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Lian J, Liang Y, Zhang H, Lan M, Ye Z, Lin B, Qiu X, Zeng J. The role of polyamine metabolism in remodeling immune responses and blocking therapy within the tumor immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912279. [PMID: 36119047 PMCID: PMC9479087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of metabolism provides important information for understanding the biological basis of cancer cells and the defects of cancer treatment. Disorders of polyamine metabolism is a common metabolic change in cancer. With the deepening of understanding of polyamine metabolism, including molecular functions and changes in cancer, polyamine metabolism as a new anti-cancer strategy has become the focus of attention. There are many kinds of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors and transport inhibitors, but not many drugs have been put into clinical application. Recent evidence shows that polyamine metabolism plays essential roles in remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), particularly treatment of DFMO, an inhibitor of ODC, alters the immune cell population in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor immunosuppression is a major problem in cancer treatment. More and more studies have shown that the immunosuppressive effect of polyamines can help cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and promote tumor development and progression. Therefore, targeting polyamine metabolic pathways is expected to become a new avenue for immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachun Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanfang Liang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Minsheng Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Metabolite Analysis Engineering Technology Center of Cells for Medical Use, Guangdong Xinghai Institute of Cell, Dongguan, China
| | - Bihua Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xianxiu Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Metabolite Analysis Engineering Technology Center of Cells for Medical Use, Guangdong Xinghai Institute of Cell, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Peña J, Laespada MEF, Pinto CG, Pavón JLP. Development of a method for the determination of polyamines including N-acetylated forms in human saliva via benzoylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1651:462278. [PMID: 34102399 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for the determination of polyamines and their N-acetylated forms was developed using benzoyl chloride as derivatization reagent, and 1,6-diaminohexane as internal standard, followed by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic extract was injected in a gas chromatograph using a programmed temperature vaporizer and the determination and quantification was performed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. There was no matrix effect with the proposed method, so internal calibration was used to quantify the corresponding derivatives. Good linear responses were obtained in the range from the limits of detection to 500 µg L-1 (50 µg L-1 for spermidine), with correlation coefficients varying from 0.9591 to 0.9968. The limits of quantification (S/N = 10) ranged 1.0 - 8.3 µg L-1. Recoveries were found between 82 - 117%, showing the good accuracy of the proposed method. Intra- and inter-day precision assays, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD) were evaluated at two different concentration levels (low and high), showing values in the range of 2.4 - 6.1% and 5.2 - 9.0% for repeatability and reproducibility, respectively (6.9 - 9.7% and 14.1 - 14.6% for spermidine). Successful determination of the studied polyamines and their N-acetylated forms was performed on the saliva of 17 volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Peña
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca. 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Mª Esther Fernández Laespada
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca. 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmelo García Pinto
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca. 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Luis Pérez Pavón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca. 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Cuervo W, Sordillo LM, Abuelo A. Oxidative Stress Compromises Lymphocyte Function in Neonatal Dairy Calves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020255. [PMID: 33562350 PMCID: PMC7915147 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy calves are unable to mount an effective immune response during their first weeks of life, which contributes to increased disease susceptibility during this period. Oxidative stress (OS) diminishes the immune cell capabilities of humans and adult cows, and dairy calves also experience OS during their first month of life. However, the impact that OS may have on neonatal calf immunity remains unexplored. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the impact of OS on newborn calf lymphocyte functions. For this, we conducted two experiments. First, we assessed the association of OS status throughout the first month of age and the circulating concentrations of the cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL) 4, as well as the expression of cytokine-encoding genes IFNG, IL2, IL4, and IL10 in peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) of 12 calves. Subsequently, we isolated PBMCs from another 6 neonatal calves to investigate in vitro the effect of OS on immune responses in terms of activation of lymphocytes, cytokine expression, and antibody production following stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or bovine herpesvirus-1. The results were compared statistically through mixed models. Calves exposed to high OS status in their first month of age showed higher concentrations of IL-4 and expression of IL4 and IL10 and lower concentrations of IFN-γ and expression of IFNG and IL2 than calves exposed to lower OS. In vitro, OS reduced lymphocyte activation, production of antibodies, and protein and gene expression of key cytokines. Collectively, our results demonstrate that OS can compromise some immune responses of newborn calves. Hence, further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of how OS affects the different lymphocyte subsets and the potential of ameliorating OS in newborn calves as a strategy to augment the functional capacity of calf immune cells, as well as enhance calves’ resistance to infections.
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Peres A, Da Silva IM, Santos M, Beretta Â, Andrade VM, RomãO PRT, Dorneles GP. DNA damage in mononuclear cells following maximal exercise in sedentary and physically active lean and obese men. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1073-1082. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1801850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Peres
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Igor M. Da Silva
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maeli Santos
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ângela Beretta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Celular Biology, Graduate Programme of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Moraes Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular and Celular Biology, Graduate Programme of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro R. T. RomãO
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gilson P. Dorneles
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Park KR, Hwang CJ, Yun HM, Yeo IJ, Choi DY, Park PH, Kim HS, Lee JT, Jung YS, Han SB, Hong JT. Prevention of multiple system atrophy using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by reducing polyamine and cholesterol-induced neural damages. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:63. [PMID: 32127052 PMCID: PMC7055099 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology, but is closely associated with damage to dopaminergic neurons. MSA progression is rapid. Hence, long-term drug treatments do not have any therapeutic benefits. We assessed the inhibitory effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on double-toxin-induced dopaminergic neurodegenerative MSA. Results Behavioral disorder was significantly improved and neurodegeneration was prevented following MSC transplantation. Proteomics revealed lower expression of polyamine modulating factor-binding protein 1 (PMFBP1) and higher expression of 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HMGCL), but these changes were reversed after MSC transplantation. In the in vitro study, the 6-OHDA-induced effects were reversed following co-culture with MSC. However, PMFBP1 knockdown inhibited the recovery effect due to the MSCs. Furthermore, HMGCL expression was decreased following co-culture with MSCs, but treatment with recombinant HMGCL protein inhibited the recovery effects due to MSCs. Conclusions These data indicate that MSCs protected against neuronal loss in MSA by reducing polyamine- and cholesterol-induced neural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ran Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Mun Yun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02453, Republic of Korea
| | - In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Sook Kim
- Corestem Inc, Pangyo-ro 255 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Tae Lee
- Corestem Inc, Pangyo-ro 255 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31, Osongsangmyeong1-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Republic of Korea.
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Song J, Shan Z, Mao J, Teng W. Serum polyamine metabolic profile in autoimmune thyroid disease patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 90:727-736. [PMID: 30725486 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyamines are indispensable polycations and play important physiological roles in living cells. Some polyamine metabolites have been associated with autoimmune disorders. The aims of this study were to profile polyamine metabolites in autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and predict whether polyamine metabolites are associated with thyroid hormone, thyroid autoantibodies or disease progression. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS A total of 136 participants were recruited, including Graves' disease (GD) (n = 36), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) (n = 33) and thyroid autoantibody-positive (pTAb) (n = 29) patients and 38 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Fourteen polyamine metabolites, including polyamine precursors, polyamines and polyamine catabolite, were measured by UFLC-MS/MS RESULTS: Both GD and HT patients had higher L-arginine, L-ornithine, lysine and agmatine levels and lower putrescine, 1,3-diaminopropane, spermine, N-acetylputrescine levels than HCs. Some polyamine metabolite levels were different only in GD or HT patients compared to HCs: GD patients had significantly higher spermidine, N-acetylspermidine and γ-aminobutyric acid and lower cadaverine, whereas HT patients had significantly decreased N-acetylspermine. Only spermine and N-acetylspermine were significantly lower in pTAb than HCs. The spermine:spermidine ratio was significantly reduced in all AITD patients. In addition, spermine was negatively correlated with thyroid-specific antibodies grade. N-acetylspermidine might be a risk factor for pTAb progression to overt hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the HCs, most metabolites of GD and HT showed similar patterns, suggesting the possibility of a common pathophysiological basis or metabolic pathway. Moreover, pTAb progression to overt hypothyroidism may be related to high N-acetylspermidine. Thyroid autoimmunity was associated with low spermine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Song
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinyuan Mao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Yokoyama Y, Iwasaki T, Kitano S, Satake A, Nomura S, Furukawa T, Matsui K, Sano H. IL-2-Anti-IL-2 Monoclonal Antibody Immune Complexes Inhibit Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Augmenting Regulatory T Cell Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1899-1906. [PMID: 30143591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 induces regulatory T cells (Tregs) and reduces disease severity, such as in graft-versus-host disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. To investigate the regulatory network of IL-2 in rheumatoid arthritis, we examined the effects of IL-2-anti-IL-2 mAb immune complexes (IL-2ICs) in a rheumatoid arthritis model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). CIA was induced in male DBA/1 mice by two immunizations with type II collagen at 3-wk intervals. IL-2ICs were prepared by mixing 5 μg of an anti-IL-2 mAb (clone JES6-1D) with 1 μg of mouse IL-2 and were injected i.p. every day for 3 d. Mouse paws were scored for arthritis using a macroscopic scoring system. Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs were analyzed by flow cytometry. Joint histopathology was examined by H&E and immunohistochemical staining. Treg functions were examined by studying in vitro suppression using flow cytometry. IL-2IC administration effectively elicited a 1.6-fold expansion of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs in peripheral blood cells relative to that found in control mice. IL-2IC treatment significantly inhibited arthritis in CIA mice. Histopathological examination of joints revealed inhibited synovial cell proliferation and IL-17, IL-6, and TNF-α levels but increased Foxp3+ Tregs after IL-2IC treatment. Flow cytometric examination of spleen cells revealed reduced IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing cells and increased IL-10-producing Tregs after IL-2IC treatment. The suppressive activities of CD4+CD25+ Tregs induced by IL-2ICs were stronger than those in untreated mice. IL-2ICs inhibited arthritis by augmenting not only Treg numbers but also Treg functions, which play regulatory roles in autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Iwasaki
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; and
| | - Sachie Kitano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi Satake
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1191, Japan
| | - Shosaku Nomura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1191, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furukawa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Matsui
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hajime Sano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Daschner A, González-Fernández J, Valls A, de Frutos C, Rodero M, Cuéllar C. Diamine oxidase levels in different chronic urticaria phenotypes. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2015; 43:593-600. [PMID: 25982580 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diamine oxidase (DAO) is a polyamine-degrading enzyme also implicated in histamine metabolism. Chronic urticaria (CU) has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and causes. Anisakis sensitisation associated chronic urticaria (CU+) has been characterised as a phenotype with different clinical and immunological characteristics and possibly associated with previous acute parasitism. We aimed to analyse serum DAO levels in different CU phenotypes. We further analysed the possible association of DAO with fish eating habits. METHODS We studied 35 CU+ patients and 39 non-sensitised CU patients (CU-) as well as 19 controls. We analysed fish-eating frequency as well as fish intake associated exacerbation of CU (FIAE) or gastro-intestinal complaints (GI). DAO levels were further analysed with respect to lymphoproliferative responses, cytokine and specific IgE production. RESULTS DAO levels were not different between CU and controls, but were significantly higher in CU+ than in CU-. CU+ patients with FIAE had lower DAO levels, but no differences were detected in patients with GI. DAO levels correlated positively with oily and canned fish consumption in CU-. In CU+, DAO levels correlated positively with specific Anisakis IgE, percentages of proliferation in Anisakis stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes, serum IL-2 and IL-6, but correlated negatively with mitogen stimulated TGF-β in supernatants. CONCLUSIONS DAO levels in CU depend on fish-eating habits and in CU+ on the amount of specific IgE production. In the CU+ phenotype, lower levels of DAO predispose to urticaria exacerbation after fish intake, probably due to a relative insufficient enteric availability of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Daschner
- Servicio de Alergia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J González-Fernández
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Valls
- Servicio de Alergia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - C de Frutos
- Servicio de Alergia, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Rodero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Cuéllar
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Muth A, Kamel J, Kaur N, Shicora AC, Ayene IS, Gilmour SK, Phanstiel O. Development of Polyamine Transport Ligands with Improved Metabolic Stability and Selectivity against Specific Human Cancers. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5819-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Muth
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine,
12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826-3227, United States
- Department of Chemistry, 4000
Central Florida Boulevard, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Joseph Kamel
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine,
12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826-3227, United States
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, 4000
Central Florida Boulevard, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Allyson C. Shicora
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood,
Pennsylvania 19096, United States
| | - Iraimoudi S. Ayene
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood,
Pennsylvania 19096, United States
| | - Susan K. Gilmour
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood,
Pennsylvania 19096, United States
| | - Otto Phanstiel
- Department of Medical Education, University of Central Florida College of Medicine,
12722 Research Parkway, Orlando, Florida 32826-3227, United States
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Abstract
Genetics and environmental factors have important roles in autoimmune diseases but neither has given us sufficient understanding of these mysterious diseases. Therefore, we are now looking closer at epigenetics, an interface between genetics and environmental factors. Epigenetics can be defined as reversible heritable changes to chromatin that can alter gene expression without altering the gene's DNA sequence. Methylation of DNA and histones are primary means of epigenetic control. By adding methyl groups to DNA and histones, it can limit accessibility of the underlying gene thereby altering the amount of gene expression. The methyl group is derived from an essential molecule in the cell, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). However, a group of small molecules called polyamines also require SAM for their synthesis. Polyamines are essential for many cellular functions and polyamine activity is increased in many autoimmune diseases. Presented here is the "polyamine hypothesis" in which increased polyamine synthesis competes with cellular methylation (epigenetic control) for SAM. It is proposed that increased polyamine activity can cause disruption of cellular methylation, which can lead to abnormal expression of previously sequestered genes and disruption of other methylation-dependent cellular processes.
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Hagen J, Houchins JP, Kalyuzhny AE. ELISPOT assay as a tool to study oxidative stress in lymphocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 792:87-96. [PMID: 21956503 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-325-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immuno spot (ELISPOT) assay is widely used for vaccine development, cancer and AIDS research, and autoimmune disease studies. The output of ELISPOT assay is a formation of colored spots which appear at the sites of cells releasing cytokines, with each individual spot representing a single cytokine-releasing cell. We worked out a protocol to study oxidative stress in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by determining their potency to secrete IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in response to acute treatment with hydrogen peroxide. We show that hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress can cause a ∼twofold decrease in the number of lymphocytes secreting the TH1 cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-2, as well as chemokines IL-8 and TNF-alpha. However, the number of cells secreting TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 in hydrogen -peroxide-treated group did not change. It appears that oxidative stress may affect TH1-TH2 cytokine secretion -balance which, in turn, may underlie developments of various pathological conditions. This protocol can be easily modified to study the effects of many other oxidative stress compounds.
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Fisher G, Schwartz DD, Quindry J, Barberio MD, Foster EB, Jones KW, Pascoe DD. Lymphocyte enzymatic antioxidant responses to oxidative stress following high-intensity interval exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:730-7. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to 1) examine the immune and oxidative stress responses following high-intensity interval training (HIIT); 2) determine changes in antioxidant enzyme gene expression and enzyme activity in lymphocytes following HIIT; and 3) assess pre-HIIT, 3-h post-HIIT, and 24-h post-HIIT lymphocyte cell viability following hydrogen peroxide exposure in vitro. Eight recreationally active males completed three identical HIIT protocols. Blood samples were obtained at preexercise, immediately postexercise, 3 h postexercise, and 24 h postexercise. Total number of circulating leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, as well as lymphocyte antioxidant enzyme activities, gene expression, cell viability (CV), and plasma thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) levels, were measured. Analytes were compared using a three (day) × four (time) ANOVA with repeated measures on both day and time. The a priori significance level for all analyses was P < 0.05. Significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities were observed in lymphocytes following HIIT. No significant increases in lymphocyte SOD, CAT, or GPX gene expression were found. A significant increase in TBARS was found immediately post-HIIT on days 1 and 2. Lymphocyte CV in vitro significantly increased on days 2 and 3 compared with day 1. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in CV at 3 h compared with pre- and 24 h postexercise. These findings indicate lymphocytes respond to oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. Additionally, HIIT causes oxidative stress but did not induce a significant postexercise lymphocytopenia. Analyses in vitro suggest that lymphocytes may become more resistant to subsequent episodes of oxidative stress. Furthermore, the analysis in vitro confirms that lymphocytes are more vulnerable to cytotoxic molecules during recovery from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Fisher
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn
| | - D. D. Schwartz
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn; and
| | - J. Quindry
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn
| | | | - E. B. Foster
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn
| | - K. W. Jones
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama
| | - D. D. Pascoe
- Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn
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13
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Abstract
Enzyme-Linked Immuno Spot (ELISpot) assay is widely used for vaccine development, cancer and AIDS research, and autoimmune disease studies. The output of an ELISpot assay is a formation of colored spots which appear at the sites of cells releasing cytokines, with each individual spot representing a single cytokine-releasing cell.We have shown that hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress was causing ∼twofold decrease in the number of lymphocytes secreting the TH1 cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-2, as well as chemokine IL-8 and cytokine TNF alpha. However, the number of cells secreting TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 in hydrogen peroxide-treated group did not change. Our ELISpot data indicate that oxidative stress may affect TH1-TH2 cytokine secretion balance which, in turn, may underlie developments of various pathological conditions. We adopted ELISpot assay for studying oxidative stress in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by analyzing the acute effect of hydrogen peroxide treatment on the frequency of cells secreting IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, and TNF-alpha.
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14
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Chan ESL, Fernandez P, Cronstein BN. Adenosine in inflammatory joint diseases. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:145-52. [PMID: 18404428 PMCID: PMC2096754 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory joint diseases are a group of heterogeneous disorders with a variety of different etiologies and disease manifestations. However, there are features that are common to all of them: first, the recruitment of various inflammatory cell types that are attracted to involved tissues over the course of the disease process. Second, the treatments used in many of these diseases are commonly medications that suppress or alter immune function. The demonstration that adenosine has endogenous anti-inflammatory functions and that some of the most commonly used anti-rheumatic medications exert their therapeutic effects through stimulation of adenosine release suggest an important role for purinergic signaling in inflammatory rheumatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S L Chan
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Rheumatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Wickström K, Betnér I. Analysis of Polyamines and Their Acetylated Forms with 9-Fluorenylmethyl Chloroformate and Reversed Phase HPLC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01483919108049280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wickström
- a Division of Physical Biology Department of Radiation Sciences , University of Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Ingvar Betnér
- b Kabi-Pharmacia Cardiovascular , Stockholm , Sweden
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16
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Cronstein BN. Low-dose methotrexate: a mainstay in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:163-72. [PMID: 15914465 DOI: 10.1124/pr.57.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate administered weekly in low doses is a mainstay in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis. Although originally developed as a folate antagonist for the treatment of cancer, its mechanism of action in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis remains less clear. Several mechanisms have been proposed including inhibition of T cell proliferation via its effects on purine and pyrimidine metabolism, inhibition of transmethylation reactions required for the prevention of T cell cytotoxicity, interference with glutathione metabolism leading to alterations in recruitment of monocytes and other cells to the inflamed joint, and promotion of the release of the endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine. These mechanisms of action and the role of methotrexate in the suppression of rheumatoid arthritis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Cronstein
- Pathology and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA.
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17
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Kimura E, Nishimura K, Sakata K, Oga S, Kashiwagi K, Igarashi K. Methotrexate differentially affects growth of suspension and adherent cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36:814-25. [PMID: 15006634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2003] [Revised: 09/01/2003] [Accepted: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of low concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) on the growth of suspension (FM3A, 2B4 and THP-1) and adherent (NIH3T3 and V79) cells were compared. The concentration of methotrexate to cause the inhibition of cell growth was lower in suspension cells than in adherent cells. The IC(50) for FM3A, 2B4, THP-1, NIH3T3 and V79 cells were 3.5, 5, 9, 30 and 50 nM, respectively. The inhibition of cell growth was reversed completely by tetrahydrofolate and was fully or significantly reversed by adenosine and thymidine, suggesting that the effects of low concentrations of methotrexate result from the inhibition of biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines. In suspension cells but not in adherent cells there was a decrease in the levels of S-adenosylmethionine and polyamines after methotrexate treatment. Growth of suspension but not adherent cells was significantly recovered by treatment with S-adenosylmethionine. However, treatment with spermidine did not reverse the effects of methotrexate in any of the cell lines. The preferential inhibitory effect of methotrexate in suspension cells versus adherent cells was due mainly to a more rapid uptake of methotrexate. This may be relevant to the in vivo effects of low doses of methotrexate, which have immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects, because lymphocytes are suspension cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza Kimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Ingae-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Polyamines are aliphatic cations present in all cells. In normal cells, polyamine levels are intricately controlled by biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes. The biosynthetic enzymes are ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, and spermine synthase. The catabolic enzymes include spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase, flavin containing polyamine oxidase, copper containing diamine oxidase, and possibly other amine oxidases. Multiple abnormalities in the control of polyamine metabolism and uptake might be responsible for increased levels of polyamines in cancer cells as compared to that of normal cells. This review is designed to look at the current research in polyamine biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport pathways, enumerate the functions of polyamines, and assess the potential for using polyamine metabolism or function as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thresia Thomas
- Department of Environmental & Community Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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19
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Chan ESL, Cronstein BN. Molecular action of methotrexate in inflammatory diseases. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4:266-73. [PMID: 12106498 PMCID: PMC128935 DOI: 10.1186/ar419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2001] [Revised: 11/27/2001] [Accepted: 12/12/2001] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent introduction of biological response modifiers and potent new small-molecule antirheumatic drugs, the efficacy of methotrexate is nearly unsurpassed in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis. Although methotrexate was first introduced as an antiproliferative agent that inhibits the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines for the therapy of malignancies, it is now clear that many of the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate are mediated by adenosine. This nucleoside, acting at one or more of its receptors, is a potent endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator. In confirmation of this mechanism of action, recent studies in both animals and patients suggest that adenosine-receptor antagonists, among which is caffeine, reverse or prevent the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin SL Chan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Nitta T, Igarashi K, Yamashita A, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto N. Involvement of polyamines in B cell receptor-mediated apoptosis: spermine functions as a negative modulator. Exp Cell Res 2001; 265:174-83. [PMID: 11281655 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The B cell lymphoma WEHI231 has been used as a model for studying clonal deletion of B cells on the basis of its ability to undergo growth arrest and apoptosis by B cell antigen receptor (BCR) cross-linking. To comprehensively analyze the genes involved in BCR-mediated apoptosis, we applied the technique of serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to WEHI231. Comparison of expression patterns revealed that BCR cross-linking caused coordinate changes in the expression of genes involved in polyamine metabolism. Polyamines are ubiquitous compounds required for cell proliferation and homeostasis. The coordinate expression of the polyamine-related genes was confirmed by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. During apoptosis, the genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis were downregulated, whereas those involved in polyamine catabolism were upregulated, suggesting that intracellular polyamines play a role in BCR-mediated apoptosis. Levels of intracellular putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were reduced after BCR cross-linking. These effects were prevented by concurrent CD40 stimulation, which blocked BCR-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, addition of spermine could repress the BCR-mediated apoptosis by attenuating the mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim) loss and activation of caspase-7 induced by BCR signaling. These findings strongly suggest that polyamine regulation is involved in apoptosis during B cell clonal deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nitta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Bonneau MJ, Poulin R. Spermine oxidation leads to necrosis with plasma membrane phosphatidylserine redistribution in mouse leukemia cells. Exp Cell Res 2000; 259:23-34. [PMID: 10942576 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2000.4974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation by copper/quinone-containing serum amine oxidases (SAO) is a well-known cause of polyamine cytotoxicity. Spermine oxidation exerts potent immunosuppressive effects in animal cells, but the cell death mechanism involved remains unclear. We compared biochemical and morphological parameters of SAO-mediated cell death in L1210 mouse leukemia cells with normal or amplified ornithine decarboxylase gene expression with those observed during apoptosis induced by deregulated polyamine uptake or by okadaic acid. None of the characteristic features of apoptotic cell death (e.g., chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, internucleosomal DNA cleavage, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage) were observed during spermine oxidation-mediated cell death, which was clearly necrotic by morphological criteria. Inhibition of a wide spectrum of caspases did not prevent SAO-dependent cell death, whereas N-acetylcysteine completely abolished the cytotoxic effects of spermine oxidation. Catalase only delayed spermine oxidation-induced cell death without affecting its modality or preventing depletion of intracellular glutathione, suggesting that both H(2)O(2) and aminoaldehydes generated by SAO-mediated spermine oxidation contribute to SAO-induced necrosis. Interestingly, redistribution of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, usually a diagnostic feature of apoptosis, preceded necrotic cytolysis triggered by spermine oxidation. Thus, L1210 cell death caused by SAO-mediated spermine oxidation has all the attributes of primary necrosis, but is also accompanied by loss of phospholipid asymmetry, indicating that the latter phenomenon may not be unique to apoptosis. Phosphatidylserine exposure, a potent engulfment signal for phagocytes, might contribute to the immunosuppressive effects of plasma polyamines through a controlled and rapid necrotic process involving SAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bonneau
- Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, CHUQ Research Center, CHUL Building, 2705 Laurier Boulevard, Ste. Foy, Quebec, G1V 4G2, Canada
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22
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Flescher E, Fingrut O. Suppression of interleukin 2 biosynthesis by three modes of oxidative cellular stress: selective prevention by N-acetyl cysteine. Cytokine 2000; 12:495-8. [PMID: 10857766 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1999.0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute stress induced by reagent hydrogen peroxide suppressed interleukin (IL-)2 biosynthesis in a dose-dependent fashion, reaching almost complete abolishment at 200 microM. Cells exposed to longitudinal oxidative stress and irradiation did not exhibit complete suppression of IL-2 biosynthesis, probably because intensities high enough to achieve such response would be lethal. These results suggest that suppression of IL-2 biosynthesis is a sensitive measure of acute oxidative stress. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) prevented oxidative stress-induced suppression of IL-2 biosynthesis, except for that induced by acute stress at 100 microM and above. NAC was very efficient in preventing longitudinal and irradiation-induced stresses. Therefore, NAC appears to be a promising candidate for providing defence to individuals exposed to environmental conditions in which reactive oxygen intermediates are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Flescher
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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23
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Hsu HC, Thomas T, Sigal LH, Thomas TJ. Polyamine-fas interactions: inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice is associated with the up-regulation of fas mRNA in thymocytes. Autoimmunity 1999; 29:299-309. [PMID: 10433086 DOI: 10.3109/08916939908994750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MRL-lpr/lpr is a strain of mice that develops spontaneous signs of the autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus). The lpr (lymphoproliferation) defect has been identified as an insertion of an early transposon (ETn) derived sequence into the fas apoptosis gene. We studied the in vivo effects of difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of the polyamine biosynthetic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), on the expression of fas in MRL-lpr/lpr mice as well as in congenic MRL- + / + and autoimmune NZB/W strains. Using Northern blot hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found that DFMO treatment resulted in an increase in the expression of fas mRNA in the thymus of MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Using RT-PCR, we further found that the increased expression of fas was associated with the suppression of chimeric ETn/fas mRNA. With fractionated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, we found a cell-specific effect of DFMO on chimeric ETn/fas expression in CD8 + cells. ETn/fas expression was detected in CD8+ T cells from untreated mice, but it was eliminated after DFMO treatment. HPLC analysis of polyamines showed depletion of putrescine and partial reduction of spermidine (35%) in DFMO-treated mice compared to controls. These results indicate that DFMO-mediated polyamine depletion is linked to the regulation of fas and chimeric ETn/fas in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Elevated levels of polyamines in this strain, as found in earlier studies, may be associated with the progression of the autoimmune disease by altering the expression of fas gene or by facilitating the expression of chimeric ETn/fas. Our data also provide new mechanistic insights into the beneficial effects of DFMO on these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903, USA
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24
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Kremer JM. Methotrexate and leflunomide: biochemical basis for combination therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999; 29:14-26. [PMID: 10468411 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-0172(99)80034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methotrexate is currently one of the most widely prescribed disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Combination therapy of methotrexate with other DMARDs increases the clinical success of low-dose methotrexate treatment. Leflunomide is a new DMARD that may have a high potential for success in combination therapy with methotrexate. This review compares the mode of action of methotrexate and leflunomide and speculates on how this contributes to therapeutic efficacy in RA when these agents are used singly or in combination. METHODS A literature review of the biochemical mechanisms considered to be the basis for the therapeutic efficacy of methotrexate and leflunomide in treating RA is presented. RESULTS Low-dose methotrexate inhibits cytokine production, purine biosynthesis, and, in an animal model, causes the release of adenosine, a potent antiinflammatory agent. Leflunomide, through inhibition of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, can regulate lymphocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The biochemical mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of low-dose methotrexate and leflunomide in the treatment of RA are quite different. The potentially complementary mechanisms of action of these two effective DMARDs should provide a rationale for their use in combination therapy for patients whose condition no longer responds to methotrexate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kremer
- Department of Medicine, The Albany Medical College, NY 12208-3479, USA
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25
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Abstract
In 1998, knowledge about the mechanisms of action of methotrexate (MTX) in immunoinflammatory disorders further increased. The most interesting results to date came from studies showing that most of the anti-inflammatory actions of MTX are mediated by adenosine, which may account for the profound effects of MTX on cytokines, cytokine inhibitors, and cell differentiation. Finally, potential novel pharmacologic strategies are discussed based on actual knowledge about the molecular and cellular actions of MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seitz
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Inselspital, Berne, Switzerland
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26
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Hirohata S, Yanagida T, Hashimoto H, Tomita T, Ochi T. Suppressive influences of methotrexate on the generation of CD14(+) monocyte-lineage cells from bone marrow of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 1999; 91:84-9. [PMID: 10219258 DOI: 10.1006/clim.1998.4671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An adequate supply of peripheral blood monocytes, granulocytes, and platelets is necessary for an optimal inflammatory process. We have previously demonstrated that the generation of CD14(+) monocyte lineage cells from the bone marrow is accelerated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The current studies examined the influences of methotrexate (MTX), a potent disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), on the capacity of bone marrow progenitor cells to generate CD14(+) cells in patients with RA, in order to delineate its mechanism of action. CD14(-) cells purified from bone marrow specimens of 14 patients with active RA were cultured in the presence or the absence of pharmacologically attainable concentrations of MTX (0.2 microM). After incubation for 14 days, the cells were analyzed by flow cytometry for expression of CD14 and HLA-DR. The generation of CD14(+) cells from RA bone marrow CD14(-) progenitor cells was significantly suppressed by MTX. However, the expression of HLA-DR on bone marrow-derived CD14(+) cells was not significantly influenced by MTX. There was no significant difference in the effect of MTX on the generation of CD14(+) cells between patients with prednisolone and those without prednisolone. The production of IL-12 in bone marrow cell cultures was not inhibited, but was rather enhanced, by MTX, suggesting that the suppression of the generation of CD14(+) cells might not be due to the inhibition of cytokine production. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that one of the effects of DMARDs may involve the interference with monocyte differentiation in the bone marrow. Moreover, the data suggest that the generation of CD14(+) cells and the expression of HLA-DR on such marrow-derived CD14(+) cells are regulated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hirohata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Langkamp-Henken B, Johnson LR, Viar MJ, Geller AM, Kotb M. Differential effect on polyamine metabolism in mitogen- and superantigen-activated human T-cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1425:337-47. [PMID: 9795249 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(98)00086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are important for regulation of lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation. Mitogens induce synthesis of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. Since mitogens stimulate T-cells by non-physiological routes, the role of polyamine metabolism in T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation has not been adequately evaluated. The effect of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) on T-cell ODC and polyamine synthesis was compared. ODC activity was 6-11-fold higher in PHA compared to SEB stimulated T-cells. These differences were not attributed to differences in the magnitude of T-cell proliferation. Kinetics of ODC and polyamine synthesis were also different in PHA- and SEB-stimulated T-cells. In PHA-stimulated cells ODC levels and the induction of putrescine and spermidine synthesis peaked 6 h prior to peak IL-2 production, while in SEB-stimulated cells, ODC levels and polyamine synthesis peaked 6-12 h after IL-2 production. Differences in the temporal relationship between IL-2 production and polyamine induction in mitogen- versus superantigen-stimulated cells may account for the significant inhibition of the proliferative response by alpha-difluoromethylornithine following PHA but not SEB stimulation. Polyamine metabolism is regulated differently in T-cells stimulated via TCR engagement than with polyclonal mitogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Langkamp-Henken
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Tennessee-Memphis, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
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28
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Flescher E, Tripoli H, Salnikow K, Burns FJ. Oxidative stress suppresses transcription factor activities in stimulated lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 112:242-7. [PMID: 9649186 PMCID: PMC1904966 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/1997] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of oxidative stress on stimulation-dependent signal transduction, leading to IL-2 expression, were studied. Purified quiescent human blood T lymphocytes were subjected to: (i) acute exposure to hydrogen peroxide; (ii) chronic exposure to hydrogen peroxide; and (iii) acute exposure to ionizing radiation. The cells were then stimulated for 6 h. DNA-binding activities (determined by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay) of three transcription factors: NFkappaB, AP-1 and NFAT, were abolished in the lymphocytes by all three modes of oxidative stress. The lymphocytes exhibited lipid peroxidation only upon exposure to the lowest level of hydrogen peroxide used (20 microM). All three modes of oxidative stress induced catalase activity in the lymphocytes. The only exception was hydrogen peroxide at 20 microM, which did not induce catalase activity. We conclude that: (i) suppression of specific transcription factor functions can potentially serve as a marker of exposure to oxidative stress and its effects on human lymphocytes; (ii) lipid peroxidation is only detectable in human lymphocytes upon exposure to weak oxidative stress which does not induce catalase activity; (iii) therefore, transcription factor DNA-binding activities are more sensitive to oxidative stress than lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Flescher
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, Tuxedo 10987, USA
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29
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Constantin A, Loubet-Lescoulié P, Lambert N, Yassine-Diab B, Abbal M, Mazières B, de Préval C, Cantagrel A. Antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory action of methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: evidence of increased interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 gene expression demonstrated in vitro by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1998; 41:48-57. [PMID: 9433869 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1<48::aid-art7>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To look for in vitro modulation of the main immunoregulatory and antiinflammatory cytokines by methotrexate (MTX) during the course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We quantified interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) gene expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo under basal conditions and in vitro after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or PHA plus MTX, by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in 12 patients with untreated active RA (group 1), 10 patients with MTX-treated disease in partial remission (group 2), and 11 healthy control subjects. Simultaneously, under the same experimental conditions, we quantified cytokine production by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). RESULTS Under basal conditions, we found no differences in IL-2, IL-10, and IFNgamma gene expression in the 3 groups, while IL-4 gene expression was significantly decreased in RA patient group 1 compared with the control group. In vitro, under the action of MTX, IL-10 gene expression was significantly increased in the 3 groups, IL-4 gene expression was significantly increased in RA group 1 and in the control group, and IL-2 and IFNgamma gene expression was significantly decreased in RA group 1. Cytokine gene expression assessed by RT-PCR and cytokine production assessed by specific ELISAs were highly correlated. CONCLUSION In vitro modulation of the cytokine network by MTX, increasing Th2 cytokines and decreasing Th1 cytokines, could explain its antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory actions in vivo during the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Constantin
- l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France
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30
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Abstract
Because of methotrexate's well-documented efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, it is important that we understand the mechanism of action of this drug. There are two biochemical mechanisms by which methotrexate may modulate inflammation: (1) promotion of adenosine release and (2) inhibition of transmethylation reactions. Evidence is reviewed that favors the notion that the endogenous anti-inflammatory autocoid adenosine mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate. This insight should aid in the design of new agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, USA
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Geller AM, Legros HL, Wherry K, Kotb MY. Inhibition of methionine adenosyltransferase by the polyamines. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 345:97-102. [PMID: 9281316 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the polyamines, putrescine, spermine, and spermidine, on the activity of extrahepatic methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT II) was studied. The polyamines inhibited MAT II activity at concentrations equal to or greater than 5 mm. Combinations of polyamines were more effective than individual polyamines in inhibiting MAT activity; maximum inhibition approached 80% with combinations of all three polyamines. S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), Pi, and PPi, the products of the MAT reaction, are known to be synergistic inhibitors of the nonhepatic form of the enzyme. Combinations of polyamines plus Pi and/or PPi induced an additive inhibition of the enzyme. AdoMet plus polyamines also resulted in significant inhibition, but inhibition plateaued at about 80%, indicating the presence of a protective mechanism to maintain AdoMet synthesis. Extrahepatic MAT from human and rat tissues was inhibited by the polyamines, indicating that this phenomenon is not species specific. In addition, we examined the effect of polyamines on MAT activity in resting and activated human lymphocytes that were shown to differ in the relative expression of MAT II subunits. Although MAT from mitogen (phytohemagglutinin, PHA)- and superantigen (Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, SEB)-stimulated lymphocytes were similarly inhibited by 10 mM polyamines, at lower concentrations of polyamines (1-5 mM), MAT from SEB-stimulated cells appeared to be more susceptible to inhibition by the polyamines. Inasmuch as SEB is a more physiological stimulator of T cells than PHA, the data suggest a possible role of polyamines in regulating MAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Geller
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
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Cronstein BN. Molecular therapeutics. Methotrexate and its mechanism of action. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1996; 39:1951-60. [PMID: 8961899 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780391203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B N Cronstein
- Division of Rheumatology, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016, USA
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Hernández-García C, Fernández-Gutiérrez B, Morado IC, Bañares AA, Jover JA. The CD69 activation pathway in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid T cells. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1996; 39:1277-86. [PMID: 8702434 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780390803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the CD69 activation pathway in synovial fluid (SF) T lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or SF mononuclear cells (SFMC) were used in proliferation assays with anti-CD69, anti-CD28, anti-CD3, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and/or recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2). CD69+, CD69-, and resting SF T cells were also proliferated. CD25 expression and production of IL-2 after CD69 activation were assessed by flow cytometry and in a bioassay with the IL-2-dependent cell line CTLL-2. RESULTS RA SFMC did not proliferate either in the presence of anti-CD69 monoclonal antibodies alone or with concomitant PMA activation, when compared with paired or control PBMC. Similar low proliferative responses via the CD3 or CD28 pathway with PMA were observed. This defective proliferation of RA SFMC after stimulation through the CD69 molecule was explained in part by a failure to express CD25 and to produce IL-2. SF CD69- T cells and resting SF T cells had higher rates of proliferation through the alternative costimulatory pathway CD28 than did SF CD69+ T cells or freshly isolated SF T cells. CONCLUSION Freshly isolated SF T cells present a profound state of hyporesponsiveness through the CD69 and CD28 costimulatory pathways. This state appears to be dependent on the activation status of SF T cells, since CD69- and resting SF T cells showed recovery of the ability to proliferate through the CD28 activation pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cell Division/physiology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Lectins, C-Type
- Male
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Barrera P, Boerbooms AM, van de Putte LB, van der Meer JW. Effects of antirheumatic agents on cytokines. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1996; 25:234-53. [PMID: 8834013 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-0172(96)80035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A review of the literature concerning the effects of traditional antirheumatic drugs on cytokines and the cytokine and anticytokine approaches already used in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is presented. Many antirheumatic drugs are capable of cytokine modulation in vitro. Corticosteroids inhibit the transcription of a broad spectrum of genes including those encoding monocyte, T cell-derived cytokines and several hemopoietic growth factors, whereas drugs such as cyclosporin A and D-penicillamine interfere with T cell activation more specifically by suppressing interleukin 2 (IL-2) production. The in vivo effects of drug therapy on cytokines in RA patients are less well established. Gold compounds reduce circulating IL-6 levels and the expression of monocyte-derived cytokines, such as IL-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-6, in the rheumatoid synovium. Decreases in circulating IL-6, soluble IL-2 (sIL-2R), and TNF receptors and in synovial fluid IL-1 levels have been reported with methotrexate. Reductions in circulating IL-6 and sIL-2R concentrations have also been observed with cyclosporin and corticosteroids, whereas azathioprine reduces IL-6 but not sIL-2R. Studies on sulfasalazine are conflicting and the in vivo effects of D-penicillamine and antimalarials have not been studied yet. Interferon gamma therapy is not effective in RA but may prove a useful antifibrotic for systemic sclerosis. Colony stimulating factors improve the granulocytopenia associated with Felty's syndrome or drug toxicities but can induce arthritis flares and should be reserved to treat infectious complications. Promising results are being obtained with selective antagonism of TNF and IL-1 in RA, and combinations of anticytokine strategies with traditional antirheumatic drugs have been already envisaged. These should preferably be based in a broader knowledge of the effects of antirheumatic agents on the cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barrera
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Løvaas E. Antioxidative and metal-chelating effects of polyamines. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1996; 38:119-49. [PMID: 8895807 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Løvaas
- Norweigian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, Norway
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Thomas TJ, Seibold JR, Adams LE, Hess EV. Triplex-DNA stabilization by hydralazine and the presence of anti-(triplex DNA) antibodies in patients treated with hydralazine. Biochem J 1995; 311 ( Pt 1):183-8. [PMID: 7575452 PMCID: PMC1136136 DOI: 10.1042/bj3110183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydralazine is an antihypertensive drug that elicits andti-nuclear antibodies in patients as an adverse effect. We investigated the ability of hydralazine to promote/stabilize the triplex DNA form of poly(dA).2poly(dT). Under conditions of low ionic strength, the polynucleotide melted as a double helix with a melting temperature (Tm) of 55.3 degrees C. Hydralazine destabilized this duplex form by reducing its Tm to 52.5 degrees C. Spermidine (2.5 microM), a natural polyamine, provoked the triplex form of poly(dA)-.2poly(dT) with two melting transitions, Tm1 of 42.8 degrees C corresponding to triplex-->duplex+single-stranded DNA and Tm2 of 65.4 degrees C, corresponding to duplex melting. Triplex DNA thus formed in the presence of spermidine was further stabilized by hydralazine (250 microM) with a Tm1 of 53.6 degrees C. A similar stabilization effect of hydralazine was found on triplex DNA formed in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+. CD spectra revealed conformational perturbations of DNA in the presence of spermidine and hydralazine. These results support the hypothesis that hydralazine is capable of stabilizing unusual forms of DNA. In contrast with the weak immunogenicity of DNA in its right-handed B-DNA conformation, these unusual forms are immunogenic and have the potential to elicit anti-DNA antibodies. To test this possibility, we analysed sera from a panel of 25 hydralazine-treated patients for anti-(triplex DNA) antibodies using an ELISA. Our results showed that 72% of sera from hydralazine-treated patients contained antibodies reacting toward the triplex DNA. In contrast, there was no significant binding of normal human sera to triplex DNA. Taken together our data indicate that hydralazine and related drugs might exert their action by interacting with DNA and stabilizing higher-order structures such as the triplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903, USA
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Thomas TJ, Gunnia UB, Seibold JR, Thomas T. Defective signal-transduction pathways in T-cells from autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice are associated with increased polyamine concentrations. Biochem J 1995; 311 ( Pt 1):175-82. [PMID: 7575451 PMCID: PMC1136135 DOI: 10.1042/bj3110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, exerted significant beneficial effects on the lifespan and disease expression of MRL-lpr/lpr mice, which spontaneously develop a lupus-like syndrome. Polyamine levels in splenic T-cells of MRL-lpr/lpr mice were significantly higher than those of Balb/c mice. In the present investigation, we examined the role of endogenous polyamines in transmembrane Ca2+ influx, generation of InsP3 and tyrosine phosphorylation of the p56lck protein in concanavalin A-stimulated splenic T-cells. Cytosolic free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in concanavalin A-stimulated T-cells of MRL-lpr/lpr and Balb/c mice were 250 +/- 25 and 450 +/- 42 nM respectively. Treatment of MRL-lpr/lpr mice with DFMO increased [Ca2+]i to 360 +/- 30 nM (P < 0.05). InsP3 levels of concanavalin A-stimulated MRL-lpr/lpr splenic T-cells were only 20% higher than those of unstimulated controls, whereas those of Balb/c T-cells were 90% higher. DFMO treatment increased InsP3 levels in concanavalin A-treated MRL-lpr/lpr T-cells to 67%. Western-blot analysis showed a 7-fold higher level of p56lck phosphorylation of MRL-lpr/lpr splenic T-cells than that of Balb/c mice. DFMO treatment reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of p56lck of MRL-lpr/lpr mice significantly (P < 0.001). Two-colour flow-cytometric analysis revealed no significant difference in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in splenic T-cells of MRL-lpr/lpr mice after DFMO treatment. Polyamine levels in splenocytes were significantly reduced by DFMO treatment. These data show that DFMO treatment could alter signal-transduction pathways of splenic T-cells of MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Increased levels of polyamines in T-cells of untreated lpr mice contribute to defective signal-transduction pathways and the pathogenesis of lupus-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Thomas
- Clinical Research Center, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903, USA
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Abstract
Spermine has been identified as a potent antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. The compound is present in all organisms and all organs. The concentration is exceptionally high in skin, and I propose that spermine constitutes a prime defence against radiation damage. This hypothesis is substantiated by the fact that ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-controlling enzyme of spermine biosynthesis, is induced by UVB-irradiation and oxidative stress. On the contrary, inhibition of ODC makes cells more sensitive to radiation damage. The antioxidative effect of spermine may be due to metal chelation and/or to prevention of superoxide generation from stimulated neutrophils. This paper reviews the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of spermine, and suggests that spermine is an important antioxidant of epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Løvaas
- Institute of Biology and Geology, University of Tromsø, Norway
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39
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Burmester GR, Stuhlmüller B, Rittig M. The monocyte/macrophage system in arthritis--leopard tank or Trojan horse? Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1995; 101:77-82. [PMID: 7747136 DOI: 10.3109/03009749509100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G R Burmester
- Department of Medicine III (Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology), Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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Seiler N, Atanassov CL. The natural polyamines and the immune system. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1994; 43:87-141. [PMID: 7855252 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7156-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Seiler
- Groupe de Recherche en Thérapeutique Anticancéreuse URA CNRS 1529 DRED 1266, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes, France
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Vértesi C. Immune response developing in tumorous organism as a result of immunotherapy. Chance of recovery? Med Hypotheses 1993; 40:335-41. [PMID: 8377670 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(93)90214-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
S-allylgutimine has immunostimulant and tumor cell inhibitory activities. This complex action may be a result of the stimulation of IL-2 production. The effectiveness of immunotherapy depends on the uncoupling of IL-2 downregulation. This principle can be widely used with those immunological diseases where IL-2 level is decreased through downregulation. The Kokonov reaction, which was used originally to indicate tumors, is presumably a marker of immunoreactivity. According to one hypothesis no specific antigen can be found on the surface of neoplastic cells but another type, 'weak antigen' appears, which originates from the alteration of a cell surface glycoprotein beta 1-6 saccharide chain branching that is directly related to the increased immune reactivity. The inhibition of downregulation enhances the elimination of neoplastic cells whose membrane surface glycoproteins are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vértesi
- Pharmacological Laboratory of CHINOIN Pharmaceutical and Chemical Works Co. Ltd, Budapest, Hungary
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42
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Starkebaum G. REVIEW OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Thomas T, Gunnia UB, Yurkow EJ, Seibold JR, Thomas TJ. Inhibition of calcium signalling in murine splenocytes by polyamines: differential effects on CD4 and CD8 T-cells. Biochem J 1993; 291 ( Pt 2):375-81. [PMID: 8097908 PMCID: PMC1132535 DOI: 10.1042/bj2910375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane Ca2+ influx is recognized as a universal second messenger that transduces T-cell activation signals to cytoplasm and nucleus, thereby stimulating transcription and cell division. To examine the role of endogenous factors that regulate mitogenic Ca2+ signalling of T-cells, we measured the concanavalin (Con) A-induced increase in cytoplasmic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in spleen cells of BALB/c mice, using flow cytometry with an indicator dye, Indo-1 acetoxymethyl ester (Indo-1/AM). Con A is a polyclonal activator of T-cells. Unstimulated splenocytes had a [Ca2+]i of 100 nM. [Ca2+]i increased with Con A in a dose-dependent manner up to a concentration of 50 micrograms/ml. In the presence of 50 micrograms/ml Con A, [Ca2+]i was 350 nM. Natural polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) inhibited Con-A-induced Ca2+ influx in a dose-dependent manner. Putrescine was the most effective polyamine in desensitizing the Ca2+ signal, and decreased [Ca2+]i from 350 nM in the absence of putrescine to 250 nM in the presence of 100 microM putrescine. This effect was not mimicked by structurally related homologues or inorganic cations, suggesting a specific structural effect of the polyamine. H.p.l.c. analysis showed that polyamines were internalized during incubation of cells in vitro. In experiments using monoclonal anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 antibodies, we found a differential effect of putrescine on Ca2+ influx in CD4 and CD8 subpopulations of T cells. For CD4+ cells, [Ca2+]i decreased from 625 nM to 420 nM in the presence of 500 microM putrescine, whereas [Ca2+]i was not affected by putrescine in CD8+ cells. These data suggest that natural polyamines have cell-specific effects on mitogen-stimulated Ca(2+)-influx in T-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thomas
- Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854
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Hahn G, Stuhlmüller B, Hain N, Kalden JR, Pfizenmaier K, Burmester GR. Modulation of monocyte activation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by leukapheresis therapy. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:862-70. [PMID: 8450066 PMCID: PMC288038 DOI: 10.1172/jci116307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the intense activation of the monocyte-macrophage system. In the present investigation, the modulation of blood monocyte activation was studied with regard to the secretion of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, and to the expression of cytokine receptors. Patients with severe active RA underwent repeated leukapheresis procedures that removed all circulating monocytes. Highly enriched monocyte preparations from the first and third leukapheresis were studied. There were striking differences between the two monocyte populations. Cells obtained from the first leukapheresis constitutively released large amounts of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), neopterin, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In particular, IL-1 beta and neopterin production were further enhanced by stimulation with either interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or TNF-alpha without a synergistic effect. In contrast, cells derived from the third leukapheresis procedure showed a close to normal activation status with only low levels of cytokine and mediator production as well as a reduced response to cytokine stimulation. The number of the receptors for IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha was not changed between first and third leukapheresis. However, TNF-binding capacity was only detectable upon acid treatment of freshly isolated monocytes. A further upregulation was noted upon 24 h in vitro culture, suggesting occupation of membrane receptors and receptor down-regulation by endogenously produced TNF-alpha. Northern blot analysis of cytokine gene expression was in good correlation with the amount of mediators determined on the protein level. These data indicate that cells of the monocyte-macrophage system are already highly activated in the peripheral blood in RA patients with active disease. These cells can be efficiently removed by repeated leukapheresis and are replenished by monocytes that have, with respect to cytokine and mediator production, a considerably lower activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hahn
- Department of Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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45
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Singh AB, Thomas TJ, Singh M, Mann RA. Attenuation of murine acute lethal graft-versus-host disease by the administration of DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1992; 65:242-6. [PMID: 1451328 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(92)90153-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous injection of 5 x 10(7) C57BL/6 (B6) lymphocytes into adult (C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1 recipient mice results in acute lethal graft-versus-host (ALGVH) disease. This disorder is characterized by anemia, a diminished number of splenocytes, impaired cytotoxicity (CTX) against third party alloantigen, and impaired natural killer cell (NK) activity. Parental anti-F1 CTX is critical to the induction of ALGVH disease, and CTX in general has been reported to be dependent upon the presence of the low molecular weight polyamines essential for cell growth and differentiation. We now report that DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine, a specific inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis, attenuates the clinical expression of disease in mice undergoing ALGVH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Singh
- Division of Nephrology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903
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46
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Flescher E, Dauphinée MJ, Fossum D, Ledbetter J, Talal N. Signal transduction in Sjögren's syndrome T cells. Abnormalities associated with a newly described human A-type retrovirus. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1992; 35:1068-74. [PMID: 1418023 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780350912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of a novel A-type retrovirus, detected in cocultures of lip biopsy specimens from Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients and a human T cell line, on the infected T cells. METHODS Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6 secretion were measured by bioassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, in the infected and noninfected cell lines. Surface antigen expression was determined by flow cytometry, using monoclonal antibodies. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity was measured using an enzyme assay kit, and calcium mobilization was assessed with a fluorescent probe. RESULTS Infected cells expressed less CD4 and IL-6 receptor, but more HLA-DR, compared with noninfected cells. Infected cells also produced less IL-2 and displayed reduced PKC activation and calcium mobilization. A similar defect in calcium mobilization was detected in T cells from SS patients. CONCLUSION These data suggest a possible involvement of the newly described retrovirus in T cell abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Flescher
- Clinical Immunology Section, Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, San Antonio, Texas
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47
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Flescher E, Bowlin TL, Talal N. Regulation of IL-2 production by mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluids. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87:435-7. [PMID: 1544227 PMCID: PMC1554338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1992.tb03015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Products of polyamine oxidation down-regulate IL-2 production by peripheral blood T cells. We show here that the production of IL-2 by rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid mononuclear cells is inversely correlated with the concentrations of polyamines in these cells. In addition, the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis or oxidation in cultures of these cells enhances their ability to produce IL-2. Our findings suggest that polyamine oxidation plays an important role in the suppression of T cell function characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Flescher
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7874
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48
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Thomas TJ, Gunnia UB, Thomas T. Reversal of the abnormal development of T cell subpopulations in the thymus of autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice by a polyamine biosynthesis inhibitor. Autoimmunity 1992; 13:275-83. [PMID: 1472637 DOI: 10.3109/08916939209112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines--putrescine, spermidine, and spermine--are a group of positively charged organic molecules that are present in all living cells. They are important regulators of cell growth and differentiation, but the precise mechanism of their action is not known. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines. Recent studies demonstrated that down-regulation of polyamine biosynthesis by irreversible inhibition of ODC with difluoromethylornithine (DFMO0 is a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of murine lupus in autoimmune MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Since murine lupus in this strain is associated with a major alteration in thymic T cell subopulations, we questioned whether abnormal polyamine biosynthesis contributes to aberrant T cell maturation in the thymus of MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Thymocytes were analyzed for cell surface markers, CD4 and CD8 by 2-color flow cytometry using their respective monoclonal antibodies. The proportion of thymocyte subsets in disease-free mice (8-10 week of age) was approximately 72% double positive (DP; CD4+CD8+) cells, 5-7% double negative (DN; CD4-CD8-) cells, 11-16% CD4+ cells and 7-8% CD8+ cells. At 14 weeks of age, a stage of clinical disease expression, thymocytes were marked by the presence of approximately 40% DN cells and approximately 25% DP cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Thomas
- Program in Clinical Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903
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49
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Abstract
Interest in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and the therapeutic effects of its inhibition with the consequent depletion of polyamine biosynthesis has been widespread since the late 1970s and 1980s. This review covers new information about the properties of ODC, recent findings with ODC inhibitors and a discussion of the mechanism of inactivation of ODC by eflornithine. Recent in vivo therapeutic approaches of ODC inhibition are also discussed including: cancer and cancer chemoprevention; autoimmune diseases; polyamines and the blood-brain barrier, ischemia and hyperplasia; the NMDA receptor and modulation by polyamines; hearing loss; African trypanosomiasis; Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Cryptosporidium in AIDS; and other infectious diseases/organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P McCann
- Marion Merrell Dow Inc., Indianapolis, IN 46268-0470
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Gensler HL. Prevention by alpha-difluoromethylornithine of skin carcinogenesis and immunosuppression induced by ultraviolet irradiation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1991; 117:345-50. [PMID: 2066355 DOI: 10.1007/bf01630718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Administration of alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) to mice was found to inhibit both the cutaneous carcinogenesis and the immunosuppression induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. BALB/cAnNTacfBR mice were given 1% F2MeOrn in their drinking water throughout the experiment. After 3 weeks, mice received UVB irradiation consisting of five 30-min exposures per week to banks of six FS40 Westinghouse sunlamps. In the photocarcinogenesis study, mice received a total dose of approximately 1273 kJ m-2. Skin cancer incidence in UV-irradiated mice was 38% 28 weeks after the first UV exposure; DFMO reduced this incidence to 9% (P = 0.025, log-rank test). Although DFMO has been demonstrated to be chemopreventive of chemical carcinogenesis, this is the first report that it is effective against cancers induced by a physical carcinogen. The immunosuppression induced by UVB irradiation prevents the host from rejecting antigenic, syngeneic UV-induced tumors, which normal mice can reject. The level of immunosuppression in UV-irradiated mice treated with DFMO was measured by a passive-transfer assay. Splenocytes from UV-irradiated mice to naive mice prevented the recipients from rejecting 20/24 UV-induced tumor challenges, whereas splenocytes from UV-irradiated mice treated with DFMO did not prevent recipients from rejecting such challenges (2/24 grew). The difference between these values was significant (P less than 0.001, two-sample test for binomial proportions). Phenotypic analysis of splenocytes used in the passive transfer, using a biotin-avidin-immunoperoxidase technique, revealed that DFMO treatment prevented the reduction of Ia expression normally seen in UV-irradiated mice. Thus, administration of DFMO reduced skin carcinogenesis and immunosuppression induced by UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Gensler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724
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