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Crouse B, Baehr C, Hicks D, Pravetoni M. IL-4 Predicts the Efficacy of a Candidate Antioxycodone Vaccine and Alters Vaccine-Specific Antibody-Secreting Cell Proliferation in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:1272-1280. [PMID: 36939374 PMCID: PMC11321710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Opioid use disorders (OUDs) are a public health concern in the United States and worldwide. Current medications for OUDs may trigger side effects and are often heavily regulated. A novel treatment strategy to be used alone or in combination with existing medications is active immunization with antiopioid vaccines, which stimulate production of opioid-specific Abs that bind to the target drug and prevent its distribution to the brain. Although antiopioid vaccines have shown promising preclinical efficacy, prior clinical evaluations of vaccines targeting stimulants indicate that efficacy is limited to a subset of subjects who achieve optimal Ab responses. We have previously reported that depletion of IL-4 with a mAb increased opioid-specific IgG2a and total IgG, and it increased the number of germinal centers and germinal center T follicular helper cells in response to antiopioid vaccines via type I IL-4 signaling. The current study further investigates the mechanisms associated with IL-4-mediated increases in efficacy and whether IL-4 depletion affects specific processes involved in germinal center formation, including affinity maturation, class switching, and plasma cell differentiation in mice. Additionally, results demonstrate that preimmunization production of IL-4 after ex vivo whole blood stimulation predicted in vivo vaccine-induced Ab titers in outbred mice. Such mechanistic studies are critical for rational design of next-generation vaccine formulations, and they support the use of IL-4 as a predictive biomarker in ongoing OUD vaccine clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Crouse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- School of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Carly Baehr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Dustin Hicks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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2
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Mountz JD, Gao M, Ponder DM, Liu S, Sun CW, Alduraibi F, Sullivan K, Pat B, Dell'Italia LJ, Hsu HC. IL-4 receptor blockade is a global repressor of naïve B cell development and responses in a dupilumab-treated patient. Clin Immunol 2022; 244:109130. [PMID: 36189576 PMCID: PMC9741950 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a case of atopic dermatitis (AD) in a patient who received biweekly doses of dupilumab, an antibody against the IL-4 receptor α chain (IL-4Rα). Single cell RNA-sequencing showed that naïve B cells expressed the highest levels of IL4R compared to other B cell subpopulations. Compared to controls, the dupilumab-treated patient exhibited diminished percentages of IL4R+IGHD+ naïve B cells and down-regulation of IL4R, FCER2 (CD23), and IGHD. Dupilumab treatment resulted in upregulation of genes associated with apoptosis and inhibition of B cell receptor signaling and down-regulation of class-switch and memory B cell development genes. The dupilumab-treated patient exhibited a rapid decline in COVID-19 anti-spike and anti-receptor binding domain antibodies between 4 and 8 and 11 months post COVID-19 vaccination. Our data suggest that intact and persistent IL-4 signaling is necessary for maintaining robust survival and development of naïve B cells, and maintaining a long term vaccine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Mountz
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Min Gao
- Informatics Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - David M Ponder
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Shanrun Liu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Chiao-Wang Sun
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Fatima Alduraibi
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Kathryn Sullivan
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Betty Pat
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
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3
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Uddin MB, Sajib EH, Hoque SF, Hassan MM, Ahmed SSU. Macrophages in respiratory system. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN MICROBIAL DIVERSITY 2022:299-333. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822368-0.00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Gartlan C, Tipton T, Salguero FJ, Sattentau Q, Gorringe A, Carroll MW. Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Disease and Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:882972. [PMID: 35444667 PMCID: PMC9014240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.882972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) is a difficult phenomenon to define and can be confused with vaccine failure. Using studies on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination and dengue virus infection, we highlight known and theoretical mechanisms of VAED, including antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), antibody-enhanced disease (AED) and Th2-mediated pathology. We also critically review the literature surrounding this phenomenon in pathogenic human coronaviruses, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. Poor quality histopathological data and a lack of consistency in defining severe pathology and VAED in preclinical studies of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines in particular make it difficult to interrogate potential cases of VAED. Fortuitously, there have been only few reports of mild VAED in SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in preclinical models and no observations in their clinical use. We describe the problem areas and discuss methods to improve the characterisation of VAED in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian Gartlan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Gorringe
- Research and Evaluation, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Ochayon DE, Waggoner SN. The Effect of Unconventional Cytokine Combinations on NK-Cell Responses to Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645850. [PMID: 33815404 PMCID: PMC8017335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble and membrane-bound factors that dictate immune responses. Dogmatically, cytokines are divided into families that promote type 1 cell-mediated immune responses (e.g., IL-12) or type 2 humoral responses (e.g., IL-4), each capable of antagonizing the opposing family of cytokines. The discovery of additional families of cytokines (e.g., IL-17) has added complexity to this model, but it was the realization that immune responses frequently comprise mixtures of different types of cytokines that dismantled this black-and-white paradigm. In some cases, one type of response may dominate these mixed milieus in disease pathogenesis and thereby present a clear therapeutic target. Alternatively, synergistic or blended cytokine responses may obfuscate the origins of disease and perplex clinical decision making. Most immune cells express receptors for many types of cytokines and can mediate a myriad of functions important for tolerance, immunity, tissue damage, and repair. In this review, we will describe the unconventional effects of a variety of cytokines on the activity of a prototypical type 1 effector, the natural killer (NK) cell, and discuss how this may impact the contributions of these cells to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Ochayon
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stephen N. Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Shilovskiy IP, Yumashev KV, Nikolsky AA, Vishnyakova LI, Khaitov MR. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection: Using Murine Models to Understand Human Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:290-306. [PMID: 33838630 PMCID: PMC7957450 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pathology of the lower respiratory tract in infants, immunocompromised people, and elderly. Despite decades of research, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV, and many therapeutic drugs are still under development. Detailed understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV infection pathology can accelerate the development of efficacious treatment. Current studies on the RSV pathogenesis are based on the analysis of biopsies from the infected patients; however deeper understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV pathology could be achieved using animal models. Mice are the most often used model for RSV infection because they exhibit manifestations similar to those observed in humans (bronchial obstruction, mucous hypersecretion, and pulmonary inflammation mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils). Additionally, the use of mice is economically feasible, and many molecular tools are available for studying RSV infection pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. This review summarizes new data on the pathogenesis of RSV infection obtained in mouse models, which demonstrated the role of T cells in both the antiviral defense and the development of lung immunopathology. T cells not only eliminate the infected cells, but also produce significant amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Recently, a new subset of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) was identified that provide a strong antiviral defense without induction of lung immunopathology. These cells accumulate in the lungs after local rather than systemic administration of RSV antigens, which suggests new approaches to vaccination. The studies in mouse models have revealed a minor role of interferons in the anti-RSV protection, as RSV possesses mechanisms to escape the antiviral action of type I and III interferons, which may explain the low efficacy of interferon-containing drugs. Using knockout mice, a significant breakthrough has been achieved in understanding the role of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung immunopathology. It was found that in addition to TNFα and IFNγ, the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-33, and TSLP mediate the major manifestations of the RSV pathogenesis, such as bronchial obstruction, mucus hyperproduction, and lung infiltration by pro-inflammatory cells, while IL-6, IL-10, and IL-27 exhibit the anti-inflammatory effect. Despite significant differences between the mouse and human immune systems, mouse models have made a significant contribution to the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the pathology of human RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Shilovskiy
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia.
| | - Kirill V Yumashev
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Nikolsky
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Liudmila I Vishnyakova
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
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7
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Eichinger KM, Kosanovich JL, Lipp M, Empey KM, Petrovsky N. Strategies for active and passive pediatric RSV immunization. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2021; 9:2515135520981516. [PMID: 33623860 PMCID: PMC7879001 DOI: 10.1177/2515135520981516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children worldwide, with the most severe disease occurring in very young infants. Despite half a century of research there still are no licensed RSV vaccines. Difficulties in RSV vaccine development stem from a number of factors, including: (a) a very short time frame between birth and first RSV exposure; (b) interfering effects of maternal antibodies; and (c) differentially regulated immune responses in infants causing a marked T helper 2 (Th2) immune bias. This review seeks to provide an age-specific understanding of RSV immunity critical to the development of a successful pediatric RSV vaccine. Historical and future approaches to the prevention of infant RSV are reviewed, including passive protection using monoclonal antibodies or maternal immunization strategies versus active infant immunization using pre-fusion forms of RSV F protein antigens formulated with novel adjuvants such as Advax that avoid excess Th2 immune polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Eichinger
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jessica L. Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madeline Lipp
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia and Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, SA 5046, Australia
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8
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Crouse B, Robinson C, Huseby Kelcher A, Laudenbach M, Abrahante JE, Pravetoni M. Mechanisms of interleukin 4 mediated increase in efficacy of vaccines against opioid use disorders. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:99. [PMID: 33101712 PMCID: PMC7578047 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorders (OUD) affect over 27 million people worldwide. Anti-opioid vaccines offer a promising strategy to treat OUD and prevent overdose. Using immunomodulation of cytokine signaling to increase vaccine efficacy, this study found that blocking IL-4 improved the efficacy of vaccines targeting oxycodone and fentanyl in male and female mice. Genetic deletion of the IL-4 receptor, STAT6, or antibody-based depletion of IL-13, did not increase vaccine efficacy against opioids, suggesting the involvement of type I IL-4 receptors. Enhancement of vaccine efficacy with blockade of IL-4 was associated with improved germinal center formation in secondary lymphoid organs and selective transcriptome signatures in the activated CD4+ T cell population subset. These data suggest that IL-4 is both a pharmacological target and a potential biomarker of vaccine efficacy against OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Crouse
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55455 USA
| | - Christine Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - April Huseby Kelcher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Megan Laudenbach
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55404 USA
| | - Juan E Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Marco Pravetoni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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9
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Stephens LM, Varga SM. Function and Modulation of Type I Interferons during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020177. [PMID: 32290326 PMCID: PMC7349809 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory infections in infants and young children, accounting for an estimated 3 million hospitalizations annually worldwide. Despite the major health burden, there is currently no licensed RSV vaccine. RSV is recognized by a range of cellular receptors including both toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RIG-I). This interaction initiates signaling through mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) proteins, resulting in the induction of type I interferons (IFN). Early viral control is mediated by either IFN-α or IFN-β signaling through the IFN receptor (IFNAR), inducing the production of antiviral interferon-stimulating genes (ISGs). Type I IFNs also initiate the early production of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IFN-γ. Type I IFN levels correlate with age, and inadequate production may be a critical factor in facilitating the increased RSV disease severity observed in infants. Here, we review the current literature on the function of type I IFNs in RSV pathogenesis, as well as their involvement in the differential immune responses observed in infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Stephens
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-319-335-7784
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10
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Salahi Z, Yadegari MH, Bagheri M, Khani MH, Zahmatkesh A, Khaki P. The effect of cytoplasmic crude extracts of Trichophyton verrucosum on cell mediated immunity. J Mycol Med 2020; 30:100969. [PMID: 32334947 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2020.100969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trichophyton verrucosum is a slow growing dermatophyte responsible for a number of skin diseases such as ringworm, and is characterized by patches of hair loss and thick crusts on the host skin in domestic animals. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of crude extract of Trichophyton verrucosum (TV)cytoplasm in a mouse model. METHODS The TV variate was cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and the mycelium was grinded by mechanical force. The purified protein was obtained from crude extract of the fungus, and protein concentration was measured by BradFord assay. Six to eight week-female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups: test group, receiving cytoplasmic crude extract plus defibrinated sheep blood; control group, receiving defibrinated sheep blood; and normal group, receiving normal saline. Injections were performed on days 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 and the mice were sacrificed four days after the last injection. T lymphocyte metabolic activity was examined by methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and also interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFNγ) levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS MTT assay showed that the TV extract stimulated lymphocyte metabolic activity. ELISA results showed that despite increase in the level of IFNγ, no changes were observed in IL-4 level. CONCLUSIONS Results indicated that crude extract of TV cytoplasm may probably act as an immune modulator, which affects Th1 responses. The TV crude extract may be an appropriate agent to induce cellular immunity for combating dermatophytosis infection in animals; and therefore, TV extract may have some potential applications in vaccine/adjuvant technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Salahi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - M-H Yadegari
- Department of Medical Mycology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modaress University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Bagheri
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - M-H Khani
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - A Zahmatkesh
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - P Khaki
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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11
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Wójtowicz A, Bibert S, Taffé P, Bernasconi E, Furrer H, Günthard HF, Hoffmann M, Osthoff M, Cavassini M, Bochud PY. IL-4 polymorphism influences susceptibility to Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-positive patients. AIDS 2019; 33:1719-1727. [PMID: 31225812 PMCID: PMC6686957 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive patients. Polymorphisms in immune genes are increasingly reported to influence susceptibility to fungal infections. We analysed the role of 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 19 candidate genes on PJP development in patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. DESIGN AND METHODS The analysis included patients with a nadir CD4 T-cell count less than 200 cells/μl, divided into a discovery (N = 1645) and a replication (N = 1861) cohort. The associations were analysed by using cumulative incidence curves as well as competing risk regression over 18 years, starting from the estimated date of HIV infection, considering death a competing risk, with censoring at lost follow-up, and assuming the dominant mode of inheritance. RESULTS The minor allele of rs2243250 in IL-4 was associated with the risk of PJP in the discovery cohort (cumulative incidence 0.18 versus 0.12, P = 0.002). This association was replicated in the validation cohort (0.16 versus 0.12, P = 0.02). It was still significant in multivariate models, adjusted for HIV transmission mode, viral load, CD4 T cells slope, age, antiretroviral therapy, tobacco smoking, hepatitis C virus coinfection, year of cohort entry and PJP prophylaxis (global subhazard ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.17-1.73, P = 0.0004). CONCLUSION Our data suggest rs2243250, a single nucleotide polymorphism known to influence IL-4 production, is associated with susceptibility to PJP in HIV-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Taffé
- Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Regional Hospital of Lugano, Lugano
| | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zürich and University of Zürich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, St.Gallen
| | - Michael Osthoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology and Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Emam AA, Shehab MMM, Allah MAN, Elkoumi MA, Abdelaal NM, Mosabah AAA, Zakaria MT, Sherif AM, Soliman MM, El-Kaffas RMH, Abouzeid H, Abdou MA, Abdalmonem N, Abdelbaset HR, Mohamed SA, Soliman AA, Elashkar SSA, Hegab MS, Khalil AM, Abdel-Aziz A, Anany HG, Salah HE, Abdou AM, Elshehawy NA, Elbasyouni HAA, Hafez SFM, Abo-Alella DA, Fawzi MM, Morsi SS. Interleukin-4 -590C/T gene polymorphism in Egyptian children with acute lower respiratory infection: A multicenter study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54:297-302. [PMID: 30614212 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) is the leading cause of child mortality, especially in the developing world. Polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene have been linked to a variety of human diseases. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the IL-4 -590C/T (rs2243250) polymorphism could be a genetic marker for susceptibility to ALRIs in young Egyptian children. METHODS This was a multicenter study conducted on 480 children diagnosed with pneumonia or bronchiolitis, and 480 well-matched healthy control children. Using PCR-RFLP analysis, we genotyped a -590C/T (rs2243250) single nucleotide polymorphism of the IL-4 gene promoter, meanwhile the serum IL-4concentration was measured by ELISA. RESULTS The frequency of the IL-4 -590 T/T genotype and T allele were overrepresented in patients with ALRIs in comparison to the control group (OR = 2.0; [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-2.96]; for the T/T genotype) and (OR: 1.3; [95%CI: 1.07-1.56]; for the T allele; P < 0.01). The IL-4 -590 T/T genotype was associated with significantly higher mean serum IL-4 concentration (58.7 ± 13.4 pg/mL) compared to the C/T genotype (47.6 ± 11 pg/mL) and the C/C genotype (34.8 ± 9.6 pg/mL); P < 0.01. CONCLUSION The IL-4 -590C/T (rs2243250) polymorphism may contribute to susceptibility to ALRIs in young Egyptian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Emam
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M M Shehab
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mayy A N Allah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Elkoumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | | - Amira A A Mosabah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mervat T Zakaria
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Sherif
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | | | - Heba Abouzeid
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A Abdou
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Nermin Abdalmonem
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Heba R Abdelbaset
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Banha University, Egypt
| | - Soma A Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, Al Azhar Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Attia A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed S Hegab
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Atef M Khalil
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Alsayed Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Heba G Anany
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Hossam E Salah
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Adel M Abdou
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Al Azhar Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hany A A Elbasyouni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Sahbaa F M Hafez
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Abo-Alella
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Maggie M Fawzi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Samar S Morsi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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13
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Schmidt ME, Varga SM. Cytokines and CD8 T cell immunity during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Cytokine 2018; 133:154481. [PMID: 30031680 PMCID: PMC6551303 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization in infants. In spite of the enormous clinical burden caused by RSV infections, there remains no efficacious RSV vaccine. CD8 T cells mediate viral clearance as well as provide protection against a secondary RSV infection. However, RSV-specific CD8 T cells may also induce immunopathology leading to exacerbated morbidity and mortality. Many of the crucial functions performed by CD8 T cells are mediated by the cytokines they produce. IFN-γ and TNF are produced by CD8 T cells following RSV infection and contribute to both the acceleration of viral clearance and the induction of immunopathology. To prevent immunopathology, regulatory mechanisms are in place within the immune system to inhibit CD8 T cell effector functions after the infection has been cleared. The actions of a variety of cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-4, play a critical role in the regulation of CD8 T cell effector activity. Herein, we review the current literature on CD8 T cell responses and the functions of the cytokines they produce following RSV infection. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of CD8 T cell activation and effector functions through the actions of various cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Schmidt
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven M Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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14
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Wang X, Yang J, Xing Z, Zhang H, Wen Y, Qi F, Zuo Z, Xu J, Yao Z. IL-4 mediates the delayed neurobehavioral impairments induced by neonatal hepatitis B vaccination that involves the down-regulation of the IL-4 receptor in the hippocampus. Cytokine 2018; 110:137-149. [PMID: 29751176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have previously verified that neonatal hepatitis B vaccination induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and behavior impairments in mice. However, the exact mechanism of these effects remain unclear. In this study, we observed that neonatal hepatitis B vaccination induced an anti-inflammatory cytokine response lasting for 4-5 weeks in both the serum and the hippocampus, primarily indicated by elevated IL-4 levels. Three weeks after the vaccination schedule, however, hepatitis B vaccine (HBV)-mice showed delayed hippocampal neuroinflammation. In periphery, IL-4 is the major cytokine induced by this vaccine. Correlation analyses showed a positive relationship in the IL-4 levels between serum and hippocampus in HBV-mice. Thus, we investigated whether neonatal over-exposure to systemic IL-4 influences brain and behavior. We observed that mice injected intraperitoneally with recombinant mouse IL-4 (mIL-4) during early life had similar neuroinflammation and cognition impairment similar to those induced by neonatal hepatitis B vaccination. Next, the mechanism underlying the effects of IL-4 on brain in mice was explored using a series of experiments. In brief, these experiments showed that IL-4 mediates the delayed neurobehavioral impairments induced by neonatal hepatitis B vaccination, which involves the permeability of neonatal blood-brain barrier and the down-regulation of IL-4 receptor. This finding suggests that clinical events concerning neonatal IL-4 over-exposure, including neonatal hepatitis B vaccination and allergic asthma in human infants, may have adverse implications for brain development and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Xing
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Yaru Wen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Fangfang Qi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Zejie Zuo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Zhibin Yao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China.
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Muralidharan A, Li C, Wang L, Li X. Immunopathogenesis associated with formaldehyde-inactivated RSV vaccine in preclinical and clinical studies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:351-360. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1260452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abenaya Muralidharan
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Changgui Li
- Department of Viral Vaccine III, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Agrawal AS, Tao X, Algaissi A, Garron T, Narayanan K, Peng BH, Couch RB, Tseng CTK. Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016. [PMID: 27269431 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.11776881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine if a hypersensitive-type lung pathology might occur when mice were given an inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine and challenged with infectious virus as was seen with SARS-CoV vaccines, we prepared and vaccinated mice with an inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine. Neutralizing antibody was induced by vaccine with and without adjuvant and lung virus was reduced in vaccinated mice after challenge. Lung mononuclear infiltrates occurred in all groups after virus challenge but with increased infiltrates that contained eosinophils and increases in the eosinophil promoting IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines only in the vaccine groups. Inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine appears to carry a hypersensitive-type lung pathology risk from MERS-CoV infection that is similar to that found with inactivated SARS-CoV vaccines from SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurodh Shankar Agrawal
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Xinrong Tao
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
- e Department of Medical Laboratories Technology , College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University , Jazan , Saudi Arabia
| | - Tania Garron
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Krishna Narayanan
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- b Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Robert B Couch
- c Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
- d Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
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17
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Agrawal AS, Tao X, Algaissi A, Garron T, Narayanan K, Peng BH, Couch RB, Tseng CTK. Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2351-6. [PMID: 27269431 PMCID: PMC5027702 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1177688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine if a hypersensitive-type lung pathology might occur when mice were given an inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine and challenged with infectious virus as was seen with SARS-CoV vaccines, we prepared and vaccinated mice with an inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine. Neutralizing antibody was induced by vaccine with and without adjuvant and lung virus was reduced in vaccinated mice after challenge. Lung mononuclear infiltrates occurred in all groups after virus challenge but with increased infiltrates that contained eosinophils and increases in the eosinophil promoting IL-5 and IL-13 cytokines only in the vaccine groups. Inactivated MERS-CoV vaccine appears to carry a hypersensitive-type lung pathology risk from MERS-CoV infection that is similar to that found with inactivated SARS-CoV vaccines from SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurodh Shankar Agrawal
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Xinrong Tao
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Abdullah Algaissi
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA.,e Department of Medical Laboratories Technology , College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University , Jazan , Saudi Arabia
| | - Tania Garron
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Krishna Narayanan
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- b Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Robert B Couch
- c Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- a Departments of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA.,d Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
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18
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Acosta PL, Caballero MT, Polack FP. Brief History and Characterization of Enhanced Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 23:189-95. [PMID: 26677198 PMCID: PMC4783420 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00609-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In 1967, infants and toddlers immunized with a formalin-inactivated vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) experienced an enhanced form of RSV disease characterized by high fever, bronchopneumonia, and wheezing when they became infected with wild-type virus in the community. Hospitalizations were frequent, and two immunized toddlers died upon infection with wild-type RSV. The enhanced disease was initially characterized as a "peribronchiolar monocytic infiltration with some excess in eosinophils." Decades of research defined enhanced RSV disease (ERD) as the result of immunization with antigens not processed in the cytoplasm, resulting in a nonprotective antibody response and CD4(+) T helper priming in the absence of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This response to vaccination led to a pathogenic Th2 memory response with eosinophil and immune complex deposition in the lungs after RSV infection. In recent years, the field of RSV experienced significant changes. Numerous vaccine candidates with novel designs and formulations are approaching clinical trials, defying our previous understanding of favorable parameters for ERD. This review provides a succinct analysis of these parameters and explores criteria for assessing the risk of ERD in new vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio L Acosta
- Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Fernando P Polack
- Fundacion INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Alum Adjuvant Enhances Protection against Respiratory Syncytial Virus but Exacerbates Pulmonary Inflammation by Modulating Multiple Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139916. [PMID: 26468884 PMCID: PMC4607166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is well-known for inducing vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination of young children with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) in alum formulation. Here, we investigated alum adjuvant effects on protection and disease after FI-RSV immunization with or without alum in comparison with live RSV reinfections. Despite viral clearance, live RSV reinfections caused weight loss and substantial pulmonary inflammation probably due to high levels of RSV specific IFN-γ+IL4-, IFN-γ-TNF-α+, IFN-γ+TNF-α- effector CD4 and CD8 T cells. Alum adjuvant significantly improved protection as evidenced by effective viral clearance compared to unadjuvanted FI-RSV. However, in contrast to unadjuvanted FI-RSV, alum-adjuvanted FI-RSV (FI-RSV-A) induced severe vaccine-enhanced RSV disease including weight loss, eosinophilia, and lung histopathology. Alum adjuvant in the FI-RSV-A was found to be mainly responsible for inducing high levels of RSV-specific IFN-γ-IL4+, IFN-γ-TNF-α+ CD4+ T cells, and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-4 as well as B220+ plasmacytoid and CD4+ dendritic cells, and inhibiting the induction of IFN-γ+CD8 T cells. This study suggests that alum adjuvant in FI-RSV vaccines increases immunogenicity and viral clearance but also induces atypical T helper CD4+ T cells and multiple inflammatory dendritic cell subsets responsible for vaccine-enhanced severe RSV disease.
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20
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Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Containing the F Protein of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Confers Protection without Pulmonary Disease by Modulating Specific Subsets of Dendritic Cells and Effector T Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:11692-705. [PMID: 26355098 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02018-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is no licensed vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) since the failure of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) due to its vaccine-enhanced disease. We investigated immune correlates conferring protection without causing disease after intranasal immunization with virus-like particle vaccine containing the RSV fusion protein (F VLP) in comparison to FI-RSV and live RSV. Upon RSV challenge, FI-RSV immune mice showed severe weight loss, eosinophilia, and histopathology, and RSV reinfection also caused substantial RSV disease despite their viral clearance. In contrast, F VLP immune mice showed least weight loss and no sign of histopathology and eosinophilia. High levels of interleukin-4-positive (IL-4(+)) and tumor necrosis factor alpha-positive (TNF-α(+)) CD4(+) T cells were found in FI-RSV immune mice, whereas gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ(+)) and TNF-α(+) CD4(+) T cells were predominantly detected in live RSV-infected mice. More importantly, in contrast to FI-RSV and live RSV that induced higher levels of CD11b(+) dendritic cells, F VLP immunization induced CD8α(+) and CD103(+) dendritic cells, as well as F-specific IFN-γ(+) and TNF-α(+) CD8(+) T cells. These results suggest that F VLP can induce protection without causing pulmonary RSV disease by inducing RSV neutralizing antibodies, as well as modulating specific subsets of dendritic cells and CD8 T cell immunity. IMPORTANCE It has been a difficult challenge to develop an effective and safe vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a leading cause of respiratory disease. Immune correlates conferring protection but preventing vaccine-enhanced disease remain poorly understood. RSV F virus-like particle (VLP) would be an efficient vaccine platform conferring protection. Here, we investigated the protective immune correlates without causing disease after intranasal immunization with RSV F VLP in comparison to FI-RSV and live RSV. In addition to inducing RSV neutralizing antibodies responsible for clearing lung viral loads, we show that modulation of specific subsets of dendritic cells and CD8 T cells producing T helper type 1 cytokines are important immune correlates conferring protection but not causing vaccine-enhanced disease.
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21
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Lee JS, Cho MK, Hwang HS, Ko EJ, Lee YN, Kwon YM, Kim MC, Kim KH, Lee YT, Jung YJ, Kang SM. Ginseng diminishes lung disease in mice immunized with formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus after challenge by modulating host immune responses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 34:902-14. [PMID: 25051168 PMCID: PMC4217040 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) immunization is known to cause severe pulmonary inflammatory disease after subsequent RSV infection. Ginseng has been used in humans for thousands of years due to its potential health benefits. We investigated whether ginseng would have immune modulating effects on RSV infection in mice previously immunized with FI-RSV. Oral administration of mice with ginseng increased IgG2a isotype antibody responses to FI-RSV immunization, indicating T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses. Ginseng-treated mice that were nonimmunized or previously immunized with FI-RSV showed improved protection against RSV challenge compared with control mice without ginseng treatment. Ginseng-mediated improved clinical outcomes after live RSV infection were evidenced by diminished weight losses, decreased interleukin-4 cytokine production but increased interferon-γ production, modulation of CD3 T-cell populations toward a Th1 response, and reduced inflammatory response. Ginseng-mediated protective host immune modulation against RSV pulmonary inflammation was observed in different strains of wild-type and mutant mice. These results indicate that ginseng can modulate host immune responses to FI-RSV immunization and RSV infection, resulting in protective effects against pulmonary inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Lee
- 1 Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University , Atlanta, Georgia
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Wang J, Li F, Sun R, Gao X, Wei H, Tian Z. Klebsiella pneumoniae alleviates influenza-induced acute lung injury via limiting NK cell expansion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1133-41. [PMID: 24951819 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A protective effect induced by bacterial preinfection upon a subsequent lethal influenza virus infection has been observed, but the underlying immune mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we used a mouse model of Klebsiella pneumoniae preinfection to gain insight into how bacterial preinfection influences the subsequent lethal influenza virus infection. We found that K. pneumoniae preinfection significantly attenuated lung immune injury and decreased mortality during influenza virus infection, but K. pneumoniae-specific immunity was not involved in this cross-protection against influenza virus. K. pneumoniae preinfection limited NK cell expansion, which was involved in influenza-induced immune injury and death. Furthermore, K. pneumoniae preinfection could not control NK cell expansion and death during influenza virus infection in Rag1(-/-) mice, but adoptive transfer of T cells from wild-type mice was able to restore this protective effect. Our data suggest that the adaptive immune response activated by bacterial infection limits the excessive innate immune response induced by a subsequent influenza infection, ultimately protecting mice from death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Fengqi Li
- Institute of Immunology and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China; and
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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23
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Srinivasa BT, Fixman ED, Ward BJ. Inhibition of STAT6 during vaccination with formalin-inactivated RSV prevents induction of Th2-cell-biased airway disease. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2349-59. [PMID: 24796717 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of immune response to a vaccine antigen can influence both efficacy and adverse events. Th2-cell-deviated responses have been implicated in both human and murine susceptibility to enhanced disease following formalin-inactivated (FI) vaccines for measles and RSV. In this study, we used the Th2-cell-deviated murine model of FI-RSV vaccination to test the ability of a dominant negative, cell-penetrating peptide inhibitor of STAT6 (STAT6 inhibitory peptide (IP)) to modulate the vaccine-induced predisposition to exaggerated inflammation during later RSV infection. Intranasal delivery of STAT6-IP in BALB/c mice at the time of distal intramuscular FI-RSV vaccination (Early Intervention) markedly decreased vaccine-enhanced, Th2-cell-dependent pathology upon subsequent RSV challenge. Administration of the STAT6-IP at the time of RSV challenge (Late Intervention) had no effect. Following RSV challenge, the STAT6-IP-treated mice in the Early Intervention group had lower airway eosinophils, increased lung IFN-γ levels, as well as increased IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in the lungs. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of targeting intracellular signaling pathways as a new way to modulate vaccine-induced responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat T Srinivasa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Jorquera PA, Oakley KE, Tripp RA. Advances in and the potential of vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 7:411-27. [PMID: 23964629 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2013.814409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of serious lower respiratory track illness causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in infants and the elderly. Despite decades of research there is no licensed RSV vaccine. To enable the development of RSV vaccines, several major obstacles must be overcome including immature and waning immunity to RSV infection, the capacity of RSV to evade immunity and the failure of RSV infection to induce robust enduring immunity. Since the failure of the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine trial, more cautious and deliberate progress has been made toward RSV vaccine development using a variety of experimental approaches. The scientific rational and the state of development of these approaches are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Animal Health Research Center, 111 Carlton Street, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Influence of Hydration Status on Changes in Plasma Cortisol, Leukocytes, and Antigen-Stimulated Cytokine Production by Whole Blood Culture following Prolonged Exercise. ISRN NUTRITION 2014; 2014:561401. [PMID: 24967270 PMCID: PMC4045312 DOI: 10.1155/2014/561401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated antigen-stimulated anti-inflammatory cytokine production appears to be a risk factor for upper respiratory tract illness in athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged exercise and hydration on antigen-stimulated cytokine production. Twelve healthy males cycled for 120 min at 60% V˙O2max on two occasions, either euhydrated or moderately hypohydrated (induced by fluid restriction for 24 h). Blood samples were collected before and after exercise and following 2 h recovery for determination of cell counts, plasma cortisol, and in vitro antigen-stimulated cytokine production by whole blood culture. Fluid restriction resulted in mean body mass loss of 1.3% and 3.9% before and after exercise, respectively. Exercise elicited a significant leukocytosis and elevated plasma cortisol, with no differences between trials. IL-6 production was significantly reduced 2 h postexercise (P < 0.05), while IL-10 production was elevated postexercise (P < 0.05). IFN-γ and IL-2 production tended to decrease postexercise. No significant effect of hydration status was observed for the measured variables. Prolonged exercise appears to result in augmented anti-inflammatory cytokine release in response to antigen challenge, possibly coupled with acute suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production, corresponding with studies using mitogen or endotoxin as stimulant. Moderate hypohydration does not appear to influence these changes.
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Haijema BJ, Leenhouts K. Bacterium-like particles for efficient immune stimulation of existing vaccines and new subunit vaccines in mucosal applications. Front Immunol 2013; 4:282. [PMID: 24062748 PMCID: PMC3775300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful development of a mucosal vaccine depends critically on the use of a safe and effective immunostimulant and/or carrier system. This review describes the effectiveness and mode of action of an immunostimulating particle, derived from bacteria, used in mucosal subunit vaccines. The non-living particles, designated bacterium-like particles are based on the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. The focus of the overview is on the development of intranasal BLP-based vaccines to prevent diseases caused by influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, and includes a selection of Phase I clinical data for the intranasal FluGEM vaccine.
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Tang YW, Graham BS. Potential for Directing Appropriate Responses to Vaccines by Cytokine Manipulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03259330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Graham BS. Biological challenges and technological opportunities for respiratory syncytial virus vaccine development. Immunol Rev 2011; 239:149-66. [PMID: 21198670 PMCID: PMC3023887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory disease causing high rates of hospitalizations in infants, significant morbidity in children and adults, and excess mortality in the elderly. Major barriers to vaccine development include early age of RSV infection, capacity of RSV to evade innate immunity, failure of RSV-induced adaptive immunity to prevent reinfection, history of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease, and lack of an animal model fully permissive to human RSV infection. These biological challenges, safety concerns, and practical issues have significantly prolonged the RSV vaccine development process. One great advantage compared to other difficult viral vaccine targets is that passively administered neutralizing monoclonal antibody is known to protect infants from severe RSV disease. Therefore, the immunological goals for vaccine development are to induce effective neutralizing antibody to prevent infection and to avoid inducing T-cell response patterns associated with enhanced disease. Live-attenuated RSV and replication-competent chimeric viruses are in advanced clinical trials. Gene-based strategies, which can control the specificity and phenotypic properties of RSV-specific T-cell responses utilizing replication-defective vectors and which may improve on immunity from natural infection, are progressing through preclinical testing. Atomic level structural information on RSV envelope glycoproteins in complex with neutralizing antibodies is guiding design of new vaccine antigens that may be able to elicit RSV-specific antibody responses without induction of RSV-specific T-cell responses. These new technologies may allow development of vaccines that can protect against RSV-mediated disease in infants and establish a new immunological paradigm in the host to achieve more durable protection against reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3017, USA.
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Yadav M, Liebau E, Haldar C, Rathaur S. Identification of major antigenic peptide of filarial glutathione-S-transferase. Vaccine 2010; 29:1297-303. [PMID: 21144917 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In our earlier report, a 26kDa Setaria cervi glutathione-S-transferase showed significant protection (82%) in jirds infected with L3 larvae of Brugia malayi. In the present study we have identified the major antigenic epitopes in ScGST. Carboxypeptidase B has been used to digest the ScGST in to smaller fragments. The digested products were separated as four protein bands on SDS-PAGE. The smallest fragment of 6kDa (P4) from ScGST was identified as major antigenic epitope because of its significant reactivity with jird anti ScGST sera and human filarial sera in immunoblotting. The MALDI-LC/MS sequencing of ScGST P4 peptide ((5)KLTYFSIRGRGLAEPIRL(20), (22)KVPDDQQFLDDLISR(36) and (47)VFHFGQGPHHGPPR(62)) suggested that this protein band has a fragment of 5-62 residues long that matched with the N-terminal end of filarial GST. The antigenicity plot of ScGST was compared with BmGST model and both exhibited three immunogenic peaks within the first 60 residues towards N-terminal. In BmGST the N-terminal region was also detected with N-glycosylation signal peptide NAS adding to its high immunogenic property. Further, P4 showed strong reactivity with IgG1 and IL-4 response in endemic normal sera suggested its role in Th2 response which in turn is correlated with antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. Thus taking these results into account we propose 5-62 residues long N-terminal peptide of GST as a potential target for further vaccination studies against filarial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshleen Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Melendi GA, Bridget D, Monsalvo AC, Laham FF, Acosta P, Delgado MF, Polack FP, Irusta PM. Conserved cysteine residues within the attachment G glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus play a critical role in the enhancement of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. Virus Genes 2010; 42:46-54. [PMID: 21053062 PMCID: PMC5454483 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response plays an important role in the control of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication and the establishment of a Th1-CD4+ T cell response against the virus. Despite lacking Major Histocompatibility Complex I (MHC I)-restricted epitopes, the attachment G glycoprotein of RSV enhances CTL activity toward other RSV antigens, and this effect depends on its conserved central region. Here, we report that RSV-G can also improve CTL activity toward antigens from unrelated pathogens such as influenza, and that a mutant form of RSV-G lacking four conserved cysteine residues at positions 173, 176, 182, and 186 fails to enhance CTL responses. Our results indicate that these conserved residues are essential for the wide-spectrum pro-CTL activity displayed by the protein.
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Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major cause of respiratory disease and a major contributor to the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. BRSV infects the upper and lower respiratory tract and is shed in nasal secretions. The close relatedness of BRSV to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) has allowed researchers to use BRSV and HRSV to elucidate the mechanisms by which these viruses induce disease. Attempted vaccine production using formalin-inactivated vaccine resulted in exacerbated disease when infants became exposed to HRSV. Cattle vaccinated with formalin-inactivated virus had enhanced disease when inoculated with BRSV. This article discusses various aspects of BRSV, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic tests, immunity, and vaccination.
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Graham BS, Kines R, Corbett KS, Nicewonger J, Johnson TR, Chen M, LaVigne D, Roberts JN, Cuburu N, Schiller JT, Buck CB. Mucosal delivery of human papillomavirus pseudovirus-encapsidated plasmids improves the potency of DNA vaccination. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:475-86. [PMID: 20555315 PMCID: PMC2924464 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunization may be important for protection against pathogens whose transmission and pathogenesis target the mucosal tissue. The capsid proteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) confer tropism for the basal epithelium and can encapsidate DNA during self-assembly to form pseudovirions (PsVs). Therefore, we produced mucosal vaccine vectors by HPV PsV encapsidation of DNA plasmids expressing an experimental antigen derived from the M and M2 proteins of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Intravaginal (IVag) delivery elicited local and systemic M-M2-specific CD8+ T-cell and antibody responses in mice that were comparable to an approximately 10,000-fold higher dose of naked DNA. A single HPV PsV IVag immunization primed for M-M2-specific-IgA in nasal and vaginal secretions. Based on light emission and immunofluorescent microscopy, immunization with HPV PsV-encapsidated luciferase- and red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing plasmids resulted in transient antigen expression (<5 days), which was restricted to the vaginal epithelium. HPV PsV encapsidation of plasmid DNA is a novel strategy for mucosal immunization that could provide new vaccine options for selected mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S. Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rhonda Kines
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kizzmekia S. Corbett
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John Nicewonger
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Teresa R. Johnson
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Man Chen
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daaimah LaVigne
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Nicolas Cuburu
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John T. Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christopher B. Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Gene expression differences in lungs of mice during secondary immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Virol 2010; 84:9584-94. [PMID: 20592085 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00302-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity has been shown to alter the course of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection both in murine models and in humans. To elucidate which mechanisms underlie the effect of vaccine-induced immunity on the course of RSV infection, transcription profiles in the lungs of RSV-infected mice were examined by microarray analysis. Three models were used: RSV reinfection as a model for natural immunity, RSV challenge after formalin-inactivated RSV vaccination as a model for vaccine-enhanced disease, and RSV challenge following vaccination with recombinant RSV virus lacking the G gene (DeltaG-RSV) as a model for vaccine-induced immunity. Gene transcription profiles, histopathology, and viral loads were analyzed at 1, 2, and 5 days after RSV challenge. On the first 2 days after challenge, all mice displayed an expression pattern in the lung similar of that found in primary infection, showing a strong innate immune response. On day 5 after RSV reinfection or after challenge following DeltaG-RSV vaccination, the innate immune response was waning. In contrast, in mice with vaccine-enhanced disease, the innate immune response 5 days after RSV challenge was still present even though viral replication was diminished. In addition, only in this group was Th2 gene expression induced. These findings support a hypothesis that vaccine-enhanced disease is mediated by prolonged innate immune responses and Th2 polarization in the absence of viral replication.
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Zhang W, Lockey RF, Mohapatra SS. Respiratory syncytial virus: immunopathology and control. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:169-79. [PMID: 20477096 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.1.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of serious upper and lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children worldwide. RSV infection in infancy may lead to the onset of asthma or other health problems later in life. An effective vaccine is not yet available against RSV infection. Humans respond to RSV infection by mounting an immune response, but the antiviral immunity is incomplete, thus repeat RSV infections continue throughout life. The precise mechanism of RSV-induced infection and immunopathology remains unclear. The limited knowledge of RSV immunity is a major problem in designing a protective vaccine. In this review, the biology of RSV infection, its immunopathology, the role of innate and adaptive immunity, as well as the understanding of how to control RSV infection based on prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Crawley AM, Vranjkovic A, Young C, Angel JB. Interleukin‐4 downregulates CD127 expression and activity on human thymocytes and mature CD8
+
T cells. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1396-407. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Crawley
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Charlene Young
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan B. Angel
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ottawa Hospital‐General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Dodd JS, Lum E, Goulding J, Muir R, Van Snick J, Openshaw PJM. IL-9 Regulates Pathology during Primary and Memory Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:7006-13. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Moore ML, Newcomb DC, Parekh VV, Van Kaer L, Collins RD, Zhou W, Goleniewska K, Chi MH, Mitchell D, Boyce JA, Durbin JE, Sturkie C, Peebles RS. STAT1 negatively regulates lung basophil IL-4 expression induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:2016-26. [PMID: 19587017 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 contributes to immunopathology induced in mice by primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. However, the cellular source of IL-4 in RSV infection is unknown. We identified CD3(-)CD49b(+) cells as the predominant source of IL-4 in the lungs of RSV-infected BALB/c mice. We ruled out T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, mast cells, and eosinophils as IL-4 expressors in RSV infection by flow cytometry. Using IL4 GFP reporter mice (4get) mice, we identified the IL-4-expressing cells in RSV infection as basophils (CD3(-)CD49b(+)FcepsilonRI(+)c-kit(-)). Because STAT1(-/-) mice have an enhanced Th2-type response to RSV infection, we also sought to determine the cellular source and role of IL-4 in RSV-infected STAT1(-/-) mice. RSV infection resulted in significantly more IL-4-expressing CD3(-)CD49b(+) cells in the lungs of STAT1(-/-) mice than in BALB/c mice. CD49b(+)IL-4(+) cells sorted from the lungs of RSV-infected STAT1(-/-) mice and stained with Wright-Giemsa had basophil characteristics. As in wild-type BALB/c mice, IL-4 contributed to lung histopathology in RSV-infected STAT1(-/-) mice. Depletion of basophils in RSV-infected STAT1(-/-) mice reduced lung IL-4 expression. Thus, we show for the first time that a respiratory virus (RSV) induced basophil accumulation in vivo. Basophils were the primary source of IL-4 in the lung in RSV infection, and STAT1 was a negative regulator of virus-induced basophil IL-4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Moore
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN37232, USA
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Fujishima H, Saito I, Okamoto Y, Takeuchi T, Tsubota K. Respiratory syncytial virus-induced interleukin-4 production by human conjunctival epithelial cells contributes to allergy: preliminary study. Curr Eye Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/02713689808951239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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TLR9 agonist, but not TLR7/8, functions as an adjuvant to diminish FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease, while either agonist used as therapy during primary RSV infection increases disease severity. Vaccine 2009; 27:3045-52. [PMID: 19428918 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Agonists for TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 have been shown to enhance vaccine immunogenicity. We evaluated the impact of TLR activation on RSV disease in a murine model by administering TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists during FI-RSV immunization or RSV infection. CpG administered during immunization reduced disease following challenge as evidenced by decreased lung pathology, illness, and cytokines. In marked contrast, TLR7/8 agonist had little impact. To evaluate potential therapeutic use, TLR agonists were administered during primary infection. Although type 2 cytokine responses decreased and type 1 cytokines and MIP-1-alpha/beta increased, both TLR7/8 and TLR9 agonists increased clinical symptoms and pulmonary inflammation when administered during primary infection. Thus, TLR9-induced signaling during FI-RSV immunization reduced vaccine-enhanced disease whereas immunostimulatory properties of TLR agonists enhanced disease severity when used during RSV infection. Immunomodulation elicited by TLR9 agonist confirms the adjuvant potential of TLR agonists during RSV immunization. However, in contrast to work done with HIV-1 vaccines, the inability of TLR7/8 agonist to boost type 1 vaccine-induced RSV immunity demonstrates pathogen-TLR specificity. These data reveal that the timing of administration of immunomodulatory agents is critical. Furthermore, these data underscore that amplification of anti-viral immune responses may result in immunopathology rather than immune-mediated protection.
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Murine host responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) following intranasal administration of a Protollin-adjuvanted, epitope-enhanced recombinant G protein vaccine. J Clin Virol 2009; 44:287-91. [PMID: 19233722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunization of mice with the G protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) characteristically induces an immune response that is partially protective, but which can prime for pulmonary eosinophilia. We have shown previously that the N191A mutation in a recombinant RSV G protein fragment is associated with reduced pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration when administered with alum subcutaneously in BALB/c mice followed by RSV challenge. We hypothesize that the performance of this "epitope enhanced" recombinant G protein fragment may be further improved by combining with the newly developed adjuvant, Protollin, coupled with intranasal delivery. OBJECTIVES To investigate efficacy of an intranasally delivered, Protollin-adjuvanted, epitope-enhanced recombinant G protein vaccine in BALB/c mice. STUDY DESIGN Recombinant protein, designated Trx-G128-229, consisted of a bacterially expressed central fragment (amino acids 128-229) of the RSV Long strain G protein fused to a fragment of thioredoxin (Trx). BALB/c mice were chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of wild type and epitope-enhanced Trx-G128-229 as a nasal vaccine with the adjuvant Protollin. RESULTS The intranasal administration of Trx-G128-229 with Protollin conferred similar protection against RSV challenge as subcutaneously administered Trx-G128-229 with alum, but with markedly reduced eosinophilia and the Th2 cytokine IL-13. CONCLUSIONS These results support the concept of an RSV vaccine optimized by combined strategies, including epitope enhancement and judicious selection of adjuvants.
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Shirato K, Taguchi F. Mast cell degranulation is induced by A549 airway epithelial cell infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 2009; 386:88-93. [PMID: 19195674 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a major causative agent of respiratory tract infections, influences allergic diseases. Mast cells, important effector cells in allergic disease, also express chemokine (C-X(3)-C motif) receptor 1 (CX(3)CR1). The RSV attachment glycoprotein (G protein) is structurally similar to CX(3)C ligand 1 (CX(3)CL1), the CX(3)CR1 ligand, suggesting that RSV directly interacts with and affects mast cell function, including degranulation. In this paper, the effect of RSV infection on mast cell function was studied using the human mast cell line (HMC-1). The results showed that RSV infection and replication was inefficient in HMC-1 cells than in human epithelial A549 cells. Additionally, HMC-1 degranulation occurred only in coculture with RSV-infected A549 cells, with up-regulation of TNFalpha secretion. However, direct RSV inoculation and incubation with RSV-infected A549 cell culture medium failed to induce HMC-1 degranulation, suggesting that virus-infected cells are critical for degranulation during RSV infection; however, degranulation does not occur by direct RSV infection into mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Murayama Branch 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011 Japan.
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Otitis Media and Sinusitis. ALLERGY FRONTIERS: CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS 2009. [PMCID: PMC7121333 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-88317-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) and sinusitis are common and costly maladies that are often preceded by the development of a viral upper respiratory infection (vURI). Although antibiotics have been shown to be somewhat effective in the treatment of these disorders, increasing concern over the emergence of pathogen resistence to these agents underscores the need for the development of other treatment options, including agents to treat and/or prevent vURIs. Earlier research implicated roles for cytopathology, cellular infiltration, and inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin, in the pathogenesis of vURIs and its complications, including OM and sinusitis, but these factors are now recognized as late events with specific and limited contributions to disease expression. Current therapies are relatively ineffective and aimed at reducing symptoms rather than moderating underlying mechanisms. Nasal elevations of proinflammatory cytokines and leukotrienes track symptom expression during vURIs, and it is hypothesized that these chemicals orchestrate a common response to infection with many different viruses causing vURIs. Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates that specific cytokine gene polymorphisms may modulate the severity of illness and incidence of complications during episodes of vURI. Additionally, other evidence supports a role for neurogenic inflammation in the development of complications. Future studies should dissect the role of proinflammatory cytokines, leukotrienes, and neuropeptides in the expression of symptoms, signs, pathophysiologies, and complications of vURIs.
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Castilow EM, Legge KL, Varga SM. Cutting edge: Eosinophils do not contribute to respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6692-6. [PMID: 18981084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection of BALB/c mice previously immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus (vacv) expressing the attachment (G) protein of RSV (vacvG) results in pulmonary eosinophilia, which mimics the response of formalin-inactivated RSV-vaccinated children, as well as increased weight loss, clinical illness, and enhanced pause (Penh). We show that RSV infection of eosinophil-deficient mice previously immunized with vacvG results in the development of increased weight loss, clinical illness, and Penh similar to that in wild-type controls. These measures of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease are dependent upon STAT4. Interestingly, neither IL-12 nor IL-23, the two most common STAT4-activating cytokines, proved necessary for the development of disease. We demonstrate that IFN-gamma, which is produced following STAT4 activation, contributes to clinical illness and increased Penh, but not weight loss. Our results have important implications for future RSV vaccine design, suggesting that enhancing a Th1 response may exacerbate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Castilow
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Castilow EM, Varga SM. Overcoming T cell-mediated immunopathology to achieve safe RSV vaccination. Future Virol 2008; 3:445-454. [PMID: 19057653 DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.5.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. Premature infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly exhibit an increased risk for the development of severe disease after RSV infection. Currently, there is not a safe and effective RSV vaccine available, in part due to our incomplete understanding of how severe immunopathology was induced following RSV infection of children previously immunized with a formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine. Much of our current understanding of RSV vaccine-enhanced disease can be attributed to the establishment of multiple mouse models of RSV vaccination. Studies analyzing the RSV-specific immune response in mice have clearly demonstrated that both CD4 and CD8 memory T cells contribute to RSV-induced immunopathology. In this review we will focus our discussion on data generated from the mouse models of RSV immunization that have advanced our understanding of how virus-specific T cells mediate immunopathology and RSV vaccine-enhanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Castilow
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, 51 Newton Road, 3-532 Bowen Science Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Johnson TR, Rothenberg ME, Graham BS. Pulmonary eosinophilia requires interleukin-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ T cells in mice immunized with respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:748-59. [PMID: 18519743 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0907621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe illness, type 2 cytokine production, and pulmonary eosinophilia are adverse immune responses resulting from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) challenge of vvGs-immunized mice. We have shown IL-4 and IL-13 activity must be simultaneously inhibited to reduce disease severity. We now address the contributions of IL-5, eotaxin-1, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the induction of disease-enhancing immune responses. Depletion of CD4+ T cells during immunization prevented IL-4, IL-13, and eotaxin-1 production, diminished eosinophilia, and reduced weight loss. Conversely, CD8+ T cell depletion did not decrease eosinophilia, weight loss, or type 2 cytokines but did dramatically reduce mucus production and increase eotaxin production. Anti-IL-5 administration at immunization or challenge significantly decreased pulmonary eosinophilia. Strikingly, there were not concomitant decreases in weight loss. Following RSV challenge eotaxin-1-deficient mice immunized with vvGs exhibited significantly less eosinophilia without decreased weight loss or type 2 cytokine production. We conclude CD4+ T cell production of IL-5 and induction of eotaxin-1 are required for vvGs-induced eosinophilia following RSV challenge, while CD8+ T cells appear to down-regulate eotaxin-1 and mucus production. In summary, we demonstrate that pulmonary eosinophilia 1) is a by-product of memory CD4+ T cell activation, 2) does not necessarily correlate with mucus production, and, most importantly, 3) is not required for the RSV G-induced illness in mice. These findings have important implications for the evaluation of candidate RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Johnson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3017, USA.
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Tourdot S, Mathie S, Hussell T, Edwards L, Wang H, Openshaw PJM, Schwarze J, Lloyd CM. Respiratory syncytial virus infection provokes airway remodelling in allergen-exposed mice in absence of prior allergen sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:1016-24. [PMID: 18498543 PMCID: PMC3385350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.02974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying exacerbation of asthma induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection have been extensively studied in human and animal models. However, most of these studies focused on acute inflammation and little is known of its long-term consequences on remodelling of the airway tissue. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to use a murine model of prolonged allergen-induced airway inflammation to investigate the effect of RSV infection on allergic airway inflammation and tissue remodelling. METHODS We subjected mice to RSV infection before or during the chronic phase of airway challenges with OVA and compared parameters of airway inflammation and remodelling at the end-point of the prolonged allergen-induced airway inflammation protocol. RESULTS RSV infection did not affect the severity of airway inflammation in any of the groups studied. However, RSV infection provoked airway remodelling in non-sensitized, allergen-challenged mice that did not otherwise develop any of the features of allergic airways disease. Increased collagen synthesis in the lung and thickening of the bronchial basal membrane was observed in non-sensitized allergen-challenged mice only after prior RSV infection. In addition, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 but not TGF-beta(1) was increased in this group following RSV infection. CONCLUSION Our data show for the first time that RSV infection can prime the lung of mice that are not previously systemically sensitized, to develop airway remodelling in response to allergen upon sole exposure via the airways. Moreover, our results implicate RSV-induced FGF-2 in the remodelling process in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tourdot
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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Hansbro NG, Horvat JC, Wark PA, Hansbro PM. Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: new therapeutic directions. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:313-53. [PMID: 18234348 PMCID: PMC7112677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and debilitating disease that has substantially increased in prevalence in Western Societies in the last 2 decades. Respiratory tract infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) are widely implicated as common causes of the induction and exacerbation of asthma. These infections in early life are associated with the induction of wheeze that may progress to the development of asthma. Infections may also promote airway inflammation and enhance T helper type 2 lymphocyte (Th2 cell) responses that result in exacerbations of established asthma. The mechanisms of how RSV and RV induce and exacerbate asthma are currently being elucidated by clinical studies, in vitro work with human cells and animal models of disease. This research has led to many potential therapeutic strategies and, although none are yet part of clinical practise, they show much promise for the prevention and treatment of viral disease and subsequent asthma.
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Key Words
- aad, allergic airways disease
- ahr, airway hyperresponsiveness
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- asm, airway smooth muscle
- balf, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid
- bec, bronchoepithelial cell
- bfgf, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cam, cellular adhesion molecules
- ccr, cc chemokine receptor
- cgrp, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- crp, c reactive protein
- dsrna, double stranded rna
- ecp, eosinophil cationic protein
- ena-78, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78
- fev1, forced expiratory volume
- fi, formalin-inactivated
- g-csf and gm-csf, granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
- ics, inhaled corticosteroid
- ifn, interferon, ifn
- il, interleukin
- ip-10, ifn-γ inducible protein-10
- laba, long acting beta agonist
- ldh, lactate dehydrogenase
- ldlpr, low density lipoprotein receptor
- lrt, lower respiratory tract
- lt, leukotriene
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mcp, monocyte chemoattractant proteins
- mdc, myeloid dendritic cell
- mhc, major histocompatibility
- mip, macrophage inhibitory proteins
- mpv, metapneumovirus
- nf-kb, nuclear factor (nf)-kb
- nk cells, natural killer cells
- nk1, neurogenic receptor 1
- or, odds ratio
- paf, platelet-activating factor
- pbmc, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- pdc, plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- pef, peak expiratory flow
- penh, enhanced pause
- pfu, plaque forming units
- pg, prostaglandin
- pkr, protein kinase r
- pvm, pneumonia virus of mice
- rad, reactive airway disease
- rantes, regulated on activation normal t cell expressed and secreted
- rr, relative risk
- rsv, respiratory syncytial virus
- rv, rhinovirus (rv)
- ssrna, single stranded rna
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th, t helper lymphocytes
- tlr, toll-like receptors
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- urt, upper respiratory tract
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- vs, versus
- wbc, white blood cell
- respiratory syncytial virus
- rhinovirus
- induction
- exacerbation
- asthma
- allergy
- treatment
- prevention
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Jay C. Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Peter A. Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital & Sleep Medicine, School of Medical Practice, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
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Baschuk N, Utermöhlen O, Gugel R, Warnecke G, Karow U, Paulsen D, Brombacher F, Krönke M, Deppert W. Interleukin-4 impairs granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity of Simian virus 40 large tumor antigen-specific CTL in BALB/c mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1625-36. [PMID: 17431618 PMCID: PMC11030854 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this report we analyzed the impact of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on tumor-associated simian virus 40 (SV40) large T-antigen (TAg)-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells during rejection of syngeneic SV40 transformed mKSA tumor cells in BALB/c mice. Strikingly, challenge of naïve mice with low doses of mKSA tumor cells revealed a CD8+ T cell-dependent prolonged survival time of naïve IL-4-/- mice. In mice immunized with SV40 TAg we observed in IL-4-/- mice, or in wild type mice treated with neutralizing anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody, a strongly enhanced TAg-specific cytotoxicity of tumor associated CD8+ T cells. The enhanced cytotoxicity in IL-4-/- mice was accompanied by a significant increase in the fraction of CD8+ tumor associated T-cells expressing the cytotoxic effector molecules granzyme A and B and in granzyme B-specific enzymatic activity. The data suggest that endogenous IL-4 can suppress the generation of CD8+ CTL expressing cytotoxic effector molecules especially when the antigen induces only a very weak CTL response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/immunology
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Granzymes/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Neoplasms/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Baschuk
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology und Hygiene, Medical Center of the University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology und Hygiene, Medical Center of the University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland Gugel
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Present Address: PolyGene AG, 8153 Rümlang, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Warnecke
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Karow
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology und Hygiene, Medical Center of the University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniela Paulsen
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Present Address: AiCuris GmbH & Co. KG, Aprather Weg 18a / Geb. 405, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IIDMM), University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Krönke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology und Hygiene, Medical Center of the University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Deppert
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, University of Hamburg, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Liu B, Kimura Y. Local immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection is diminished in senescence-accelerated mice. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2552-2558. [PMID: 17698666 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of ageing on the local defence system against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection was investigated using an aged mouse model of the senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) strain P1. Following intranasal infection with RSV, SAM-P1 mice showed a marked loss in weight, with elevated virus growth in the lungs and prolonged virus shedding. The increased susceptibility to RSV infection was associated mainly with diminished cellular immunity by local virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The deficiency in cellular immune responses was due to a lack of clonal expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, together with an imbalance of T-helper type 1 (Th1)/Th2 cytokine production in the respiratory tract, including the lungs. Furthermore, the production of virus-specific local IgA antibody was restrained. Prolonged virus loading in the lungs of SAM-P1 mice caused a massive infiltration of CD16+/32+ inflammatory cells, which was one factor responsible for severe pneumonia. The adoptive transfer of immune-competent spleen cells achieved an appreciable protection for SAM-P1 mice against RSV challenge infection. These results suggested that age-related immune dysfunction, especially defects in cellular immune responses, accounts for the increased morbidity and mortality in RSV infection of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixing Liu
- Department of Immunology, China Medical University College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenyang 110001, China
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui University School of Medicine, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kimura
- Department of Medical Technology, Gifu University of Medical Science, Gifu 501-3892, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui University School of Medicine, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Melendi GA, Zavala F, Buchholz UJ, Boivin G, Collins PL, Kleeberger SR, Polack FP. Mapping and characterization of the primary and anamnestic H-2(d)-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in mice against human metapneumovirus. J Virol 2007; 81:11461-7. [PMID: 17670840 PMCID: PMC2045518 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02423-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important for the control of virus replication during respiratory infections. For human metapneumovirus (hMPV), an H-2(d)-restricted CTL epitope in the M2-2 protein has been described. In this study, we screened the hMPV F, G, N, M, M2-1, and M2-2 proteins using three independent algorithms to predict H-2(d) CTL epitopes in BALB/c mice. A dominant epitope (GYIDDNQSI) in positions 81 to 89 of the antitermination factor M2-1 and a subdominant epitope (SPKAGLLSL) in N(307-315) were detected during the anti-hMPV CTL response. Passive transfer of CD8(+) T-cell lines against M2-1(81-89) and N(307-315) protected Rag1(-/-) mice against hMPV challenge. Interestingly, diversification of CTL targets to include multiple epitopes was observed after repetitive infections. A subdominant response against the previously described M2-2 epitope was detected after the third infection. An understanding of the CTL response against hMPV is important for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies against the virus.
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