1
|
Yakovleva EV, Zozulya NI. Physiological and pathological role of factor XII. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY AND TRANSFUSIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.35754/0234-5730-2022-67-4-570-578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The most widely accepted notion of the function of blood clotting factor XII (FXII, Hageman factor) is its involvement in the internal blood clotting pathway. However, the biological role of FXII is diverse.Aim – to review the diverse biological functions of FXII.Main findings. FXII is a serine protease. The structure of FXII has a high degree of homology with plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator. Activated FXII (FXIIa) has five substrates: high-molecular kininogen, precallikrein, FXI, plasminogen, complement proteins (C1s, C1r). FXII provides hemostatic balance by participating in the processes of blood clotting and fibrinolysis. FXII regulates inflammatory and allergic reactions by interacting with the kallikreinkinin system and the complement system. FXII has biological activity in various cells in vivo: endotheliocytes, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, fi broblasts, dendritic cells, which determines its diverse role in physiological and pathological processes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Pryzdial ELG, Leatherdale A, Conway EM. Coagulation and complement: Key innate defense participants in a seamless web. Front Immunol 2022; 13:918775. [PMID: 36016942 PMCID: PMC9398469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.918775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1969, Dr. Oscar Ratnoff, a pioneer in delineating the mechanisms by which coagulation is activated and complement is regulated, wrote, “In the study of biological processes, the accumulation of information is often accelerated by a narrow point of view. The fastest way to investigate the body’s defenses against injury is to look individually at such isolated questions as how the blood clots or how complement works. We must constantly remind ourselves that such distinctions are man-made. In life, as in the legal cliché, the devices through which the body protects itself form a seamless web, unwrinkled by our artificialities.” Our aim in this review, is to highlight the critical molecular and cellular interactions between coagulation and complement, and how these two major component proteolytic pathways contribute to the seamless web of innate mechanisms that the body uses to protect itself from injury, invading pathogens and foreign surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward L. G. Pryzdial
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Edward L. G. Pryzdial, ; Edward M. Conway,
| | - Alexander Leatherdale
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Edward M. Conway
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Canadian Blood Services, Medical Affairs and Innovation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Edward L. G. Pryzdial, ; Edward M. Conway,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hereditary Angioedema: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Therapy. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-022-00308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
4
|
Hardy M, Douxfils J, Dincq AS, Sennesael AL, Xhaet O, Mullier F, Lessire S. Uninterrupted DOACs Approach for Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Do DOACs Levels Matter? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:864899. [PMID: 35425821 PMCID: PMC9001940 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.864899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients present for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (CAAF) with residual or full effect of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). In daily practice, it has been observed that the activated clotting time (ACT) was actually poorly sensitive to the effect of DOACs and that patients on DOACs required more unfractionated heparin (UFH) to achieve the ACT target of 300 s during the procedure, leading some authors to worry about potential overdosing. Conversely, we hypothesize that these higher doses of UFH are necessary to achieve adequate hemostasis during CAAF regardless of the residual effect of DOACs. During CAAF, thrombosis is promoted mainly by the presence of thrombogenic sheaths and catheters in the bloodstream. Preclinical data suggest that only high doses of DOACs are able to mitigate catheter-induced thrombin generation, whereas low dose UFH already do so. In addition, the effect of UFH seems to be lower in patients on DOACs, compared to patients on VKAs, explaining part of the differences observed in heparin requirements. Clinical studies could not identify increased bleeding risk in patients on DOACs compared to those on VKAs despite similar efficacy during CAAF procedures. Moreover, targeting a lower ACT was associated with an increased periprocedural thrombotic risk for both DOAC and VKA patients. Therefore, the low sensitivity of the ACT to the residual effect of DOACs should not be a major concern in its use in the interventional cardiology laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hardy
- Université catholique de Louvain, Hematology Laboratory, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
- Université catholique de Louvain, Department of Anesthesiology, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Michael Hardy
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
- QUALIblood s.a., Namur, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Dincq
- Université catholique de Louvain, Department of Anesthesiology, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Anne-Laure Sennesael
- Université catholique de Louvain, Pharmacy Department, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Olivier Xhaet
- Université catholique de Louvain, Department of Cardiology, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Francois Mullier
- Université catholique de Louvain, Hematology Laboratory, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lessire
- Université catholique de Louvain, Department of Anesthesiology, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ostrycharz E, Hukowska-Szematowicz B. New Insights into the Role of the Complement System in Human Viral Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:226. [PMID: 35204727 PMCID: PMC8961555 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system (CS) is part of the human immune system, consisting of more than 30 proteins that play a vital role in the protection against various pathogens and diseases, including viral diseases. Activated via three pathways, the classical pathway (CP), the lectin pathway (LP), and the alternative pathway (AP), the complement system leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that disrupts the membrane of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death. Due to the increasing number of reports on its role in viral diseases, which may have implications for research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), this review aims to highlight significant progress in understanding and defining the role of the complement system in four groups of diseases of viral etiology: (1) respiratory diseases; (2) acute liver failure (ALF); (3) disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); and (4) vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Some of these diseases already present a serious global health problem, while others are a matter of concern and require the collaboration of relevant national services and scientists with the World Health Organization (WHO) to avoid their spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ostrycharz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland;
- Doctoral School of the University of Szczecin, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland;
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang YY, Ning BT. Signaling pathways and intervention therapies in sepsis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:407. [PMID: 34824200 PMCID: PMC8613465 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host systemic inflammatory and immune response to infection. Over decades, advanced understanding of host-microorganism interaction has gradually unmasked the genuine nature of sepsis, guiding toward new definition and novel therapeutic approaches. Diverse clinical manifestations and outcomes among infectious patients have suggested the heterogeneity of immunopathology, while systemic inflammatory responses and deteriorating organ function observed in critically ill patients imply the extensively hyperactivated cascades by the host defense system. From focusing on microorganism pathogenicity, research interests have turned toward the molecular basis of host responses. Though progress has been made regarding recognition and management of clinical sepsis, incidence and mortality rate remain high. Furthermore, clinical trials of therapeutics have failed to obtain promising results. As far as we know, there was no systematic review addressing sepsis-related molecular signaling pathways and intervention therapy in literature. Increasing studies have succeeded to confirm novel functions of involved signaling pathways and comment on efficacy of intervention therapies amid sepsis. However, few of these studies attempt to elucidate the underlining mechanism in progression of sepsis, while other failed to integrate preliminary findings and describe in a broader view. This review focuses on the important signaling pathways, potential molecular mechanism, and pathway-associated therapy in sepsis. Host-derived molecules interacting with activated cells possess pivotal role for sepsis pathogenesis by dynamic regulation of signaling pathways. Cross-talk and functions of these molecules are also discussed in detail. Lastly, potential novel therapeutic strategies precisely targeting on signaling pathways and molecules are mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Tao Ning
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lim MS, Mcrae S. COVID-19 and immunothrombosis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 168:103529. [PMID: 34800652 PMCID: PMC8596655 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulopathy of COVID-19 is characterised by significantly elevated D Dimer and fibrinogen, mild thrombocytopenia and a mildly prolonged PT/APTT. A high incidence of thrombotic complications occurs despite standard thromboprophylaxis. The evidence to date supports immunothrombosis as the underlying mechanism for this coagulopathy which is triggered by a hyperinflammatory response and endotheliopathy. A hypercoagulable state results from endothelial damage/activation, complement activation, platelet hyperactivity, release of Extracellular Neutrophil Traps, activation of the coagulation system and a “hypofibrinolytic” state. Significant cross-talk occurs between the innate/adaptive immune system, endothelium and the coagulation system. D dimer has been shown to be the most reliable predictor of disease severity, thrombosis, and overall survival. In this context, targeting pathways upstream of coagulation using novel or repurposed drugs alone or in combination with other anti-thrombotic agents may be a rational approach to prevent the mortality/morbidity due to COVID-19 associated coagulopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sheng Lim
- Department of Hematology, Launceston General Hospital, WP Holman Clinic, Level 1. PO Box 1963, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Simon Mcrae
- Department of Hematology, Launceston General Hospital, WP Holman Clinic, Level 1. PO Box 1963, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Crosstalk between the renin-angiotensin, complement and kallikrein-kinin systems in inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:411-428. [PMID: 34759348 PMCID: PMC8579187 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00634-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During severe inflammatory and infectious diseases, various mediators modulate the equilibrium of vascular tone, inflammation, coagulation and thrombosis. This Review describes the interactive roles of the renin–angiotensin system, the complement system, and the closely linked kallikrein–kinin and contact systems in cell biological functions such as vascular tone and leakage, inflammation, chemotaxis, thrombosis and cell proliferation. Specific attention is given to the role of these systems in systemic inflammation in the vasculature and tissues during hereditary angioedema, cardiovascular and renal glomerular disease, vasculitides and COVID-19. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic implications of these complex interactions, given that modulation of one system may affect the other systems, with beneficial or deleterious consequences. The renin–angiotensin, complement and kallikrein–kinin systems comprise a multitude of mediators that modulate physiological responses during inflammatory and infectious diseases. This Review investigates the complex interactions between these systems and how these are dysregulated in various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and COVID-19, as well as their therapeutic implications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Puy C, Pang J, Reitsma SE, Lorentz CU, Tucker EI, Gailani D, Gruber A, Lupu F, McCarty OJT. Cross-Talk between the Complement Pathway and the Contact Activation System of Coagulation: Activated Factor XI Neutralizes Complement Factor H. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1784-1792. [PMID: 33811105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Complement factor H (CFH) is the major inhibitor of the alternative pathway of the complement system and is structurally related to beta2-glycoprotein I, which itself is known to bind to ligands, including coagulation factor XI (FXI). We observed reduced complement activation when FXI activation was inhibited in a baboon model of lethal systemic inflammation, suggesting cross-talk between FXI and the complement cascade. It is unknown whether FXI or its activated form, activated FXI (FXIa), directly interacts with the complement system. We explored whether FXI could interact with and inhibit the activity of CFH. We found that FXIa neutralized CFH by cleavage of the R341/R342 bonds. FXIa reduced the capacity of CFH to enhance the cleavage of C3b by factor I and the decay of C3bBb. The binding of CFH to human endothelial cells was also reduced after incubating CFH with FXIa. The addition of either short- or long-chain polyphosphate enhanced the capacity of FXIa to cleave CFH. FXIa also cleaved CFH that was present on endothelial cells and in the secretome from blood platelets. The generation of FXIa in plasma induced the cleavage of CFH. Moreover, FXIa reduced the cleavage of C3b by factor I in serum. Conversely, we observed that CFH inhibited FXI activation by either thrombin or FXIIa. Our study provides, to our knowledge, a novel molecular link between the contact pathway of coagulation and the complement system. These results suggest that FXIa generation enhances the activity of the complement system and thus may potentiate the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Puy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239; .,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Jiaqing Pang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Stéphanie E Reitsma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Christina U Lorentz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239.,Aronora, Inc., Portland, OR 97239
| | - Erik I Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239.,Aronora, Inc., Portland, OR 97239
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - András Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239.,Aronora, Inc., Portland, OR 97239
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Biomaterial and cellular implants:foreign surfaces where immunity and coagulation meet. Blood 2021; 139:1987-1998. [PMID: 34415324 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of blood to a foreign surface in the form of a diagnostic or therapeutic biomaterial device or implanted cells or tissues, elicits an immediate, evolutionarily conserved thrombo-inflammatory response by the host. Primarily designed to protect against invading organisms following an injury, this innate response features instantaneous activation of several blood-borne, highly interactive and well-orchestrated cascades and cellular events that limit bleeding, destroy and eliminate the foreign substance/cells, and promote healing and a return to homeostasis via delicately balanced regenerative processes. In the setting of blood-contacting synthetic or natural biomaterials and implantation of foreign cells/tissues, innate responses are robust, albeit highly context-specific. Unfortunately, they tend to be less than adequately regulated by the host's natural anti-coagulant/anti-inflammatory pathways, thereby jeopardizing the functional integrity of the device, as well as the health of the host. Strategies to achieve biocompatibility with a sustained return to homeostasis, particularly while the device remains in situ and functional, continue to elude scientists and clinicians. In this review, some of the complex mechanisms by which biomaterials and cellular transplants provide a "hub" for activation and amplification of coagulation and immunity - thrombo-inflammation - will be discussed, with a view toward the development of innovative means of overcoming the innate challenges.
Collapse
|
11
|
FXII inhibition: multipronged benefits. Blood 2021; 138:107-109. [PMID: 34264278 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021011032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
12
|
Gouda AS, Adbelruhman FG, Elbendary RN, Alharbi FA, Alhamrani SQ, Mégarbane B. A comprehensive insight into the role of zinc deficiency in the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein system dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3540-3547. [PMID: 33746538 PMCID: PMC7962980 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypozincemia is prevalent in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2)-infected patients and has been considered as a risk factor in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Whereas zinc might affect SARS-COV-2 replication and cell entry, the link between zinc deficiency and COVID-19 severity could also be attributed to the effects of COVID-19 on the body metabolism and immune response. Zinc deficiency is more prevalent in the elderly and patients with underlying chronic diseases, with established deleterious consequences such as the increased risk of respiratory infection. We reviewed the expected effects of zinc deficiency on COVID-19-related pathophysiological mechanisms focusing on both the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein systems. Mechanisms and effects were extrapolated from the available scientific literature. Zinc deficiency alters angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) function, leading to the accumulation of angiotensin II, des-Arg9-bradykinin and Lys-des-Arg9-bradykinin, which results in an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, vasoconstriction and pro-thrombotic effects. Additionally, zinc deficiency blocks the activation of the plasma contact system, a protease cascade initiated by factor VII activation. Suggested mechanisms include the inhibition of Factor XII activation and limitation of high-molecular-weight kininogen, prekallikrein and Factor XII to bind to endothelial cells. The subsequent accumulation of Factor XII and deficiency in bradykinin are responsible for increased production of inflammatory mediators and marked hypercoagulability, as typically observed in COVID-19 patients. To conclude, zinc deficiency may affect both the renin-angiotensin and kinin-kallikrein systems, leading to the exaggerated inflammatory manifestations characteristic of severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. Gouda
- National Egyptian Center for Toxicological Researches, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Poison Control and Forensic Chemistry Center, Northern Borders, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima G. Adbelruhman
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Alzahraa Hospital, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham N. Elbendary
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fadiyah Ahmed Alharbi
- Tabuk Poison Control and Forensic Medicinal Chemistry Center, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Qalit Alhamrani
- Tabuk Poison Control and Forensic Medicinal Chemistry Center, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, University of Paris, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Blood Clotting and the Pathogenesis of Types I and II Hereditary Angioedema. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:348-356. [PMID: 33956309 PMCID: PMC8272707 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08837-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The plasma contact system is the initiator of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and the main producer of the inflammatory peptide bradykinin. When plasma is exposed to a negatively charged surface the two enzymes factor XII (FXII) and plasma prekallikrein (PK) bind to the surface alongside the co-factor high molecular weight kininogen (HK), where PK is non-covalently bound to. Here, FXII and PK undergo a reciprocal activation feedback loop that leads to full contact system activity in a matter of seconds. Although naturally occurring negatively charged surfaces have shown to be involved in the role of the contact system in thrombosis, such surfaces are elusive in the pathogenesis of bradykinin-driven hereditary angioedema (HAE). In this review, we will explore the molecular mechanisms behind contact system activation, their assembly on the endothelial surface, and their role in the HAE pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
14
|
Peddapalli A, Gehani M, Kalle AM, Peddapalli SR, Peter AE, Sharad S. Demystifying Excess Immune Response in COVID-19 to Reposition an Orphan Drug for Down-Regulation of NF-κB: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2021; 13:378. [PMID: 33673529 PMCID: PMC7997247 DOI: 10.3390/v13030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological findings from autopsies, biopsies, and various studies in COVID-19 patients show that the major cause of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 is excess immune response resulting in hyper-inflammation. With the objective to review various mechanisms of excess immune response in adult COVID-19 patients, Pubmed was searched for free full articles not related to therapeutics or co-morbid sub-groups, published in English until 27.10.2020, irrespective of type of article, country, or region. Joanna Briggs Institute's design-specific checklists were used to assess the risk of bias. Out of 122 records screened for eligibility, 42 articles were included in the final review. The review found that eventually, most mechanisms result in cytokine excess and up-regulation of Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling as a common pathway of excess immune response. Molecules blocking NF-κB or targeting downstream effectors like Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) are either undergoing clinical trials or lack specificity and cause unwanted side effects. Neutralization of upstream histamine by histamine-conjugated normal human immunoglobulin has been demonstrated to inhibit the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, thereby preventing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin (IL) 1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 and IL-10 in a safer manner. The authors recommend repositioning it in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apparao Peddapalli
- Department of Microbiology, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam 531011, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Manish Gehani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India;
| | - Arunasree M. Kalle
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India;
| | - Siva R. Peddapalli
- Department of Biological Sciences-Biotechnology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA;
| | - Angela E. Peter
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science & Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Shashwat Sharad
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, John P. Murtha Cancer Center Research Program, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yasmin H, Saha S, Butt MT, Modi RK, George AJT, Kishore U. SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Host Immune Response. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1313:99-134. [PMID: 34661893 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67452-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped, positive-sense RNA coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Since December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected more than 127 million people, 2.7 million deaths globally (as per WHO dashboard, dated 31 March, 2020), the virus is capable of transmitting from human to human via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets or aerosols or contact with infected fomites. Clinically, patients with COVID-19 present with severe respiratory distress syndrome, which is very similar to the presentation of other respiratory viral infections. A huge variation in the host response exists, with the resulting symptoms varying from mild to moderate. Comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, coagulation dysfunction, stroke, malignant tumor and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, as well as age and sex, are associated with severe COVID-19 cases. So far, no targeted therapies have been developed to treat this disease and existing drugs are being investigated for repurposing. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, clinical features of COVID-19, pathogenesis and the innate and adaptive immune response mounted by the host to the SARS-CoV-2 infection. A deeper understanding of the host-pathogen interaction is fundamental to the development of a vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Amity Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Amity University Campus, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mariam Tariq Butt
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Rishab Kumar Modi
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
| | - Andrew J T George
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Borden EA, Furey M, Gattone NJ, Hambardikar VD, Liang XH, Scoma ER, Abou Samra A, D-Gary LR, Dennis DJ, Fricker D, Garcia C, Jiang Z, Khan SA, Kumarasamy D, Kuppala H, Ringrose S, Rosenheim EJ, Van Exel K, Vudhayagiri HS, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Guitart-Mampel M, Urquiza P, Solesio ME. Is there a link between inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), mitochondria, and neurodegeneration? Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105211. [PMID: 33010423 PMCID: PMC7855267 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction - including increased apoptosis, calcium and protein dyshomeostasis within the organelle, and dysfunctional bioenergetics and oxidative status - is a common, early feature in all the major neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). However, the exact molecular mechanisms that drive the organelle to dysfunction and ultimately to failure in these conditions are still not well described. Different authors have shown that inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), an ancient and well-conserved molecule, plays a key role in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology under basal conditions. PolyP, which is present in all studied organisms, is composed of chains of orthophosphates linked together by highly energetic phosphoanhydride bonds, similar to those found in ATP. This polymer shows a ubiquitous distribution, even if a high co-localization with mitochondria has been reported. It has been proposed that polyP might be an alternative to ATP for cellular energy storage in different organisms, as well as the implication of polyP in the regulation of many of the mitochondrial processes affected in AD and PD, including protein and calcium homeostasis. Here, we conduct a comprehensive review and discussion of the bibliography available regarding the role of polyP in the mitochondrial dysfunction present in AD and PD. Taking into account the data presented in this review, we postulate that polyP could be a valid, innovative and, plausible pharmacological target against mitochondrial dysfunction in AD and PD. However, further research should be conducted to better understand the exact role of polyP in neurodegeneration, as well as the metabolism of the polymer, and the effect of different lengths of polyP on cellular and mitochondrial physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Borden
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Furey
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas J Gattone
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | | | - Xiao Hua Liang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Ernest R Scoma
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Antonella Abou Samra
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - LaKeshia R D-Gary
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Dayshaun J Dennis
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel Fricker
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Cindy Garcia
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - ZeCheng Jiang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Shariq A Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | | | - Hasmitha Kuppala
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Savannah Ringrose
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Evan J Rosenheim
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Kimberly Van Exel
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | | | - Jiarui Zhang
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Zhaowen Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | | | - Pedro Urquiza
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Maria E Solesio
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ, USA; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Satyam A, Tsokos GC. Curb complement to cure COVID-19. Clin Immunol 2020; 221:108603. [PMID: 33022386 PMCID: PMC7832239 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhigyan Satyam
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lo MW, Kemper C, Woodruff TM. COVID-19: Complement, Coagulation, and Collateral Damage. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:1488-1495. [PMID: 32699160 PMCID: PMC7484432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory infection that is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Although most people are immunocompetent to the virus, a small group fail to mount an effective antiviral response and develop chronic infections that trigger hyperinflammation. This results in major complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multiorgan failure, which all carry poor prognoses. Emerging evidence suggests that the complement system plays a key role in this inflammatory reaction. Indeed, patients with severe COVID-19 show prominent complement activation in their lung, skin, and sera, and those individuals who were treated with complement inhibitors all recovered with no adverse reactions. These and other studies hint at complement's therapeutic potential in these sequalae, and thus, to support drug development, in this review, we provide a summary of COVID-19 and review complement's role in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome and coagulopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Lo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| | - Claudia Kemper
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Java A, Apicelli AJ, Liszewski MK, Coler-Reilly A, Atkinson JP, Kim AH, Kulkarni HS. The complement system in COVID-19: friend and foe? JCI Insight 2020; 5:140711. [PMID: 32554923 PMCID: PMC7455060 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.140711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic and a disruptive health crisis. COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality have been attributed to an exaggerated immune response. The role of complement activation and its contribution to illness severity is being increasingly recognized. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the interaction of coronaviruses with the complement system. We posit that (a) coronaviruses activate multiple complement pathways; (b) severe COVID-19 clinical features often resemble complementopathies; (c) the combined effects of complement activation, dysregulated neutrophilia, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability appear to be intertwined to drive the severe features of COVID-19; (d) a subset of patients with COVID-19 may have a genetic predisposition associated with complement dysregulation; and (e) these observations create a basis for clinical trials of complement inhibitors in life-threatening illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hrishikesh S. Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thangaraj SS, Christiansen SH, Graversen JH, Sidelmann JJ, Hansen SWK, Bygum A, Gram JB, Palarasah Y. Contact activation-induced complex formation between complement factor H and coagulation factor XIIa. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:876-884. [PMID: 31984663 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement and coagulation systems share an evolutionary origin with many components showing structural homology. Certain components, including complement factor H (FH) and coagulation factor XII (FXII), have separately been shown to have auxiliary activities across the two systems. OBJECTIVES The interaction between FXII and FH was investigated. METHODS Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) complex formation between different FXII forms and FH was investigated. The presence of α-FXIIa:FH complexes upon contact activation in plasma was evaluated by ELISA and immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We identified and characterized a direct interaction between the components and demonstrated that among different forms of FXII, only the activated α-FXIIa formed complexes with FH, with an apparent binding strength Kd of 34 ± 9 nmol/L. The complex formation involved the kringle domain of the heavy chain of FXII. C1-inhibitor induced inhibition of α-FXIIa did not alter the binding of α-FXIIa toward FH. We further demonstrated the presence of α-FXIIa:FH complexes in normal human plasma upon contact activation, indicating formation of α-FXIIa:FH complexes as a consequence of α-FXIIa generation. Complex formation between α-FXIIa and FH was also assessed in hereditary angioedema (HAE) patients with C1-inhibitor deficiency as well as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with high levels of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) upon contact activation. We observed elevated levels of α-FXIIa:FH complexes in HAE patients, and equal levels of complexes in RA patients and healthy individuals upon contact activation. CONCLUSION A direct interaction between α-FXIIa and FH is demonstrated. Our findings represent a new crosstalk between these systems, potentially important in the onset and pathology of inflammatory vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sindhu Thangaraj
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Stig Hill Christiansen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonas Heilskov Graversen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Johannes Jakobsen Sidelmann
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Søren Werner Karlskov Hansen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anette Bygum
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Centre, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brodersen Gram
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lo MW, Woodruff TM. Complement: Bridging the innate and adaptive immune systems in sterile inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:339-351. [PMID: 32182389 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0220-270r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a collection of soluble and membrane-bound proteins that together act as a powerful amplifier of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Although its role in infection is well established, complement is becoming increasingly recognized as a key contributor to sterile inflammation, a chronic inflammatory process often associated with noncommunicable diseases. In this context, damaged tissues release danger signals and trigger complement, which acts on a range of leukocytes to augment and bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. Given the detrimental effect of chronic inflammation, the complement system is therefore well placed as an anti-inflammatory drug target. In this review, we provide a general outline of the sterile activators, effectors, and targets of the complement system and a series of examples (i.e., hypertension, cancer, allograft transplant rejection, and neuroinflammation) that highlight complement's ability to bridge the 2 arms of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Lo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schmaier AH, Stavrou EX. Factor XII - What's important but not commonly thought about. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:599-606. [PMID: 31624779 PMCID: PMC6781921 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XII (FXII) becomes a serine protease when blood is exposed to artificial medical surfaces or when pathologic surfaces arise in disease states leading to its autoactivation. Initiation of the blood coagulation cascade was the first recognized activity of FXIIa. Blocking FXIIa activity formed on artificial medical surfaces should reduce induced blood coagulation leading to thrombosis. In contrast to FXII enzymatic activities, less is known about zymogen FXII functions. Studies show that zymogen FXII has biologic activity in various cells in vivo. In endothelium, FXII stimulates cell growth and proliferation and, in vivo, neoangiogenesis after injury. In fibroblasts, transforming growth factor-β increases FXII expression, which in turn stimulates fibroblast proliferation, contributing to tissue fibrosis. In neutrophils, FXII stimulates Akt2 to initiate neutrophil adhesion, migration, and chemotaxis, priming events leading to NETosis. Factor FXII deficiency leads to decreased neutrophil recruitment and improved wound healing. In dendritic cells, FXII contributes to neuroinflammation, and its deficiency or pharmacologic inhibition renders mice less susceptible to autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These combined studies indicate that FXII also contributes to multiple components of the inflammatory response. In sum, targeting FXII's biologic activities may provide novel approaches to reduce thrombosis and the inflammatory response in various disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin H. Schmaier
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio
- Department of MedicineUniversity Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterClevelandOhio
| | - Evi X. Stavrou
- Department of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio
- Department of MedicineVA Northeast Ohio Healthcare SystemClevelandOhio
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Renné T, Stavrou EX. Roles of Factor XII in Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2011. [PMID: 31507606 PMCID: PMC6713930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor XII (FXII) is the zymogen of serine protease, factor XIIa (FXIIa). FXIIa enzymatic activities have been extensively studied and FXIIa inhibition is emerging as a promising target to treat or prevent thrombosis without creating a hemostatic defect. FXII and plasma prekallikrein reciprocally activate each other and result in liberation of bradykinin. Due to its unique structure among coagulation factors, FXII exerts mitogenic activity in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, indicating that zymogen FXII has activities independent of its protease function. A growing body of evidence has revealed that both FXII and FXIIa upregulate neutrophil functions, contribute to macrophage polarization and induce T-cell differentiation. In vivo, these signaling activities contribute to host defense against pathogens, mediate the development of neuroinflammation, influence wound repair and may facilitate cancer maintenance and progression. Here, we review the roles of FXII in innate immunity as they relate to non-sterile and sterile immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Evi X Stavrou
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Hematology and Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hereditary Angioedema: Insights into inflammation and allergy. Mol Immunol 2019; 112:378-386. [PMID: 31279849 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is a rare autosomal recessive bradykinin (BK)-mediated disease characterized by local episodes of non-pitting swelling. Initially considered a complement-mediated disease, novel pathogenic mechanisms uncovered in the last decade have revealed new HAE-associated genes and tight physiological relationships among complement, contact, coagulation, fibrinolysis and inflammation. Uncontrolled production of BK due to inefficient regulation of the plasma contact system, increased activity of contact and coagulation factors or a deficient regulation of BK receptor-triggered intracellular signalling are on the basis of HAE pathology. In this new scenario, HAE can result from different mechanisms that may generate distinct clinical phenotypes of the disease. This review focuses in the recent advances and unsolved challenges in our comprehension of this ever increasingly complex pathology.
Collapse
|
25
|
Zou Y, Gong P, Zhao W, Zhang J, Wu X, Xin C, Xiong Z, Li Z, Wu X, Wan Q, Li X, Chen J. Quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of piperine protected cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat brain. Neurochem Int 2018; 124:51-61. [PMID: 30579855 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Piperine is the key bioactive factor in black pepper, and has been reported to alleviate cerebral ischemic injury. However, the mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects following cerebral ischemia remain unclear. In this study, rats were administered vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) or piperine, 20 mg/kg, daily for 14 days before focal cerebral artery occlusion. After occlusion for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Histological examinations were used to assess whether piperine has a neuroprotective effect in the rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The levels of proteins in the ischemic penumbra were evaluated by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based proteomics. A total of 3687 proteins were identified, including 23 proteins that were highly significantly differentially expressed between the control and piperine groups. The proteomic findings were verified by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Interestingly, piperine administration downregulated a number of critical factors in the complement and coagulation cascades, including complement component 3, fibrinogen gamma chain, alpha-2-macroglobulin, and serpin family A member 1. Collectively, our findings suggest that the neuroprotective effects of piperine following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury are related to the regulation of the complement and coagulation cascades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Pian Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Can Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Zhongwei Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Qi Wan
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Queensland Brain Institute of the University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jincao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Didiasova M, Wujak L, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. Factor XII in coagulation, inflammation and beyond. Cell Signal 2018; 51:257-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
: Complement and coagulation are evolutionarily related proteolytic cascades in the blood that are critical for effecting an appropriate innate response to injury that limits bleeding and infection, while promoting healing. Although often viewed as distinct, it has long been recognized that cross-talk likely exists between these pathways. Only recently have molecular links been established. These are providing insights that are revealing opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to better treat a wide range of thrombotic, inflammatory, immune, infectious, and malignant diseases. In this brief review, the complex relationship between complement and coagulation is highlighted, underlining some of the newly uncovered interactions, in the hopes of stimulating innovative research that will yield improvements in patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
28
|
Zilberman-Rudenko J, Reitsma SE, Puy C, Rigg RA, Smith SA, Tucker EI, Silasi R, Merkulova A, McCrae KR, Maas C, Urbanus RT, Gailani D, Morrissey JH, Gruber A, Lupu F, Schmaier AH, McCarty OJT. Factor XII Activation Promotes Platelet Consumption in the Presence of Bacterial-Type Long-Chain Polyphosphate In Vitro and In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1748-1760. [PMID: 30354195 PMCID: PMC6205188 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Terminal complications of bacterial sepsis include development of disseminated intravascular consumptive coagulopathy. Bacterial constituents, including long-chain polyphosphates (polyP), have been shown to activate the contact pathway of coagulation in plasma. Recent work shows that activation of the contact pathway in flowing whole blood promotes thrombin generation and platelet activation and consumption distal to thrombus formation ex vivo and in vivo. Here, we sought to determine whether presence of long-chain polyP or bacteria in the bloodstream promotes platelet activation and consumption in a coagulation factor (F)XII-dependent manner. Approach and Results- Long-chain polyP promoted platelet P-selectin expression, microaggregate formation, and platelet consumption in flowing whole blood in a contact activation pathway-dependent manner. Moreover, long-chain polyP promoted local fibrin formation on collagen under shear flow in a FXI-dependent manner. Distal to the site of thrombus formation, platelet consumption was dramatically enhanced in the presence of long-chain polyP in the blood flow in a FXI- and FXII-dependent manner. In a murine model, long-chain polyP promoted platelet deposition and fibrin generation in lungs in a FXII-dependent manner. In a nonhuman primate model of bacterial sepsis, pre-treatment of animals with an antibody blocking FXI activation by FXIIa reduced lethal dose100 Staphylococcus aureus-induced platelet and fibrinogen consumption. Conclusions- This study demonstrates that bacterial-type long-chain polyP promotes platelet activation in a FXII-dependent manner in flowing blood, which may contribute to sepsis-associated thrombotic processes, consumptive coagulopathy, and thrombocytopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie E. Reitsma
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Puy
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rachel A. Rigg
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Smith
- Departments of Biological Chemistry & Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erik I. Tucker
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Aronora Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert Silasi
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alona Merkulova
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Keith R. McCrae
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Coen Maas
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rolf T. Urbanus
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David Gailani
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James H. Morrissey
- Departments of Biological Chemistry & Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - András Gruber
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Aronora Inc., Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alvin H. Schmaier
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Owen J. T. McCarty
- Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni cleaves the coagulation protein high molecular weight kininogen (HK) but does not generate the vasodilator bradykinin. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29540224 PMCID: PMC5853081 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomes are blood dwelling parasitic worms that cause the debilitating disease schistosomiasis. Here we examined the influence of the parasites on their external environment by monitoring the impact of adult Schistosoma mansoni worms on the murine plasma proteome in vitro and, in particular, on how the worms affect the blood coagulation protein high molecular weight kininogen (HK). Methods Following the incubation of adult schistosomes in murine plasma, two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was conducted to look for changes in the plasma proteome compared with control plasma. A major change to the blood protein kininogen (HK) was observed, and the interaction of Schistosoma mansoni parasite with this protein alone was then investigated by western blot analysis and activity assays. Finally, the generation of bradykinin from HK was monitored using a bradykinin detection kit. Results The most striking change to the plasma proteome concerned HK; while the full-length protein was more abundant in control plasma, carboxyl-terminal truncated forms were more abundant in plasma that contained schistosomes. Incubating parasites in buffer with pure HK followed by Western blot analysis confirmed that human HK is degraded by the worms. The resulting digestion pattern differed from that brought about by kallikrein, a host serine protease that normally acts on HK to release the vasodilator bradykinin. We found that live schistosomes, while digesting HK, do not generate bradykinin nor do they cleave a chromogenic kallikrein substrate. Since the cleavage of HK by the worms is not impeded by the serine protease inhibitor PMSF but is blocked by the cysteine protease inhibitor E64c, we hypothesize that schistosome tegumental cysteine proteases are responsible for HK cleavage. Conclusions Since proteomic and biochemical studies have revealed that the schistosome tegument contains two cysteine proteases belonging to the calpain family (SmCalp1 and SmCalp2) we conclude that these are likely responsible for the HK cleavage reported here. Schistosome cleavage of HK should help impede blood clotting and inflammation around the worms in vivo and so promote their ease of movement within the vasculature of their hosts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2704-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
30
|
Irmscher S, Döring N, Halder LD, Jo EAH, Kopka I, Dunker C, Jacobsen ID, Luo S, Slevogt H, Lorkowski S, Beyersdorf N, Zipfel PF, Skerka C. Kallikrein Cleaves C3 and Activates Complement. J Innate Immun 2017; 10:94-105. [PMID: 29237166 DOI: 10.1159/000484257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human plasma contact system is an immune surveillance system activated by the negatively charged surfaces of bacteria and fungi and includes the kallikrein-kinin, the coagulation, and the fibrinolytic systems. Previous work shows that the contact system also activates complement, and that plasma enzymes like kallikrein, plasmin, thrombin, and FXII are involved in the activation process. Here, we show for the first time that kallikrein cleaves the central complement component C3 directly to yield active components C3b and C3a. The cleavage site within C3 is identical to that recognized by the C3 convertase. Also, kallikrein-generated C3b forms C3 convertases, which trigger the C3 amplification loop. Since kallikrein also cleaves factor B to yield Bb and Ba, kallikrein alone can trigger complement activation. Kallikrein-generated C3 convertases are inhibited by factor H; thus, the kallikrein activation pathway merges with the amplification loop of the alternative pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that activation of the contact system locally enhances complement activation on cell surfaces. The human pathogenic microbe Candida albicans activates the contact system in normal human serum. However, C. albicans immediately recruits factor H to the surface, thereby evading the alternative and likely kallikrein-mediated complement pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Irmscher
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Sepsis-associated organ dysfunction involves multiple responses to inflammation, including endothelial and microvascular dysfunction, immune and autonomic dysregulation, and cellular metabolic reprogramming. The effect of targeting these mechanistic pathways on short- and long-term outcomes depends highly on the timing of therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the adaptive or maladaptive character of these mechanisms, to discover phase-specific biomarkers to guide therapy, and to conceptualize these mechanisms in terms of resistance and tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Pool
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hernando Gomez
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3347 Forbes Avenue, Suite 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, The CRISMA (Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3347 Forbes Avenue, Suite 220, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bender L, Weidmann H, Rose-John S, Renné T, Long AT. Factor XII-Driven Inflammatory Reactions with Implications for Anaphylaxis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1115. [PMID: 28966616 PMCID: PMC5605561 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction. It is triggered by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators from mast cells and basophils in response to immunologic or non-immunologic mechanisms. Mediators that are released upon mast cell activation include the highly sulfated polysaccharide and inorganic polymer heparin and polyphosphate (polyP), respectively. Heparin and polyP supply a negative surface for factor XII (FXII) activation, a serine protease that drives contact system-mediated coagulation and inflammation. Activation of the FXII substrate plasma kallikrein leads to further activation of zymogen FXII and triggers the pro-inflammatory kallikrein-kinin system that results in the release of the mediator bradykinin (BK). The severity of anaphylaxis is correlated with the intensity of contact system activation, the magnitude of mast cell activation, and BK formation. The main inhibitor of the complement system, C1 esterase inhibitor, potently interferes with FXII activity, indicating a meaningful cross-link between complement and kallikrein-kinin systems. Deficiency in a functional C1 esterase inhibitor leads to a severe swelling disorder called hereditary angioedema (HAE). The significance of FXII in these disorders highlights the importance of studying how these processes are integrated and can be therapeutically targeted. In this review, we focus on how FXII integrates with inflammation and the complement system to cause anaphylaxis and HAE as well as highlight current diagnosis and treatments of BK-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lysann Bender
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henri Weidmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, L1:00 Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andy T. Long
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Auxiliary activation of the complement system and its importance for the pathophysiology of clinical conditions. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 40:87-102. [PMID: 28900700 PMCID: PMC5794838 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation and regulation of the cascade systems of the blood (the complement system, the coagulation/contact activation/kallikrein system, and the fibrinolytic system) occurs via activation of zymogen molecules to specific active proteolytic enzymes. Despite the fact that the generated proteases are all present together in the blood, under physiological conditions, the activity of the generated proteases is controlled by endogenous protease inhibitors. Consequently, there is remarkable little crosstalk between the different systems in the fluid phase. This concept review article aims at identifying and describing conditions where the strict system-related control is circumvented. These include clinical settings where massive amounts of proteolytic enzymes are released from tissues, e.g., during pancreatitis or post-traumatic tissue damage, resulting in consumption of the natural substrates of the specific proteases and the available protease inhibitor. Another example of cascade system dysregulation is disseminated intravascular coagulation, with canonical activation of all cascade systems of the blood, also leading to specific substrate and protease inhibitor elimination. The present review explains basic concepts in protease biochemistry of importance to understand clinical conditions with extensive protease activation.
Collapse
|
34
|
Doni A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A. Innate immunity, hemostasis and matrix remodeling: PTX3 as a link. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:570-577. [PMID: 27881292 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is evolutionarily connected with hemostasis. PTX3 is an essential fluid-phase pattern recognition molecule of the innate immune system that acts as a functional ancestor of antibodies. PTX3 by interacting with defense collagens and fibrinogens amplifies effector functions of the innate immune system. At wound sites, PTX3 regulates the injury-induced thrombotic response and promotes wound healing by favoring timely fibrinolysis. Therefore, PTX3 interacts with ancestral domains conserved in innate immunity, hemostasis and extracellular matrix and exerts functions related to both antimicrobial resistance and tissue repair. These findings strengthen the connection between innate immune system and hemostasis, and suggest that recognition of microbes and extracellular matrix are evolutionarily conserved and integrated functions of the innate immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Doni
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; Humanitas University, via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The initiation and effects of plasma contact activation: an overview. Int J Hematol 2016; 105:235-243. [PMID: 27848184 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The plasma contact system sits atop the intrinsic coagulation cascade and plasma kallikrein-kinin pathway, and in vivo its activation contributes, respectively, to coagulation and inflammation mainly via two downstream pathways. This system has been widely investigated, its activation mechanisms by negatively charged surfaces and the interactions within its components, factor XII, prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen are well understood at the biochemical level. However, as most of the activators that have been discovered by in vitro experiments are exogenous, the physiological activators and roles of the contact system have remained unclear and controversial. In the last two decades, several physiological activators have been identified, and a better understanding of its roles and its connection with other signaling pathways has been obtained from in vivo studies. In this article, we present an overview of the contact pathway with a focus on the activation mechanisms, natural stimuli, possible physiological roles, potential risks of its excessive activation, remaining questions and future prospects.
Collapse
|
36
|
Schoenfeld AK, Lahrsen E, Alban S. Regulation of Complement and Contact System Activation via C1 Inhibitor Potentiation and Factor XIIa Activity Modulation by Sulfated Glycans - Structure-Activity Relationships. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165493. [PMID: 27783665 PMCID: PMC5082678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The serpin C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) is the only regulator of classical complement activation as well as the major regulator of the contact system. Its importance is demonstrated by hereditary angioedema (HAE), a severe disease with potentially life-threatening attacks due to deficiency or dysfunction of C1-INH. C1-INH replacement is the therapy of choice in HAE. In addition, C1-INH showed to have beneficial effects in other diseases characterized by inappropriate complement and contact system activation. Due to some limitations of its clinical application, there is a need for improving the efficacy of therapeutically applied C1-INH or to enhance the activity of endogenous C1-INH. Given the known potentiating effect of heparin on C1-INH, sulfated glycans (SG) may be such candidates. The aim of this study was to characterize suitable SG by evaluating structure-activity relationships. For this, more than 40 structurally distinct SG were examined for their effects on C1-INH, C1s and FXIIa. The SG turned out to potentiate the C1s inhibition by C1-INH without any direct influence on C1s. Their potentiating activity proved to depend on their degree of sulfation, molecular mass as well as glycan structure. In contrast, the SG had no effect on the FXIIa inhibition by C1-INH, but structure-dependently modulated the activity of FXIIa. Among the tested SG, β-1,3-glucan sulfates with a Mr ≤ 10 000 were identified as most promising lead candidates for the development of a glycan-based C1-INH amplifier. In conclusion, the obtained information on structural characteristics of SG favoring C1-INH potentiation represent an useful elementary basis for the development of compounds improving the potency of C1-INH in diseases and clinical situations characterized by inappropriate activation of complement and contact system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Schoenfeld
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Eric Lahrsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Susanne Alban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ramachandran R, Altier C, Oikonomopoulou K, Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, Their Extracellular Targets, and Inflammatory Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1110-1142. [PMID: 27677721 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that over 2% of the human genome codes for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, it is not surprising that proteinases serve many physiologic-pathophysiological roles. In this context, we provide an overview of proteolytic mechanisms regulating inflammation, with a focus on cell signaling stimulated by the generation of inflammatory peptides; activation of the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), with a mechanism in common with adhesion-triggered GPCRs (ADGRs); and by proteolytic ion channel regulation. These mechanisms are considered in the much wider context that proteolytic mechanisms serve, including the processing of growth factors and their receptors, the regulation of matrix-integrin signaling, and the generation and release of membrane-tethered receptor ligands. These signaling mechanisms are relevant for inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases as well as for cancer. We propose that the inflammation-triggering proteinases and their proteolytically generated substrates represent attractive therapeutic targets and we discuss appropriate targeting strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Ramachandran
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Christophe Altier
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Polyphosphate is a novel cofactor for regulation of complement by a serpin, C1 inhibitor. Blood 2016; 128:1766-76. [PMID: 27338096 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-02-699561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system plays a key role in innate immunity, inflammation, and coagulation. The system is delicately balanced by negative regulatory mechanisms that modulate the host response to pathogen invasion and injury. The serpin, C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH), is the only known plasma inhibitor of C1s, the initiating serine protease of the classical pathway of complement. Like other serpin-protease partners, C1-INH interaction with C1s is accelerated by polyanions such as heparin. Polyphosphate (polyP) is a naturally occurring polyanion with effects on coagulation and complement. We recently found that polyP binds to C1-INH, prompting us to consider whether polyP acts as a cofactor for C1-INH interactions with its target proteases. We show that polyP dampens C1s-mediated activation of the classical pathway in a polymer length- and concentration-dependent manner by accelerating C1-INH neutralization of C1s cleavage of C4 and C2. PolyP significantly increases the rate of interaction between C1s and C1-INH, to an extent comparable to heparin, with an exosite on the serine protease domain of the enzyme playing a major role in this interaction. In a serum-based cell culture system, polyP significantly suppressed C4d deposition on endothelial cells, generated via the classical and lectin pathways. Moreover, polyP and C1-INH colocalize in activated platelets, suggesting that their interactions are physiologically relevant. In summary, like heparin, polyP is a naturally occurring cofactor for the C1s:C1-INH interaction and thus an important regulator of complement activation. The findings may provide novel insights into mechanisms underlying inflammatory diseases and the development of new therapies.
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Complement, Kinins, and Hereditary Angioedema: Mechanisms of Plasma Instability when C1 Inhibitor is Absent. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 51:207-15. [PMID: 27273087 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma of patients with types I and II hereditary angioedema is unstable if incubated in a plastic (i.e., inert) vessel at 37 °C manifested by progressively increasing formation of bradykinin. There is also a persistent low level of C4 in 95 % of patients even when they are symptomatic. These phenomena are due to the properties of the C1r subcomponent of C1, factor XII, and the bimolecular complex of prekallikrein with high molecular weight kininogen (HK). Purified C1r auto-activates in physiologic buffers, activates C1s, which in turn depletes C4. This occurs when C1 inhibitor is deficient. The complex of prekallikrein-HK acquires an inducible active site not present in prekallikrein which in Tris-type buffers cleaves HK stoichiometrically to release bradykinin, or in phosphate buffer auto-activates to generate kallikrein and bradykinin. Thus immunologic depletion of C1 inhibitor from factor XII-deficient plasma (phosphate is the natural buffer) auto-activates on incubation to release bradykinin. Normal C1 inhibitor prevents this from occurring. During attacks of angioedema, if factor XII auto-activates on surfaces, the initial factor XIIa formed converts prekallikrein to kallikrein, and kallikrein cleaves HK to release bradykinin. Kallikrein also rapidly activates most remaining factor XII to factor XIIa. Additional cleavages convert factor XIIa to factor XIIf and factor XIIf activates C1r enzymatically so that C4 levels approach zero, and C2 is depleted. There is also a possibility that kallikrein is generated first as a result of activation of the prekallikrein-HK complex by heat shock protein 90 released from endothelial cells, followed by kallikrein activation of factor XII.
Collapse
|
41
|
Minor Role of Plasminogen in Complement Activation on Cell Surfaces. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143707. [PMID: 26637181 PMCID: PMC4670116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare, but severe thrombotic microangiopathy. In roughly two thirds of the patients, mutations in complement genes lead to uncontrolled activation of the complement system against self cells. Recently, aHUS patients were described with deficiency of the fibrinolytic protein plasminogen. This zymogen and its protease form plasmin have both been shown to interact with complement proteins in the fluid phase. In this work we studied the potential of plasminogen to restrict complement propagation. In hemolytic assays, plasminogen inhibited complement activation, but only when it had been exogenously activated to plasmin and when it was used at disproportionately high concentrations compared to serum. Addition of only the zymogen plasminogen into serum did not hinder complement-mediated lysis of erythrocytes. Plasminogen could not restrict deposition of complement activation products on endothelial cells either, as was shown with flow cytometry. With platelets, a very weak inhibitory effect on deposition of C3 fragments was observed, but it was considered too weak to be significant for disease pathogenesis. Thus it was concluded that plasminogen is not an important regulator of complement on self cells. Instead, addition of plasminogen was shown to clearly hinder platelet aggregation in serum. This was attributed to plasmin causing disintegration of formed platelet aggregates. We propose that reduced proteolytic activity of plasmin on structures of growing thrombi, rather than on complement activation fragments, explains the association of plasminogen deficiency with aHUS. This adds to the emerging view that factors unrelated to the complement system can also be central to aHUS pathogenesis and suggests that future research on the mechanism of the disease should expand beyond complement dysregulation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Csuka D, Veszeli N, Imreh É, Zotter Z, Skopál J, Prohászka Z, Varga L, Farkas H. Comprehensive study into the activation of the plasma enzyme systems during attacks of hereditary angioedema due to C1-inhibitor deficiency. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2015; 10:132. [PMID: 26452350 PMCID: PMC4600308 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-015-0351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The activation of plasma enzyme systems contributes to hereditary angioedema attacks. We aimed to study the activation markers of the fibrinolytic, coagulation, and contact systems in a larger number of paired samples obtained from the same C1-INH-HAE patients in symptom-free periods and during attacks. Methods Eleven parameters (Factors XI, XII, and C1-inhibitor activity; the concentrations of the D-dimer, prothrombin fragments 1 + 2, plasminogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI-1], thrombin-anti-thrombin III [TAT] complex, fibrinogen) were measured along with prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), using commercial kits. We compared these markers in samples obtained from the same 39 patients during attack-free periods and during 62 edematous episodes. Forty healthy subjects of matching sex and age served as controls. Results Compared with the healthy controls, significantly higher FXI and FXII activity (p = 0.0007, p = 0.005), as well as D-dimer (p < 0.0001), prothrombin fragments 1 + 2 (p < 0.0001), and TAT (p = 0.0303) levels were ascertained in the patients during symptom-free periods. The evaluation of samples from symptom-free periods or obtained during attacks revealed the increase of FXII activity, as well as of the concentration of D-dimer, prothrombin fragments 1 + 2, and TAT during edematous episodes. PAI-1 level, prothrombin time, and aPTT decreased significantly during attacks, compared with symptom-free periods. D-dimer level was significantly higher during multiple- vs. single-site attacks. Conclusions Comparing a large number of paired samples from symptom-free periods or from edematous episodes allowed accurate appraisal of the changes occurring during attacks. Moreover, our study pointed out that individual episodes may be characterized by different marker patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Csuka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kútvölgyi út 4, H-1125, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nóra Veszeli
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kútvölgyi út 4, H-1125, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Éva Imreh
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kútvölgyi út 4, H-1125, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Zotter
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kútvölgyi út 4, H-1125, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Judit Skopál
- Department of Cardiology, Heart & Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Prohászka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kútvölgyi út 4, H-1125, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lilian Varga
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kútvölgyi út 4, H-1125, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Henriette Farkas
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Kútvölgyi út 4, H-1125, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
van der Meijden PE, Ozaki Y, Ruf W, de Laat B, Mutch N, Diamond S, Nieuwland R, Peters TC, Heestermans M, Kremers RM, Moorlag M, Boender J, Ünlü B, Reitsma PH. Theme 1: Pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (and post-thrombotic syndrome). Thromb Res 2015; 136 Suppl 1:S3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
44
|
Morrissey JH, Smith SA. Polyphosphate as modulator of hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13 Suppl 1:S92-7. [PMID: 26149055 PMCID: PMC4497372 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a linear polymer of phosphates, is present in many infectious microorganisms and is secreted by mast cells and platelets. PolyP has recently been shown to accelerate blood clotting and slow fibrinolysis, in a manner that is highly dependent on polymer length. Very long-chain polyP (of the type present in microorganisms) is an especially potent trigger of the contact pathway, enhances the proinflammatory activity of histones, and may participate in host responses to pathogens. PolyP also inhibits complement, providing another link between polyP and inflammation/innate immunity. Platelet-size polyP (which is considerably shorter) accelerates factor V activation, opposes the anticoagulant action of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, modulates fibrin clot structure, and promotes factor XI activation. PolyP may have utility in treating bleeding. It is also a potential target for the development of antithrombotic drugs with a novel mechanism of action and potentially fewer bleeding side effects compared with conventional anticoagulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J H Morrissey
- Biochemistry Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - S A Smith
- Biochemistry Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Throughout evolution, organisms have developed means to contain wounds by simultaneously limiting bleeding and eliminating pathogens and damaged host cells via the recruitment of innate defense mechanisms. Disease emerges when there is unchecked activation of innate immune and/or coagulation responses. A key component of innate immunity is the complement system. Concurrent excess activation of coagulation and complement - two major blood-borne proteolytic pathways - is evident in numerous diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, venous thromboembolic disease, thrombotic microangiopathies, arthritis, cancer, and infectious diseases. Delineating the cross-talk between these two cascades will uncover novel therapeutic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Conway
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Smith SA, Morrissey JH. 2013 scientific sessions Sol Sherry distinguished lecture in thrombosis: polyphosphate: a novel modulator of hemostasis and thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1298-305. [PMID: 25908762 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.301927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate is a highly anionic, linear polymer of inorganic phosphates that is found throughout biology, including in many infectious microorganisms. Recently, polyphosphate was discovered to be stored in a subset of the secretory granules of human platelets and mast cells, and to be secreted on activation of these cells. Work from our laboratory and others has now shown that polyphosphate is a novel, potent modulator of the blood clotting and complement systems that likely plays roles in hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and host responses to pathogens. Therapeutics targeting polyphosphate may have the potential to limit thrombosis with fewer hemorrhagic complications than conventional anticoagulant drugs that target essential proteases of the blood clotting cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Smith
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - James H Morrissey
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Polyphosphate (polyP) is an inorganic polymer that has recently been shown to be secreted by activated platelets. It is a potent modulator of the blood clotting and complement systems in hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS This review focuses on what is currently known about which blood cells secrete polyP, and the roles that polyP plays in modulating the blood clotting and complement systems in health and disease. SUMMARY PolyP is a novel player in normal hemostasis and likely plays roles in thrombotic diseases and also in host responses to pathogens. It is also potentially a drug target, as its contributions to hemostasis appear to be to accelerate blood clotting but are not required for blood clotting to happen.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lupu F, Keshari RS, Lambris JD, Coggeshall KM. Crosstalk between the coagulation and complement systems in sepsis. Thromb Res 2014; 133 Suppl 1:S28-31. [PMID: 24759136 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a potent activator of the hemostatic and complement systems. While local activation of these proteolytic cascades contributes to the host defense, their uncontrolled systemic activation has major tissue damaging effects that lead to multiple organ failure and death. We have extensively studied the activation of complement and coagulation cascades in experimental sepsis using baboons challenged with live bacteria, such as Gram-negative Escherichia coli or Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis, or with the bacterial product peptidoglycan. We observed that these challenges rapidly induce disseminated intravascular coagulation and robust complement activation. We applied a potent C3 convertase inhibitor, compstatin, which prevented sepsis-induced complement activation, reduced thrombocytopenia, decreased the coagulopathic responses, and preserving the endothelial anticoagulant properties. Overall, our work demonstrates that live bacteria and bacterial products activate the complement and coagulation cascades, and that blocking formation of complement activation products, especially during the organ failure stage of severe sepsis could be a potentially important therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology, Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK.
| | - Ravi S Keshari
- Cardiovascular Biology, Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - K Mark Coggeshall
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Programs, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Suffritti C, Zanichelli A, Maggioni L, Bonanni E, Cugno M, Cicardi M. High-molecular-weight kininogen cleavage correlates with disease states in the bradykinin-mediated angioedema due to hereditary C1-inhibitor deficiency. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:1503-14. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Suffritti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco; University of Milan, Ospedale Luigi Sacco; Milan Italy
| | - A. Zanichelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco; University of Milan, Ospedale Luigi Sacco; Milan Italy
| | - L. Maggioni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco; University of Milan, Ospedale Luigi Sacco; Milan Italy
| | - E. Bonanni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco; University of Milan, Ospedale Luigi Sacco; Milan Italy
| | - M. Cugno
- Department of Internal Medicine; IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Mangiagalli Regina Elena; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - M. Cicardi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco; University of Milan, Ospedale Luigi Sacco; Milan Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ferluga J, Kishore U, Sim RB. A potential anti-coagulant role of complement factor H. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:188-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|