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Včelák J, Šerková Z, Zajíčková K. Molecular Genetic Aspects of Sporadic Multiglandular Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Physiol Res 2023; 72:S357-S363. [PMID: 38116772 PMCID: PMC10830163 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiglandular primary hyperparathyroidism (MGD) represents a rare form of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). MGD is associated with hereditary PHPT, but the sporadic MGD is more common and affects a similar patient profile as single gland parathyroid disease (SGD). The distinction between SGD and MGD is of great clinical importance, especially for the strategy of parathyroidectomy. Based on the limited knowledge available, MGD is likely to be a genetically heterogeneous disease resulting from the interaction of germline and somatic DNA mutations together with epigenetic alterations. Furthermore, these events may combine and occur independently in parathyroid tumors within the same individual with MGD. Gene expression profiling has shown that SGD and MGD may represent distinct entities in parathyroid tumorigenesis. We are waiting for studies to analyze exactly which genes are different in SGD and MGD in order to identify potential biomarkers that can distinguish between the two forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Včelák
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Jha S, Simonds WF. Molecular and Clinical Spectrum of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:779-818. [PMID: 36961765 PMCID: PMC10502601 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent data suggest an increase in the overall incidence of parathyroid disorders, with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) being the most prevalent parathyroid disorder. PHPT is associated with morbidities (fractures, kidney stones, chronic kidney disease) and increased risk of death. The symptoms of PHPT can be nonspecific, potentially delaying the diagnosis. Approximately 15% of patients with PHPT have an underlying heritable form of PHPT that may be associated with extraparathyroidal manifestations, requiring active surveillance for these manifestations as seen in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2A. Genetic testing for heritable forms should be offered to patients with multiglandular disease, recurrent PHPT, young onset PHPT (age ≤40 years), and those with a family history of parathyroid tumors. However, the underlying genetic cause for the majority of patients with heritable forms of PHPT remains unknown. Distinction between sporadic and heritable forms of PHPT is useful in surgical planning for parathyroidectomy and has implications for the family. The genes currently known to be associated with heritable forms of PHPT account for approximately half of sporadic parathyroid tumors. But the genetic cause in approximately half of the sporadic parathyroid tumors remains unknown. Furthermore, there is no systemic therapy for parathyroid carcinoma, a rare but potentially fatal cause of PHPT. Improved understanding of the molecular characteristics of parathyroid tumors will allow us to identify biomarkers for diagnosis and novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Jha
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
| | - William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA
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Frye CC, Sanka SA, Sullivan J, Brunt LM, Gillanders WE, Pandian T, Brown TC. Analysis of Preoperative Predictors of Single and Multigland Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Surg Res 2023; 288:148-156. [PMID: 36966595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preoperative differentiation of single-gland (SG) versus multigland (MG) primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) can assist with surgical planning, treatment prognostication, and patient counseling. The aim of this study was to identify preoperative predictors of SG-PHPT. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 408 patients with PHPT who underwent parathyroidectomy at a tertiary referral center. Comprehensive preoperative parameters, including demographic, laboratory, clinical, and imaging results were analyzed. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression identified preoperative predictors of SG-PHPT. Receiver operator curves were used to analyze the predictive values of existing and novel preoperative predictive models. RESULTS Elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) (99.1 pg/mL in SG versus 93.0 pg/mL in MG), elevated calcium (10.8 mg/dL in SG versus 10.6 mg/dL in MG), lower phosphate levels (2.80 mg/dL in SG versus 2.95 mg/dL in MG), and positive imaging (ultrasound 75.6% in SG versus 56.5% in MG; sestamibi 70.8% in SG versus 45.5% in MG) were significantly associated with SG-PHPT. The Washington University Score (a predictive scoring system made from calcium, PTH, phosphate, ultrasound, and sestamibi) and the Washington University Index ([calcium × PTH]/phosphate) were comparable to previous scoring systems used to predict SG versus MG-PHPT. CONCLUSIONS The association of lower phosphate with SG-PHPT is a novel finding. Previously identified predictors of SG-PHPT, including elevated PTH and positive imaging were confirmed. The Washington University Score and Index are comparable to previously described models and can be used to help surgeons predict if a patient may have SG versus MG-PHPT.
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Tao X, Xu T, Lin X, Xu S, Fan Y, Guo B, Deng X, Jiao Q, Chen L, Wei Z, Chen C, Yang W, Zhang Z, Yu X, Yue H. Genomic Profiling Reveals the Variant Landscape of Sporadic Parathyroid Adenomas in Chinese Population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1768-1775. [PMID: 36611251 PMCID: PMC10271222 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define somatic variants of parathyroid adenoma (PA) and to provide novel insights into the underlying molecular mechanism of sporadic PA. METHODS Basic clinical characteristics and biochemical indices of 73 patients with PA were collected. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on matched tumor-constitutional DNA pairs to detect somatic alterations. Functional annotation was carried out by ingenuity pathway analysis afterward. The protein expression of the variant gene was confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and the relationship between genotype and phenotype was analyzed. RESULTS Somatic variants were identified in 1549 genes, with an average of 69 variants per tumor (range, 13-2109; total, 9083). Several novel recurrent somatic variants were detected, such as KMT2D (15/73), MUC4 (14/73), POTEH (13/73), CD22 (12/73), HSPA2 (12/73), HCFC1 (11/73), MAGEA1 (11/73), and SLC4A3 (11/73), besides the previously reported PA-related genes, including MEN1 (11/73), CASR (6/73), MTOR (4/73), ASXL3 (3/73), FAT1 (3/73), ZFX (5/73), EZH1 (2/73), POT1 (2/73), and EZH2 (1/73). Among them, KMT2D might be the candidate driver gene of PA. Crucially, 5 patients carried somatic mutations in CDC73, showed an aggressive phenotype similar to that of parathyroid carcinoma (PC), and had a decreased expression of parafibromin. Pathway analysis of recurrent potential PA-associated driver variant genes revealed functional enrichments in the signaling pathway of Notch. CONCLUSION Our study expanded the pathogenic variant spectrum of PA and indicated that KMT2D might be a novel candidate driver gene and be considered as a diagnostic biomarker for PA. Meanwhile, CDC73 mutations might be an early developmental event from PA to PC. The results provided insights into elucidating the pathogenesis of parathyroid tumorigenesis and a certain basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Tao
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tian Xu
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lin
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Youben Fan
- Center of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Bomin Guo
- Center of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xianzhao Deng
- Center of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qiong Jiao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Lihui Chen
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chengkun Chen
- Center of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wendi Yang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhenlin Zhang
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiangtian Yu
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hua Yue
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center of Bone Diseases, Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
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Wang J, Su W, Zhang T, Zhang S, Lei H, Ma F, Shi M, Shi W, Xie X, Di C. Aberrant Cyclin D1 splicing in cancer: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic modulation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:244. [PMID: 37024471 PMCID: PMC10079974 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 (CCND1), a crucial mediator of cell cycle progression, possesses many mutation types with different mutation frequencies in human cancers. The G870A mutation is the most common mutation in CCND1, which produces two isoforms: full-length CCND1a and divergent C-terminal CCND1b. The dysregulation of the CCND1 isoforms is associated with multiple human cancers. Exploring the molecular mechanism of CCND1 isoforms has offer new insight for cancer treatment. On this basis, the alterations of CCND1 gene are described, including amplification, overexpression, and mutation, especially the G870A mutation. Subsequently, we review the characteristics of CCND1 isoforms caused by G870A mutation. Additionally, we summarize cis-regulatory elements, trans-acting factors, and the splice mutation involved in splicing regulation of CCND1. Furthermore, we highlight the function of CCND1 isoforms in cell cycle, invasion, and metastasis in cancers. Importantly, the clinical role of CCND1 isoforms is also discussed, particularly concerning prognosis, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Last, emphasis is given to the corrective strategies that modulate the cancerous CCND1 isoforms. Thus, it is highlighting significance of aberrant isoforms of CCND1 as targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei Su
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Taotao Zhang
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Shasha Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Huiwen Lei
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Fengdie Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Maoning Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Cuixia Di
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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Gosnell HL, Sadow PM. Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Parathyroid Pathology: Clinical Pathologic Collaboration for Optimal Patient Management. Surg Pathol Clin 2023; 16:87-96. [PMID: 36739169 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid disease typically presents with parathyroid hyperfunction as result of neoplasia or a consequence of non-neoplastic systemic disease. Given the parathyroid gland is a hormonally active organ with broad physiologic implications and serologically accessible markers for monitoring, the diagnosis of parathyroid disease is predominantly a clinical pathologic correlation. We provide the current pathological correlates of parathyroid disease and discuss preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative pathology consultative practice for optimal patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey L Gosnell
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mail Code L25, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Peter M Sadow
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, WRN219, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Kim SW. Gene expression profiles in parathyroid adenoma and normal parathyroid tissue. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:289-304. [PMID: 35953114 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A parathyroid adenoma comprises 80-85% as a cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. The clonal origin of most parathyroid adenomas suggests a defect at the level of the gene controlling growth of the parathyroid cell or the expression of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Two genes, MEN1 and CCND1, a tumor suppressor and a proto-oncogene respectively, have been solidly established as primary tumorigenic drivers in parathyroid adenomas. As well, germline and somatic mutation of other genes involved in cell cycle regulation or PTH regulation have been discovered in parathyroid adenomas. Moreover, comparative genomic studies between parathyroid adenomas and normal parathyroid tissues have suggested more complex genetic landscape. Microarray analysis have revealed differential expression profiles of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, growth factors, apoptotic pathway, or PTH synthesis or regulation pathway such as CASR, GCM2 and KL (Klotho). Furthermore, recent next-generation sequencing analysis reconfirmed previous finding or revealed novel finding, suggesting signal peptidase complex subunit (SPCS2), ribosomal proteins (RPL23, RPL26, RPN1, RPS25), the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (SEC11C, SEC11A, SEC61G), Klotho, cyclin D1, β-catenin, VDR, CaSR and GCM2 may be important factors contributing to the parathyroid adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Lee JH, Lee S. The parathyroid glands and parathyroid hormone: Insights from PTH gene mutations. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 120:79-108. [PMID: 35953118 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nine mutations have been discovered in the parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene since it was initially sequenced in 1983. An autosomal dominant C18R mutation in the signal peptide was first reported in 1990, followed by an exon skipping mutation, leading to loss of exon 2 in 1992; the latter mutation prevents PTH biosynthesis, as exon 2 contains the initiation codon. The S23P and S23X mutations affecting the same residue were reported in 1999 and 2012, respectively, while in 2008, the somatic mutation, R83X, was detected in a parathyroid adenoma tissue sample from a patient with overt hyperparathyroidism. In 2013, the heterozygous p.Met1_Asp6del mutation was discovered incidentally in a case-control study, while another heterozygous mutation, M14K, was detected in the signal peptide 4 years later. In 2015, a homozygous R56C mutation was reported, and was the first hypoparathyroidism-causing mutation identified that affects the mature bioactive portion of PTH; this mutation has significantly contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in signal transduction through the PTH receptor. Recently, a novel homozygous S32P mutation was identified, which is also situated in the bioactive portion of PTH. The discovery of these nine mutations in the PTH gene and determination of the molecular mechanisms underlying their effects has provided deep insights into the synthesis, processing, and secretion of PTH. Future attempts to discover other such mutations will help elucidate as yet unknown functions of PTH, with potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Hyop Lee
- Laboratory of Genomics and Translational Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea; Department of Surgery, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sihoon Lee
- Laboratory of Genomics and Translational Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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Erickson LA, Mete O, Juhlin CC, Perren A, Gill AJ. Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Parathyroid Tumors. Endocr Pathol 2022; 33:64-89. [PMID: 35175514 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-022-09709-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 2022 WHO classification reflects increases in the knowledge of the underlying pathogenesis of parathyroid disease. In addition to the classic characteristic features of parathyroid neoplasms, subtleties in histologic features which may indicate an underlying genetic abnormality reflect increased understanding of the clinical manifestations, histologic, and genetic correlation in parathyroid disease. The importance of underlying genetic aberrancies is emphasized due to their significance to the care of the patient. Traditionally, the term "parathyroid hyperplasia" has been applied to multiglandular parathyroid disease; however, the concept of hyperplasia is generally no longer supported in the context of primary hyperparathyroidism since affected glands are usually composed of multiple "clonal" neoplastic proliferations. In light of these findings and management implications for patient care, the 2022 WHO classification endorses primary hyperparathyroidism-related multiglandular parathyroid disease (multiglandular multiple parathyroid adenomas) as a germline susceptibility-driven multiglandular parathyroid neoplasia. From such a perspective, pathologists can provide additional value to genetic triaging by recognizing morphological and immunohistochemical harbingers of MEN1, CDKN1B, MAX, and CDC73-related manifestations. In the current WHO classification, the term "parathyroid hyperplasia" is now used primarily in the setting of secondary hyperplasia which is most often caused by chronic renal failure. In addition to expansion in the histological features, including those that may be suggestive of an underlying genetic abnormality, there are additional nomenclature changes in the 2022 WHO classification reflecting increased understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of parathyroid disease. The new classification no longer endorses the use of "atypical parathyroid adenoma". This entity is now being replaced with the term of "atypical parathyroid tumor" to reflect a parathyroid neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential. The differential diagnoses of atypical parathyroid tumor are discussed along with the details of worrisome clinical and laboratory findings, and also features that define atypical histological and immunohistochemical findings to qualify for this diagnosis. The histological definition of parathyroid carcinoma still requires one of the following findings: (i) angioinvasion (vascular invasion) characterized by tumor invading through a vessel wall and associated thrombus, or intravascular tumor cells admixed with thrombus, (ii) lymphatic invasion, (iii) perineural (intraneural) invasion, (iv) local malignant invasion into adjacent anatomic structures, or (v) histologically/cytologically documented metastatic disease. In parathyroid carcinomas, the documentation of mitotic activity (e.g., mitoses per 10mm2) and Ki67 labeling index is recommended. Furthermore, the importance of complete submission of parathyroidectomy specimens for microscopic examination, and the crucial role of multiple levels along with ancillary biomarkers have expanded the diagnostic workup of atypical parathyroid tumors and parathyroid carcinoma to ensure accurate characterization of parathyroid neoplasms. The concept of parafibromin deficiency has been expanded upon and term "parafibromin deficient parathyroid neoplasm" is applied to a parathyroid neoplasm showing complete absence of nuclear parafibromin immunoreactivity. Nucleolar loss is considered as abnormal finding that requires further molecular testing to confirm its biological significance. The 2022 WHO classification emphasizes the role of molecular immunohistochemistry in parathyroid disease. By adopting a question-answer framework, this review highlights advances in knowledge of histological features, ancillary studies, and associated genetic findings that increase the understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of parathyroid disease that are now reflected in the updated classification and new entities in the 2022 WHO classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Erickson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55901, USA.
| | - Ozgur Mete
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aurel Perren
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anthony J Gill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Marini F, Giusti F, Palmini G, Perigli G, Santoro R, Brandi ML. Genetics and Epigenetics of Parathyroid Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:834362. [PMID: 35282432 PMCID: PMC8908968 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.834362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is an extremely rare malignancy, accounting less than 1% of all parathyroid neoplasms, and an uncommon cause of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), characterized by an excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and severe hypercalcemia. As opposed to parathyroid hyperplasia and adenomas, PC is associated with a poor prognosis, due to a commonly unmanageable hypercalcemia, which accounts for death in the majority of cases, and an overall survival rate of 78-85% and 49-70% at 5 and 10 years after diagnosis, respectively. No definitively effective therapies for PC are currently available. The mainly employed treatment for PC is the surgical removal of tumoral gland(s). Post-surgical persistent or recurrent disease manifest in about 50% of patients. The comprehension of genetic and epigenetic bases and molecular pathways that characterize parathyroid carcinogenesis is important to distinguish malignant PCs from benign adenomas, and to identify specific targets for novel therapies. Germline heterozygote inactivating mutations of the CDC73 tumor suppressor gene, with somatic loss of heterozygosity at 1q31.2 locus, account for about 50-75% of familial cases; over 75% of sporadic PCs harbor biallelic somatic inactivation/loss of CDC73. Recurrent mutations of the PRUNE2 gene, a recurrent mutation in the ADCK1 gene, genetic amplification of the CCND1 gene, alterations of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, and modifications of microRNA expression profile and gene promoter methylation pattern have all been detected in PC. Here, we review the current knowledge on gene mutations and epigenetic changes that have been associated with the development of PC, in both familial and sporadic forms of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso (F.I.R.M.O.) Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Giusti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gaia Palmini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuliano Perigli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU)-Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Santoro
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU)-Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sulle Malattie dell'Osso (F.I.R.M.O.) Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Maria Luisa Brandi,
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11
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Parathyroid Tumors: Molecular Signatures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011206. [PMID: 34681865 PMCID: PMC8540444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid tumors are rare endocrine neoplasms affecting 0.1–0.3% of the general population, including benign parathyroid adenomas (PAs; about 98% of cases), intermediate atypical parathyroid adenomas (aPAs; 1.2–1.3% of cases) and malignant metastatic parathyroid carcinomas (PCs; less than 1% of cases). These tumors are characterized by a variable spectrum of clinical phenotypes and an elevated cellular, histological and molecular heterogeneity that make it difficult to pre-operatively distinguish PAs, aPAs and PCs. Thorough knowledge of genetic, epigenetic, and molecular signatures, which characterize different parathyroid tumor subtypes and drive different tumorigeneses, is a key step to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers able to distinguish among different parathyroid neoplastic types, as well as provide novel therapeutic targets and strategies for these rare neoplasms, which are still a clinical and therapeutic challenge. Here, we review the current knowledge on gene mutations and epigenetic changes that have been associated with the development of different clinical types of parathyroid tumors, both in familial and sporadic forms of these endocrine neoplasms.
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Brewer K, Nip I, Bellizzi J, Costa-Guda J, Arnold A. Molecular analysis of cyclin D1 modulators PRKN and FBX4 as candidate tumor suppressors in sporadic parathyroid adenomas. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:302-308. [PMID: 33617468 PMCID: PMC8052572 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary hyperparathyroidism is most often caused by a sporadic single-gland parathyroid adenoma (PTA), a tumor type for which cyclin D1 is the only known and experimentally validated oncoprotein. However, the molecular origins of its frequent overexpression have remained mostly elusive. In this study, we explored a potential tumorigenic mechanism that could increase cyclin D1 stability through a defect in molecules responsible for its degradation. METHODS We examined two tumor suppressor genes known to modulate cyclin D1 ubiquitination, PRKN and FBXO4 (FBX4), for evidence of classic two-hit tumor suppressor inactivation within a cohort of 82 PTA cases. We examined the cohort for intragenic inactivating and splice site mutations by Sanger sequencing and for locus-associated loss of heterozygosity (LOH) by microsatellite analysis. RESULTS We identified no evidence of bi-allelic tumor suppressor inactivation of PRKN or FBXO4 via inactivating mutation or splice site perturbation, neither in combination with nor independent of LOH. Among the 82 cases, we encountered previously documented benign single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 35 tumors at frequencies similar to those reported in the germlines of the general population. Eight cases exhibited intragenic LOH at the PRKN locus, in some cases extending to cover at least an additional 1.7 Mb of chromosome 6q25-26. FBXO4 was not affected by LOH. CONCLUSION The absence of evidence for specific bi-allelic inactivation in PRKN and FBXO4 in this sizeable cohort suggests that these genes only rarely, if ever, serve as classic driver tumor suppressors responsible for the growth of PTAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brewer
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Isabel Nip
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Justin Bellizzi
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jessica Costa-Guda
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Arnold:
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13
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Costa-Guda J, Corrado K, Bellizzi J, Romano R, Saria E, Saucier K, Rose M, Shah S, Alander C, Mallya S, Arnold A. CDK4/6 Dependence of Cyclin D1-Driven Parathyroid Neoplasia in Transgenic Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5900760. [PMID: 32877917 PMCID: PMC7521127 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protein product of the cyclin D1 oncogene functions by activating partner cyclin-dependent kinases (cdk)4 or cdk6 to phosphorylate, thereby inactivating, the retinoblastoma protein pRB. Nonclassical, cdk-independent, functions of cyclin D1 have been described but their role in cyclin D1-driven neoplasia, with attendant implications for recently approved cdk4/6 chemotherapeutic inhibitors, requires further examination. We investigated whether cyclin D1's role in parathyroid tumorigenesis in vivo is effected primarily through kinase-dependent or kinase-independent mechanisms. Using a mouse model of cyclin D1-driven parathyroid tumorigenesis (PTH-D1), we generated new transgenic lines harboring a mutant cyclin D1 (KE) that is unable to activate its partner kinases. While this kinase-dead KE mutant effectively drove mammary tumorigenesis in an analogous model, parathyroid-overexpressed cyclin D1 KE mice did not develop the characteristic biochemical hyperparathyroidism or parathyroid hypercellularity of PTH-D1 mice. These results strongly suggest that in parathyroid cells, cyclin D1 drives tumorigenesis predominantly through cdk-dependent mechanisms, in marked contrast with the cdk-independence of cyclin D1-driven mouse mammary cancer. These findings highlight crucial tissue-specific mechanistic differences in cyclin D1-driven tumorigenesis, suggest that parathyroid/endocrine cells may be more tumorigenically vulnerable to acquired genetic perturbations in cdk-mediated proliferative control than other tissues, and carry important considerations for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Costa-Guda
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Kristin Corrado
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Justin Bellizzi
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Robert Romano
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth Saria
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Kirsten Saucier
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Madison Rose
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Samip Shah
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Cynthia Alander
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Sanjay Mallya
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
- Correspondence: Andrew Arnold, MD, Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030-3101, USA. E-mail:
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14
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Abstract
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by the actions of the parathyroid glands, which release parathyroid hormone into the systemic circulation as necessary to maintain the serum calcium concentration within a tight physiologic range. Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone from one or more neoplastic parathyroid glands, however, causes the metabolic disease primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) typically associated with hypercalcemia. Although the majority of cases of HPT are sporadic, it can present in the context of a familial syndrome. Mutations in the tumor suppressor genes discovered by the study of such families are now recognized to be pathogenic for many sporadic parathyroid tumors. Inherited and somatic mutations of proto-oncogenes causing parathyroid neoplasia are also known. Future investigation of somatic changes in parathyroid tumor DNA and the study of kindreds with HPT yet lacking germline mutation in the set of genes known to predispose to HPT represent two avenues likely to unmask additional novel genes relevant to parathyroid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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15
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Di Sante G, Pagé J, Jiao X, Nawab O, Cristofanilli M, Skordalakes E, Pestell RG. Recent advances with cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors: therapeutic agents for breast cancer and their role in immuno-oncology. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:569-587. [PMID: 31219365 PMCID: PMC6834352 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1615889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Collaborative interactions between several diverse biological processes govern the onset and progression of breast cancer. These processes include alterations in cellular metabolism, anti-tumor immune responses, DNA damage repair, proliferation, anti-apoptotic signals, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, components of the non-coding genome or onco-mIRs, cancer stem cells and cellular invasiveness. The last two decades have revealed that each of these processes are also directly regulated by a component of the cell cycle apparatus, cyclin D1. Area covered: The current review is provided to update recent developments in the clinical application of cyclin/CDK inhibitors to breast cancer with a focus on the anti-tumor immune response. Expert opinion: The cyclin D1 gene encodes the regulatory subunit of a proline-directed serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates several substrates. CDKs possess phosphorylation site selectivity, with the phosphate-acceptor residue preceding a proline. Several important proteins are substrates including all three retinoblastoma proteins, NRF1, GCN5, and FOXM1. Over 280 cyclin D3/CDK6 substrates have b\een identified. Given the diversity of substrates for cyclin/CDKs, and the altered thresholds for substrate phosphorylation that occurs during the cell cycle, it is exciting that small molecular inhibitors targeting cyclin D/CDK activity have encouraging results in specific tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Di Sante
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Pagé
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, USA
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Omar Nawab
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, USA
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Richard G Pestell
- Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA
- Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, USA
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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16
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Balenga N, Koh J, Azimzadeh P, Hogue J, Gabr M, Stains JP, Olson JA. Parathyroid-Targeted Overexpression of Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 5 (RGS5) Causes Hyperparathyroidism in Transgenic Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:955-963. [PMID: 30690792 PMCID: PMC8210536 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between impaired calcium sensing, dysregulated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, and parathyroid cell proliferation in parathyroid neoplasia is not understood. We previously reported that a GTPase activating protein, regulator of G-protein signaling 5 (RGS5) is overexpressed in a subset of parathyroid tumors associated with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and that RGS5 can inhibit signaling from the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR). In vivo, we found that RGS5-null mice have abnormally low PTH levels. To gain a better understanding of the potential role of RGS5 overexpression in parathyroid neoplasia and PHPT and to investigate whether inhibition of CASR signaling can lead to parathyroid neoplasia, we created and characterized a transgenic mouse strain overexpressing RGS5 specifically in the parathyroid gland. These mice develop hyperparathyroidism, bone changes reflective of elevated PTH, and parathyroid neoplasia. Further, expression of exogenous RGS5 in normal human parathyroid cells results in impaired signaling from CASR and negative feedback on PTH secretion. These results provide evidence that RGS5 can modulate signaling from CASR and support a role for RGS5 in the pathogenesis of PHPT through inhibition of CASR signaling. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Balenga
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Koh
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pedram Azimzadeh
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joyce Hogue
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mostafa Gabr
- Department of Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph P Stains
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John A Olson
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Huang J, Song Q, Wang H, Wang H, Xu C, Wang X, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Xu Y, Su J, Zeng H, Tan L, Zhu H, Jiang D, Hou Y. Poor prognostic impact of FGF4 amplification in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 80:210-218. [PMID: 29936056 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to determine the prognostic impact and clinicopathological feature of FGF4 amplification in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Fluorescence in situ hybridization with FGF4 probe was analyzed using tissue microarray consisting of representative cores of 267 ESCC cases. FGF4 amplification was observed in 52.8% (141/267) of patients. Patients with FGF4 amplification showed a significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) or disease-specific overall survival (OS) compared with those without FGF4 amplification (both P < .05). Moreover, FGF4 amplification was an independent prognostic factor (DFS, P = .036; OS, P = .021) along with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis in multivariate analysis. Among stage I-II or III patients whose DFS was greater than or equal to 24 months (n = 125 or 32), patients with FGF4 amplification showed a significantly worse prognosis (OS, P = .027 or P = .010). Moreover, the survival curve of stage I-II patients with FGF4 amplification was identical to stage III patients without FGF4 amplification (DFS, P = .643; OS, P = .707). Taken together, FGF4 amplification was an independent prognostic factor in ESCC patients, and ESCC might have potentially been upstaged by FGF4 amplification. Therefore, FGF4 amplification in combination with clinical stage could be used as a relatively accurate predictor for the 5-year probability of death and recurrence for ESCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zhengzeng Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jieakesu Su
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Haiying Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Lijie Tan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Hongguang Zhu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Dongxian Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Pathology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, PR China.
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18
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Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a metabolic disease caused by the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone from 1 or more neoplastic parathyroid glands. HPT is largely sporadic, but it can be associated with a familial syndrome. The study of such families led to the discovery of tumor suppressor genes whose loss of function is now recognized to underlie the development of many sporadic parathyroid tumors. Heritable and acquired oncogenes causing parathyroid neoplasia are also known. Studies of somatic changes in parathyroid tumor DNA and investigation of kindreds with unexplained familial HPT promise to unmask more genes relevant to parathyroid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Simonds
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 8C-101, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1752, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Núñez KG, Gonzalez-Rosario J, Thevenot PT, Cohen AJ. Cyclin D1 in the Liver: Role of Noncanonical Signaling in Liver Steatosis and Hormone Regulation. Ochsner J 2017; 17:56-65. [PMID: 28331449 PMCID: PMC5349637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin D1 is an important protein for cell cycle progression; however, functions independent of the cell cycle have been described in the liver. Cyclin D1 is also involved in DNA repair, is overexpressed in many cancers, and functions as a proto-oncogene. The lesser-known roles of Cyclin D1, specifically in hepatocytes, impact liver steatosis and hormone regulation in the liver. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted using the keywords Cyclin D1, steatosis, lipogenesis, and liver transplantation. In this article, we review the results from this literature search, with a focus on the role of Cyclin D1 in hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis, as well as the impact and function of this protein in hepatic steatosis. RESULTS Cyclin D1 represses carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) and results in a decrease in transcription of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC). Cyclin D1 also inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) which is involved in hepatic lipogenesis. Cyclin D1 inhibits both hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) and represses transcription of lipogenic genes FAS and liver-type pyruvate kinase (Pklr), along with the gluconeogenic genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase). CONCLUSION Cyclin D1 represses multiple proteins involved in both lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Targeting Cyclin D1 to decrease hepatic steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or alcoholic fatty liver disease may help improve patient health and the quality of the donor liver pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley G. Núñez
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | | | - Paul T. Thevenot
- Institute of Translational Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
| | - Ari J. Cohen
- Multi-Organ Transplant Institute, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
- The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Ochsner Clinical School, New Orleans, LA
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20
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Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is a common endocrine disease characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone and an increased level of serum calcium. Overall, 80-85% of pHPT cases are due to a benign, single parathyroid adenoma (PA), and 15% to multiglandular disease (multiple adenomas/hyperplasia). Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is rare, accounting for <0.5-1% of pHPT cases. Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) is a complication of renal failure, with the development of parathyroid tumours and hypercalcaemia. Recurrent mutations in the MEN1 gene have been confirmed by the whole-exome sequencing in 35% of PAs, suggesting that non-protein-coding genes, regulatory elements or epigenetic derangements may also have roles in the majority of PAs. DNA translocations with cyclin D1 overexpression occur in PAs (8%). In PCs, mutations in CDC73/HRPT2 are common. Activation of the WNT/β-catenin signalling pathway (accumulation of nonphosphorylated β-catenin) by an aberrantly truncated LRP5 receptor has been seen for the majority of investigated PAs and sHPT tumours, and possibly by APC inactivation through promoter methylation in PCs. Promoter methylation of several other genes and repressive histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation by EZH2 of the HIC1 gene may also contribute to parathyroid tumorigenesis. It is possible that a common pathway exists for parathyroid tumour development. CCND1 (cyclin D1) and EZH2 overexpression, accumulation of nonphosphorylated β-catenin and repression of HIC1 have all been observed to occur in PAs, PCs and sHPT tumours. In addition, hypermethylation has been observed for the same genes in PAs and PCs (e.g. SFRP1, CDKN2A and WT1). Whether β-catenin represents a 'hub' in parathyroid tumour development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Westin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Shigemasa K, Tanimoto H, Parham GP, Parmley TH, Ohama K, O'Brien TJ. Cyclin D1 Overexpression and p53 Mutation Status in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155769900600209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Koso Ohama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Timothy J. O'Brien
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biomedical Biotechnology Center, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 718, Little Rock, AR 72205
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22
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Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common disorder in which parathyroid hormone (PTH) is excessively secreted from one or more of the four parathyroid glands. A single benign parathyroid adenoma is the cause in most people. However, multiglandular disease is not rare and is typically seen in familial PHPT syndromes. The genetics of PHPT is usually monoclonal when a single gland is involved and polyclonal when multiglandular disease is present. The genes that have been implicated in PHPT include proto-oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes. Hypercalcaemia is the biochemical hallmark of PHPT. Usually, the concentration of PTH is frankly increased but can remain within the normal range, which is abnormal in the setting of hypercalcaemia. Normocalcaemic PHPT, a variant in which the serum calcium level is persistently normal but PTH levels are increased in the absence of an obvious inciting stimulus, is now recognized. The clinical presentation of PHPT varies from asymptomatic disease (seen in countries where biochemical screening is routine) to classic symptomatic disease in which renal and/or skeletal complications are observed. Management guidelines have recently been revised to help the clinician to decide on the merits of a parathyroidectomy or a non-surgical course. This Primer covers these areas with particular attention to the epidemiology, clinical presentations, genetics, evaluation and guidelines for the management of PHPT.
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23
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Abstract
PTH and Vitamin D are two major regulators of mineral metabolism. They play critical roles in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis as well as the development and maintenance of bone health. PTH and Vitamin D form a tightly controlled feedback cycle, PTH being a major stimulator of vitamin D synthesis in the kidney while vitamin D exerts negative feedback on PTH secretion. The major function of PTH and major physiologic regulator is circulating ionized calcium. The effects of PTH on gut, kidney, and bone serve to maintain serum calcium within a tight range. PTH has a reciprocal effect on phosphate metabolism. In contrast, vitamin D has a stimulatory effect on both calcium and phosphate homeostasis, playing a key role in providing adequate mineral for normal bone formation. Both hormones act in concert with the more recently discovered FGF23 and klotho, hormones involved predominantly in phosphate metabolism, which also participate in this closely knit feedback circuit. Of great interest are recent studies demonstrating effects of both PTH and vitamin D on the cardiovascular system. Hyperparathyroidism and vitamin D deficiency have been implicated in a variety of cardiovascular disorders including hypertension, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and kidney failure. Both hormones have direct effects on the endothelium, heart, and other vascular structures. How these effects of PTH and vitamin D interface with the regulation of bone formation are the subject of intense investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jalal Khundmiri
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rebecca D. Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eleanor Lederer
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Schwaederlé M, Daniels GA, Piccioni DE, Fanta PT, Schwab RB, Shimabukuro KA, Parker BA, Kurzrock R. Cyclin alterations in diverse cancers: Outcome and co-amplification network. Oncotarget 2015; 6:3033-42. [PMID: 25596748 PMCID: PMC4413635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin genes are key regulatory components of the cell cycle. With the development of new agents, cyclin-related genes are becoming increasingly important as they can be targeted. Yet, the biological implications of these alterations have not been fully studied. Clinical characteristics and outcome parameters were compared for patients harboring cyclin alterations versus not. CCN alterations were found in 13% of our population (50/392; all amplifications) and were associated with breast cancer (P < 0.0001), a higher median number of concomitant molecular alterations (P < 0.0001), and liver metastases (P = 0.046). Harboring a cyclin amplification was not associated with overall survival, the time to metastasis/recurrence, nor with the best progression-free survival. In a Cox regression model, gastrointestinal histology (P < 0.0001), PTEN (P < 0.0001), and CDK alterations (P = 0.041) had a significant association with poorer overall survival. CCN amplifications significantly correlated with alterations in FGF/FGFR family genes as well as in MET and ARFRP1. An extended correlation study shed light on a network of co-amplifications influenced in part by genes that were localized on the same amplicons. CCN amplifications are common across cancers and had distinctive biological associations. Customized combinations targeting the cyclin pathway as well as the extended co-amplification network may be necessary in order to address resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schwaederlé
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - Gregory A Daniels
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - David E Piccioni
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - Paul T Fanta
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - Richard B Schwab
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - Kelly A Shimabukuro
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - Barbara A Parker
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, USA
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25
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Abstract
This review focuses on the pathologic entities associated with hyperparathyroidism in humans. A discussion of the lesions, their embryology, and pathologic features is included. Immunohistology, cytopathology, and a brief overview of molecular aspects of the lesion are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A LiVolsi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Kathleen T Montone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zubair N Baloch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Fabbri S, Ciuffi S, Nardone V, Gomes AR, Mavilia C, Zonefrati R, Galli G, Luzi E, Tanini A, Brandi ML. PTH-C1: a rat continuous cell line expressing the parathyroid phenotype. Endocrine 2014; 47:90-9. [PMID: 24627164 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The lack of a continuous cell line of epithelial parathyroid cells able to produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) has hampered the studies on in vitro evaluation of the mechanisms involved in the control of parathyroid cell function and proliferation. The PT-r cell line was first established from rat parathyroid tissue in 1987, but these cells were known to express the parathyroid hormone-related peptide (Pthrp) gene, but not the Pth gene. In an attempt to subclone the PT-r cell line, a rat parathyroid cell strain was isolated and named PTH-C1. During 3 years, in culture, PTH-C1 cells maintained an epithelioid morphology, displaying a diploid chromosome number, a doubling time around 15 h during the exponential phase of growth, and parathyroid functional features. PTH-C1 cell line produces PTH and expresses the calcium sensing receptor (Casr) gene and other genes known to be involved in parathyroid function. Most importantly, the PTH-C1 cells also exhibit an in vitro secretory response to calcium. Altogether these findings indicate the uniqueness of the PTH-C1 cell line as an in vitro model for cellular and molecular studies on parathyroid physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fabbri
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
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Gómez Sáez JM. Primary Hyperparathyroidism Focused on Molecular Pathogenesis. EUROPEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2014; 10:153-156. [PMID: 29872481 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2014.10.02.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a common cause of hypercalcaemia. The most common lesion found in patients is the solitary benign parathyroid adenoma. Multiple parathyroid adenomas have also been reported. Parathyroid carcinomas are an uncommon cause of PHPT. In 15% of patients, all four parathyroid glands are involved and it may be associated with a familial hereditary syndrome, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia, types 1, 2A and 4. PHPT jaw tumour syndrome is associated with fibromas in the mandible and tumours can also be present in the kidneys and the uterus. No predisposing germline DNA variants in parathyroid adenomas have been demonstrated and only a few clonally altered genes that drive parathyroid tumorigenesis have been identified. Frequently parathyroid adenomas have HRPT2 gene mutations that are likely to be of pathogenetic importance. Mutations in the MEN1 gene (localised to 11q13) are responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia 1. Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A, which can be associated with medullary thyroid cancer, is due to a germline mutation of the RET proto-oncogene located on chromosome 10. In MEN1-like negative patients some of the germline mutations in this new susceptibility gene were due to gene CDKN1B (12p13). This new syndrome was classified as multiple endocrine neoplasia 4. In PHPT jaw tumour syndrome, HRPT2, the gene on the long arm of chromosome 1, is responsible for the syndrome. It is suggested to perform genetic testing in patients with PHPT below the age of 30 years, but at any age in patients presenting with multigland parathyroid disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Gómez Sáez
- Researcher, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Kasaian K, Wiseman SM, Thiessen N, Mungall KL, Corbett RD, Qian JQ, Nip KM, He A, Tse K, Chuah E, Varhol RJ, Pandoh P, McDonald H, Zeng T, Tam A, Schein J, Birol I, Mungall AJ, Moore RA, Zhao Y, Hirst M, Marra MA, Walker BA, Jones SJM. Complete genomic landscape of a recurring sporadic parathyroid carcinoma. J Pathol 2013; 230:249-60. [PMID: 23616356 DOI: 10.1002/path.4203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy with an estimated incidence of less than 1 per million population. Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, extremely high serum calcium level, and the deleterious effects of hypercalcaemia are the clinical manifestations of the disease. Up to 60% of patients develop multiple disease recurrences and although long-term survival is possible with palliative surgery, permanent remission is rarely achieved. Molecular drivers of sporadic parathyroid carcinoma have remained largely unknown. Previous studies, mostly based on familial cases of the disease, suggested potential roles for the tumour suppressor MEN1 and proto-oncogene RET in benign parathyroid tumourigenesis, while the tumour suppressor HRPT2 and proto-oncogene CCND1 may also act as drivers in parathyroid cancer. Here, we report the complete genomic analysis of a sporadic and recurring parathyroid carcinoma. Mutational landscapes of the primary and recurrent tumour specimens were analysed using high-throughput sequencing technologies. Such molecular profiling allowed for identification of somatic mutations never previously identified in this malignancy. These included single nucleotide point mutations in well-characterized cancer genes such as mTOR, MLL2, CDKN2C, and PIK3CA. Comparison of acquired mutations in patient-matched primary and recurrent tumours revealed loss of PIK3CA activating mutation during the evolution of the tumour from the primary to the recurrence. Structural variations leading to gene fusions and regions of copy loss and gain were identified at a single-base resolution. Loss of the short arm of chromosome 1, along with somatic missense and truncating mutations in CDKN2C and THRAP3, respectively, provides new evidence for the potential role of these genes as tumour suppressors in parathyroid cancer. The key somatic mutations identified in this study can serve as novel diagnostic markers as well as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Kasaian
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Varshney S, Bhadada SK, Saikia UN, Sachdeva N, Behera A, Arya AK, Sharma S, Bhansali A, Mithal A, Rao SD. Simultaneous expression analysis of vitamin D receptor, calcium-sensing receptor, cyclin D1, and PTH in symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism in Asian Indians. Eur J Endocrinol 2013; 169:109-16. [PMID: 23660642 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore underlying molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of symptomatic sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-one parathyroid adenomas from patients with symptomatic PHPT and ten normal parathyroid glands either from patients with PHPT (n=3) or from euthyroid patients without PHPT during thyroid surgery (n=7) were analyzed for vitamin D receptor (VDR), calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), cyclin D1 (CD1), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) expressions. The protein expressions were assessed semiquantitatively by immunohistochemistry, based on percentage of positive cells and staining intensity, and confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed significant reductions in VDR (both nuclear and cytoplasmic) and CASR expressions and significant increases in CD1 and PTH expressions in adenomatous compared with normal parathyroid tissue. Consistent with immunohistochemistry findings, both VDR and CASR mRNAs were reduced by 0.36- and 0.45-fold change (P<0.001) and CD1 and PTH mRNAs were increased by 9.4- and 17.4-fold change respectively (P<0.001) in adenomatous parathyroid tissue. PTH mRNA correlated with plasma PTH (r=0.864; P<0.001), but not with adenoma weight, while CD1 mRNA correlated with adenoma weight (r=0.715; P<0.001). There were no correlations between VDR and CASR mRNA levels and serum Ca, plasma intact PTH, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. In addition, there was no relationship between the decreases in VDR and CASR mRNA expressions and the increases in PTH and CD1 mRNA expressions. CONCLUSIONS The expression of both VDR and CASR are reduced in symptomatic PHPT in Asian Indians. In addition, CD1 expression was greatly increased and correlated with adenoma weight, implying a potential role for CD1 in adenoma growth and differential clinical expression of PHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Varshney
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 4th Floor, F-Block, Room No. 2, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Signaling through cyclin D-dependent kinases. Oncogene 2013; 33:1890-903. [PMID: 23644662 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research over the past quarter century has identified cyclin D-dependent kinases, CDK4 and CDK6, as the major oncogenic drivers among members of the CDK superfamily. CDK4/6 are rendered hyperactive in the majority of human cancers through a multitude of genomic alterations. Sustained activation of these protein kinases provides cancer cells with the power to enter the cell cycle continuously by triggering G1-S-phase transitions and dramatically shortening the duration of the G1 phase. It has also become clear, however, that CDK4/6 effectively counter cancer cell-intrinsic tumor suppression mechanisms, senescence and apoptosis, which must be overcome during cell transformation and kept at bay throughout all stages of tumorigenesis. As a central 'node' in cellular signaling networks, cyclin D-dependent kinases sense a plethora of mitogenic signals to orchestrate specific transcriptional programs. As the complexity of the cellular signaling network regulated by these oncogenic kinases unfolds, much remains to be learned about its architecture, its dynamics and the consequences of its perturbation.
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Sarkar P, Kumar S. Calcium sensing receptor modulation for cancer therapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:3561-8. [PMID: 23098435 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.8.3561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is a member of the largest family of cell surface receptors, the G protein-coupled receptors involved in calcium homeostasis. The role of the CaSR in neoplasia appears to be homeostatic; loss of normal CaSR-induced response to extracellular calcium is observed in cancers of the colon and ovary, while increased release of PTHrP is observed in cancers of the breast, prostate and Leydig cells. Currently CaSR can be considered as a molecule that can either promote or prevent tumor growth depending on the type of cancer. Therefore, recognition of the multifaceted role of CaSR in gliomas and other malignant tumors in general is fundamental to elucidating the mechanisms of tumor progression and the development of novel therapeutic agents. Emphasis should be placed on development of drug-targeting methods to modulate CaSR activity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sarkar
- IGNOU-I2IT Centre of Excellence for Advanced Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Imanishi Y, Inaba M, Kawata T, Nishizawa Y. Animal models of hyperfunctioning parathyroid diseases for drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 4:727-40. [PMID: 23489166 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903022743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of mineral and bone metabolism have been implicated as a risk factor in the high mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hyperphosphatemia, disorders of vitamin D metabolism and secondary hyperparathyroidism of uremia (SHPT) are therapeutic targets in these patients to improve the mortality. Animal models for CKD are indispensable and uremic rats produced by 5/6-nephrectomies are one of the most useful animal models for the development of new therapeutic agents. As there are limitations of uremic rats such as short lifespan and less severity of secondary hyperparathyroidism distinct from CKD patients on maintenance hemodialysis, the development of new model animals is expected. OBJECTIVE This review discusses the molecular pathogenesis of hyperfunctioning parathyroid diseases and the applications of animal models exhibiting hyperparathyroidisms in the aspect of the development of new therapeutics. CONCLUSION PTH-cyclin D1 transgenic mice, with parathyroid-targeted overexpression of cyclin D1 oncogene, not only developed abnormal parathyroid cell proliferation but, notably, also developed biochemical hyperparathyroidism with characteristic abnormalities in bone. The mice exhibit age-dependent development of biochemical hyperparathyroidism, which enables testing of the drug precisely. In addition, the mice develop parathyroid cell hyperplasia, followed by monoclonal expansion, which is observed in refractory SHPT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Imanishi
- Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545 8585, Japan +81 6 6645 3806 ; +81 6 6645 3808 ;
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Hibi Y, Kambe F, Imai T, Ogawa K, Shimizu Y, Shibata M, Kagawa C, Mizuno Y, Ito A, Iwase K. Increased protein kinase A type Iα regulatory subunit expression in parathyroid gland adenomas of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocr J 2013. [PMID: 23197043 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit type Iα (RIα) is a major regulatory subunit that functions as an inhibitor of PKA kinase activity. We have previously demonstrated that elevated RIα expression is associated with diffuse-to-nodular transformation of hyperplasia in parathyroid glands of renal hyperparathyroidism. The aim of the current study was to determine whether or not RIα expression is increased in adenomas of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), because monoclonal proliferation has been demonstrated in both adenomas and nodular hyperplasia. Surgical specimens comprising 22 adenomas and 11 normal glands, obtained from 22 patients with PHPT, were analyzed. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were employed to evaluate RIα expression. PKA activities were determined in several adenomas highly expressing RIα. RIα expression was also separately evaluated in chief and oxyphilic cells using the "Allred score" system. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a proliferation marker, was also immunohistochemically examined. Western blot analysis revealed that 5 out of 8 adenomas highly expressed RIα, compared with normal glands. PKA activity in adenomas was significantly less than in normal glands. Immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated high expression of RIα in 20 out of 22 adenomas. In adenomas, the greater RIα expression and more PCNA positive cells were observed in both chief and oxyphilic cells. The present study suggested that high RIα expression could contribute to monoclonal proliferation of parathyroid cells by impairing the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatsuka Hibi
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan.
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34
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Paik JM, Curhan GC, Taylor EN. Calcium intake and risk of primary hyperparathyroidism in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2012; 345:e6390. [PMID: 23080543 PMCID: PMC3475985 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.e6390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between calcium intake and risk of primary hyperparathyroidism in women. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Nurses' Health Study I, which originally recruited participants from the 11 most populous states in the United States. PARTICIPANTS 58,354 female registered nurses enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study I aged 39-66 years in 1986 and with no history of primary hyperparathyroidism. Calcium intake was assessed every four years using semiquantitative questionnaires on food frequency. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Incident primary hyperparathyroidism, confirmed by medical record review. RESULTS During 22 years of follow-up, we recorded 277 incident cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. Women were divided into five equal groups, according to intake of dietary calcium. After adjusting for age, body mass index, race, and other factors, the relative risk of primary hyperparathyroidism for women in the group with the highest intake of dietary calcium was 0.56 (95% confidence interval 0.37 to 0.86, P=0.009 for trend), compared with the group with the lowest intake. The multivariable relative risk of primary hyperparathyroidism for women taking more than 500 mg/day of calcium supplements compared with no calcium supplements was 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.29 to 0.60, P<0.001 for trend). Analyses restricted to participants with regular physical exams did not significantly change the association between calcium intake and risk of primary hyperparathyroidism. CONCLUSION Increased calcium intake is independently associated with a reduced risk of primary hyperparathyroidism in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Paik
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm affecting 0.5% to 5.0% of all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Since it was first described by De Quervain in 1904 to this day, it continues to defy diagnosis and treatment because of its rarity, overlapping features with benign parathyroid disease, and lack of distinct characteristics. En bloc surgical extirpation of the tumor with clear margins remains the best curative treatment. Although prolonged survival is possible with recurrent or metastatic disease, cure is rarely achievable. Efficacy of adjuvant therapies, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, in management of persistent, recurrent, or metastatic disease has been disappointing.
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Cromer MK, Starker LF, Choi M, Udelsman R, Nelson-Williams C, Lifton RP, Carling T. Identification of somatic mutations in parathyroid tumors using whole-exome sequencing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E1774-81. [PMID: 22740705 PMCID: PMC5393442 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The underlying molecular alterations causing sporadic parathyroid adenomas that drive primary hyperparathyroidism have not been thoroughly defined. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of somatic mutations driving tumor formation and progression in sporadic parathyroid adenoma using whole-exome sequencing. DESIGN Eight matched tumor-constitutional DNA pairs from patients with sporadic parathyroid adenomas underwent whole-exome capture and high-throughput sequencing. Selected genes were analyzed for mutations in an additional 185 parathyroid adenomas. RESULTS Four of eight tumors displayed a frame shift deletion or nonsense mutation in MEN1, which was accompanied by loss of heterozygosity of the remaining wild-type allele. No other mutated genes were shared among the eight tumors. One tumor harbored a Y641N mutation of the histone methyltransferase EZH2 gene, previously linked to myeloid and lymphoid malignancy formation. Targeted sequencing in the additional 185 parathyroid adenomas revealed a high rate of MEN1 mutations (35%). Furthermore, this targeted sequencing identified an additional parathyroid adenoma that contained the identical, somatic EZH2 mutation that was found by exome sequencing. CONCLUSION This study confirms the frequent role of the loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 11 and MEN1 gene alterations in sporadic parathyroid adenomas and implicates a previously unassociated methyltransferase gene, EZH2, in endocrine tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyle Cromer
- Department of Genetics, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Sulaiman L, Nilsson IL, Juhlin CC, Haglund F, Höög A, Larsson C, Hashemi J. Genetic characterization of large parathyroid adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 2012; 19:389-407. [PMID: 22454399 PMCID: PMC3359501 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we genetically characterized parathyroid adenomas with large glandular weights, for which independent observations suggest pronounced clinical manifestations. Large parathyroid adenomas (LPTAs) were defined as the 5% largest sporadic parathyroid adenomas identified among the 590 cases operated in our institution during 2005-2009. The LPTA group showed a higher relative number of male cases and significantly higher levels of total plasma and ionized serum calcium (P<0.001). Further analysis of 21 LPTAs revealed low MIB1 proliferation index (0.1-1.5%), MEN1 mutations in five cases, and one HRPT2 (CDC73) mutation. Total or partial loss of parafibromin expression was observed in ten tumors, two of which also showed loss of APC expression. Using array CGH, we demonstrated recurrent copy number alterations most frequently involving loss in 1p (29%), gain in 5 (38%), and loss in 11q (33%). Totally, 21 minimal overlapping regions were defined for losses in 1p, 7q, 9p, 11, and 15q and gains in 3q, 5, 7p, 8p, 16q, 17p, and 19q. In addition, 12 tumors showed gross alterations of entire or almost entire chromosomes most frequently gain of 5 and loss of chromosome 11. While gain of 5 was the most frequent alteration observed in LPTAs, it was only detected in a small proportion (4/58 cases, 7%) of parathyroid adenomas. A significant positive correlation was observed between parathyroid hormone level and total copy number gain (r=0.48, P=0.031). These results support that LPTAs represent a group of patients with pronounced parathyroid hyperfunction and associated with specific genomic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqman Sulaiman
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM L8:01SE-171 76, StockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Inga-Lena Nilsson
- Endocrine Surgery Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital P9:03SE-171 76, StockholmSweden
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM L8:01SE-171 76, StockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Oncology-PathologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital P1:02SE-171 76, StockholmSweden
| | - Felix Haglund
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM L8:01SE-171 76, StockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Anders Höög
- Department of Oncology-PathologyKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital P1:02SE-171 76, StockholmSweden
| | - Catharina Larsson
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM L8:01SE-171 76, StockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- (Correspondence should be addressed to C Larsson at Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital CMM L8:01; )
| | - Jamileh Hashemi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital CMM L8:01SE-171 76, StockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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Alvelos MI, Mendes M, Soares P. Molecular alterations in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:275802. [PMID: 22567348 PMCID: PMC3335633 DOI: 10.4061/2011/275802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a frequent endocrine disorder
characterized by an excessive autonomous production and release of
parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. This
endocrinopathy may result from the development of a benign lesion
(adenoma or hyperplasia) or from a carcinoma. Most of the PHPT cases
occur sporadically; however, approximately 10% of the patients
present a familial form of the disease. The molecular mechanisms
underlying the pathogenesis of sporadic PHPT are incompletely
understood, even though somatic alterations in MEN1
gene and CCND1 protein overexpression are frequently observed. The
MEN1 gene is mutated in about 30% of the
parathyroid tumours and the protooncogene CCND1 is
implicated in parathyroid neoplasia by rearrangements, leading to an
overexpression of CCND1 protein in parathyroid cells. The aim of this
work is to briefly update the molecular alterations underlying
sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Inês Alvelos
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Role of SPECT and SPECT/CT in the Surgical Treatment of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR IMAGING 2011; 2011:141593. [PMID: 21776381 PMCID: PMC3139123 DOI: 10.1155/2011/141593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in the outpatient population. This condition is usually the result of a single hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland. Targeted parathyroidectomy guided by intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring (IPM) through a small cervical incision has replaced traditional bilateral neck exploration (BNE) as the initial approach in the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism at many medical centers worldwide. Preoperative sestamibi-technetium 99m scintigraphy serves as an important prerequisite for successful targeted parathyroidectomy. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CT fusion, however, is a recent imaging technique that provides a three-dimensional functional image with advanced contrast resolution to greatly improve preoperative localization of parathyroid tumors.
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Yue W, Zhao X, Zhang L, Xu S, Liu Z, Ma L, Jia W, Qian Z, Zhang C, Wang Y, Yang X. Cell cycle protein cyclin Y is associated with human non-small-cell lung cancer proliferation and tumorigenesis. Clin Lung Cancer 2011; 12:43-50. [PMID: 21273179 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2011.n.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of cell cycle protein cyclin Y (CCNY) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not clear. Hence, the aim of this study was to explore the potential role of CCNY in lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used for detecting the expression of CCNY mRNA in 60 samples from patients with NSCLC. The functional role of CCNY in NSCLC cells was evaluated by small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of the protein followed by analysis of cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and xenograft growth. RESULTS CCNY mRNA is overexpressed (N = 60) in samples from patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, CCNY mRNA expression positively correlated with histologic types (squamous cell carcinoma vs. adenocarcinomas; P = .048) and with the tumor size (size > 3 cm vs. size ≤ 3 cm; P = .010) in NSCLC. Functionally, CCNY depletion was shown to inhibit cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in lung cancer cells. Moreover, the proliferation effects were increased when CCNY was overexpressed in lung cancer cells. Finally, CCNY was shown to support H1299 and 95D xenograft growth in nude mice. CONCLUSION We reported for the first time (to the best of our knowledge) that CCNY was overexpressed in samples of NSCLC. CCNY mRNA expression associated with histologic types of NSCLC and promoted the malignant growth of lung cancer cell line in vivo and in vitro. Thus, these results validated the role of CCNY as a clinically relevant human oncoprotein and warrant further investigation of CCNY as a biomarker and a therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Yue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou, Beiing, China.
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Starker LF, Delgado-Verdugo A, Udelsman R, Björklund P, Carling T. Expression and somatic mutations of SDHAF2 (SDH5), a novel endocrine tumor suppressor gene in parathyroid tumors of primary hyperparathyroidism. Endocrine 2010; 38:397-401. [PMID: 20972721 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the SDHAF2 gene and its effect on primary hyperparathyroidism. Parathyroid tumors causing primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) are one of the more common endocrine neoplasias. Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 11q13 is the most common chromosomal aberration in parathyroid tumors occurring in about 40% of sporadic tumors. Only 15-19% display somatic mutations in the MEN1 gene, which suggest that this chromosomal region may harbor additional genes of importance in parathyroid tumor development. The SDHAF2 (formerly SDH5) gene is a recently identified neuroendocrine tumor suppressor gene at this locus, and inherited mutations of the SDHAF2 gene has been linked to familial paraganglioma. We demonstrate that the SDHAF2 gene is expressed in parathyroid tissue using RT-PCR. Because detection of inactivating mutations is the major criterion for validating a candidate tumor suppressor, we used automated sequencing of the coding region and intron/exon boundaries in 80 sporadic parathyroid adenomas from patients with pHPT. A known polymorphisms (A to G substitution; rs879647) was identified in 9/80 parathyroid tumors but no tumor-specific somatic mutational aberrations, such as nonsense, frameshift, or other inactivating mutations were identified. The SDHAF2 gene is expressed in parathyroid tissue. However, somatic mutations of the SDHAF2 tumor suppressor gene are unlikely to frequently contribute to parathyroid tumor development in sporadic pHPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee F Starker
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP202, Box 208062, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Mallya SM, Wu HI, Saria EA, Corrado KR, Arnold A. Tissue-specific regulatory regions of the PTH gene localized by novel chromosome 11 rearrangement breakpoints in a parathyroid adenoma. J Bone Miner Res 2010; 25:2606-12. [PMID: 20641034 PMCID: PMC3119366 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid adenomas can contain clonal rearrangements of chromosome 11 that activate the cyclin D1 oncogene through juxtaposition with the PTH gene. Here we describe such a chromosomal rearrangement whose novel features provide clues to locating elusive cis-regulatory elements in the PTH gene and also expand the physical spectrum of pathogenetic breakpoints in the cyclin D1 gene region. Southern blot analyses of the parathyroid adenoma revealed rearrangement in the PTH gene locus. Analysis of rearranged DNA clones that contained the breakpoint, obtained by screening a tumor genomic library, pinpointed the breakpoint in the PTH locus 3.3 kb upstream of the first exon. Accordingly, highly conserved distal elements of the PTH 5' regulatory region were rearranged at the breakpoint approximately 450 kb upstream of the cyclin D1 oncogene, resulting in overexpression of cyclin D1 mRNA. Thus, PTH-cyclin D1 gene rearrangement breakpoints in parathyroid tumors can be located far from those previously recognized. In addition to expanding the molecular spectrum of pathogenetic chromosomal lesions in this disease, features of this specific rearrangement reinforce the existence of one or more novel cis-enhancer/regulatory elements for PTH gene expression and narrow their location to a 1.7-kb DNA segment in the distal PTH promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay M Mallya
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Worsley SD, Jennings BA, Khalil KH, Mole M, Girling AC. Cyclin D1 amplification and expression in human breast carcinoma: correlation with histological prognostic markers and oestrogen receptor expression. Mol Pathol 2010; 49:M46-50. [PMID: 16696045 PMCID: PMC408018 DOI: 10.1136/mp.49.1.m46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aims-To study the amplification of the Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) in human breast carcinoma; to relate this to Cyclin D1 protein expression; to relate these parameters to recognised pathological prognostic factors, including oestrogen receptor (ER) status.Methods-DNA extracted from frozen sections of breast tumours (n = 36) was used for Southern blotting. Probes for CCND1, c-myc and the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH) were hybridised to tumour DNA. Immunocytochemical expression of Cyclin D1 protein and ER was studied in paraffin wax sections from the same tumours.Results-Amplification of CCND1 was observed in 11% (four of 36) of tumours studied. Over expression of Cyclin D1 protein was observed in 73% (30/41) of tumours. There was no correlation between recognised histological prognostic markers and either gene amplification or expression. However, a weak association was seen between Cyclin D1 expression and ER status.Conclusions-A disparity exists between locus amplification and over expression of Cyclin D1, suggesting the existence of another mechanism for raised protein expression. No significant correlation was detected between either Cyclin D1 amplification or over expression and established prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Worsley
- Molecular Genetics Department, Norfolk and Norwich NHS Healthcare Trust, Brunswick Road, Norwich NR1 3SR
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Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) results from the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone from parathyroid tumours. While most HPT is sporadic, it is associated with a familial syndrome in a minority of cases. The study of these syndromes has helped define the pathophysiology of both familial and sporadic parathyroid neoplasms. Investigation of kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumour syndrome (HPT-JT) led to the discovery of the tumour suppressor genes MEN1 and HRPT2. We now recognise that somatic mutations in MEN1 and HRPT2 tumour suppressor genes are frequent events in sporadic parathyroid adenomas and carcinomas, respectively. Parathyroid tumours in the MEN2A syndrome result from mutational activation of the RET oncogene. The CCND1/PRAD1 oncogene was discovered by analysis of sporadic parathyroid tumours. Studies of familial isolated HPT and analysis of chromosomal loss and gain in parathyroid tumours suggest that other genes relevant to parathyroid neoplasia await identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Sharretts
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10 Room 8C-101, 10 Center Dr. MSC 1752 Bethesda, MD 20892-1752, USA.
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Lew JI, Solorzano CC. Surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism: state of the art. Surg Clin North Am 2009; 89:1205-25. [PMID: 19836493 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the current state of the art regarding therapy for primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical evaluation and indications for parathyroidectomy are described, followed by a review of surgical techniques currently being practiced and possible outcomes involved. Focused parathyroidectomy has become a successful alternative to conventional bilateral cervical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Lew
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Saidak Z, Mentaverri R, Brown EM. The role of the calcium-sensing receptor in the development and progression of cancer. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:178-95. [PMID: 19237714 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is responsive to changes in the extracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(o)) concentration. It is a member of the largest family of cell surface receptors, the G protein-coupled receptors, and it has been shown to be involved in Ca(2+)(o) homeostasis. Apart from its primary role in Ca(2+)(o) homeostasis, the CaR may be involved in phenomena that allow for the development of many types of benign or malignant tumors, from parathyroid adenomas to breast, prostate, and colon cancers. For example, whereas the CaR is expressed in both normal and malignant breast tissue, increased CaR levels have been reported in highly metastatic primary breast cancer cells and breast cancer cell lines, possibly contributing to their malignancy and associated alterations in their biological properties. In these settings the CaR exhibits oncogenic properties. Enhanced CaR expression and altered proliferation of prostate cancer cells in response to increased Ca(2+)(o) have also been described. In contrast, colon and parathyroid cancers often present with reduced or absent CaR expression, and activation of this receptor decreases cell proliferation, suggesting a role for the CaR as a tumor suppressor gene. Thus, the CaR may play an important role in the development of many types of neoplasia. Herein, we review the role of the CaR in various benign and malignant tumors in further detail, describing its contribution to parathyroid tumors, breast, prostate, and colon cancers, and we evaluate how pharmacological manipulations of this receptor may be of interest for the treatment of certain cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Saidak
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ERI-12, 1, Amiens, France.
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Catalano S, Giordano C, Rizza P, Gu G, Barone I, Bonofiglio D, Giordano F, Malivindi R, Gaccione D, Lanzino M, De Amicis F, Andò S. Evidence that leptin through STAT and CREB signaling enhances cyclin D1 expression and promotes human endometrial cancer proliferation. J Cell Physiol 2009; 218:490-500. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
In the past 50 years, we have witnessed explosive growth in the understanding of normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells. B-cell, T-cell, and natural killer (NK)-cell neoplasms in many respects recapitulate normal stages of lymphoid cell differentiation and function, so that they can be to some extent classified according to the corresponding normal stage. Likewise, the molecular mechanisms involved the pathogenesis of lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias are often based on the physiology of the lymphoid cells, capitalizing on deregulated normal physiology by harnessing the promoters of genes essential for lymphocyte function. The clinical manifestations of lymphomas likewise reflect the normal function of lymphoid cells in vivo. The multiparameter approach to classification adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification has been validated in international studies as being highly reproducible, and enhancing the interpretation of clinical and translational studies. In addition, accurate and precise classification of disease entities facilitates the discovery of the molecular basis of lymphoid neoplasms in the basic science laboratory.
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Yi Y, Nowak NJ, Pacchia AL, Morrison C. Chromosome 11 genomic changes in parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia: array CGH, FISH, and tissue microarrays. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:639-48. [PMID: 18398822 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used a combination of gene expression profiling, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and tissue microarrays (TMAs) to investigate chromosome 11 genetic changes in subsets of benign parathyroid tumors. Integration of gene expression profiling and aCGH was done using differential gene locus mapping analysis. We have identified three distinct relatively common chromosome 11 genomic changes in various subsets of parathyroid tumors. The simplest and least common of these genomic changes involves translocation of the CCND1 gene with subsequent strong CCND1 expression. This genetic change is essentially limited to parathyroid adenomas (8%), although expression of CCND1 without translocation is common in uremic hyperparathyroidism. Not surprisingly, deletion of the MEN1 locus at 11q13 or loss of a large portion or an entire chromosome 11 was a common finding. This particular genomic change appears to have a prominent effect on the overall results of gene expression profiling and was present in slightly less than one-half of adenomas. Genomic changes in primary nonfamilial hyperplasia were for the most part restricted to 11q13 deletion or loss of chromosome 11. The third genomic change we identified was 11q23 deletion. This genetic change was relatively independent of other chromosome 11 changes and present in slightly less than one-half of adenomas. 11q23 deletion along with relatively strong CCND1 expression was common in uremic hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yi
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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