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Solman M, Woutersen DTJ, den Hertog J. Modeling (not so) rare developmental disorders associated with mutations in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1046415. [PMID: 36407105 PMCID: PMC9672471 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1046415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology region 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a highly conserved protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), which is encoded by PTPN11 and is indispensable during embryonic development. Mutations in PTPN11 in human patients cause aberrant signaling of SHP2, resulting in multiple rare hereditary diseases, including Noonan Syndrome (NS), Noonan Syndrome with Multiple Lentigines (NSML), Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML) and Metachondromatosis (MC). Somatic mutations in PTPN11 have been found to cause cancer. Here, we focus on the role of SHP2 variants in rare diseases and advances in the understanding of its pathogenesis using model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jeroen den Hertog,
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Solman M, Blokzijl-Franke S, Piques F, Yan C, Yang Q, Strullu M, Kamel SM, Ak P, Bakkers J, Langenau DM, Cavé H, den Hertog J. Inflammatory response in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells triggered by activating SHP2 mutations evokes blood defects. eLife 2022; 11:e73040. [PMID: 35535491 PMCID: PMC9119675 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 are the most frequently occurring mutations in sporadic juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) and JMML-like myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated with Noonan syndrome (NS). Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are the disease propagating cells of JMML. Here, we explored transcriptomes of HSPCs with SHP2 mutations derived from JMML patients and a novel NS zebrafish model. In addition to major NS traits, CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in Shp2D61G mutant zebrafish recapitulated a JMML-like MPN phenotype, including myeloid lineage hyperproliferation, ex vivo growth of myeloid colonies, and in vivo transplantability of HSPCs. Single-cell mRNA sequencing of HSPCs from Shp2D61G zebrafish embryos and bulk sequencing of HSPCs from JMML patients revealed an overlapping inflammatory gene expression pattern. Strikingly, an anti-inflammatory agent rescued JMML-like MPN in Shp2D61G zebrafish embryos. Our results indicate that a common inflammatory response was triggered in the HSPCs from sporadic JMML patients and syndromic NS zebrafish, which potentiated MPN and may represent a future target for JMML therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Solman
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | | | - Florian Piques
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de GénétiqueParisFrance
| | - Chuan Yan
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research InstituteCharlestownUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCharlestownUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Qiqi Yang
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research InstituteCharlestownUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCharlestownUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Marion Strullu
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Onco-Hématologie PédiatriqueParisFrance
| | - Sarah M Kamel
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Pakize Ak
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Research InstituteCharlestownUnited States
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterCharlestownUnited States
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Hélène Cavé
- INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de ParisParisFrance
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de GénétiqueParisFrance
| | - Jeroen den Hertog
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and UMC UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden UniversityLeidenNetherlands
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia: New Perspectives for Preclinical Research. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092335. [PMID: 34571984 PMCID: PMC8465353 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a malignant myeloproliferative disorder arising in infants and young children. The origin of this neoplasm is attributed to an early deregulation of the Ras signaling pathway in multipotent hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Since JMML is notoriously refractory to conventional cytostatic therapy, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the mainstay of curative therapy for most cases. However, alternative therapeutic approaches with small epigenetic molecules have recently entered the stage and show surprising efficacy at least in specific subsets of patients. Hence, the establishment of preclinical models to test novel agents is a priority. Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) offer an opportunity to imitate JMML ex vivo, after attempts to generate immortalized cell lines from primary JMML material have largely failed in the past. Several research groups have previously generated patient-derived JMML IPSCs and successfully differentiated these into myeloid cells with extensive phenotypic similarities to primary JMML cells. With infinite self-renewal and the capability to differentiate into multiple cell types, JMML IPSCs are a promising resource to advance the development of treatment modalities targeting specific vulnerabilities. This review discusses current reprogramming techniques for JMML stem/progenitor cells, related clinical applications, and the challenges involved.
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Mayerhofer C, Niemeyer CM, Flotho C. Current Treatment of Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3084. [PMID: 34300250 PMCID: PMC8305558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare pediatric leukemia characterized by mutations in five canonical RAS pathway genes. The diagnosis is made by typical clinical and hematological findings associated with a compatible mutation. Although this is sufficient for clinical decision-making in most JMML cases, more in-depth analysis can include DNA methylation class and panel sequencing analysis for secondary mutations. NRAS-initiated JMML is heterogeneous and adequate management ranges from watchful waiting to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Upfront azacitidine in KRAS patients can achieve long-term remissions without HSCT; if HSCT is required, a less toxic preparative regimen is recommended. Germline CBL patients often experience spontaneous resolution of the leukemia or exhibit stable mixed chimerism after HSCT. JMML driven by PTPN11 or NF1 is often rapidly progressive, requires swift HSCT and may benefit from pretransplant therapy with azacitidine. Because graft-versus-leukemia alloimmunity is central to cure high risk patients, the immunosuppressive regimen should be discontinued early after HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mayerhofer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (C.M.); (C.M.N.)
| | - Charlotte M. Niemeyer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (C.M.); (C.M.N.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Flotho
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (C.M.); (C.M.N.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Hamarsheh S, Osswald L, Saller BS, Unger S, De Feo D, Vinnakota JM, Konantz M, Uhl FM, Becker H, Lübbert M, Shoumariyeh K, Schürch C, Andrieux G, Venhoff N, Schmitt-Graeff A, Duquesne S, Pfeifer D, Cooper MA, Lengerke C, Boerries M, Duyster J, Niemeyer CM, Erlacher M, Blazar BR, Becher B, Groß O, Brummer T, Zeiser R. Oncogenic Kras G12D causes myeloproliferation via NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1659. [PMID: 32246016 PMCID: PMC7125138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras mutations occur in various leukemias. It was unclear if, besides the direct transforming effect via constant RAS/MEK/ERK signaling, an inflammation-related effect of KRAS contributes to the disease. Here, we identify a functional link between oncogenic KrasG12D and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in murine and human cells. Mice expressing active KrasG12D in the hematopoietic system developed myeloproliferation and cytopenia, which is reversed in KrasG12D mice lacking NLRP3 in the hematopoietic system. Therapeutic IL-1-receptor blockade or NLRP3-inhibition reduces myeloproliferation and improves hematopoiesis. Mechanistically, KrasG12D-RAC1 activation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production causing NLRP3 inflammasome-activation. In agreement with our observations in mice, patient-derived myeloid leukemia cells exhibit KRAS/RAC1/ROS/NLRP3/IL-1β axis activity. Our findings indicate that oncogenic KRAS not only act via its canonical oncogenic driver function, but also enhances the activation of the pro-inflammatory RAC1/ROS/NLRP3/IL-1β axis. This paves the way for a therapeutic approach based on immune modulation via NLRP3 blockade in KRAS-mutant myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaima'a Hamarsheh
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Osswald
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt S Saller
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Unger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donatella De Feo
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janaki Manoja Vinnakota
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Konantz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska M Uhl
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Becker
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Khalid Shoumariyeh
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schürch
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Geoffroy Andrieux
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Venhoff
- Clinic for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Sandra Duquesne
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Claudia Lengerke
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Systems Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justus Duyster
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte M Niemeyer
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Erlacher
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Burkard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Groß
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS) and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: who's the driver at the wheel? Blood 2019; 133:1060-1070. [PMID: 30670449 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-844688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a unique clonal hematopoietic disorder of early childhood. It is classified as an overlap myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic neoplasm by the World Health Organization and shares some features with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in adults. JMML pathobiology is characterized by constitutive activation of the Ras signal transduction pathway. About 90% of patients harbor molecular alterations in 1 of 5 genes (PTPN11, NRAS, KRAS, NF1, or CBL), which define genetically and clinically distinct subtypes. Three of these subtypes, PTPN11-, NRAS-, and KRAS-mutated JMML, are characterized by heterozygous somatic gain-of-function mutations in nonsyndromic children, whereas 2 subtypes, JMML in neurofibromatosis type 1 and JMML in children with CBL syndrome, are defined by germline Ras disease and acquired biallelic inactivation of the respective genes in hematopoietic cells. The clinical course of the disease varies widely and can in part be predicted by age, level of hemoglobin F, and platelet count. The majority of children require allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for long-term leukemia-free survival, but the disease will eventually resolve spontaneously in ∼15% of patients, rendering the prospective identification of these cases a clinical necessity. Most recently, genome-wide DNA methylation profiles identified distinct methylation signatures correlating with clinical and genetic features and highly predictive for outcome. Understanding the genomic and epigenomic basis of JMML will not only greatly improve precise decision making but also be fundamental for drug development and future collaborative trials.
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with inactivated Fanconi anemia (FA) genes, FANCA and FANCC, are hypersensitive to inflammatory cytokines. One of these, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), is also overproduced by FA mononuclear phagocytes in response to certain Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, creating an autoinhibitory loop that may contribute to the pathogenesis of progressive bone marrow (BM) failure and selection of TNF-α-resistant leukemic stem cell clones. In macrophages, the TNF-α overproduction phenotype depends on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), an enzyme also known to induce expression of other inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Reasoning that IL-1β might be involved in a like autoinhibitory loop, we determined that (1) TLR activation of FANCA- and FANCC-deficient macrophages induced overproduction of both TNF-α and IL-1β in a p38-dependent manner; (2) exposure of Fancc-deficient BM progenitors to IL-1β potently suppressed the expansion of multipotent progenitor cells in vitro; and (3) although TNF-α overexpression in FA cells is controlled posttranscriptionally by the p38 substrate MAPKAPK-2, p38-dependent overproduction of IL-1β is controlled transcriptionally. We suggest that multiple inflammatory cytokines overproduced by FANCA- and FANCC-deficient mononuclear phagocytes may contribute to the progressive BM failure that characterizes FA, and that to achieve suppression of this proinflammatory state, p38 is a more promising molecular therapeutic target than either IL-1β or TNF-α alone.
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Humphreys NE, Grencis RK. IL-1-dependent, IL-1R1-independent resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1036-45. [PMID: 19247983 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 null mice are unable to expel the intestinal nematode Trichuris muris; whereas WT littermates exhibit sterile immunity. Intriguingly the essential signalling components IL-1R1 and IL-1R accessory protein (AcP) are dispensable for expulsion of this parasite. IL-1 is thus critical for CD4(+) Th2-mediated immunity to T. muris; however, this action is independent of the established IL-1 signalling receptor. We also present data demonstrating that both IL-1alpha and IL-1beta induce measurable effects on T. muris primed cells isolated from IL-1R1 or IL-1R AcP null mice. MLN cells from these mice restimulated with parasite antigen proliferated at a greater rate and produced more cytokines in response to exogenous IL-1. This ability to respond to IL-1 was restricted to these parasite-primed cells and importantly was not evident in cells from naïve gene null mice. These in vitro data are consistent with the observed ability of mice with compromised IL-1 signalling to expel the parasite, bolstering the premise that an alternative IL-1 signalling mechanism is accessible in the context of an intestinal helminth-driven Th2 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Humphreys
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Donovan S, See W, Bonifas J, Stokoe D, Shannon KM. Hyperactivation of protein kinase B and ERK have discrete effects on survival, proliferation, and cytokine expression in Nf1-deficient myeloid cells. Cancer Cell 2002; 2:507-14. [PMID: 12498719 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(02)00214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Nf1 tumor suppressor encodes a GTPase-activating protein for Ras. Previous work has implicated hyperactive Ras in the aberrant growth of Nf1-deficient cells; however, there are limited data on which effectors modulate specific phenotypes. To address this, we generated myeloid cell lines by infecting fetal liver cells with a retrovirus encoding a truncated allele of c-Myb. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promoted the survival of wild-type Myb cells in a dose-dependent manner. By contrast, Nf1-deficient myeloid cells deprived of growth factors, were resistant to apoptosis due to hyperactivation of the phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase/protein kinase B cascade. Nf1(-/-) cells also demonstrated growth factor-independent proliferation and upregulation of GM-CSF mRNA production that were dependent upon Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. These data link specific Ras effectors with discrete cellular phenotypes in Nf1-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Donovan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Smith FO, King R, Nelson G, Wagner JE, Robertson KA, Sanders JE, Bunin N, Emaunel PD, Davies SM. Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2002; 116:716-24. [PMID: 11849238 DOI: 10.1046/j.0007-1048.2001.03333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) have a poor outcome, with survival in a minority of patients. The major limitation on success of sibling donor bone marrow transplantation for JMML has been reported to be relapse. A total of 46 children with a diagnosis of JMML underwent unrelated donor marrow (URD) transplantation facilitated by the National Marrow Donor Program. Forty-three of 46 patients had neutrophil engraftment at a median of 20 d post transplant, with platelet recovery in 28 of 40 evaluable patients at a median of 34.5 d. Thirty-two of 44 evaluable patients developed acute graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) (Grades 2-4) and chronic GVHD developed in 14 of 35 evaluable patients. At a median follow-up of 2.0 years, probabilities of survival and disease-free survival were 42% and 24% respectively. The probability of relapse was 58% at 2 years and represents the major cause of treatment failure. Multivariate analysis revealed that chronic GVHD was associated with reduced relapse [risk ratio 0.20 (95% CI 0.04-1.02, P=0.05)] improved survival [risk ratio 0.13 (95% CI 0.03-0.68, P=0.02)] and event-free survival [risk ratio 0.23 (95% CI 0.06-0.94, P=0.04)]. This study demonstrates that relapse is the major cause of treatment failure in patients with JMML undergoing URD transplantation. With lower relapse observed in patients with chronic GVHD, new treatment strategies that focus on enhancing the graft-versus-leukaemia effect may improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin O Smith
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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Hartwig UF, Keller U, Huber C, Peschel C. Regulation of hematopoietic growth factor production by genetically modified human bone marrow stromal cells expressing interleukin-1beta antisense RNA. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:851-60. [PMID: 11710998 DOI: 10.1089/107999001753238105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) plays a major role in the regulation of bone marrow stromal cell function and hematopoiesis. It is known to induce secretion of the hematopoietic growth factors granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF), IL-6, and IL-8 as well as IL-1 itself in stromal cells. We investigated the role of IL-1beta-mediated growth factor production in the human stromal cell line L88/5. Using liposome-mediated DNA transfer, two stromal cell transfectants that constitutively express IL-1beta antisense (AS) RNA were generated. Expression of IL-1beta AS RNA and IL-1beta RNA was determined by RT-PCR. The stromal cell transfectants were strongly impaired in their endogenous IL-1beta production, and this effect was present even when strong IL-1beta inducers, such as IL-1alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), were used. Reduced endogenous IL-1beta levels had no effect on the constitutive production of IL-6, IL-8, and GM-CSF measured by ELISA. In contrast to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, IL-1alpha-mediated stimulation of GM-CSF production was significantly reduced in AS transfectants. TNF-alpha induced GM-CSF production was also reduced. IL-6 and IL-8 production was increased in transfectants, suggesting a negative regulatory role of IL-1beta in L88/5. This new approach using AS technology to specifically target constitutive RNA expression will allow further characterization of the bone marrow cytokine network in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U F Hartwig
- III. Department of Medicine, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Modulation of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Gene Expression by a Tumor Necrosis Factor Specific Ribozyme in Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemic Cells. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.11.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The human cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) both promote growth and survival of malignant cells from children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). It has been postulated that TNF stimulates GM-CSF gene expression in an autocrine manner. We found here that the specific inhibition of TNF gene expression by a catalytic RNA molecule (ribozyme) also downregulated the expression of GM-CSF in JMML cells. GM-CSF protein, GM-CSF–dependent colony formation, and viability of JMML cells were reduced. The observed effect was specific, because synthesis of interleukin-1β, another cytokine produced by JMML cells, was not affected by the ribozyme treatment. The stimulatory effect of TNF on GM-CSF gene expression in JMML cells probably takes place at the transcription level, because the ribozyme treatment decreased GM-CSF mRNA. No apparent toxicity of the ribozyme was detected in normal bone marrow progenitor cells. Thus, the inhibition of TNF gene expression in JMML cells by ribozymes may be a novel therapeutic approach for this disorder.
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16
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Modulation of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Gene Expression by a Tumor Necrosis Factor Specific Ribozyme in Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemic Cells. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.11.4263.422k46_4263_4268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) both promote growth and survival of malignant cells from children with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). It has been postulated that TNF stimulates GM-CSF gene expression in an autocrine manner. We found here that the specific inhibition of TNF gene expression by a catalytic RNA molecule (ribozyme) also downregulated the expression of GM-CSF in JMML cells. GM-CSF protein, GM-CSF–dependent colony formation, and viability of JMML cells were reduced. The observed effect was specific, because synthesis of interleukin-1β, another cytokine produced by JMML cells, was not affected by the ribozyme treatment. The stimulatory effect of TNF on GM-CSF gene expression in JMML cells probably takes place at the transcription level, because the ribozyme treatment decreased GM-CSF mRNA. No apparent toxicity of the ribozyme was detected in normal bone marrow progenitor cells. Thus, the inhibition of TNF gene expression in JMML cells by ribozymes may be a novel therapeutic approach for this disorder.
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Satoskar AR, Okano M, Connaughton S, Raisanen-Sokolwski A, David JR, Labow M. Enhanced Th2-like responses in IL-1 type 1 receptor-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2066-74. [PMID: 9692874 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199807)28:07<2066::aid-immu2066>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 has a number of effects on T cell growth but a specific role for IL-1 in T cell responses in vivo has not been elucidated. In this study the role of IL-1 in Th1/Th2 responses was examined in mice deficient for the IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1RI-/-) during cutaneous Leishmania major infection or following immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). After inoculation of L. major stationary phase promastigotes into the hind footpad, both IL-1RI-/- and wild-type (WT) mice developed small lesions which resolved spontaneously. Lymph node cells from infected IL-1RI-/- mice produced significantly more IL-4 and IL-10 than those from WT mice following antigenic stimulation in vitro. Splenocytes from IL-1RI-/- and WT mice showed similar levels of antigen-induced proliferation. In contrast, splenocyte cultures from the IL-1RI-/- mice contained significantly more IL-4 than those from WT mice. Similar results were also obtained after immunization with KLH. While lymph node cells from both IL-1RI-/- and WT mice displayed similar levels of KLH-specific proliferation, those from IL-1RI-/- mice produced significantly more IL-4 than those from WT mice. Conversely, antigen-stimulated lymph node cells from WT mice secreted significantly greater amounts of IFN-gamma as compared with those from IL-1RI-/- mice. These data indicate that while IL-1 is not required for mounting an immune response or antigen-dependent proliferation, it appears to be required for normal regulation of Th1/Th2 responses and may function to negatively regulate IL-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Satoskar
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA.
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18
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Thrombopoietin Enhances the Production of Myeloid Cells, but not Megakaryocytes, in Juvenile Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.11.4065.411a52_4065_4073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the aberrant growth of granulocyte-macrophage (GM) progenitors induced by a combination of stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML). We examined here the effects of thrombopoietin (TPO) on the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors in JCML. In serum-deprived single-cell cultures of normal bone marrow (BM) CD34+CD38high cells, the addition of TPO to the culture containing SCF + GM-CSF resulted in an increase in the number and size of GM colonies. In the JCML cultures, in contrast, the number of SCF + GM-CSF–dependent GM colonies was not increased by the addition of TPO. However, the TPO addition caused an enlargement of GM colonies in cultures from the JCML patients to a significantly greater extent compared with the normal controls. There was no difference in the type of the constituent cells of GM colonies with or without TPO grown by JCML BM cells. A flow cytometric analysis showed that the c-Mpl expression was found on CD13+ myeloid cells generated by CD34+CD38high BM cells from JCML patients, but was at an undetectable level in normal controls. The addition of TPO to the culture containing SCF or SCF + GM-CSF caused a significant increase in the production of GM colony-forming cells by JCML CD34+CD38neg/lowpopulation, indicating the stimulatory effects of TPO on JCML primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Normal BM cells yielded a significant number of megakaryocytes as well as myeloid cells in response to a combination of SCF, GM-CSF, and/or TPO. In contrast, megakaryocytic cells were barely produced by the JCML progenitors. Our results may provide a fundamental insight that the administration of TPO enhances the aberrant growth of GM progenitors rather than the recovery of megakaryocytopoiesis.
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19
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Thrombopoietin Enhances the Production of Myeloid Cells, but not Megakaryocytes, in Juvenile Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v91.11.4065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We previously reported the aberrant growth of granulocyte-macrophage (GM) progenitors induced by a combination of stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML). We examined here the effects of thrombopoietin (TPO) on the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitors in JCML. In serum-deprived single-cell cultures of normal bone marrow (BM) CD34+CD38high cells, the addition of TPO to the culture containing SCF + GM-CSF resulted in an increase in the number and size of GM colonies. In the JCML cultures, in contrast, the number of SCF + GM-CSF–dependent GM colonies was not increased by the addition of TPO. However, the TPO addition caused an enlargement of GM colonies in cultures from the JCML patients to a significantly greater extent compared with the normal controls. There was no difference in the type of the constituent cells of GM colonies with or without TPO grown by JCML BM cells. A flow cytometric analysis showed that the c-Mpl expression was found on CD13+ myeloid cells generated by CD34+CD38high BM cells from JCML patients, but was at an undetectable level in normal controls. The addition of TPO to the culture containing SCF or SCF + GM-CSF caused a significant increase in the production of GM colony-forming cells by JCML CD34+CD38neg/lowpopulation, indicating the stimulatory effects of TPO on JCML primitive hematopoietic progenitors. Normal BM cells yielded a significant number of megakaryocytes as well as myeloid cells in response to a combination of SCF, GM-CSF, and/or TPO. In contrast, megakaryocytic cells were barely produced by the JCML progenitors. Our results may provide a fundamental insight that the administration of TPO enhances the aberrant growth of GM progenitors rather than the recovery of megakaryocytopoiesis.
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20
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Zhang YY, Vik TA, Ryder JW, Srour EF, Jacks T, Shannon K, Clapp DW. Nf1 regulates hematopoietic progenitor cell growth and ras signaling in response to multiple cytokines. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1893-902. [PMID: 9607929 PMCID: PMC2212307 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.11.1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/1998] [Revised: 03/19/1998] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin, the protein encoded by the NF1 tumor-suppressor gene, negatively regulates the output of p21(ras) (Ras) proteins by accelerating the hydrolysis of active Ras-guanosine triphosphate to inactive Ras-guanosine diphosphate. Children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are predisposed to juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) and other malignant myeloid disorders, and heterozygous Nf1 knockout mice spontaneously develop a myeloid disorder that resembles JCML. Both human and murine leukemias show loss of the normal allele. JCML cells and Nf1-/- hematopoietic cells isolated from fetal livers selectively form abnormally high numbers of colonies derived from granulocyte-macrophage progenitors in cultures supplemented with low concentrations of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Taken together, these data suggest that neurofibromin is required to downregulate Ras activation in myeloid cells exposed to GM-CSF. We have investigated the growth and proliferation of purified populations of hematopoietic progenitor cells isolated from Nf1 knockout mice in response to the cytokines interleukin (IL)-3 and stem cell factor (SCF), as well as to GM-CSF. We found abnormal proliferation of both immature and lineage-restricted progenitor populations, and we observed increased synergy between SCF and either IL-3 or GM-CSF in Nf1-/- progenitors. Nf1-/- fetal livers also showed an absolute increase in the numbers of immature progenitors. We further demonstrate constitutive activation of the Ras-Raf-MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase signaling pathway in primary c-kit+ Nf1-/- progenitors and hyperactivation of MAP kinase after growth factor stimulation. The results of these experiments in primary hematopoietic cells implicate Nf1 as playing a central role in regulating the proliferation and survival of primitive and lineage-restricted myeloid progenitors in response to multiple cytokines by modulating Ras output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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21
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Gawaz M, Neumann FJ, Dickfeld T, Reininger A, Adelsberger H, Gebhardt A, Schömig A. Vitronectin receptor (alpha(v)beta3) mediates platelet adhesion to the luminal aspect of endothelial cells: implications for reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997; 96:1809-18. [PMID: 9323066 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet interaction with endothelium plays an important role in the pathophysiology of coronary microcirculation. We assessed the role of the vitronectin receptor (integrin alpha(v)beta3) in platelet/endothelium adhesion. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the effect on platelet/endothelium adhesion of plasma obtained from patients with acute myocardial infarction during reperfusion (before and 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours and 5 to 7 days after direct angioplasty) and with pretreatment with alpha-thrombin (2 U/mL) and recombinant human interleukin-1beta. Platelet/endothelium adhesion was significantly enhanced by approximately 20% after pretreatment of endothelium with patient plasma for 4 hours (P<.05) compared with endothelium treated with pooled control plasma. Plasma-induced platelet/endothelium adhesion was, in part, RGD peptide dependent. Pretreatment of endothelial cells with alpha-thrombin or recombinant human interleukin-1beta enhanced platelet/endothelium adhesion and surface expression of alpha(v)beta3 on the luminal aspect of endothelium (P<.05). The adhesion of platelets, isolated platelet microparticles, and Chinese hamster ovary cells bearing human recombinant alpha(IIb)beta3 (platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa) to activated endothelial cells was inhibited by antiadhesive peptides GRGDSP and c(RGDfV) and monoclonal antibodies 4F10, LM609, and 7E3. CONCLUSIONS The expression of vitronectin receptor exposed on the luminal aspect of activated endothelium is enhanced and mediates platelet/endothelium adhesion. Vitronectin receptor-mediated platelet attachment to activated endothelium during reperfusion may contribute to reperfusion injury and could be a target for antiadhesive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gawaz
- 1. Medizinische Klinik der Technischen Universität München, Germany
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22
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23
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24
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Emanuel PD, Shannon KM, Castleberry RP. Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: molecular understanding and prospects for therapy. MOLECULAR MEDICINE TODAY 1996; 2:468-75. [PMID: 8947912 DOI: 10.1016/1357-4310(96)10044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia is a rare but deadly myeloproliferative disorder of early childhood that infrequently progresses to acute leukemia. The pathogenesis of this leukemia has been linked to deregulated signal transduction, resulting in growth factor hypersensitivity. Several other myeloproliferative disorders appear to share growth factor hypersensitivity as a common pathophysiological mechanism and thus this leukemia serves as an important model. New treatment modalities, such as retinoid therapy, are emerging for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Further understanding of deregulated signal transduction should pave the way for even more rationally designed therapy for this leukemia and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Emanuel
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294-3300, USA.
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25
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Freedman MH, Hitzler JK, Bunin N, Grunberger T, Squire J. Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia multilineage CD34+ cells: aberrant growth and differentiation properties. Stem Cells 1996; 14:690-701. [PMID: 8948026 DOI: 10.1002/stem.140690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) is a hematologic malignancy of monocyte-macrophage lineage in which leukemic progression is mediated in an autocrine manner by tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), GM-CSF and possibly other growth factors. Cytogenetic data showing involvement of both erythroid and monocyte-macrophage lineages in the JCML leukemic clone, as well as an observed episode of B-lineage lymphoid blast crisis in JCML, has strengthened the thesis for a lympho-hematopoietic pluripotent stem cell origin for the disorder. To study this further, JCML CD34+ cells from bone marrow (BM) or spleen from six newly diagnosed patients were isolated and cultured in clonogenic assays with combinations of recombinant cytokines. Compared to control CD34+ cells, JCML cells from all patients showed an aberrant growth pattern restricted almost exclusively to the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Most of the clonogenic activity was seen in a subsorted population of CD34+, HLA-Dr- cells. Additionally, an exaggerated growth response to minute doses of GM-CSF that had no effect on control cells was observed with JCML CD34+ cells. Recloning ("self-renewal") of JCML CD34+ cells was also strongly promoted by GM-CSF. JCML colonies also formed spontaneously in the absence of exogenous cytokines but were augmented by GM-CSF, interleukin 1 and TNF-alpha, the latter feature not seen with control CD34+ cells from normal BM. The abnormal spontaneous growth pattern of CD34+ JCML cells could be suppressed directly in vitro by anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and anti-GM-CSF antibodies alone or in combination, and by soluble TNF-alpha receptors (sTNF-R:Fc), consistent with the notion that JCML CD34+ cells are stimulated by both cytokines in an autocrine manner. In malignant CD34+ cells from one patient, the cytogenetic marker monosomy 7 proved leukemic involvement of monocyte-macrophage, erythroid and B-lymphoid lineages. We conclude that CD34+ JCML cells of multilineage potential exhibit excessive and aberrant monocyte-macrophage colony formation, a property that was previously observed in JCML progenitors found in light density cell fractions. Thus, within the CD34+ cellular compartment is a subpopulation of JCML "stem" cells that accounts for the abnormal leukemic proliferative activity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Freedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Ferrajoli A, Fizzotti M, Liberati AM, Grignani F. Chronic myelogenous leukemia: an update on the biological findings and therapeutic approaches. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1996; 22:151-74. [PMID: 8793272 DOI: 10.1016/1040-8428(96)00192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Child
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/physiopathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic, Atypical, BCR-ABL Negative/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm, Residual
- Oncogenes
- Prognosis
- Risk Assessment
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ferrajoli
- Istituto di Medicina Interna e Scienze Oncologiche, Università di Perugia, Italy
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27
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Mark Z, Toren A, Amariglio N, Vonsover A, Rechavi G, Brok-Simoni F. Rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene in juvenile chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1995; 90:353-7. [PMID: 7794756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb05158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Five patients with clinical and laboratory features typical for juvenile chronic myeloid leukaemia (JCML) are presented. Rearrangement of the j joining region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Jh) was demonstrated in three children out of five analysed. As no Vh to DhJh nor kappa light chain rearrangements were demonstrated, it is reasonable to speculate that the transforming event of the stem cell happened at the stage when Dh to Jh rearrangement took place. As the monocytic lineage is prominent in JCML, it is suggested that the transforming event happens in a unique stem cell with intermediate differentiation towards the myelomonocytic as well as the B-lymphatic lineage. This stem cell, which is present at a certain stage of embryogenesis, disappears later. Such an early 'hybrid' cell is sometimes involved in leukaemias of early infancy, and may be the transformed cell in some cases of infantile leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Mark
- Institute of Haematology, Chaim Sheba Medical Centre, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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28
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Estrov Z, Kurzrock R, Talpaz M. Interleukin-1 and its inhibitors: implications for disease biology and therapy. Cancer Treat Res 1995; 80:51-82. [PMID: 8821574 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1241-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta are polypeptide hormones that exhibit a broad spectrum of beneficial and harmful biologic activities. Clinical trials designed to benefit from its stimulatory effects on human hematopoiesis and from its role in improving host defenses, are being currently conducted. Other in vivo studies, using IL-1 inhibitors with an attempts to block the detrimental effects of IL-1, are underway. Because of the multifunctional effects of IL-1 in human physiology and its pathogenetic role in several diseases, the capability to control the effects of IL-1 may prove to be a useful tool in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Estrov
- Department of Bioimmunotherapy, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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29
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Herbert JM, Savi P, Lalé A, Laplace MC, Baudry N, Pereillo JM, Emonds-Alt X. Malformin-A1 inhibits the binding of interleukin-1 beta (IL1 beta) and suppresses the expression of tissue factor in human endothelial cells and monocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:1211-7. [PMID: 7945414 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malformin-A1, a cyclic pentapeptide of microbial origin, antagonized in a competitive manner the binding of 125I-IL1 beta (interleukin-1 beta) to human monocytes and cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with IC50 values (doses which reduce specific binding by 50%) of 250 +/- 80 and 230 +/- 25 nM, respectively (N = 3). IL1 increased in a dose-dependent manner the expression of tissue factor, a ubiquitous membrane-anchored glycoprotein that initiates blood coagulation at the surface of HUVEC and human monocytes. Malformin-A1 strongly inhibited IL1-induced tissue factor expression in HUVEC and monocytes with IC50 values of 420 +/- 35 and 105 +/- 25 nM, respectively (N = 3), and reduced IL1-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) on HUVEC (IC50 = 125 +/- 18 nM) (N = 4). These observations demonstrate that malformin-A1 recognizes and blocks IL1 beta binding to its receptor sites on monocytes and endothelial cells and protects these cells from IL1-induced procoagulant changes.
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30
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Estrov Z, Kurzrock R, Talpaz M. Role of interleukin-1 inhibitory molecules in therapy of acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 1993; 10:407-18. [PMID: 8401177 DOI: 10.3109/10428199309148197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The poor outcome of conventional therapy of acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias (AML and CML) has prompted several groups to investigate new therapeutic directions. Data from various laboratories, including our own, indicate that both normal and leukemia precursors proliferate in response to growth factors. Furthermore, it has been shown that AML blasts, low-density cells from CML patients with advanced disease, and cultured bone marrow-adherent layers from CML blast crisis patients produce interleukin 1 (IL-1); this molecule may play a pivotal role in driving leukemia cell proliferation through autocrine or paracrine pathways. We have therefore hypothesized that interruption of the IL-1-mediated growth-stimulatory mechanism may suppress leukemia precursor multiplication. In searching for IL-1-inhibitory molecules that may be used clinically, we have investigated the in vitro effects of various IL-1 inhibitors including IL-1 receptor antagonist, soluble IL-1 receptors, and interleukin 4. Our studies suggest that IL-1 inhibitors can suppress clonogenic growth of cultured AML and CML progenitors and may hence be exploitable in clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein
- Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- Interleukin-4/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/therapy
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Serpins/therapeutic use
- Sialoglycoproteins/therapeutic use
- Viral Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Estrov
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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31
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Abstract
The therapeutic advantage of reducing the activity of interleukin 1 (IL-1) resides in preventing its deleterious biological effects without interfering with homeostasis. As such, methods attempting to block the production or activity of IL-1 have now entered clinical trials. For example, IL-1 induction of prostaglandins is one target in treating disease, and drugs preventing the production of inhibiting cyclooxygenase have well-known toxicities because they block the normal synthesis of prostaglandins in many tissues. IL-1 blockading agents, in contrast, affect only that portion of prostaglandin synthesis due to elevated IL-1, sparing the synthesis of these molecules for homeostasis. Here we review the unique pharmacological advantages of manipulating IL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dinarello
- Dept. of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, MA 02111
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32
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Abstract
The therapeutic advantage of reducing the activity of interleukin 1 (IL-1) resides in preventing its deleterious biological effects without interfering with homeostasis. As such, methods attempting to block the production or activity of IL-1 have now entered clinical trials. For example, IL-1 induction of prostaglandins is one target in treating disease, and drugs preventing the production of inhibiting cyclooxygenase have well-known toxicities because they block the normal synthesis of prostaglandins in many tissues. IL-1 blockading agents, in contrast, affect only that portion of prostaglandin synthesis due to elevated IL-1, sparing the synthesis of these molecules for homeostasis. Charles Dinarello reviews the unique pharmacological advantages of manipulating IL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, MA 02111
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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34
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Hazani A, Barak Y, Berant M, Bar-Maor A. Congenital juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia: therapeutic trial with interferon alpha-2. MEDICAL AND PEDIATRIC ONCOLOGY 1993; 21:73-6. [PMID: 8426579 DOI: 10.1002/mpo.2950210115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A newborn with congenital juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) is described. The diagnosis was suggested by the characteristic clinical and hematologic presentation, and was confirmed by the results of in-vitro cultures of the hematopoietic progenitors, which showed excessive proliferation of monocytic colonies, with and without the addition of exogenous granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Based on published in-vitro response of JCML cells to alpha interferon-2 (alpha IFN 2), we treated this child for 17 weeks with subcutaneous alpha interferon, 1,000,000 units per day. In contrast to previous in vitro results, treatment of this patient affected neither the clinical course of the disease, nor the in vitro growth of the peripheral blood-derived monocytic colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hazani
- Department of Hematology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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35
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36
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Freedman MH, Cohen A, Grunberger T, Bunin N, Luddy RE, Saunders EF, Shahidi N, Lau A, Estrov Z. Central role of tumour necrosis factor, GM-CSF, and interleukin 1 in the pathogenesis of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1992; 80:40-8. [PMID: 1311195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb06398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies on patients with juvenile chronic myelogenous leukaemia (JCML), we found excessive proliferation of malignant monocyte-macrophage elements in the absence of exogenous growth factor, and impaired growth of normal haematopoietic progenitors. In the current study, six newly-diagnosed JCML patients were investigated to characterize the disease further. In co-cultures, JCML cell culture supernatant as well as patient plasma obtained at diagnosis produced a striking reduction in numbers of control marrow BFU-E, CFU-GM, CFU-Meg and CFU-GEMM colonies. Monoclonal anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha neutralizing antibodies (anti-TNF-alpha Ab) abolished these inhibitory properties. In sharp contrast, JCML supernatants exerted a marked growth-promoting effect on autologous JCML cells cultured in clonogenic assays. Anti-TNF-alpha Ab and anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor neutralizing antibodies (anti-GM-CSF Ab) both reversed the stimulating effect. Recombinant GM-CSF and recombinant TNF alpha produced a profound increase in JCML colonies when tested individually and anti-GM-CSF Ab reversed the TNF-alpha effect. Expression studies of TNF-alpha and TNF-alpha receptor genes of cultured JCML cells demonstrated mRNAs for both. Further, TNF-alpha activity was assayed in a wide variety of cell culture supernatants and in normal and patients' plasma, and only the JCML specimens showed increased TNF-alpha values. Recombinant interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) also stimulated JCML colony growth, but polyclonal anti-IL-1 neutralizing antibodies did not suppress JCML colony numbers nor did it reverse the effects of TNF-alpha or GM-CSF. The evidence indicated that the JCML monokine which inhibits normal haematopoiesis is TNF-alpha and that the endogenously-produced TNF-alpha and GM-CSF from JCML cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease by acting as autocrine growth factors. IL-1 alpha also stimulates JCML cell proliferation as an accessory factor and augments the effect of GM-CSF, TNF-alpha or both.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Hematopoiesis/immunology
- Humans
- Infant
- Interleukin-1/immunology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Freedman
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Dinarello CA. Inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor as effector molecules in autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Immunol 1991; 3:941-8. [PMID: 1665333 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(05)80018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the events that precipitate autoimmune diseases varies. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor do not precipitate autoimmune diseases but rather act as effector molecules. They induce eicosanoid and nitric oxide synthesis, stimulate collagenases and collagen synthesis, and trigger the genes for other cytokines, namely interleukin-2, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8. The ability to block interleukin-1 with the receptor antagonist, and tumor necrosis factor with soluble receptors, has given investigators specific tools to test the role of these two cytokines in the pathological processes of autoimmune disease.
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38
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Dinarello CA, Thompson RC. Blocking IL-1: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1991; 12:404-10. [PMID: 1838480 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(91)90142-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that shock, arthritis, osteoporosis, colitis, leukemia, diabetes, wasting and atherosclerosis are mediated, in part, by interleukin 1 (IL-1). Inhibition of this cytokine has been a strategy for studying disease and for new drug development. A naturally-occurring IL-1 inhibitor (IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1ra) that blocks binding of IL-1 to its receptors has been cloned and produced in recombinant organisms. IL-1ra reduces the severity of sepsis, colitis, arthritis and diabetes in animals and is presently being tested in humans with arthritis, shock and myelogenous leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dinarello
- Tufts University School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111
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39
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Granowitz E, Clark B, Mancilla J, Dinarello C. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist competitively inhibits the binding of interleukin-1 to the type II interleukin-1 receptor. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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40
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Aguilar-Santelises M, Magnusson R, Svenson SB, Loftenius A, Andersson B, Mellstedt H, Jondal M. Expression of interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 in chronic B lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells from patients at different stages of disease progression. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 84:422-8. [PMID: 2044220 PMCID: PMC1535440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously found that isolated B-CLL cells from progressive disease produce less interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) as compared with cells from patients with indolent disease. Here we extend that finding to include measurements of IL-1 beta mRNA and secretion of IL-1 alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6). As before, a lower production of IL-1 beta was found in cells from progressive disease. IL-6 was produced by cells from patients at all stages, with a tendency to follow the IL-1 beta production. Low secretion of IL-1 alpha was noted. When viable cells were permeabilized and analysed at the single cell level with monoclonal antibodies, most B-CLL cells were found to contain IL-1 alpha. A minor fraction of non-permeabilized cells expressed IL-1 alpha at the cell membrane. However, only small fractions of cells were positive for intracellular IL-1 beta (less than 1%) and almost no IL-6-positive cells were found. We conclude that either IL-1 beta and IL-6 are produced by a minor population of undefined cells, or that a more sensitive in situ method is needed to detect production of these cytokines in B-CLL cells. The possible biological significance of secreted, and membrane-expressed helper factors in B-CLL is discussed.
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41
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Bagby GC. Interleukin-1, stromal cells, granulopoiesis, and the inflammatory response. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1989; 1:255-61. [PMID: 2701641 DOI: 10.1007/bf02171001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of in vitro studies carried out in our laboratory over the past ten years have led to some clarification of the role of mononuclear phagocytes in hematopoietic regulation. The results of these studies have demonstrated that mononuclear phagocytes produce proteins, notably interleukin-1 (IL-1), that induce the expression of multilineage hematopoietic growth factors by human vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T-lymphocytes, and thymic epithelial cells. More recently we and others have identified these induced factors as G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6, and IL-1. Although IL-1 seems to stimulate expression of these genes by inducing the accumulation of gene transcripts, interestingly the accumulation results from prolongation of mRNA half-life. We propose that the inductive capacity of IL-1 results from its activation of ribonuclease inhibitory activity in the cytoplasm of IL-1 induced cells and hypothesize that this may be a general mechanism by which IL-1 induces gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Bagby
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland
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42
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Dinarello CA, Neta R. An overview on interleukin-1 as a therapeutic agent. BIOTHERAPY (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 1989; 1:245-54. [PMID: 2701640 DOI: 10.1007/bf02171000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111
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43
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta are 17.5 kDa peptides which exert a wide variety of biological activities. Both forms of interleukin bind to a common 60-70 kDa receptor expressed by most somatic cells. One major effect of interleukin-1 is to induce the expression of other genes, including genes for other interleukins (IL-6), colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF and G-CSF) and growth factors (PDGFA) and adhesion proteins (ELAM-1, ICAM-1). In vitro, cells of the hematopoietic stroma including thymic epithelium, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, are all capable of responding to interleukin-1 by expressing most of these IL-1 inducible genes. Accordingly, because interleukin-1 has no direct effect on hematopoietic progenitor cells, its major effect on hematopoiesis is to regulate the expression of hematopoietic growth factor genes by other cells. The mechanism by which interleukin-1 induces gene expression is to first induce mRNA accumulation which accounts for an increase in translation of the mRNA. The accumulation of RNA, interestingly, does not result from increased transcription of these genes but by the stabilization of the mRNA. Ordinarily, the hematopoietic growth factor gene transcripts have a very short half-life but in an interleukin-1 induced cell, the half-life of these transcripts is markedly prolonged (greater than 24 h). This particular effect of IL-1 on transcript stability likely accounts for virtually all of the hematopoietic activities of interleukin-1 including: (1) induction of growth factors; (2) synergy with other factors; (3) priming; and (4) auto-induction. Three clinical models of hematopoiesis are presented which suggest that the interleukin-1 CSF network is operative in vivo. The ability of interleukin-1 to induce the expression of hematopoietic growth factor genes as well as genes whose products regulate cellular function and traffic suggest that interleukin-1 is an essential molecular master switch for a number of cellular responses occurring in organisms facing the vicissitudes of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Bagby
- Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland
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44
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Bagby GC, Shaw G, Segal GM. Human vascular endothelial cells, granulopoiesis, and the inflammatory response. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93:48S-52S. [PMID: 2666522 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12580910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out a series of in vitro studies designed to characterize the role of mononuclear phagocytes as regulators of hematopoiesis. The results of these studies have demonstrated that mononuclear phagocytes produce factors, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), that induce the expression of multilineage hematopoietic growth factors by human vascular endothelial cells. In more recent studies we and others have identified these induced factors as G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6, and IL-1. Interleukin 1 stimulates expression of these genes by inducing the accumulation of gene transcripts. Moreover, transcript accumulation, at least with GM-CSF, results from prolongation of mRNA half-life. Based on preliminary studies in a cell-free system, we propose that the inductive capacity of IL-1 results from its activation of ribonuclease inhibitors in the cytoplasm of IL-1-induced cells and hypothesize that this may be a general mechanism by which IL-1 induces gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Bagby
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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45
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Bagby GC, Wilkinson B, McCall E, Lee M. Abnormalities of the hematopoietic regulatory network. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 241:255-64. [PMID: 3066162 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5571-7_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G C Bagby
- Medical Research, VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
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