inducible nuclear localization signal to demonstrate that the Fyn kinase activity is significantly lower in the nucleus than in the cytosol. To understand how different equilibrium states between Fyn and the corresponding phosphatases are maintained in the cytosol and nucleus, we further engineered a Fyn kinase domain with light-inducible nuclear localization signal. The results revealed that the Fyn kinase can be actively transported into the nucleus upon light activation and upregulate the biosensor signals in the nucleus. Our results suggest that there is limited transport or diffusion of Fyn kinase between the cytosol and nucleus in the cells, which is important for the maintenance of different equilibrium states of Fyn in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mingxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Qin Peng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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4
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Pai AA, Luca F. Environmental influences on RNA processing: Biochemical, molecular and genetic regulators of cellular response. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2019; 10:e1503. [PMID: 30216698 PMCID: PMC6294667 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RNA processing has emerged as a key mechanistic step in the regulation of the cellular response to environmental perturbation. Recent work has uncovered extensive remodeling of transcriptome composition upon environmental perturbation and linked the impacts of this molecular plasticity to health and disease outcomes. These isoform changes and their underlying mechanisms are varied-involving alternative sites of transcription initiation, alternative splicing, and alternative cleavage at the 3' end of the mRNA. The mechanisms and consequences of differential RNA processing have been characterized across a range of common environmental insults, including chemical stimuli, immune stimuli, heat stress, and cancer pathogenesis. In each case, there are perturbation-specific contributions of local (cis) regulatory elements or global (trans) factors and downstream consequences. Overall, it is clear that choices in isoform usage involve a balance between the usage of specific genetic elements (i.e., splice sites, polyadenylation sites) and the timing at which certain decisions are made (i.e., transcription elongation rate). Fine-tuned cellular responses to environmental perturbation are often dependent on the genetic makeup of the cell. Genetic analyses of interindividual variation in splicing have identified genetic effects on splicing that contribute to variation in complex traits. Finally, the increase in the number of tissue types and environmental conditions analyzed for RNA processing is paralleled by the need to develop appropriate analytical tools. The combination of large datasets, novel methods and conditions explored promises to provide a much greater understanding of the role of RNA processing response in human phenotypic variation. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athma A Pai
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Francesca Luca
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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5
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Liu X, Klein PS. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 and alternative splicing. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2018; 9:e1501. [PMID: 30118183 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a highly conserved negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase, cytokine, and Wnt signaling pathways. Stimulation of these pathways inhibits GSK-3 to modulate diverse downstream effectors that include transcription factors, nutrient sensors, glycogen synthesis, mitochondrial function, circadian rhythm, and cell fate. GSK-3 also regulates alternative splicing in response to T-cell receptor activation, and recent phosphoproteomic studies have revealed that multiple splicing factors and regulators of RNA biosynthesis are phosphorylated in a GSK-3-dependent manner. Furthermore, inhibition of GSK-3 alters the splicing of hundreds of mRNAs, indicating a broad role for GSK-3 in the regulation of RNA processing. GSK-3-regulated phosphoproteins include SF3B1, SRSF2, PSF, RBM8A, nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), and PHF6, many of which are mutated in leukemia and myelodysplasia. As GSK-3 is inhibited by pathways that are pathologically activated in leukemia and loss of Gsk3 in hematopoietic cells causes a severe myelodysplastic neoplasm in mice, these findings strongly implicate GSK-3 as a critical regulator of mRNA processing in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter S Klein
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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6
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Kuwabara T, Matsui Y, Ishikawa F, Kondo M. Regulation of T-Cell Signaling by Post-Translational Modifications in Autoimmune Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534522 PMCID: PMC5877680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system involves antigen-specific host defense mechanisms mediated by T and B cells. In particular, CD4+ T cells play a central role in the elimination of pathogens. Immunological tolerance in the thymus regulates T lymphocytes to avoid self-components, including induction of cell death in immature T cells expressing the self-reactive T-cell receptor repertoire. In the periphery, mature T cells are also regulated by tolerance, e.g., via induction of anergy or regulatory T cells. Thus, T cells strictly control intrinsic signal transduction to prevent excessive responses or self-reactions. If the inhibitory effects of T cells on these mechanisms are disrupted, T cells may incorrectly attack self-components, which can lead to autoimmune disease. The functions of T cells are supported by post-translational modifications, particularly phosphorylation, of signaling molecules, the proper regulation of which is controlled by endogenous mechanisms within the T cells themselves. In recent years, molecular targeted agents against kinases have been developed for treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss T-cell signal transduction in autoimmune disease and provide an overview of acetylation-mediated regulation of T-cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kuwabara
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Yukihide Matsui
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Fumio Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
| | - Motonari Kondo
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, 5-21-16 Omori-Nishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan.
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7
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Saracatinib impairs maintenance of human T-ALL by targeting the LCK tyrosine kinase in cells displaying high level of lipid rafts. Leukemia 2018. [PMID: 29535432 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Saint-Paul L, Nguyen CH, Buffière A, Pais de Barros JP, Hammann A, Landras-Guetta C, Filomenko R, Chrétien ML, Johnson P, Bastie JN, Delva L, Quéré R. CD45 phosphatase is crucial for human and murine acute myeloid leukemia maintenance through its localization in lipid rafts. Oncotarget 2018; 7:64785-64797. [PMID: 27579617 PMCID: PMC5323116 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD45 is a pan-leukocyte protein with tyrosine phosphatase activity involved in the regulation of signal transduction in hematopoiesis. Exploiting CD45 KO mice and lentiviral shRNA, we prove the crucial role that CD45 plays in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) development and maintenance. We discovered that CD45 does not colocalize with lipid rafts on murine and human non-transformed hematopoietic cells. Using a mouse model, we proved that CD45 positioning within lipid rafts is modified during their oncogenic transformation to AML. CD45 colocalized with lipid rafts on AML cells, which contributes to elevated GM-CSF signal intensity involved in proliferation of leukemic cells. We furthermore proved that the GM-CSF/Lyn/Stat3 pathway that contributes to growth of leukemic cells could be profoundly affected, by using a new plasma membrane disrupting agent, which rapidly delocalized CD45 away from lipid rafts. We provide evidence that this mechanism is also effective on human primary AML samples and xenograft transplantation. In conclusion, this study highlights the emerging evidence of the involvement of lipid rafts in oncogenic development of AML and the targeting of CD45 positioning among lipid rafts as a new strategy in the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Saint-Paul
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - Chi-Hung Nguyen
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR9187-U1196, CNRS-Institut Curie, Inserm, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | - Anne Buffière
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France.,Plateforme de lipidomique, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Arlette Hammann
- Plateforme de cytométrie, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Corinne Landras-Guetta
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, UMR9187-U1196, CNRS-Institut Curie, Inserm, Centre Universitaire, Orsay, France
| | | | - Marie-Lorraine Chrétien
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France.,Hôpital Universitaire François-Mitterrand, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Dijon, France
| | - Pauline Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jean-Noël Bastie
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France.,Hôpital Universitaire François-Mitterrand, Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Delva
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
| | - Ronan Quéré
- Inserm UMR866, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
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9
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Bonura A, Vizzini A, Vlah S, Gervasi F, Longo A, Melis MR, Schildberg FA, Colombo P. Ci8 short, a novel LPS-induced peptide from the ascidian Ciona intestinalis, modulates responses of the human immune system. Immunobiology 2017; 223:210-219. [PMID: 29066254 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The selective modulation of immunity is an emerging concept driven by the vast advances in our understanding of this crucial host defense system. Invertebrates have raised researchers' interest as potential sources of new bioactive molecules owing to their antibacterial, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. A LipoPolySaccharide (LPS) challenge in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis generates the transcript, Ci8 short, with cis-regulatory elements in the 3' UTR region that are essential for shaping innate immune responses. The derived amino acidic sequence in silico analysis showed specific binding to human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I and Class II alleles. The role of Ci8 short peptide was investigated in a more evolved immune system using human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) as in vitro model. The biological activities of this molecule include the activation of 70kDa TCR ζ chain Associated Protein kinase (ZAP-70) and T Cell Receptor (TCR) Vβ oligo clonal selection on CD4+ T lymphocytes as well as increased proliferation and IFN-γ secretion. Furthermore Ci8 short affects CD4+/CD25high induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) subset selection which co-expressed the functional markers TGF-β1/Latency Associated Protein (LAP) and CD39/CD73. This paper describes a new molecule that modulates important responses of the human adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bonura
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Aiti Vizzini
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Vlah
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Gervasi
- U.O.S.D. Laboratorio Specialistico Oncologia, Ematologia e Colture Cellulari per Uso Clinico, ARNAS Civico, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario R Melis
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Colombo
- Istituto di Biomedicina e di Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy" del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
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10
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Qrafli M, Najimi M, Elaouad R, Sadki K. Current immunogenetic predisposition to tuberculosis in the Moroccan population. Int J Immunogenet 2017; 44:286-304. [PMID: 29057608 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease that kills approximately two million people per year, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Numerous genetic epidemiology studies have been conducted of many ethnic groups worldwide and have highlighted the critical impact of the genetic environment on TB distribution. Many candidate genes associated with resistance or susceptibility to TB have been identified. In Morocco, where TB is still a major public health problem, various observations of clinical, microbiological and incidence distribution are heavily affected by genetic background and external environment. Morocco has almost the same clinical profile as do other North African countries, mainly the increase in more extrapulmonary than pulmonary forms of the diseases, when compared to European, Asian or American populations. In addition, a linkage analysis study that examined Moroccan TB patients identified a unique chromosome region that had a strong association with the risk of contracting TB. Other genes in the Moroccan population that were found to be associated seem to be involved predominantly in modulating the innate immunity. In this review, we appraise the major candidate genes that have been reported in Moroccan immunogenetic studies and discuss their updated role in TB, particularly during the first phase of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Qrafli
- Physiopathology Team, Immunogenomic and Bioinformatic Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - M Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Elaouad
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy Sciences, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - K Sadki
- Physiopathology Team, Immunogenomic and Bioinformatic Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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11
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Li ZX, Li YW, Xu S, Xu Y, Mo ZQ, Dan XM, Luo XC. Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) TCR signaling pathway was involved in response against Cryptocaryon irritans infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:176-184. [PMID: 28286257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation is a complicated process accompanying with the activation of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway, which is not well described in teleost fish. The initiation of this pathway depends on the interaction of membrane TCR co-receptors (e.g. CD4/8, CD3 and CD45) and a series of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases (e.g. Lck, Fyn and ZAP70). Cyptocaryon irritans is a ciliate pathogen of marine fish white spot disease causing huge economic lost in marine aquaculture. This parasite can infect fish gill and skin and is considered to be a good pathogen model for fish gill and skin mucosal immunity. Our previous studies showed the locally mucosal antibody response was important for fish defense against this parasite. While how TCR signaling pathway involved in T cell activation to help B cell activation in C. irritans infected fish is still not known. In the present study, we cloned a grouper TCR co-receptor gene EcCD3ε (537 bp) and its three kinase genes, including EcLck (1512 bp), EcFyn (1605 bp) and EcZAP70 (1893 bp). Homology analysis showed that they all shared the highest identity with corresponding genes from Takifugu rubripes (EcCD3ε 41%, EcLck 88%, EcFyn 98% and EcZAP70 93%), and their conserved motifs involved in the signaling transduction were analyzed. The tissue distribution analysis showed these four genes were high expressed in thymus, and it is interesting to find their comparative high expression in skin, gill and midgut mucosal immune tissues. In C. irritans infected grouper, the expression of three TCR co-receptors (EcCD4-1, EcCD3ε and EcCD45) and three kinases (EcLck, EcFyn and EcZAP70) was tested in skin, gill, head kidney and spleen at 0, 12 h, 24 h, 2 d, 3 d, 5 d and 7 d. All six genes were significantly up-regulated in skin at most tested time points, which indicate the possibility of skin local T cell activation to support the local antibody response. Compared to three TCR co-receptors, significantly up-regulation of three kinases were seen in the spleen, and the spleen fold changes of these three kinases were much higher than head kidney, which indicates spleen maybe the major systematic immune organs for T cell activation in C. irritans infected fish.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bass
- Ciliophora/physiology
- Ciliophora Infections/genetics
- Ciliophora Infections/immunology
- Ciliophora Infections/parasitology
- Ciliophora Infections/veterinary
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Fish Diseases/genetics
- Fish Diseases/immunology
- Fish Diseases/parasitology
- Fish Proteins/genetics
- Fish Proteins/metabolism
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/veterinary
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Xiang Li
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shun Xu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ze-Quan Mo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong Province, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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12
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T-helper signals restore B-cell receptor signaling in autoreactive anergic B cells by upregulating CD45 phosphatase activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:839-851.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Taylor EB, Wilson M, Bengten E. The Src tyrosine kinase Lck binds to CD2, CD4-1, and CD4-2 T cell co-receptors in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Mol Immunol 2015; 66:126-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Ballek O, Valečka J, Manning J, Filipp D. The pool of preactivated Lck in the initiation of T-cell signaling: a critical re-evaluation of the Lck standby model. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:384-95. [PMID: 25420722 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The initiation of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling, based on the cobinding of TCR and CD4-Lck heterodimer to a peptide-major histocompatibility complex II on antigen presenting cells, represents a classical model of T-cell signaling. What is less clear however, is the mechanism which translates TCR engagement to the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs on CD3 chains and how this event is coupled to the delivery of Lck function. Recently proposed 'standby model of Lck' posits that resting T-cells contain an abundant pool of constitutively active Lck (pY394(Lck)) required for TCR triggering, and this amount, upon TCR engagement, remains constant. Here, we show that although maintenance of the limited pool of pY394(Lck) is necessary for the generation of TCR proximal signals in a time-restricted fashion, the total amount of this pool, ~2%, is much smaller than previously reported (~40%). We provide evidence that this dramatic discrepancy in the content of pY394(Lck)is likely the consequence of spontaneous phosphorylation of Lck that occurred after cell solubilization. Additional discrepancies can be accounted for by the sensitivity of different pY394(Lck)-specific antibodies and the type of detergents used. These data suggest that reagents and conditions used for the quantification of signaling parameters must be carefully validated and interpreted. Thus, the limited size of pY394(Lck) pool in primary T-cells invites a discussion regarding the adjustment of the quantitative parameters of the standby model of Lck and reevaluation of the mechanism by which this pool contributes to the generation of proximal TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Ballek
- 1] Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic [2] Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Valečka
- 1] Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic [2] Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jasper Manning
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Filipp
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Molecular Genetics AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Almasi S, Aliparasti MR, Yazdchi-Marandi L, Aliasgarzadeh A, Sioofy-Khojine A, Mesri A, Zamani F. Analysis of PTPN22 C1858T gene polymorphism in cases with type 1 diabetes of Azerbaijan, Northwest Iran. Cell Immunol 2014; 292:14-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Insight into the therapeutic aspects of ‘Zeta-Chain Associated Protein Kinase 70kDa’ inhibitors: A review. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2481-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Tan YX, Manz BN, Freedman TS, Zhang C, Shokat KM, Weiss A. Inhibition of the kinase Csk in thymocytes reveals a requirement for actin remodeling in the initiation of full TCR signaling. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:186-94. [PMID: 24317039 PMCID: PMC3946925 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is initiated by Src-family kinases (SFKs). To understand how the kinase Csk, a negative regulator of SFKs, controls the basal state and the initiation of TCR signaling, we generated mice that express a Csk variant sensitive to an analog of the common kinase inhibitor PP1 (Csk(AS)). Inhibition of Csk(AS) in thymocytes, without engagement of the TCR, induced potent activation of SFKs and proximal TCR signaling up to phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1). Unexpectedly, increases in inositol phosphates, intracellular calcium and phosphorylation of the kinase Erk were impaired. Altering the actin cytoskeleton pharmacologically or providing costimulation via CD28 'rescued' those defects. Thus, Csk has a critical role in preventing TCR signaling. However, our studies also revealed a requirement for actin remodeling, initiated by costimulation, for full TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xim Tan
- Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Boryana N Manz
- Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tanya S Freedman
- Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, California, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- 1] Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- 1] Rosalind Russell-Ephraim P. Engleman Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA. [3] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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18
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Genomics of alternative splicing: evolution, development and pathophysiology. Hum Genet 2014; 133:679-87. [PMID: 24378600 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a major cellular mechanism in metazoans for generating proteomic diversity. A large proportion of protein-coding genes in multicellular organisms undergo alternative splicing, and in humans, it has been estimated that nearly 90 % of protein-coding genes-much larger than expected-are subject to alternative splicing. Genomic analyses of alternative splicing have illuminated its universal role in shaping the evolution of genomes, in the control of developmental processes, and in the dynamic regulation of the transcriptome to influence phenotype. Disruption of the splicing machinery has been found to drive pathophysiology, and indeed reprogramming of aberrant splicing can provide novel approaches to the development of molecular therapy. This review focuses on the recent progress in our understanding of alternative splicing brought about by the unprecedented explosive growth of genomic data and highlights the relevance of human splicing variation on disease and therapy.
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19
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Hrdinka M, Horejsi V. PAG - a multipurpose transmembrane adaptor protein. Oncogene 2013; 33:4881-92. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Liu S, Cheng C. Alternative RNA splicing and cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2013; 4:547-66. [PMID: 23765697 PMCID: PMC4426271 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) is a fundamental mechanism by which a gene can give rise to multiple distinct mRNA transcripts, yielding protein isoforms with different, even opposing, functions. With the recognition that alternative splicing occurs in nearly all human genes, its relationship with cancer-associated pathways has emerged as a rapidly growing field. In this review, we summarize recent findings that have implicated the critical role of alternative splicing in cancer and discuss current understandings of the mechanisms underlying dysregulated alternative splicing in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sali Liu
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Bernal-Quirós M, Wu YY, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Castillejo-López C. BANK1 and BLK act through phospholipase C gamma 2 in B-cell signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59842. [PMID: 23555801 PMCID: PMC3608554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The B cell adaptor protein with ankyrin repeats (BANK1) and the B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) have been genetically associated with autoimmunity. The proteins of these genes interact physically and work in concert during B-cell signaling. Little is know about their interactions with other B-cell signaling molecules or their role in the process. Using yeast two hybrid (Y2H) we sought for factors that interact with BANK1. We found that the molecular switch PLCg2 interacts with BANK1 and that the interaction is promoted by B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation. We found further that the kinase activity of BLK enhanced BANK1- PLCg2 binding and that the interaction was suppressed upon BLK depletion. Immunoprecipitation and mutational analysis demonstrated that the interaction between BANK1 and PLCg2 was dependent on specific tyrosine and proline residues on the adaptor protein. Our results provide new information important to understand the role of these two genes in basic B-cell physiology and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Bernal-Quirós
- Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
| | - Ying-Yu Wu
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CCL); (MEAR)
| | - Casimiro Castillejo-López
- Centro de Genómica e Investigación Oncológica, Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail: (CCL); (MEAR)
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22
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Chiou NT, Shankarling G, Lynch KW. hnRNP L and hnRNP A1 induce extended U1 snRNA interactions with an exon to repress spliceosome assembly. Mol Cell 2013; 49:972-82. [PMID: 23394998 PMCID: PMC3595347 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed through the activity of the spliceosome, a dynamic enzymatic complex. Forcing aberrant interactions within the spliceosome can reduce splicing efficiency and alter splice site choice; however, it is unknown whether such alterations are naturally exploited mechanisms of splicing regulation. Here, we demonstrate that hnRNP L represses CD45 exon 4 by recruiting hnRNP A1 to a sequence upstream of the 5' splice site. Together, hnRNP L and A1 induce extended contacts between the 5' splice site-bound U1 snRNA and neighboring exonic sequences that, in turn, inhibit stable association of U6 snRNA and subsequent catalysis. Importantly, analysis of several exons regulated by hnRNP L shows a clear relationship between the potential for binding of hnRNP A1 and U1 snRNA and the effect of hnRNP L on splicing. Together, our results demonstrate that conformational perturbations within the spliceosome are a naturally occurring and generalizable mechanism for controlling alternative splicing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Ting Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA
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23
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Gene expression profiling of hybridoma cells after bursal-derived bioactive factor BP5 treatment. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2443-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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24
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Kouhpayeh HR, Hashemi M, Hashemi SA, Moazeni-Roodi A, Naderi M, Sharifi-Mood B, Taheri M, Mohammadi M, Ghavami S. R620W functional polymorphism of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 is not associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in Zahedan, southeast Iran. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:1075-81. [PMID: 22614276 DOI: 10.4238/2012.april.27.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene, which encodes an intracellular lymphoid-specific phosphatase, is considered an important regulator of T-cell activation. We investigated a possible association between the PTPN22 C1858T (R620W) polymorphism and pulmonary tuberculosis in an Iranian population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PTPN22 C1858T (rs2476601) were genotyped in 172 pulmonary tuberculosis cases and 204 normal subjects from Zaheden, Iran. Frequencies of genotypes CC, CT and TT of the PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism were 98.3, 1.7 and 0% in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and 96.1, 3.9 and 0% in the control group, respectively (P = 0.239). The frequency of the minor (T) allele was 0.8% in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 2.0% in controls. Significant differences were not observed in genotype or allele frequencies of PTPN22 C1858T in the comparison between pulmonary tuberculosis patients and healthy subjects in our Iranian population sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-R Kouhpayeh
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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25
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Mendieta-Zerón H. Developing immunologic tolerance for transplantation at the fetal stage. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:1499-512. [PMID: 22091685 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the shortage of human organs for transplantation, the waiting lists are increasing annually and consequently so is the time and deaths during the wait. As most immune suppression therapy is not antigen specific and the risk of infection tends to increase, scientists are looking for new options for immunosuppression or immunotolerance. Tolerance induction would avoid the complications caused by immunosupressive drugs. As such, taking into account the experience with autoimmune diseases, one strategy could be immune modulation-induced changes in T-cell cytokine secretion or antigen therapy; however, most clinical trials have failed. Gene transfer of MHC genes across species may be used to induce tolerance to xenogenic solid organs. Other options are induction of central tolerance by the establishment of mixed chimerism through hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the induction of 'operational tolerance' through immunodeviation involving dendritic or Tregs. I propose that, as the recognition and tolerance of proteins takes place in the thymus, this organ should be the main target for immunotolerance research protocols even as early as during the fetal development.
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26
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Gabaev I, Steinbrück L, Pokoyski C, Pich A, Stanton RJ, Schwinzer R, Schulz TF, Jacobs R, Messerle M, Kay-Fedorov PC. The human cytomegalovirus UL11 protein interacts with the receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45, resulting in functional paralysis of T cells. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002432. [PMID: 22174689 PMCID: PMC3234252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) exerts diverse and complex effects on the immune system, not all of which have been attributed to viral genes. Acute CMV infection results in transient restrictions in T cell proliferative ability, which can impair the control of the virus and increase the risk of secondary infections in patients with weakened or immature immune systems. In a search for new immunomodulatory proteins, we investigated the UL11 protein, a member of the CMV RL11 family. This protein family is defined by the RL11 domain, which has homology to immunoglobulin domains and adenoviral immunomodulatory proteins. We show that pUL11 is expressed on the cell surface and induces intercellular interactions with leukocytes. This was demonstrated to be due to the interaction of pUL11 with the receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45, identified by mass spectrometry analysis of pUL11-associated proteins. CD45 expression is sufficient to mediate the interaction with pUL11 and is required for pUL11 binding to T cells, indicating that pUL11 is a specific CD45 ligand. CD45 has a pivotal function regulating T cell signaling thresholds; in its absence, the Src family kinase Lck is inactive and signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR) is therefore shut off. In the presence of pUL11, several CD45-mediated functions were inhibited. The induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple signaling proteins upon TCR stimulation was reduced and T cell proliferation was impaired. We therefore conclude that pUL11 has immunosuppressive properties, and that disruption of T cell function via inhibition of CD45 is a previously unknown immunomodulatory strategy of CMV. The human cytomegalovirus (CMV) belongs to a class of viruses that interferes with the immune response of its host. Accordingly, infection with CMV is a severe risk for immunologically immature newborns and immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients. The mechanisms by which CMV affects the immune system are not completely understood. Here we show that a CMV protein, pUL11, which is expressed on the surface of cells, binds to leukocytes by interacting with the receptor tyrosine phosphatase CD45. In T cells, CD45 is essential for transmission of activating signals received via the T cell receptor (TCR) to downstream effector molecules that ultimately lead to activation and proliferation of these immune cells. Binding of the CMV pUL11 protein to CD45 on T cells prevents signal transduction via the TCR and restricts T cell proliferation. Interestingly, the mechanism by which the activity of CD45 is regulated is a matter of debate and no specific cellular ligand of CD45 has yet been described. The identification of a first viral ligand for CD45 may provide the means to investigate CD45 regulatory mechanisms and also allow the development of therapies to interfere with CMV-mediated immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildar Gabaev
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Steinbrück
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Pokoyski
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Pich
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard J. Stanton
- Section of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Reinhard Schwinzer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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27
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Zhu JW, Doan K, Park J, Chau AH, Zhang H, Lowell CA, Weiss A. Receptor-like tyrosine phosphatases CD45 and CD148 have distinct functions in chemoattractant-mediated neutrophil migration and response to S. aureus. Immunity 2011; 35:757-69. [PMID: 22078799 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils, critical innate immune effectors, use bacterial-derived chemoattractant-induced G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling for their pursuit of bacteria. Tyrosine phosphorylation pathways and receptor-like tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are rarely considered in chemoattractant-mediated GPCR signaling. Here, we report that two RPTPs, CD45 and CD148, previously shown to share redundant roles in positively regulating Src family kinases (SFKs) in immunoreceptor signaling pathways in B cells and macrophages, are critical in the neutrophil response to S. aureus infection and, surprisingly, in chemoattractant-mediated chemotaxis. Remarkably, deficiency in either of these RPTPs influenced neutrophil GPCR responses in unique ways. Our results reveal that CD45 positively while CD148 positively and negatively regulate GPCR function and proximal signals including Ca(2+), phosphatidylinositol 3'OH kinase (PI3K), and phospho-extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) activity. Moreover, our results suggest that CD45 and CD148 preferentially target different SFK members (Hck and Fgr versus Lyn, respectively) to positively and negatively regulate GPCR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing W Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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28
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Abstract
Our understanding of the key players involved in the differential regulation of T-cell responses during inflammation, infection and auto-immunity is fundamental for designing efficient therapeutic strategies against immune diseases. With respect to this, the inhibitory role of the lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in T-cell immunity has been documented since the 1970s. Studies that ensued investigating the underlying mechanisms substantiated the suppressive function of micromolar concentrations of PGE2 in T-cell activation, proliferation, differentiation and migration. However, the past decade has seen a revolution in this perspective, since nanomolar concentrations of PGE2 have been shown to potentiate Th1 and Th17 responses and aid in T-cell proliferation. The understanding of concentration-specific effects of PGE2 in other cell types, the development of mice deficient in each subtype of the PGE2 receptors (EP receptors) and the delineation of signalling pathways mediated by the EP receptors have enhanced our understanding of PGE2 as an immune-stimulator. PGE2 regulates a multitude of functions in T-cell activation and differentiation and these effects vary depending on the micro-environment of the cell, maturation and activation state of the cell, type of EP receptor involved, local concentration of PGE2 and whether it is a homeostatic or inflammatory scenario. In this review, we compartmentalize the various aspects of this complex relationship of PGE2 with T lymphocytes. Given the importance of this molecule in T-cell activation, we also address the possibility of using EP receptor antagonism as a potential therapeutic approach for some immune disorders.
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29
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Lindquist S, Karitkina D, Langnaese K, Posevitz-Fejfar A, Schraven B, Xavier R, Seed B, Lindquist JA. Phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains differentially modulates SRC kinase activity in brain maturation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23978. [PMID: 21915273 PMCID: PMC3167820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFK) control multiple processes during brain development and function. We show here that the phosphoprotein associated with glycosphigolipid-enriched microdomains (PAG)/Csk binding protein (Cbp) modulates SFK activity in the brain. The timing and localization of PAG expression overlap with Fyn and Src, both of which we find associated to PAG. We demonstrate in newborn (P1) mice that PAG negatively regulates Src family kinases (SFK). P1 Pag1-/- mouse brains show decreased recruitment of Csk into lipid rafts, reduced phosphorylation of the inhibitory tyrosines within SFKs, and an increase in SFK activity of >/ = 50%. While in brain of P1 mice, PAG and Csk are highly and ubiquitously expressed, little Csk is found in adult brain suggesting altered modes of SFK regulation. In adult brain Pag1-deficiency has no effect upon Csk-distribution or inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation, but kinase activity is now reduced (−20–30%), pointing to the development of a compensatory mechanism that may involve PSD93. The distribution of the Csk-homologous kinase CHK is not altered. Importantly, since the activities of Fyn and Src are decreased in adult Pag1-/- mice, thus presenting the reversed phenotype of P1, this provides the first in vivo evidence for a Csk-independent positive regulatory function for PAG in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Lindquist
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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30
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Heyd F, Lynch KW. Degrade, move, regroup: signaling control of splicing proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:397-404. [PMID: 21596569 PMCID: PMC3155649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With recent advances in microarrays and sequencing it is now relatively straightforward to compare pre-mRNA splicing patterns in different cellular conditions on a genome-wide scale. Such studies have revealed extensive changes in cellular splicing programs in response to stimuli such as neuronal depolarization, DNA damage, immune signaling and cellular metabolic changes. However, for many years our understanding of the signaling pathways responsible for such splicing changes was greatly lacking. Excitingly, over the past few years this gap has begun to close. Recent studies now suggest notable trends in the mechanisms that link cellular stimuli to downstream alternative splicing events. These include regulated synthesis or degradation of splicing factors, differential protein-protein interactions, altered nuclear translocation and changes in transcription elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Heyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA
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31
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Motta-Mena LB, Smith SA, Mallory MJ, Jackson J, Wang J, Lynch KW. A disease-associated polymorphism alters splicing of the human CD45 phosphatase gene by disrupting combinatorial repression by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20043-53. [PMID: 21507955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.218727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is typically controlled by complexes of regulatory proteins that bind to sequences within or flanking variable exons. The identification of regulatory sequence motifs and the characterization of sequence motifs bound by splicing regulatory proteins have been essential to predicting splicing regulation. The activation-responsive sequence (ARS) motif has previously been identified in several exons that undergo changes in splicing upon T cell activation. hnRNP L binds to this ARS motif and regulates ARS-containing exons; however, hnRNP L does not function alone. Interestingly, the proteins that bind together with hnRNP L differ for different exons that contain the ARS core motif. Here we undertake a systematic mutational analysis of the best characterized context of the ARS motif, namely the ESS1 sequence from CD45 exon 4, to understand the determinants of binding specificity among the components of the ESS1 regulatory complex and the relationship between protein binding and function. We demonstrate that different mutations within the ARS motif affect specific aspects of regulatory function and disrupt the binding of distinct proteins. Most notably, we demonstrate that the C77G polymorphism, which correlates with autoimmune disease susceptibility in humans, disrupts exon silencing by preventing the redundant activity of hnRNPs K and E2 to compensate for the weakened function of hnRNP L. Therefore, these studies provide an important example of the functional relevance of combinatorial function in splicing regulation and suggest that additional polymorphisms may similarly disrupt function of the ESS1 silencer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Motta-Mena
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-8816, USA
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Chae HD, Siefring JE, Hildeman DA, Gu Y, Williams DA. RhoH regulates subcellular localization of ZAP-70 and Lck in T cell receptor signaling. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13970. [PMID: 21103055 PMCID: PMC2980477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoH is an hematopoietic-specific, GTPase-deficient Rho GTPase that plays a role in T development. We investigated the mechanisms of RhoH function in TCR signaling. We found that the association between Lck and CD3ζ was impaired in RhoH-deficient T cells, due to defective translocation of both Lck and ZAP-70 to the immunological synapse. RhoH with Lck and ZAP-70 localizes in the detergent-soluble membrane fraction where the complex is associated with CD3ζ phosphorylation. To determine if impaired translocation of ZAP-70 was a major determinant of defective T cell development, Rhoh(-/-) bone marrow cells were transduced with a chimeric myristoylation-tagged ZAP-70. Myr-ZAP-70 transduced cells partially reversed the in vivo defects of RhoH-associated thymic development and TCR signaling. Together, our results suggest that RhoH regulates TCR signaling via recruitment of ZAP-70 and Lck to CD3ζ in the immunological synapse. Thus, we define a new function for a RhoH GTPase as an adaptor molecule in TCR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Don Chae
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jamie E. Siefring
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yi Gu
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David A. Williams
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Heyd F, Lynch KW. Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of PSF by GSK3 controls CD45 alternative splicing. Mol Cell 2010; 40:126-37. [PMID: 20932480 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Signal-induced alternative splicing of the CD45 gene in human T cells is essential for proper immune function. Skipping of the CD45 variable exons is controlled, in large part, by the recruitment of PSF to the pre-mRNA substrate upon T cell activation; however, the signaling cascade leading to exon exclusion has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that in resting T cells PSF is directly phosphorylated by GSK3, thus promoting interaction of PSF with TRAP150, which prevents PSF from binding CD45 pre-mRNA. Upon T cell activation, reduced GSK3 activity leads to reduced PSF phosphorylation, releasing PSF from TRAP150 and allowing it to bind CD45 splicing regulatory elements and repress exon inclusion. Our data place two players, GSK3 and TRAP150, in the complex network that regulates CD45 alternative splicing and demonstrate a paradigm for signal transduction from the cell surface to the RNA processing machinery through the multifunctional protein PSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Heyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA
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34
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Ohno-Iwashita Y, Shimada Y, Hayashi M, Inomata M. Plasma membrane microdomains in aging and disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 Suppl 1:S41-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Motta-Mena LB, Heyd F, Lynch KW. Context-dependent regulatory mechanism of the splicing factor hnRNP L. Mol Cell 2010; 37:223-34. [PMID: 20122404 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Splicing regulatory proteins often have distinct activities when bound to exons versus introns. However, less clear is whether variables aside from location can influence activity. HnRNP L binds to a motif present in both CD45 variable exons 4 and 5 to affect their coordinate repression. Here, we show that, in contrast to its direct repression of exon 4, hnRNP L represses exon 5 by countering the activity of a neighboring splicing enhancer. In the absence of the enhancer, hnRNP L unexpectedly activates exon inclusion. As the splice sites flanking exon 4 and 5 are distinct, we directly examined the effect of varying splice site strength on the mechanism of hnRNP L function. Remarkably, binding of hnRNP L to an exon represses strong splice sites but enhances weak splice sites. A model in which hnRNP L stabilizes snRNP binding can explain both effects in a manner determined by the inherent snRNP-substrate affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Motta-Mena
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
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36
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Hu M, Chen J, Wang J, Wang X, Ma S, Cai J, Chen CY, Chen ZW. AFM- and NSOM-based force spectroscopy and distribution analysis of CD69 molecules on human CD4+T cell membrane. J Mol Recognit 2009; 22:516-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Lamsyah H, Rueda B, Baassi L, Elaouad R, Bottini N, Sadki K, Martin J. Association ofPTPN22gene functional variants with development of pulmonary tuberculosis in Moroccan population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 74:228-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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BLASINI ANAM, RODRíGUEZ MARTA. ALTERED SIGNALING TRIGGERED BY LIGATION OF THE TCR/CD3 RECEPTOR IN T LYMPHOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS: THE ROAD FROM ANERGY TO AUTOIMMUNITY. Int Rev Immunol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08830180490452594-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Grochowy G, Hermiston ML, Kuhny M, Weiss A, Huber M. Requirement for CD45 in fine-tuning mast cell responses mediated by different ligand–receptor systems. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1277-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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40
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Hermiston ML, Zikherman J, Zhu JW. CD45, CD148, and Lyp/Pep: critical phosphatases regulating Src family kinase signaling networks in immune cells. Immunol Rev 2009; 228:288-311. [PMID: 19290935 PMCID: PMC2739744 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reciprocal regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is central to normal immune cell function. Disruption of the equilibrium between PTK and PTP activity can result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, or malignancy. Src family kinases (SFKs) play a central role in both immune cell function and disease due to their proximal position in numerous signal transduction cascades including those emanating from integrin, T and B-cell antigen receptors, Fc, growth factor, and cytokine receptors. Given that tight regulation of SFKs activity is critical for appropriate responses to stimulation of these various signaling pathways, it is perhaps not surprising that multiple PTPs are involved in their regulation. Here, we focus on the role of three phosphatases, CD45, CD148, and LYP/PEP, which are critical regulators of SFKs in hematopoietic cells. We review our current understanding of their structures, expression, functions in different hematopoietic cell subsets, regulation, and putative roles in disease. Finally, we discuss remaining questions that must be addressed if we are to have a clearer understanding of the coordinated regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation and signaling networks in hematopoietic cells and how they could potentially be manipulated therapeutically in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Hermiston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-2413, Fax: 415-502-5127,
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
| | - Jing W. Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, Phone: 415-476-4115, Fax: 502-5081, ;
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41
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Funderud A, Aas-Hanssen K, Aksaas AK, Hafte TT, Corthay A, Munthe LA, Orstavik S, Skålhegg BS. Isoform-specific regulation of immune cell reactivity by the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA). Cell Signal 2008; 21:274-81. [PMID: 19000925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There are two major genes encoding the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A, Calpha and Cbeta. The functional significance of these isoforms is enigmatic. Lymphoid cells of the immune system express both Calpha and Cbeta. In this study we tested the role of Calpha and Cbeta in regulating immune cell reactivity to antigens using mice carrying a targeted disruption of the Calpha and Cbeta gene respectively. Calpha and Cbeta ablation both resulted in a 50% reduction in PKA-specific kinase activity and the level of PKA type I but not PKA type II. Moreover, despite that C subunit ablation did not affect immune cell development and homeostasis, Calpha but not Cbeta ablation augmented expression of the activation marker CD69 on lymphocytes. CD69 induction coincided with immune cell hyperresponsiveness and was associated with reduced sensitivity to cAMP-mediated inhibition of anti-CD3 induced T cell proliferation. Our results imply that Calpha is required for normal immune cell reactivity and demonstrates isoform-specific effects and non-redundant functions of C subunit isoforms expressed in the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Funderud
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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42
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Degasperi GR, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. High susceptibility of activated lymphocytes to oxidative stress-induced cell death. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2008; 80:137-48. [PMID: 18345382 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652008000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study provides evidence that activated spleen lymphocytes from Walker 256 tumor bearing rats are more susceptible than controls to tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)-induced necrotic cell death in vitro. The iron chelator and antioxidant deferoxamine, the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA, the L-type Ca2+ channel antagonist nifedipine or the mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor cyclosporin A, but not the calcineurin inhibitor FK-506, render control and activated lymphocytes equally resistant to the toxic effects of t-BOOH. Incubation of activated lymphocytes in the presence of t-BOOH resulted in a cyclosporin A-sensitive decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. These results indicate that the higher cytosolic Ca2+ level in activated lymphocytes increases their susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced cell death in a mechanism involving the participation of mitochondrial permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna R Degasperi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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43
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Filipp D, Moemeni B, Ferzoco A, Kathirkamathamby K, Zhang J, Ballek O, Davidson D, Veillette A, Julius M. Lck-dependent Fyn activation requires C terminus-dependent targeting of kinase-active Lck to lipid rafts. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:26409-22. [PMID: 18660530 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710372200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms regulating the activation and delivery of function of Lck and Fyn are central to the generation of the most proximal signaling events emanating from the T cell antigen receptor (TcR) complex. Recent results demonstrate that lipid rafts (LR) segregate Lck and Fyn and play a fundamental role in the temporal and spatial coordination of their activation. Specifically, TcR-CD4 co-aggregation-induced Lck activation outside LR results in Lck translocation to LR where the activation of LR-resident Fyn ensues. Here we report a structure-function analysis toward characterizing the mechanism supporting Lck partitioning to LR and its capacity to activate co-localized Fyn. Using NIH 3T3 cells ectopically expressing FynT, we demonstrate that only LR-associated, kinase-active (Y505F)Lck reciprocally co-immunoprecipitates with and activates Fyn. Mutational analyses revealed a profound reduction in the formation of Lck-Fyn complexes and Fyn activation, using kinase domain mutants K273R and Y394F of (Y505F)Lck, both of which have profoundly compromised kinase activity. The only kinase-active Lck mutants tested that revealed impaired physical and enzymatic engagement with Fyn were those involving truncation of the C-terminal sequence YQPQP. Remarkably, sequential truncation of YQPQP resulted in an increasing reduction of kinase-active Lck partitioning to LR, in both fibroblasts and T cells. This in turn correlated with an ablation of the capacity of these truncates to enhance TcR-mediated interleukin-2 production. Thus, Lck-dependent Fyn activation is predicated by proximity-mediated transphosphorylation of the Fyn kinase domain, and targeting kinase-active Lck to LR is dependent on the C-terminal sequence QPQP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Filipp
- Sunnybrook Research Institute and the Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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44
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Llanes-Fernández L, del Carmen Arango-Prado M, Alcocer-González JM, Guerra-Yi ME, Franco-Odio S, Camacho-Rodríguez R, Madrid-Marina V, Tamez-Guerra R, Rodríguez-Padilla C. Association between the expression of IL-10 and T cell activation proteins loss in early breast cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 135:255-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Xu T, Chen L, Shang X, Cui L, Luo J, Chen C, Ba X, Zeng X. Critical role of Lck in L-selectin signaling induced by sulfatides engagement. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1192-201. [PMID: 18653462 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0208084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of leukocytes onto inflamed tissues is an important physiological event, in which L-selectin plays an essential role in initial leukocyte capture and at the same time, triggers cell signaling. Lck is a member of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases and is critical for T cell activation triggered by receptor ligation. Here, we demonstrated that Lck was associated directly with and phosphorylated the L-selectin cytoplasmic tail upon L-selectin engagement with sulfatides. Through the direct interaction with ZAP-70 and c-Abl via its Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domains, Lck organized a signaling complex at the cytoplasmic tail of L-selectin. In the cells with Lck knockdown by small interfering RNA treatment, L-selectin signaling was suppressed dramatically, as indicated by reduced phosphorylation of c-Abl and ZAP-70. Re-expression of wild-type or constitutively active but not kinase-dead murine Lck rescued the phosphorylation completely, but the SH2 domain mutant or the SH3/SH2 double mutant of murine Lck had no effect. These results suggest that Lck plays a critical role in L-selectin signaling upon sulfatides stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
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46
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Cooper JA, Qian H. A mechanism for SRC kinase-dependent signaling by noncatalytic receptors. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5681-5688. [PMID: 18444664 DOI: 10.1021/bi8003044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental issue in cell biology is how signals are transmitted across membranes. A variety of transmembrane receptors, including multichain immune recognition receptors, lack catalytic activity and require Src family kinases (SFKs) for signal transduction. However, many receptors only bind and activate SFKs after ligand-induced receptor dimerization. This presents a conundrum: How do SFKs sense the dimerization of receptors to which they are not already bound? Most proposals for resolving this enigma invoke additional players, such as lipid rafts or receptor conformational changes. Here we used simple thermodynamics to show that SFK activation is a natural outcome of clustering of receptors with SFK phosphorylation sites, provided that there is phosphorylation-dependent receptor-SFK association and an SFK bound to one receptor can phosphorylate the second receptor or its associated SFK in a dimer. A simple system of receptor, SFK, and an unregulated protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) can account for ligand-induced changes in phosphorylation observed in cells. We suggest that a core signaling system comprising a receptor with SFK phosphorylation sites, an SFK, and an unregulated PTP provides a robust mechanism for transmembrane signal transduction. Other events that regulate signaling in specific cases may have evolved for fine-tuning of this basic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Cooper
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Hong Qian
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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47
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Basic science for the clinician 48: tyrosine kinases in disease: the potential for inhibitors in the treatment of immunologic diseases. J Clin Rheumatol 2008; 14:45-8. [PMID: 18431100 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0b013e3181637404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The magic bullet--a compound that will stop a disease dead in its tracks by specifically targeting the underlying pathogenic principle of that disease--is what every designer/developer of drugs wants. As cellular and molecular biology research delves deeper into how cells are activated by their ligands, the intracellular pathways of activation of individual cellular processes become better known and more attractive therapeutic targets. The receptors for transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) activate a variety of cells via a series of tyrosine kinases; inhibition of specific tyrosine kinases has until recently been within the domain of oncologists, treating leukemia, and certain gastrointestinal tumors, but now there is mounting evidence that these agents might be of value in rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases. This is another example of "Better living (and curing!) through chemistry" that we as clinicians need to master to render optimal care.
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48
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Griewank K, Borowski C, Rietdijk S, Wang N, Julien A, Wei DG, Mamchak AA, Terhorst C, Bendelac A. Homotypic interactions mediated by Slamf1 and Slamf6 receptors control NKT cell lineage development. Immunity 2008; 27:751-62. [PMID: 18031695 PMCID: PMC2170879 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Commitment to the T and natural killer T (NKT) cell lineages is determined during alphabeta T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated interactions of common precursors with ligand-expressing cells in the thymus. Whereas mainstream thymocyte precursors recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands expressed by stromal cells, NKT cell precursors interact with CD1d ligands expressed by cortical thymocytes. Here, we demonstrated that such homotypic T-T interactions generated "second signals" mediated by the cooperative engagement of the homophilic receptors Slamf1 (SLAM) and Slamf6 (Ly108) and the downstream recruitment of the adaptor SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and the Src kinase Fyn, which are essential for the lineage expansion and differentiation of the NKT cell lineage. These receptor interactions were required during TCR engagement and therefore only occurred when selecting ligands were presented by thymocytes rather than epithelial cells, which do not express Slamf6 or Slamf1. Thus, the topography of NKT cell ligand recognition determines the availability of a cosignaling pathway that is essential for NKT cell lineage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Griewank
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Committee on Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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49
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Abstract
Immunosenescence results in populating immune tissues with less functional T cells, and perhaps B cells dendritic cells, that do not function well and produce more type 2 cytokines and fewer type 1 cytokines. Impaired immunity, distinct from immunosenescence, correlates more with disease burden than chronologic age. Older adults who have chronic diseases or chronic infections are more susceptible to common infections and have poor vaccine responses. Understanding specific mechanisms and targeting interventions are dependent on research to resolve the relationship between frailty-associated impaired immunity and the role of chronic infection versus immunosenescence in developing impaired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Castle
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) (mail code 11G), VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, UCLA School of Medicine, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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50
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Melton AA, Jackson J, Wang J, Lynch KW. Combinatorial control of signal-induced exon repression by hnRNP L and PSF. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:6972-84. [PMID: 17664280 PMCID: PMC2099238 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00419-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells can regulate their protein repertoire in response to extracellular stimuli via alternative splicing; however, the mechanisms controlling this process are poorly understood. The CD45 gene undergoes alternative splicing in response to T-cell activation to regulate T-cell function. The ESS1 splicing silencer in CD45 exon 4 confers basal exon skipping in resting T cells through the activity of hnRNP L and confers activation-induced exon skipping in T cells via previously unknown mechanisms. Here we have developed an in vitro splicing assay that recapitulates the signal-induced alternative splicing of CD45 and demonstrate that cellular stimulation leads to two changes to the ESS1-bound splicing regulatory complex. Activation-induced posttranslational modification of hnRNP L correlates with a modest increase in the protein's repressive activity. More importantly, the splicing factor PSF is recruited to the ESS1 complex in an activation-dependent manner and accounts for the majority of the signal-regulated ESS1 activity. The associations of hnRNP L and PSF with the ESS1 complex are largely independent of each other, but together these proteins account for the total signal-regulated change in CD45 splicing observed in vitro and in vivo. Such a combinatorial effect on splicing allows for precise regulation of signal-induced alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A Melton
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
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