1
|
Tedla MG, Nahar MF, Every AL, Scheerlinck JPY. The Immune Memory Response of In Vitro-Polarised Th1, Th2, and Th17 Cells in the Face of Ovalbumin-Transgenic Leishmania major in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8753. [PMID: 39201440 PMCID: PMC11354729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Th1 and Th2 cytokines determine the outcome of Leishmania major infection and immune protection depends mainly on memory T cells induced during vaccination. This largely hinges on the nature and type of memory T cells produced. In this study, transgenic Leishmania major strains expressing membrane-associated ovalbumin (mOVA) and soluble ovalbumin (sOVA) were used as a model to study whether fully differentiated Th1/Th2 and Th17 cells can recall immune memory and tolerate pathogen manipulation. Naïve OT-II T cells were polarised in vitro into Th1/Th2 cells, and these cells were transferred adoptively into recipient mice. Following the transferral of the memory cells, the recipient mice were challenged with OVA transgenic Leishmania major and a wild-type parasite was used a control. The in vitro-polarised T helper cells continued to produce the same cytokine signatures after being challenged by both forms of OVA-expressing Leishmania major parasites in vivo. This suggests that antigen-experienced cells remain the same or unaltered in the face of OVA-transgenic Leishmania major. Such ability of these antigen-experienced cells to remain resilient to manipulation by the parasite signifies that vaccines might be able to produce immune memory responses and defend against parasitic immune manipulation in order to protect the host from infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtu G. Tedla
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Musammat F. Nahar
- Department of Health Science and Community, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Alison L. Every
- Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, Forrest, ACT 2603, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Y. Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kausar G, Chauhan SB, Roy R, Kumar S, Engwerda C, Nylen S, Kumar R, Wilson ME, Sundar S. Apolipoprotein E Is Upregulated in Blood and Circulating Monocytes of Indian Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13036. [PMID: 38720445 PMCID: PMC11141729 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been associated with several diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis. ApoE also has documented immunomodulatory functions. We investigated gene expression in circulating monocytes and in bone marrows of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) living in an endemic area in Bihar, India, and contrasted these with control healthy subjects or other diagnostic bone marrows from individuals in the same region. Samples from VL patients were obtained prior to initiating treatment. Our study revealed significant upregulated expression of the apoE transcript in patients with VL. Furthermore, the levels of ApoE protein were elevated in serum samples of subjects with VL compared with healthy endemic controls. These observations may provide clues regarding the complex interactions between lipid metabolism and immunoregulation of infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gulafsha Kausar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington D.C. 20052, USA
| | - Ritirupa Roy
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
| | - Christian Engwerda
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Susanne Nylen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
| | - Mary E. Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Costa CHN, Chang KP, Costa DL, Cunha FVM. From Infection to Death: An Overview of the Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2023; 12:969. [PMID: 37513817 PMCID: PMC10384967 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. Patients experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss, paleness, and enlarged liver and spleen. The disease also affects immunosuppressed individuals and has an overall mortality rate of up to 10%. This overview explores the literature on the pathogenesis of preclinical and clinical stages, including studies in vitro and in animal models, as well as complications and death. Asymptomatic infection can result in long-lasting immunity. VL develops in a minority of infected individuals when parasites overcome host defenses and multiply in tissues such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Hepatosplenomegaly occurs due to hyperplasia, resulting from parasite proliferation. A systemic inflammation mediated by cytokines develops, triggering acute phase reactants from the liver. These cytokines can reach the brain, causing fever, cachexia and vomiting. Similar to sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurs due to tissue factor overexpression. Anemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and edema result from the acute phase response. A regulatory response and lymphocyte depletion increase the risk of bacterial superinfections, which, combined with DIC, are thought to cause death. Our understanding of VL's pathogenesis is limited, and further research is needed to elucidate the preclinical events and clinical manifestations in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H N Costa
- Centro de Investigações em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul, Teresina 64002-510, PI, Brazil
| | - Kwang-Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology & Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Dorcas L Costa
- Centro de Investigações em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Rua Artur de Vasconcelos 151-Sul, Teresina 64002-510, PI, Brazil
| | - Francisco Valmor M Cunha
- Departament of Physiotherapy, Centro Universitário Uninovafapi, Rua Vitorino Orthiges Fernandes, 6123-Uruguai, Teresina 64073-505, PI, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alves ML, Silva DTD, Spada JCP, Leonel JAF, Benassi JC, Pereira NWB, Vioti G, Alves-Martin MF, de Almeida Paula NF, Starke-Buzetti WA, de Sousa Oliveira TMF. Use of the intradermal leishmanin test (Montenegro skin test) for feline visceral leishmaniosis: Detection of cellular immunity. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
A Historic Review of the Role of CD4+ T-Cell Subsets in Development of the Immune Responses against Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniases. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 26:99-109. [PMID: 35090305 PMCID: PMC8987415 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.26.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of CD4+ T cells has been investigated since the late 1970s, when their Th1 and Th2 subsets were coined. Later studies on the cutaneous form of the Leishmaniasis were focused on the experimental models of Leishmania major infection using the susceptible BALB/c and the resistant C57BL/6 mice. At the early 21st century, the regulatory T-cells subpopulation was introduced and its role in concomitant immunity, responsible for lifelong resistance of the host to the reinfection was proposed. Subsequent studies, mainly focused on the visceral form of the infection pointed to the role of IL-17, produced by Th17 subset of CD4+ T cells that along the neutrophils were shown to have important yet equivocal functions in protection against or exacerbation of the infection. Altogether, the current knowledge indicates that the above four subsets could orchestrate the immune, the regulatory and the inflammatory responses of the host against different forms of leishmaniases.
Collapse
|
6
|
Goyal DK, Keshav P, Kaur S. Adjuvant effects of TLR agonist gardiquimod admixed with Leishmania vaccine in mice model of visceral leishmaniasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104947. [PMID: 34052416 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropical and subtropical areas of the world are affected by leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania spp. It has been categorized as an NTD (neglected tropical disease) because of its negligence. The sand fly of genus Phlebotomus acts as the vector for the transmission of the promastigote form of this protozoan parasite to the mammalian host where it converts to amastigote form in the macrophages. Visceral form of leishmaniasis (VL) is a deadly infection in the endothelial system of the human and other mammals. Only a few chemotherapeutic agents are available for the treatment of this infectious disease whereas no vaccine is available for the control of leishmanial infection. Therefore in the current study, we have tested the effects of gardiquimod (a TLR agonist) as an adjuvant in combination with the formalin-killed antigen of L. donovani as a vaccine. The mice were vaccinated thrice at an interval of 2 weeks and challenged with L. donovani promastigotes after 2 weeks of the last vaccination. We assessed the parasite load, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, humoral and cell-mediated immune response in BALB/c mice before and after challenge infection with L. donovani. Immunized mice were found to have the least parasite load, high DTH response, elevated levels of Th1 cytokines, IgG2a, and nitric oxide than non-immunized and infected control mice. The efficacy of the vaccine was boosted with the use of adjuvant gardiquimod that depicts its potential as an adjuvant in this study. Our study is reporting the adjuvant effects of gardiquimod for the first time. Further studies using other Leishmania species can be performed to signify its role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Goyal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Poonam Keshav
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anti-Leishmania IgG is a marker of disseminated leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 106:83-90. [PMID: 33578011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we determined the accuracy of anti-Leishmania IgG and IgG subclasses to distinguish clinical forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and and determined the relationship between antibodies levels with cytokine production and severity of ATL. METHODS Participants were 40 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), 20 patients with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), 20 patients with disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), and 20 individuals with subclinical Leishmania braziliensis infection (SC). Diagnosis was performed by DNA of L. braziliensis or IFN-γ production in SC. IgG and subclasses of IgG to soluble Leishmania antigen and cytokine levels in supernatants of mononuclear cells were detected by ELISA. RESULTS IgG was detected in 95%, 95%, and 100% of patients with CL, ML, and DL, respectively. Higher levels of anti-Leishmania IgG and IgG2 were seen in DL compared to CL, ML, and SC. ROC analysis confirmed the ability of IgG to distinguish DL from the other clinical forms. A direct correlation was observed between IgG titers and levels of IFN-γ and CXCL10 in CL and DL, and IgG2 antibodies were correlated with the number of lesions in DL. CONCLUSIONS High anti-Leishmania IgG and IgG2 levels are characteristic of DL, and while IgG was correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, IgG2 was direct correlated with the number of lesions.
Collapse
|
8
|
França ADO, Soares LS, Pompilio MA, Tozetti IA, Bonin CM, Dorval MEMC. Cytokine profile in Leishmania-positive blood donors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238933. [PMID: 32966326 PMCID: PMC7511012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 17 (IL-17), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), cytokines involved in the immune response, were investigated in 75 Leishmania-positive blood donors living in endemic areas. Based on their status in 2011 and 2015, the subjects were clustered into three groups: positive for at least one diagnostic method in both years, but lacking clinical progression to disease (G1); positive on at least one method in 2011 but negative in 2015 (G2); negative on all methods in both years (G3). Donors were interviewed for sociodemographic data collection and underwent clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. Serum cytokines were quantified using a CBA Flex set (BD Biosciences). Significant differences were found for all the cytokines evaluated, with lower concentrations in consistently Leishmania-negative individuals. The exception was IFN-γ, with similar levels among all donors. No changes consistent with active disease were observed in the laboratory results for Leishmania-positive donors who underwent clinical evaluation, none of whom progressed to disease. This suggests that infection control is associated with serum IL-17 levels. Resolution of Leishmania infection in positive donors may be related to high levels of IL-17 and low levels of IL-10, highlighting the role played by IL-17 in asymptomatic Leishmania-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana de Oliveira França
- Laboratory of Clinical Parasitology, Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Luana Silva Soares
- Laboratory of Immunology, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Antonio Pompilio
- Hélio Mandetta School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Inês Aparecida Tozetti
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Camila Mareti Bonin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tasew G, Gadisa E, Abera A, Chanyalew M, Abebe M, Howe R, Ritter U, Aseffa A, Laskay T. Whole blood-based in vitro culture reveals diminished secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 145:155246. [PMID: 32828639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The likelihood of being bitten by sand flies infected with Leishmania (L.) donovani is considered to be high for all inhabitants living in the endemic areas, but only a small ratio of the population develop symptomatic visceral leishmanisis (VL). Since adequate activation of antimicrobial immune response plays a key role in control of pathogens early after infection we hypothesized that a dysfunction of essential cells of the immune system is associated with disease development after infection with L. donovani. In order to obtain insights into the capacity of leukocytes to respond to L. donovani, a whole blood based assay was applied to evaluate the production of cytokines and chemokines in clinical VL versus Ethiopian endemic healthy control (EHC). In response to L. donovani, VL blood cultures showed significantly lower secretion of IL-12p70, IL-6, IL-17, IL-8 and IP-10 compared to EHC. On the contrary, there was a significantly higher secretion of IL-10 observed in VL compared to EHC. In response to LPS also a lower IL-1β, IL-12p70 and IL-6 secretion was observed in VL as compared to EHC. The data clearly indicate a diminished ability of blood leukocytes in VL to respond to L. donovani and to the TLR ligand LPS. This compromised response in VL may contribute to the severe disease development and enhanced susceptibility to secondary infections in VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geremew Tasew
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abera
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, P.O. Box 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Menberework Chanyalew
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Markos Abebe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Neglected Tropical Diseases and Malaria Research Team, P.O. Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tamás Laskay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23560 Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saini S, Rai AK. Hamster, a close model for visceral leishmaniasis: Opportunities and challenges. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12768. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Saini
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Praygraj India
| | - Ambak K. Rai
- Department of Biotechnology Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Praygraj India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Toghueo RMK. Anti-leishmanial and Anti-inflammatory Agents from Endophytes: A Review. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2019; 9:311-328. [PMID: 31564050 PMCID: PMC6814666 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-019-00220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases and chronic inflammatory diseases are the cause of millions of deaths in the world each year. The treatment of leishmaniasis is facing serious drawbacks particularly due to the limited number of effective medicines, the resistance, and the toxicity of available drugs. On the other hand, many drugs are used for the management of inflammatory disorders. However, the most commonly prescribed although efficient is highly toxic with multiples side effects. New leads compounds for the development of new anti-leishmanial and anti-inflammatory drugs are needed. Over the past decade, several studies on the potential of endophytes to produce bioactive metabolites have been reported. We are presenting in the present review the status of research from 2000 to 2019 on the anti-leishmanial and anti-inflammatory metabolites isolated from endophytes from diverse habitats. An emphasis was put on existing gaps in the literature to inspire and guide future investigations. We hope that this review will help accelerate the drug discovery against leishmaniases and inflammation-associated disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo
- Antimicrobial and Biocontrol Agents Unit (AmBcAU), Laboratory for Phytobiochemistry and Medicinal Plants Studies, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Duthie MS, Van Hoeven N, MacMillen Z, Picone A, Mohamath R, Erasmus J, Hsu FC, Stinchcomb DT, Reed SG. Heterologous Immunization With Defined RNA and Subunit Vaccines Enhances T Cell Responses That Protect Against Leishmania donovani. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2420. [PMID: 30386348 PMCID: PMC6199377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid generation of strong T cell responses is highly desirable and viral vectors can have potent CD8+ T cell-inducing activity. Immunity to leishmaniasis requires selective T cell responses, with immunization schemes that raise either CD4 or CD8 T cell responses being protective in small animal models. We have defined the leishmaniasis vaccine candidate recombinant fusion antigens, LEISH-F2 and LEISH-F3+, that when formulated in a stable emulsion with a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 agonist, induce protective CD4+ T cell responses in animal models as well as providing therapeutic efficacy in canine leishmaniasis and in clinical trials in leishmaniasis patients. We used the genetic sequences of these validated vaccine antigens to design RNA vaccine constructs. Immunization of mice with the RNA replicons induced potent, local innate responses that were surprisingly independent of TLR7 and activated antigen-presenting cells (APC) to prime for extremely potent antigen-specific T helper 1 type responses upon heterologous boosting with either of the subunit vaccines (recombinant antigen with second generation glucopyranosyl lipid A in stable oil-in-water emulsion; SLA-SE). Inclusion of RNA in the immunization schedule also generated MHCI-restricted T cell responses. Immunization with LEISH-F2-expressing RNA vaccine followed later by subunit vaccine afforded protection against challenge with Leishmania donovani. Together, these data indicate the utility of heterologous prime-boost immunization schemes for the induction of potent antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses for protection against intracellular pathogens.
Collapse
|
13
|
Reed SG, Carter D, Casper C, Duthie MS, Fox CB. Correlates of GLA family adjuvants' activities. Semin Immunol 2018; 39:22-29. [PMID: 30366662 PMCID: PMC6289613 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a well-defined agonist of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 that activates innate immune responses and influences the development of the adaptive response during infection with Gram-negative bacteria. Many years ago, Dr. Edgar Ribi separated the adjuvant activity of LPS from its toxic effects, an effort that led to the development of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). MPL, derived from Salmonella minnesota R595, has progressed through clinical development and is now used in various product-enabling formulations to support the generation of antigen-specific responses in several commercial and preclinical vaccines. We have generated several synthetic lipid A molecules, foremost glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) and second-generation lipid adjuvant (SLA), and have advanced these to clinical trial for various indications. In this review we summarize the potential and current positioning of TLR4-based adjuvant formulations in approved and emerging vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| | - Corey Casper
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| | - Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Human Interleukin-32γ Plays a Protective Role in an Experimental Model of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mice. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00796-17. [PMID: 29483288 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00796-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum in the Americas. During VL, several proinflammatory cytokines are produced in spleen, liver, and bone marrow. However, the role of interleukin-32 (IL-32) has not been explored in this disease. IL-32 can induce production of proinflammatory cytokines in innate immune cells and polarize the adaptive immune response. Herein, we discovered that L. infantum antigens induced expression of mRNA mainly for the IL-32γ isoform but also induced low levels of the IL-32β transcript in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, infection of human IL-32γ transgenic mice (IL-32γTg mice) with L. infantum promastigote forms increased IL-32γ expression in the spleen and liver. Interestingly, IL-32γTg mice harbored less parasitism in the spleen and liver than wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, IL-32γTg mice showed increased granuloma formation in the liver compared to WT mice. The protection against VL was associated with increased production of nitric oxide (NO), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor alpha by splenic cells restimulated ex vivo with L. infantum antigens. In parallel, there was an increase in the number of Th1 and Th17 T cells in the spleens of IL-32γTg mice infected with L. infantum IL-32γ induction of IFN-γ and IL-17A expression was found to be essential for NO production by splenic cells of infected animals. These data indicate that IL-32γ potentiates the Th1/Th17 immune response during experimental VL, thus contributing to the control of L. infantum infection.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodrigues-Neto JF, Monteiro GR, Keesen TSL, Lacerda HG, Carvalho EM, Jeronimo SMB. CD45RO+ T Cells and T Cell Activation in the Long-Lasting Immunity after Leishmania infantum Infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 98:875-882. [PMID: 29280433 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Manifestations of Leishmania infantum infection range from asymptomatic to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). People with symptomatic VL (sVL) have suppressed immune responses against Leishmania antigens that are reversed after clinical cure. The intradermal leishmanin skin test (LST) is negative during sVL, but it becomes positive after treatment. The aim of this study was to compare T cell responses in individuals with sVL, recovered VL (RecVL), and endemic controls. Endemic controls were household contacts of a VL case and they were grouped by their LST results, either positive (LST+) or negative (LST-). Mononuclear cells were studied ex vivo or after stimulation with soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA); cell surface markers and cytokines were determined. T cells, ex vivo, from individuals with sVL and from LST+ individuals presented a higher activation for CD4+ and CD8+ cells expressing CD69. However, lymphocytes from sVL stimulated with SLA had lower percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells expressing CD69 and CD8+ cells expressing CD25, with no release of interferon-γ or tumor necrosis factor. sVL subjects had lower percentage of memory cells (CD4+ CD45RO+), ex vivo, without SLA stimulation than RecVL, LST+, or LST- (P = 0.0022). However, individuals with sVL had fewer regulatory cells after SLA stimulation (CD4+ CD25HIGH, P = 0.04 and CD4+ FOXP3+, P = 0.02) than RecVL. The decrease in specific memory and activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells, as in response to Leishmania antigens, could explain, in part, the immune impairment during sVL. Finally, protective T cell responses are long lasting because both RecVL or LST+ individuals maintain a specific protective response to Leishmania years after the primary infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João F Rodrigues-Neto
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Gloria R Monteiro
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Tatjana S L Keesen
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Henio G Lacerda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Immunology Service, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT/CNPq), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT/CNPq), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Das A, Das MC, Das N, Bhattacharjee S. Evaluation of the antileishmanial potency, toxicity and phytochemical constituents of methanol bark extract of Sterculia villosa. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:998-1009. [PMID: 28173714 PMCID: PMC6130613 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1285946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasite. The genus Sterculia (Malvaceae) possesses ethnobotanical potential against this protozoan infection. OBJECTIVE Determining the potential role of methanol bark extracts from Sterculia villosa Roxb (SVE) and its phytoconstituents against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. MATERIALS AND METHODS SVE was analysed by TLC, UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy and biochemical assays. Antileishmanial potential of SVE (0.5-130 μg/mL for 72 h) was characterized by MTT assay. Fluorescent microscopy was performed to validate the IC50 dose. To determine the effect of SVE on promastigotes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide generation, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation assays were performed. Molecular aggregation of compounds was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Extent of cytotoxicity of SVE at IC50 dose was determined against RAW 264.7 macrophages, peritoneal macrophages and murine RBCs. In vivo cytotoxicity of SVE was evaluated in BALB/c mice. RESULT SVE exhibited reverse dose dependent antileishmanial activity when 130-0 μg/mL doses were tested against promastigotes. The IC50 and IC70 values were found to be 17.5 and 10 μg/mL, respectively. SVE at IC50 dose demonstrated elevated level of ROS, superoxide, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation against promastigotes with no cytotoxicity. AFM analysis suggested increasing size of molecular aggregation (31.3 nm < 35.2 nm < 2.93 μm) with increase in concentration (10 μg < 17.5 μg < 130 μg). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The study elucidates the antileishmanial potential of SVE against Leishmania donovani promastigotes by exerting oxidative stress and DNA damage. In sum, SVE can be explored as an immunotherapeutic candidate against leishmaniasis and other infectious diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiprotozoal Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Antiprotozoal Agents/toxicity
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- DNA Fragmentation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Leishmania donovani/drug effects
- Leishmania donovani/genetics
- Leishmania donovani/growth & development
- Leishmania donovani/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Lethal Dose 50
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Methanol/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
- Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
- Phytochemicals/pharmacology
- Phytochemicals/toxicity
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Bark/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/toxicity
- Plants, Medicinal
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Solvents/chemistry
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
- Sterculia/chemistry
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antu Das
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
| | - Manash C. Das
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Shubhas Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sera from Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients Display Oxidative Activity and Affect the TNF- α Production by Macrophages In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5861453. [PMID: 29230410 PMCID: PMC5694613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5861453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian protection against leishmanial infection depends on the development of an effective immune response. Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) patients are usually unable to mount an effective immune response against the parasite and indeed appear to be severely immunosuppressed. This suppression has strong nonspecific and specific components mediated by serum factors and leishmanicidal activity of infected macrophages, respectively. The lipid profile has been shown to be altered in ZVL patients' sera. This work aimed at (i) determining the HDL, Apo A1, LDL, and VLDL concentrations in ZVL patients' sera; (ii) investigating the oxidative effect of ZVL patients' sera on the β-carotene matrix; (iii) measuring IL-10, IL-6, IL-12p40, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in the macrophage cultures, to which 10% of ZVL patients' serum had been added. Levels of HDL, LDL fraction, and apolipoprotein A1 in ZVL patients' sera were lower than those of healthy individuals' sera, except for the mean level of VLDL. The matrix of β-carotene and linoleic acid system was oxidized in the presence of ZLV patients' sera. The presence of ZVL patients' sera did not modify the cytokine production of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-10 by human macrophages in vitro but TNF-α production was altered, probably due to lack of macrophage stimulation by lipoprotein.
Collapse
|
18
|
Barbosa Santos ML, Nico D, de Oliveira FA, Barreto AS, Palatnik-de-Sousa I, Carrillo E, Moreno J, de Luca PM, Morrot A, Rosa DS, Palatnik M, Bani-Corrêa C, de Almeida RP, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB. Leishmania donovani Nucleoside Hydrolase (NH36) Domains Induce T-Cell Cytokine Responses in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:227. [PMID: 28321221 PMCID: PMC5338038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of immunoprotection against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) focused on the identification of antigens capable of inducing a Th1 immune response. Alternatively, antigens targeting the CD8 and T-regulatory responses are also relevant in VL pathogenesis and worthy of being included in a preventive human vaccine. We assessed in active and cured patients and VL asymptomatic subjects the clinical signs and cytokine responses to the Leishmania donovani nucleoside hydrolase NH36 antigen and its N-(F1), central (F2) and C-terminal (F3) domains. As markers of VL resistance, the F2 induced the highest levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α and, together with F1, the strongest secretion of IL-17, IL-6, and IL-10 in DTH+ and cured subjects. F2 also promoted the highest frequencies of CD3+CD4+IL-2+TNF-α-IFN-γ-, CD3+CD4+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ-, CD3+CD4+IL-2+TNF-α-IFN-γ+, and CD3+CD4+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ+ T cells in cured and asymptomatic subjects. Consistent with this, the IFN-γ increase was correlated with decreased spleen (R = -0.428, P = 0.05) and liver sizes (R = -0.428, P = 0.05) and with increased hematocrit counts (R = 0.532, P = 0.015) in response to F1 domain, and with increased hematocrit (R = 0.512, P 0.02) and hemoglobin counts (R = 0.434, P = 0.05) in response to F2. Additionally, IL-17 increases were associated with decreased spleen and liver sizes in response to F1 (R = -0.595, P = 0.005) and F2 (R = -0.462, P = 0.04). Conversely, F1 and F3 increased the CD3+CD8+IL-2+TNF-α-IFN-γ-, CD3+CD8+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ-, and CD3+CD8+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ+ T cell frequencies of VL patients correlated with increased spleen and liver sizes and decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit values. Therefore, cure and acquired resistance to VL correlate with the CD4+-Th1 and Th-17 T-cell responses to F2 and F1 domains. Clinical VL outcomes, by contrast, correlate with CD8+ T-cell responses against F3 and F1, potentially involved in control of the early infection. The in silico-predicted NH36 epitopes are conserved and bind to many HL-DR and HLA and B allotypes. No human vaccine against Leishmania is available thus far. In this investigation, we identified the NH36 domains and epitopes that induce CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, which could be used to potentiate a human universal T-epitope vaccine against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Luize Barbosa Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (HU-UFS), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Alvisi de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (HU-UFS), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (HU-UFS), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Iam Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Laboratório de Biometrologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Metrologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Madrid, Comunidad de Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Mello de Luca
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Laboratório de Imunologia Integrada, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Vacinas experimentais, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Palatnik
- Laboratório de Imunohematologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga-Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Bani-Corrêa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (HU-UFS), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Universitário, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (HU-UFS), Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarisa Beatriz Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Laboratório de Biologia e Bioquímica de Leishmania, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sharma S, Davis RE, Srivastva S, Nylén S, Sundar S, Wilson ME. A Subset of Neutrophils Expressing Markers of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1531-1538. [PMID: 27601622 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially fatal parasitic disease associated with fever, cachexia and impaired protective T-cell responses against the parasite. METHODS Peripheral blood leukocytes from 105 subjects with VL and healthy control subjects from the endemic region of Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India, were compared using flow cytometry and reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Findings were correlated with clinical data. RESULTS An expanded population of low-density neutrophils that expressed HLA-DR, CD80 and CD86 was observed in subjects with VL. This neutrophil population contracted after successful treatment of disease. Plasma from patients with acute VL was able to induce similar high-level HLA-DR expression in neutrophils from healthy subjects. HLA-DR+ neutrophils from subjects with VL did not stimulate T-cell proliferation, but they did express higher programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL1) than other neutrophils, and lymphocytes of the same subjects expressed high programmed cell death 1 (PD1). CONCLUSIONS Patients with acute VL have expanded circulating low-density neutrophils expressing markers of antigen presentation, which diminish after treatment. Development of HLA-DR+ neutrophils is stimulated, at least in part, by components of plasma from patients with acute disease. Although we found no evidence that they act as antigen-presenting cells, these neutrophils expressed markers implicating a role in T-cell exhaustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Sharma
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Shweta Srivastva
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa and the Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Optimizing Immunization Strategies for the Induction of Antigen-Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cell Responses for Protection against Intracellular Parasites. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:785-94. [PMID: 27466350 PMCID: PMC5014921 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00251-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunization strategies that generate either CD4 or CD8 T cell responses are relatively well described, but less is known with regard to optimizing regimens to induce both CD4 and CD8 memory T cells. Considering the importance of both CD4 and CD8 T cells in the control of intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania donovani, we wanted to identify vaccines that could raise both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and determine how to configure immunization strategies to generate the best combined protective T cell response. We examined responses generated against the Leishmania vaccine antigen F3 following its administration in either recombinant form with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist-containing adjuvant formulation GLA-SE (F3+GLA-SE) or as a gene product delivered in an adenoviral vector (Ad5-F3). Homologous immunization strategies using only F3+GLA-SE or Ad5-F3 preferentially generated either CD4 or CD8 T cells, respectively. In contrast, heterologous strategies generated both antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Administration of F3+GLA-SE before Ad5-F3 generated the greatest combined CD4 and CD8 responses. Cytotoxic CD8 T cell responses were highest when Th1 cells were generated prior to their induction by Ad5-F3. Finally, a single immunization with a combination of F3+GLA-SE mixed with Ad5-F3 was found to be sufficient to provide protection against experimental L. donovani infection. Taken together, our data delineate immunization regimens that induce antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell memory responses, and identify a single immunization strategy that could be used to rapidly provide protection against intracellular pathogens in regions where access to health care is limited or sporadic.
Collapse
|
21
|
Live Attenuated Leishmania donovani Centrin Knock Out Parasites Generate Non-inferior Protective Immune Response in Aged Mice against Visceral Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004963. [PMID: 27580076 PMCID: PMC5007048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani causes severe disease. Age appears to be critical in determining the clinical outcome of VL and at present there is no effective vaccine available against VL for any age group. Previously, we showed that genetically modified live attenuated L. donovani parasites (LdCen-/-) induced a strong protective innate and adaptive immune response in young mice. In this study we analyzed LdCen-/- parasite mediated modulation of innate and adaptive immune response in aged mice (18 months) and compared to young (2 months) mice. Methodology Analysis of innate immune response in bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from both young and aged mice upon infection with LdCen-/- parasites, showed significant enhancement of innate effector responses, which consequently augmented CD4+ Th1 cell effector function compared to LdWT infected BMDCs in vitro. Similarly, parasitized splenic dendritic cells from LdCen-/- infected young and aged mice also revealed induction of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF) and subsequent down regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) genes compared to LdWT infected mice. We also evaluated in vivo protection of the LdCen-/- immunized young and aged mice against virulent L. donovani challenge. Immunization with LdCen-/- induced higher IgG2a antibodies, lymphoproliferative response, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses and stimulated splenocytes for heightened leishmanicidal activity associated with nitric oxide production in young and aged mice. Furthermore, upon virulent L. donovani challenge, LdCen-/- immunized mice from both age groups displayed multifunctional Th1-type CD4 and cytotoxic CD8 T cells correlating to a significantly reduced parasite burden in the spleen and liver compared to naïve mice. It is interesting to note that even though there was no difference in the LdCen-/- induced innate response in dendritic cells between aged and young mice; the adaptive response specifically in terms of T cell and B cell activation in aged animals was reduced compared to young mice which correlated with less protection in old mice compared to young mice. Conclusions Taken together, LdCen-/- immunization induced a significant but diminished host protective response in aged mice after challenge with virulent L. donovani parasites compared to young mice. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. There is no effective vaccine available against VL for any age group and importantly, there are no previous studies regarding immune responses against experimental Leishmania vaccines tested in aged animals. We have reported earlier that immunization with a live attenuated L. donovani parasites (LdCen-/-) induced protective immune response in young animals viz, mice, hamsters and dogs. In this study we analyzed LdCen-/- mediated modulation of innate and adaptive responses in aged mice and compared to young mice. We observed that LdCen-/- infected dendritic cells from young and aged mice resulted in enhanced innate effector functions compared to LdWT parasites both in vitro and in vivo. Further, upon virulent challenge, LdCen-/- immunized young and aged mice displayed protective Th1 immune response which correlated with a significantly reduced parasite burden in the visceral organs compared with naïve challenged mice. Although there was no difference in the LdCen-/- induced dendritic cell response between aged and young mice; adaptive response in aged was reduced, compared to young which correlated with less protection in aged compared to young mice. This study supports the potential use of LdCen-/- as vaccine candidate across all age groups against VL.
Collapse
|
22
|
Banerjee A, Bhattacharya P, Joshi AB, Ismail N, Dey R, Nakhasi HL. Role of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17 in Leishmania pathogenesis and in protective immunity by Leishmania vaccines. Cell Immunol 2016; 309:37-41. [PMID: 27444130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The clinical outcome of Leishmania pathogenesis ranges from active skin lesions to fatal visceral dissemination and severely impaired T cell immunity. It is well established that a strong Th1 immune response is protective against cutaneous forms of the disease, however a mixed Th1/Th2 response is most commonly observed against visceral infections as evident from previous studies. Aside from Th1/Th2 cytokines, the pro-inflammatory IL-17 cytokine family plays an important role in the clearance of intracellular pathogens. In Leishmania induced skin lesions, IL-17 produced by Th17 cells is shown to exacerbate the disease, suggesting a role in pathogenesis. However, a protective role for IL-17 is indicated by the expansion of IL-17 producing cells in vaccine-induced immunity. In human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) it has been demonstrated that IL-17 and IL-22 are associated with protection against re-exposure to Leishmania, which further suggests the involvement of IL-17 in vaccine induced protective immunity. Although there is no vaccine against any form of leishmaniasis, the development of genetically modified live attenuated parasites as vaccine candidates prove to be promising, as they successfully induce a robust protective immune response in various animal models. However, the role of IL-17 producing cells and Th17 cells in response to these vaccine candidates remains unexplored. In this article, we review the role of IL-17 in Leishmania pathogenesis and the potential impact on vaccine induced immunity, with a special focus on live attenuated Leishmania parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antara Banerjee
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Amritanshu B Joshi
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nevien Ismail
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mansueto P, Vitale G, Di Lorenzo G, Rini GB, Mansueto S, Cillari E. Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis: An Update. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:435-45. [PMID: 17880757 DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis represents a severe, increasing, public health problem. The perspective of its control is highly dependent on research progress, on therapeutic manipulations of the immune system, and on vaccine development. There is a correlation between the clinical outcome of Leishmania infection and the cytokine response profile. While a protective immune response against Leishmania has been clearly identified to be related to the influence of a type-1 response and IFN-γ production, the precise role of T helper (TH) 2 cytokines in non-healing infections requires further exploration. IL-4 and IL-13 (TH2 cytokines) can promote disease progression in cutaneous leishmaniasis, whereas IL-4 would appear to enhance protective type-1 responses in visceral leishmaniasis. Thus, the TH1/TH2 paradigm of resistance/susceptibility to intracellular parasites is probably an oversimplification of a more complicated network of regulatory/counter regulatory interactions. Moreover, the presence of antigen specific regulatory T cell subsets may provide an environment that contributes to the balance between TH1 and TH2 cells. Finally, the involvement of CD8+ T cells has been described, but the modality of their function in this kind of infection has not been so far elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mansueto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e delle Patologie Emergenti, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Amit A, Dikhit MR, Mahantesh V, Chaudhary R, Singh AK, Singh A, Singh SK, Das VNR, Pandey K, Ali V, Narayan S, Sahoo GC, Das P, Bimal S. Immunomodulation mediated through Leishmania donovani protein disulfide isomerase by eliciting CD8+ T-cell in cured visceral leishmaniasis subjects and identification of its possible HLA class-1 restricted T-cell epitopes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:128-140. [PMID: 26727289 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1134349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) is one of the key enzymes essential for the survival of Leishmania donovani in the host. Our study suggested that PDI is associated with the generation of Th1-type of cellular responses in treated Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) subjects. The stimulation of Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with recombinant Protein Disulphide Isomerase upregulated the reactive oxygen species generation, Nitric oxide release, IL12 and IFN-γ production indicating its pivotal role in protective immune response. Further, a pre-stimulation of PBMCs with Protein disulphide isomerase induced a strong IFN-γ response through CD8+ T cells in treated VL subjects. These findings also supported through the evidence that this antigen was processed and presented by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-1) dependent pathway and had an immunoprophylactic potential which can induce CD8+ T cell protective immune response in MHC class I dependent manner against VL. To find out the possible epitopes that might be responsible for CD8+ T cell specific IFN-γ response, computational approach was adopted. Six novel promiscuous epitopes were predicted to be highly immunogenic and can be presented by 32 different HLA allele to CD8+ T cells. Further investigation will explore more about their immunological relevance and usefulness as vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Amit
- a Division of Immunology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Manas R Dikhit
- a Division of Immunology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India.,b Department of Bioinformatics , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Vijay Mahantesh
- a Division of Immunology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India.,c Department of Biotechnology , National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Hajipur 844102 , India
| | - Rajesh Chaudhary
- a Division of Immunology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- a Division of Immunology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India.,d Dept. of Pathology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Ashu Singh
- c Department of Biotechnology , National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Hajipur 844102 , India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Singh
- h Dept. of Microbiology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - V N R Das
- e Dept. of Clinical Medicine , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Krishna Pandey
- e Dept. of Clinical Medicine , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Vahab Ali
- f Dept. of Molecular Biochemistry , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Shyam Narayan
- h Dept. of Microbiology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Ganesh C Sahoo
- b Department of Bioinformatics , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Pradeep Das
- g Dept. of Molecular Biology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- a Division of Immunology , Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna 800007 , India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Moreira NDD, Vitoriano-Souza J, Roatt BM, Vieira PMDA, Coura-Vital W, Cardoso JMDO, Rezende MT, Ker HG, Giunchetti RC, Carneiro CM, Reis AB. Clinical, hematological and biochemical alterations in hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) experimentally infected with Leishmania infantum through different routes of inoculation. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:181. [PMID: 27030128 PMCID: PMC4815141 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis remains among the most important parasitic diseases in the developing world and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal. The hamster Mesocricetus auratus is a susceptible model for the characterization of the disease, since infection of hamsters with L. infantum reproduces the clinical and pathological features of human VL. In this context, it provides a unique opportunity to study VL in its active form. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical, biochemical, and hematological changes in male hamsters infected through different routes and strains of L. infantum. Methods In the current study, hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were infected with the L. infantum strains (WHO/MHOM/BR/74/PP75 and MCAN/BR/2008/OP46) by intradermal, intraperitoneal and intracardiac routes. The animals were monitored for a nine month follow-up period. Results The hamsters showed clinical signs similar to those observed in classical canine and human symptomatic VL, including splenomegaly, severe weight loss, anemia, and leucopenia. Therefore the OP46 strain was more infective, clinical signs were more frequent and more exacerbated in IC group with 80 to 100 % of the animals showing splenomegaly, in the last month infection. Additionally, desquamation, hair loss and external mucocutaneous lesions and ulcers localized in the snout, accompanied by swelling of the paws in all animals, were observed. Consequently, the animals presented severe weight loss/cachexia, hunched posture, an inability to eat or drink, and non-responsiveness to external stimuli. Furthermore, regardless of strain, route of inoculum and time assessed, the animals showed renal and hepatic alterations, with increased serum levels of urea and creatinine as well as elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. Conclusions These results strongly suggest that the inoculation through the intracardiac route resulted in a higher severity among infections, especially in the sixth and ninth month after infection via intracardiac, exhibited clinical manifestations and biochemical/hematological findings similar to human visceral leishmaniasis. Therefore, we suggest that this route must be preferentially used in experimental infections for pathogenesis studies of VL in the hamster model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nádia das Dores Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.,Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Juliana Vitoriano-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Paula Melo de Abreu Vieira
- Laboratório de Morfopatologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Wendel Coura-Vital
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Jamille Mirelle de Oliveira Cardoso
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mariana Trevisan Rezende
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Henrique Gama Ker
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Claudia Martins Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.,Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Reed SG, Coler RN, Mondal D, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG. Leishmania vaccine development: exploiting the host-vector-parasite interface. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:81-90. [PMID: 26595093 PMCID: PMC6019289 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, fatal if untreated, and with no available human vaccine. In rodents, cellular immunity to Leishmania parasite proteins as well as salivary proteins of the sand fly is associated with protection, making them worthy targets for further exploration as vaccines. This review discusses the notion that a combination vaccine including Leishmania and vector salivary antigens may improve vaccine efficacy by targeting the parasite at its most vulnerable stage just after transmission. Furthermore, we put forward the notion that better modeling of natural transmission is needed to test efficacy of vaccines. For example, the fact that individuals living in endemic areas are exposed to sand fly bites and will mount an immune response to salivary proteins should be considered in pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of leishmaniasis vaccines. Nevertheless, despite remaining obstacles there is good reason to be optimistic that safe and effective vaccines against leishmaniasis can be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S G Reed
- a Infectious Disease Research Institute , Seattle WA , USA
- b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle WA , USA
| | - R N Coler
- a Infectious Disease Research Institute , Seattle WA , USA
- b Department of Global Health , University of Washington , Seattle WA , USA
| | - D Mondal
- c International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Centre for Nutrition and Food Security , Parasitology Laboratory , Dhaka , Bangladesh
| | - S Kamhawi
- d Vector Molecular Biology Section, LMVR , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH , Rockville , MD , USA
| | - J G Valenzuela
- d Vector Molecular Biology Section, LMVR , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH , Rockville , MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Utsunomiya YT, Ribeiro ÉS, Quintal APN, Sangalli JR, Gazola VR, Paula HB, Trinconi CM, Lima VMF, Perri SHV, Taylor JF, Schnabel RD, Sonstegard TS, Garcia JF, Nunes CM. Genome-Wide Scan for Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mixed-Breed Dogs Identifies Candidate Genes Involved in T Helper Cells and Macrophage Signaling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136749. [PMID: 26348501 PMCID: PMC4562658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a genome-wide scan for visceral leishmaniasis in mixed-breed dogs from a highly endemic area in Brazil using 149,648 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers genotyped in 20 cases and 28 controls. Using a mixed model approach, we found two candidate loci on canine autosomes 1 and 2. The positional association on chromosome 2 mapped to a predicted DNAse sensitive site in CD14+ monocytes that serve as a cis-regulatory element for the expression of interleukin alpha receptors 2 (IL2RA) and 15 (IL15RA). Both interleukins were previously found to lead to protective T helper 1 cell (Th1) response against Leishmania spp. in humans and mice. The associated marker on chromosome 1 was located between two predicted transcription factor binding sites regulating the expression of the transducin-like enhancer of split 1 gene (TLE1), an important player in Notch signaling. This pathway is critical for macrophage activity and CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th1 and T helper 2. Together, these findings suggest that the human and mouse model for protective response against Leishmania spp., which involves Th1 and macrophage modulation by interleukins 2, 15, gamma interferon and Notch signaling, may also hold for the canine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri T. Utsunomiya
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érica S. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda P. N. Quintal
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano R. Sangalli
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valquiria R. Gazola
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique B. Paula
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiana M. Trinconi
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria M. F. Lima
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia H. V. Perri
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeremy F. Taylor
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Schnabel
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, United States of America
| | - Tad S. Sonstegard
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, ARS-USDA—Agricultural Research Service—United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - José F. Garcia
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cáris M. Nunes
- Departamento de Apoio, Saúde e Produção Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kumari S, Jamal F, Shivam P, Thakur A, Kumar M, Bimal S, Das V, Pandey K, Narayan S, Gupta A, Das P, Singh SK. Leishmania donovani skews the CD56+ Natural Killer T cell response during human visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2015; 73:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
29
|
Coler RN, Duthie MS, Hofmeyer KA, Guderian J, Jayashankar L, Vergara J, Rolf T, Misquith A, Laurance JD, Raman VS, Bailor HR, Cauwelaert ND, Reed SJ, Vallur A, Favila M, Orr MT, Ashman J, Ghosh P, Mondal D, Reed SG. From mouse to man: safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate leishmaniasis vaccine LEISH-F3+GLA-SE. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e35. [PMID: 26175894 PMCID: PMC4488838 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Key antigens of Leishmania species identified in the context of host responses in Leishmania-exposed individuals from disease-endemic areas were prioritized for the development of a subunit vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the most deadly form of leishmaniasis. Two Leishmania proteins-nucleoside hydrolase and a sterol 24-c-methyltransferase, each of which are protective in animal models of VL when properly adjuvanted- were produced as a single recombinant fusion protein NS (LEISH-F3) for ease of antigen production and broad coverage of a heterogeneous major histocompatibility complex population. When formulated with glucopyranosyl lipid A-stable oil-in-water nanoemulsion (GLA-SE), a Toll-like receptor 4 TH1 (T helper 1) promoting nanoemulsion adjuvant, the LEISH-F3 polyprotein induced potent protection against both L. donovani and L. infantum in mice, measured as significant reductions in liver parasite burdens. A robust immune response to each component of the vaccine with polyfunctional CD4 TH1 cell responses characterized by production of antigen-specific interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-2 (IL-2), and low levels of IL-5 and IL-10 was induced in immunized mice. We also demonstrate that CD4 T cells, but not CD8 T cells, are sufficient for protection against L. donovani infection in immunized mice. Based on the sum of preclinical data, we prepared GMP materials and performed a phase 1 clinical study with LEISH-F3+GLA-SE in healthy, uninfected adults in the United States. The vaccine candidate was shown to be safe and induced a strong antigen-specific immune response, as evidenced by cytokine and immunoglobulin subclass data. These data provide a strong rationale for additional trials in Leishmania-endemic countries in populations vulnerable to VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhea N Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Julie Vergara
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tom Rolf
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - H Remy Bailor
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Steven J Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aarthy Vallur
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jill Ashman
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, Parasitology Laboratory, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, Parasitology Laboratory, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kaushal H, Bras-Gonçalves R, Negi NS, Lemesre JL, Papierok G, Salotra P. Role of CD8(+) T cells in protection against Leishmania donovani infection in healed Visceral Leishmaniasis individuals. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:653. [PMID: 25471494 PMCID: PMC4258298 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Majority of individuals with history of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) exhibit strong immunity to re-infection, however, the mechanism of resistance is poorly understood. It is unclear whether CD8(+) T cells contribute to protection against Leishmania donovani infection through cytotoxic activity. The present study aims to evaluate immunological mechanism associated with resistance to the disease in healed VL (HVL) individuals and further, the contribution of CD8(+) T cells in the protective immunity. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from VL, HVL and naive groups were exposed in vitro to total soluble Leishmania antigen (TSLA) from L. donovani. The proliferation index was determined by ELISA based lymphoproliferative assay. Cytokines and granzyme B levels were measured by CBA. Activated T-cell populations were estimated using flow cytometry. RESULTS We observed significantly higher lymphoproliferation, cytokines and granzyme B levels in HVL group compared to naive or VL group. More strikingly, we found a strong association (rs = 0.895, P < 0.0001) between proliferation index (PI) and granzyme B level, with a significant proportion of activated CD8(+) T cells in HVL group. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania immune group (HVL) exhibited durable and strong cellular immune response to TSLA in terms of lymphoproliferation as well as production of Th1 cytokines and granzyme B. Additionally, the elevated level of activated CD8(+) T cells and stimulation of cytotoxic activity through granzyme B production, indicated a possible role of CD8(+) T cells in resistance to L. donovani infection in the HVL group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kaushal
- />National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Rachel Bras-Gonçalves
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD “INTERTRYP”, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- />Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD “INTERTRYP”, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Poonam Salotra
- />National Institute of Pathology (ICMR), Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029 India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nascimento MSL, Carregaro V, Lima-Júnior DS, Costa DL, Ryffel B, Duthie MS, de Jesus A, de Almeida RP, da Silva JS. Interleukin 17A Acts Synergistically With Interferon γ to Promote Protection Against Leishmania infantum Infection. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1015-26. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
| | - Djalma Souza Lima-Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
| | - Diego Luís Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Molecular Immunology and Embryology UMR6218, University of Orleans and CNRS, Orleans, France
| | | | - Amélia de Jesus
- Center for Biology and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - João Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lima Maciel BL, Valverde JG, Rodrigues-Neto JF, Freire-Neto F, Keesen TSL, Jeronimo SMB. Dual immune modulatory effect of vitamin A in human visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107564. [PMID: 25268355 PMCID: PMC4182105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A supplementation has shown to prevent mortality by diarrheal and respiratory diseases in several countries. Nevertheless, there are few studies investigating the effect of vitamin A in visceral leishmaniasis (VL), although there are reports of its deficiency in children with symptomatic VL in Brazil and Bangladesh. This study analyzed the effect of vitamin A on a subset of Treg cells and monocytes isolated from symptomatic VL and from healthy children residing in an endemic area for VL in Northeast Brazil. Serum retinol concentrations correlated inversely with IL-10 and TGF-β productions in CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T cells isolated from children with VL stimulated with leishmanial antigens. All-trans retinoic acid in vitro induced IL-10 in CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) T cells; IL-10 and TGF-β production in CD4(+)CD25-Foxp3- T cells, and IL-10 in monocytes isolated from healthy children. However, the use of all-trans retinoic acid together with leishmanial antigens in vitro prevented increases in IL-10 production in Treg cells and monocytes isolated from VL children. Strikingly, those results show a potential dual role of vitamin A in the immune system: improvement of a regulatory profile in cells from healthy children after leishmanial stimulation and down modulation of IL-10 in Treg cells and monocytes during symptomatic VL. Therefore, the use of vitamin A concomitant to VL therapy might be useful in improving recovery from disease status caused by Leishmania infantum infection and warrants additional study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna L. Lima Maciel
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Joanna Gardel Valverde
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - João Firmino Rodrigues-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Francisco Freire-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Tatjana S. L. Keesen
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Selma Maria Bezerra Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Rio Grande do Norte, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, BA, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Goto Y, Omachi S, Sanjoba C, Matsumoto Y. Elevation of serum B-cell activating factor levels during visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91:912-4. [PMID: 25157121 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of serum B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is one of the characteristics of immunological disorders, including autoimmunity, but the levels of BAFF in infectious diseases have not been studied well. Here, we showed the elevation of serum BAFF in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The mean serum BAFF value in VL patients (4.65 ng/mL) was 4.3 times higher than that of healthy controls (1.08 ng/mL), and 90% of VL patients showed serum BAFF above the cutoff that was calculated as the mean + 3 SDs of the controls. This report is the first on elevation of serum BAFF during VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Omachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Costa DL, Cardoso TM, Queiroz A, Milanezi CM, Bacellar O, Carvalho EM, Silva JS. Tr-1-like CD4+CD25-CD127-/lowFOXP3- cells are the main source of interleukin 10 in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:708-18. [PMID: 25139022 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells have long been shown to mediate susceptibility to Leishmania infection, mainly via interleukin 10 production. In this work, we showed that the main sources of interleukin 10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania braziliensis are CD4(+)CD25(-)CD127(-/low)FOXP3(-) cells. Compared with uninfected controls, patients with CL had increased frequencies of circulating interleukin 10-producing CD4(+)CD25(-)CD127(-/low) cells, which efficiently suppressed tumor necrosis factor α production by the total PBMC population. Also, in CL lesions, interleukin 10 was mainly produced by CD4(+)CD25(-) cells, and interleukin 10 messenger RNA expression was associated with interleukin 27, interleukin 21, and interferon γ expression, rather than with FOXP3 or transforming growth factor β expressions. Active production of both interleukin 27 and interleukin 21, together with production of interferon γ and interleukin 10, was also detected in the lesions. Since these cytokines are associated with the differentiation and activity of Tr-1 cells, our results suggest that this cell population may play an important role in the immunomodulation of CL. Therefore, development of treatments that interfere with this pathway may lead to faster parasite elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego L Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto
| | - Tiago M Cardoso
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Professor Edgar Santos, Federal University of Bahia National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Adriano Queiroz
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Professor Edgar Santos, Federal University of Bahia National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cristiane M Milanezi
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto
| | - Olívia Bacellar
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Professor Edgar Santos, Federal University of Bahia National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Immunology Service, University Hospital Professor Edgar Santos, Federal University of Bahia National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Guha R, Gupta D, Rastogi R, Vikram R, Krishnamurthy G, Bimal S, Roy S, Mukhopadhyay A. Vaccination with leishmania hemoglobin receptor-encoding DNA protects against visceral leishmaniasis. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:202ra121. [PMID: 24027025 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a severe infectious disease. Drugs used for leishmaniasis are very toxic, and no vaccine is available. We found that the hemoglobin receptor (HbR) of Leishmania was conserved across various strains of Leishmania, and anti-HbR antibody could be detected in kala-azar patients' sera. Our results showed that immunization with HbR-DNA induces complete protection against virulent Leishmania donovani infection in both BALB/c mice and hamsters. Moreover, HbR-DNA immunization stimulated the production of protective cytokines like interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) with concomitant down-regulation of disease-promoting cytokines like IL-10 and IL-4. HbR-DNA vaccination also induced a protective response by generating multifunctional CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. All HbR-DNA-vaccinated hamsters showed sterile protection and survived during an experimental period of 8 months. These findings demonstrate the potential of HbR as a vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Guha
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lakshmi BS, Wang R, Madhubala R. Leishmania genome analysis and high-throughput immunological screening identifies tuzin as a novel vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccine 2014; 32:3816-22. [PMID: 24814525 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania species. It is a major health concern affecting 88 countries and threatening 350 million people globally. Unfortunately, there are no vaccines and there are limitations associated with the current therapeutic regimens for leishmaniasis. The emerging cases of drug-resistance further aggravate the situation, demanding rapid drug and vaccine development. The genome sequence of Leishmania, provides access to novel genes that hold potential as chemotherapeutic targets or vaccine candidates. In this study, we selected 19 antigenic genes from about 8000 common Leishmania genes based on the Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum genome information available in the pathogen databases. Potential vaccine candidates thus identified were screened using an in vitro high throughput immunological platform developed in the laboratory. Four candidate genes coding for tuzin, flagellar glycoprotein-like protein (FGP), phospholipase A1-like protein (PLA1) and potassium voltage-gated channel protein (K VOLT) showed a predominant protective Th1 response over disease exacerbating Th2. We report the immunogenic properties and protective efficacy of one of the four antigens, tuzin, as a DNA vaccine against Leishmania donovani challenge. Our results show that administration of tuzin DNA protected BALB/c mice against L. donovani challenge and that protective immunity was associated with higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-12 production in comparison to IL-4 and IL-10. Our study presents a simple approach to rapidly identify potential vaccine candidates using the exhaustive information stored in the genome and an in vitro high-throughput immunological platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rentala Madhubala
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Singh OP, Sundar S. Whole blood assay and visceral leishmaniasis: Challenges and promises. Immunobiology 2014; 219:323-8. [PMID: 24571797 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For years, the ability to study immune responses in patients with active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has been hampered by the absence of detectable antigen-specific Th1 responses using cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Employing whole blood assay (WBA), we recently reported that whole blood cells of active VL patients maintain the capacity to secrete significant levels of antigen driven IFN-γ and IL-10. Furthermore, WBA that uses soluble leishmania antigen (SLA) have advantages over the leishmanin skin test (LST), in terms of higher specificity and better correlation with surrogate markers of exposures to Leishmania donovani. These findings open the door to a series of immunological and epidemiological studies not previously possible for VL. In the present review, we discuss current status, future perspectives as well as obstacles in the research on WBA. Research in this area is essential for development of potential immunological and epidemiological tools for VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, India.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Joshi J, Kaur S. To investigate the therapeutic potential of immunochemotherapy with cisplatin + 78 kDa + MPL-A againstLeishmania donovaniin BALB/c mice. Parasite Immunol 2013; 36:3-12. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Joshi
- Department of Zoology; Panjab University; Chandigarh India
| | - S. Kaur
- Department of Zoology; Panjab University; Chandigarh India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Duthie MS, Guderian J, Vallur A, Bhatia A, Lima dos Santos P, Vieira de Melo E, Ribeiro de Jesus A, Todt M, Mondal D, Almeida R, Reed SG. Alteration of the serum biomarker profiles of visceral leishmaniasis during treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 33:639-49. [PMID: 24173820 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, chemotherapy for visceral leishmaniasis (VL; also known as kala-azar) was severely limited by factors such as high cost, route of administration, generation of side effects and potential for resistance. Although largely effective, chemotherapies have become available with the introduction of new drugs and multi-drug regimens for VL. These could be further improved by the identification of biomarkers that are altered during effective treatment. The identification of such biomarkers in the circulation would also simplify efficacy trials. In this study, we determined immunological signatures within the serum of ethnically and geographically distinct VL patients (from Bangladesh and Brazil). Our results indicate that inflammatory and regulatory cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-10, IL-17), as well as levels of growth factors (FGF, VEGF), are elevated within the serum of VL patients from these sites. The examination of samples from Brazilian VL patients during and beyond standard treatment with meglumine antimoniate identified multiple parameters that revert to levels comparable to those of healthy endemic control individuals. The consolidation of these results provides a 'response to treatment' signature that could be used within efficacy trials to rapidly and simply determine successful interruption of VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave East, Suite 400, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
The IL-33/ST2 axis is associated with human visceral leishmaniasis and suppresses Th1 responses in the livers of BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania donovani. mBio 2013; 4:e00383-13. [PMID: 24045639 PMCID: PMC3774190 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00383-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED During visceral leishmaniasis, the control of hepatic parasite burden is mainly due to granuloma assembly in a microenvironment consisting of both Th1 and Th2 components. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) dosages, quantitative PCR (qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry, we studied the role of interleukin-33 (IL-33), a recently described cytokine signaling through the ST2 receptor, during visceral leishmaniasis. We showed that a higher level of IL-33 was detected in the serum of patients with visceral leishmaniasis than in that from healthy donors and demonstrated the presence of IL-33(+) cells in a liver biopsy specimen from a patient. Similarly, in BALB/c mice experimentally infected with L. donovani, a higher level of IL-33 was detected in the serum, as well as the presence of IL-33(+) cells and ST2(+) cells in the mouse liver. In ST2(-/-) BALB/c mice, better control of the hepatic parasite burden and reduced hepatomegaly were observed. This was associated with strong induction of Th1 cytokines (gamma interferon [IFN-γ] and IL-12) compared to the level in wild-type (WT) mice and better recruitment of myeloid cells associated with strongly induced chemokines (CCL2 and CXCL2) and receptors (CCR2 and CXCR2). Conversely, BALB/c mice treated twice weekly with recombinant IL-33 showed a dramatically reduced induction of Th1 cytokines and delayed inhibition of monocyte and neutrophil recruitment in the liver, which was associated with reduced KC/CXCL1 and CXCR2 expression. Taken together, our results suggest that IL-33 could be a new deleterious regulator of the hepatic immune response against Leishmania donovani, via the repression of the Th1 response and myeloid cell recruitment. IMPORTANCE Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening systemic disease due to the Leishmania protozoa L. infantum and L. donovani and is ranked by the World Health Organization as the second most important protozoan parasitic disease after malaria for its grave morbidity, high mortality, and global distribution. Leishmania parasites subvert the host's immune response to propagate to target organs, including the spleen, the bone marrow, and the liver. Control of hepatic parasite burdens depends on a delicate and poorly understood Th1/Th2 immune balance. To better understand this complex immune response, new cytokines are interesting targets for research studies. IL-33 is a newly described cytokine usually associated with Th2 response and involved in different diseases, including infectious diseases and hepatitis. Our results suggest that IL-33 could be a new factor of susceptibility and a potential prognostic marker during visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
|
41
|
de Oliveira FA, Vanessa Oliveira Silva C, Damascena NP, Passos RO, Duthie MS, Guderian JA, Bhatia A, de Moura TR, Reed SG, de Almeida RP, de Jesus AR. High levels of soluble CD40 ligand and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in serum are associated with favorable clinical evolution in human visceral leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:331. [PMID: 23870715 PMCID: PMC3733913 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) are inflammation markers and have been poorly described in infectious disease. In this prospective study, we describe the sera kinetics of these two molecules in the course of treatment follow up in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODS Sera from VL patients were collected before and during follow up of regular Antimony treatment. sCD40L and MMP-9 were measured by Luminex assay. Paired analysis by Wilcoxon signed test was used for comparison of values of the same subjects before and after initiation of treatment. Correlations between clinical data and parasite load with the serum levels of sCD40L and MMP-9 were performed by Spearman test. Tests were considered statistically significant if the probability of a type I error was less than 5% (p-value < 0.05). RESULTS While sCD40L and MMP-9 were not observed in sera from non endemic controls which are at low risk of Leishmania chagasi infection, elevated levels were observed in sera from VL patients, and an increase in sCD40L and MMP-9 levels were detectable during the follow-up of VL patients undergoing antimony treatment. sCD40L levels were also high in individuals living in endemic settings at high risk of infection (endemic controls). Additionally, negative correlations were found between spleen sizes and MMP-9 before treatment and sCD40L at day 15 of treatment. Negative correlations were also found between parasite load with both sCD40L and MMP-9. CONCLUSION Serum sCD40L and MMP-9 are identified as new and simple biomarkers in two situations: (i) monitoring the success of therapy and (ii) predicting favorable clinical outcome of human VL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrícia Alvisi de Oliveira
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hospital Universitário - Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Rua Claudio Batista s/n, Bairro Sanatório, Aracaju, Sergipe 49060-10, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rasouli M, Kalani M, Kiany S. The role of IL15 gene variants in visceral leishmaniasis among Iranian patients. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5151-7. [PMID: 23649772 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of IL-15 in the protection against Leishmania (L) parasites has been clarified in previous studies, in which IL-15 similar to IFN-γ induces IL-12 production and stimulates the leishmaniacidal activity of the macrophages infected with L. infantum. Furthermore, the increased level of IL-15 in acute visceral leishmaniasis patients (VL) can suppress Th2 cytokines such as IL-4. Since different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL15 gene have been described, this study aimed to investigate the association of the SNPs at the positions 267, 367, 13,687 and 14,035 with VL. The IL15 gene variants were compared between two groups consisting of 117 VL patients and 146 healthy individuals using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The results showed that the frequencies of the alleles 267C (83.9 vs. 73.5%, P=0.0035), 13687A (22.4 vs. 12.8%, P=0.032), genotype 267CC (68.5 vs. 55.6%, P=0.031), haplotypes CGCA (16 vs. 8.3%, P=0.02) and TACA (11.2 vs. 4.8%, P=0.02) were significantly higher in the controls than those in the patients, while the genotypes 267TT (8.5 vs. 0.7%, P=0.0016), 13687CC (78.6 vs. 65.5%, P=0.015), the haplotypes TGCT (10 vs. 2.5%, P=0.00002) and TGCA (5.7 vs. 0.35%, P=0.000001) were significantly more frequent in the patients. In conclusion, it may be speculated that these gene variants with probable effects on the IL-15 production can serve as the factors influencing VL among Iranian population. However, to clarify the association of these variants with the level of IL-15, further studies are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoochehr Rasouli
- Department of Immunology, Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis: A Paradigm of Paradoxical Immune Reconstitution Syndrome in Non-HIV/AIDS Patients. J Trop Med 2013; 2013:275253. [PMID: 23634148 PMCID: PMC3619621 DOI: 10.1155/2013/275253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease characterized by immune suppression. Successful treatment is usually followed by immune reconstitution and a dermatosis called post-Kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Recently, PKDL was described as one of the immune reconstitution syndromes (IRISs) in HIV/VL patients on HAART. This study aimed to present PKDL as a typical example of paradoxical IRIS in non-HIV/AIDS individuals. Published and new data on the pathogenesis and healing of PKDL was reviewed and presented. The data suggested that PKDL is a typical example of paradoxical IRIS, being a new disease entity that follows VL successful treatment and immune recovery. PKDL lesions are immune inflammatory in nature with granuloma, adequate response to immunochemotherapy, and an ensuing hypersensitivity reaction, the leishmanin skin test (LST). The data also suggested that the cytokine patterns of PKDL pathogenesis and healing are probably as follows: an active disease state dominated by IL-10 followed by spontaneous/treatment-induced IL-12 priming, IL-2 stimulation, and INF-γ production. INF-γ-activated macrophages eliminate the Leishmania parasites/antigen to be followed by LST conversion and healing. In conclusion, PKDL is a typical example of paradoxical IRIS in non-HIV/AIDS individuals with anti-inflammatory cytokine patterns that are superseded by treatment-induced proinflammatory cytokines and lesions healing.
Collapse
|
44
|
Chowdhury S, Mukherjee T, Mukhopadhyay R, Mukherjee B, Sengupta S, Chattopadhyay S, Jaisankar P, Roy S, Majumder HK. The lignan niranthin poisons Leishmania donovani topoisomerase IB and favours a Th1 immune response in mice. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 4:1126-43. [PMID: 23027614 PMCID: PMC3491841 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Niranthin, a lignan isolated from the aerial parts of the plant Phyllanthus amarus, exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities. In the present study, we have shown for the first time that niranthin is a potent anti-leishmanial agent. The compound induces topoisomerase I-mediated DNA–protein adduct formation inside Leishmania cells and triggers apoptosis by activation of cellular nucleases. We also show that niranthin inhibits the relaxation activity of heterodimeric type IB topoisomerase of L. donovani and acts as a non-competitive inhibitor interacting with both subunits of the enzyme. Niranthin interacts with DNA–protein binary complexes and thus stabilizes the ‘cleavable complex’ formation and subsequently inhibits the religation of cleaved strand. The compound inhibits the proliferation of Leishmania amastigotes in infected cultured murine macrophages with limited cytotoxicity to the host cells and is effective against antimony-resistant Leishmania parasites by modulating upregulated P-glycoprotein on host macrophages. Importantly, besides its in vitro efficacy, niranthin treatment leads to a switch from a Th2- to a Th1-type immune response in infected BALB/c mice. The immune response causes production of nitric oxide, which results in almost complete clearance of the liver and splenic parasite burden after intraperitoneal or intramuscular administration of the drug. These findings can be exploited to develop niranthin as a new drug candidate against drug-resistant leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Chowdhury
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Mutiso JM, Macharia JC, Gicheru MM. Immunization with Leishmania vaccine-alum-BCG and montanide ISA 720 adjuvants induces low-grade type 2 cytokines and high levels of IgG2 subclass antibodies in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) model. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:471-7. [PMID: 22862788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The availability of hundreds of adjuvants has prompted a need for identifying rational standards for the selection of adjuvant formulation based on sound immunological principles for human vaccines. As cytokines elaborated by activated T cells are required for the regulation of isotype switch during B-cell development, a study of Th2 cytokines and subclass distribution of the antibodies may shed new light on the processes involved in the polarization of the immune responses during vaccination studies. The aim of this study was to identify an appropriate Leishmania vaccine adjuvant based on low Th2 cytokine and high value IgG2 antibody responses. Groups of vervet monkeys were immunized with Leishmania donovani sonicate antigen (Ag) alone or in conjunction with alum-BCG (AlBCG), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or montanide ISA 720 (MISA) as adjuvants. Following three time point intradermal injections on days 0, 28 and 42, IL-4, IL-10 and IgG antibody subclasses were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and data analysed by one-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer test and Spearman's rank correlation analysis. Results indicated relatively higher IL-4 and IL-10 cytokine responses following MPL + Ag as compared to AlBCG + Ag or MISA + Ag immunization. There was a positive significant correlation between IL-4 and IL-10 levels (r = 1.000; P = 0.0167). Significantly higher IgG2 antibody responses were associated with either AlBCG + Ag or MISA + Ag as compared to MPL + Ag immunization (P < 0.05). The study concludes that both AlBCG and MISA may be used in Leishmania vaccine studies that favour low Th2 cytokine and strong IgG2 antibody responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Mutiso
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Singh OP, Stober CB, Singh AK, Blackwell JM, Sundar S. Cytokine responses to novel antigens in an Indian population living in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1874. [PMID: 23150744 PMCID: PMC3493615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are no effective vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a neglected parasitic disease second only to malaria in global mortality. We previously identified 14 protective candidates in a screen of 100 Leishmania antigens as DNA vaccines in mice. Here we employ whole blood assays to evaluate human cytokine responses to 11 of these antigens, in comparison to known defined and crude antigen preparations. Methods Whole blood assays were employed to measure IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 responses to peptide pools of the novel antigens R71, Q51, L37, N52, L302.06, J89, M18, J41, M22, M63, M57, as well as to recombinant proteins of tryparedoxin peroxidase (TRYP), Leishmania homolog of the receptor for activated C kinase (LACK) and to crude soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA), in Indian patients with active (n = 8) or cured (n = 16) VL, and in modified Quantiferon positive (EHC+ve, n = 20) or modified Quantiferon negative (EHC−ve, n = 9) endemic healthy controls (EHC). Results Active VL, cured VL and EHC+ve groups showed elevated SLA-specific IFN-γ, but only active VL patients produced IL-10 and EHC+ve did not make TNF-α. IFN-γ to IL-10 and TNF-α to IL-10 ratios in response to TRYP and LACK antigens were higher in cured VL and EHC+ve exposed individuals compared to active VL. Five of the eleven novel candidates (R71, L37, N52, J41, and M22) elicited IFN-γ and TNF-α, but not IL-10, responses in cured VL (55–87.5% responders) and EHC+ve (40–65% responders) subjects. Conclusions Our results are consistent with an important balance between pro-inflammatory IFNγ and TNFγ cytokine responses and anti-inflammatory IL-10 in determining outcome of VL in India, as highlighted by response to both crude and defined protein antigens. Importantly, cured VL patients and endemic Quantiferon positive individuals recognise 5 novel vaccine candidate antigens, confirming our recent data for L. chagasi in Brazil, and their potential as cross-species vaccine candidates. Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic infection that results in death in susceptible people unless they are treated. Current drugs are expensive and toxic, and there are no vaccines in use in humans. We know that it is possible to become immune to infection with this parasite because people who have been cured using drug treatment are resistant to further infection. In addition, a large percentage of people infected with the parasite remain asymptomatic and develop a specific immune response that can be measured using crude leishmanial antigens. We hypothesized that these resistant people might hold the key to understanding the kind of immune response required for protection. In this paper we compared the immune response to a series of novel vaccine candidates in people with active disease, in those drug-cured from the disease, and in the naturally resistant individuals. We show that immune individuals make strong cytokine responses to five of eleven novel vaccine candidates that were tested, making them ideal candidates to take forward in the development of a defined vaccine against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Carmel B. Stober
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Abhishek Kr. Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jenefer M. Blackwell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (JMB); (SS)
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- * E-mail: (JMB); (SS)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Reassessment of immune correlates in human visceral leishmaniasis as defined by cytokine release in whole blood. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:961-6. [PMID: 22539471 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00143-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Depressed cell-mediated immunity in human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) (also known as kala-azar), revealed as the inability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to respond to Leishmania antigen, remains a hallmark of and is thought to underlie the progressive nature of this disease. We recently reported the ability of a whole-blood, gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay to detect subclinical infections among healthy individuals living in an area where kala-azar is endemic (Bihar, India) and the surprising result that patients with active VL also secreted significant levels of antigen-specific IFN-γ in this assay. We were interested in ascertaining whether these findings would be true for a larger cohort of subjects and in employing the whole-blood assay to detect additional cytokines that might better correlate with the disease status of infected individuals. We evaluated IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) release in 35 patients with active VL, 54 patients with VL who were cured, 27 patients with other diseases, 52 healthy controls who lived in regions where VL or kala-azar is not endemic (NEHCs [for nonendemic healthy controls]), and 147 healthy controls who lived in regions where kala-azar is endemic (EHCs [for endemic healthy controls]). The cellular responses of the EHCs were correlated with their serological antibody titers against Leishmania donovani and Phlebotomus argentipes saliva. The whole-blood cells from the majority of both active (80%) and cured (85%) VL patients, as well as 24% of EHCs with presumed subclinical infections, produced significantly elevated levels of IFN-γ. The findings do not support a severe Th1 response defect in kala-azar. Importantly, only the patients with active VL also produced IL-10, which in conjunction with IFN-γ better reflects the immune responses that distinguish individuals with active disease from cured or subclinically infected, immune individuals.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lima ID, Queiroz JW, Lacerda HG, Queiroz PVS, Pontes NN, Barbosa JDA, Martins DR, Weirather JL, Pearson RD, Wilson ME, Jeronimo SMB. Leishmania infantum chagasi in northeastern Brazil: asymptomatic infection at the urban perimeter. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:99-107. [PMID: 22232458 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.10-0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic in large cities in Brazil, including Natal. We determined the prevalence of asymptomatic human infection with Leishmania infantum chagasi and associated environmental risks around Natal. Infection was detected by Leishmania skin test (LST) and anti-leishmanial antibodies in humans and anti-leishmanial antibodies in dogs. Amongst 345 humans, 24.6% were seropositive, and 38.6% were LST-positive. Prevalence of positive serology was similar in both sexes and across all ages. However, positive LST responses increased with age, suggesting that LST is long-lasting and cumulative. Multinomial logistic analysis showed that LST response varied with location (P = 0.007) and that males were more frequently LST-positive (P = 0.027). Indicators of lower socioeconomic status associated significantly with human infection. Furthermore, there was geographic coincidence of seropositive humans and dogs (r = 0.7926, P = 0.011). These data suggest that dog and human L. i. chagasi infection are intimately interrelated in environmental conditions associated with low income.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iraci D Lima
- Health Post-Graduate Program, Department of Infectious Diseases, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bhaumik SK, Paul J, Naskar K, Karmakar S, De T. Asiaticoside induces tumour-necrosis-factor-α-mediated nitric oxide production to cure experimental visceral leishmaniasis caused by antimony-susceptible and -resistant Leishmania donovani strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:910-20. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
50
|
|