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Pang W, Song JH, Lu Y, Zhang XL, Zheng HY, Jiang J, Zheng YT. Host Restriction Factors APOBEC3G/3F and Other Interferon-Related Gene Expressions Affect Early HIV-1 Infection in Northern Pig-Tailed Macaque ( Macaca leonina). Front Immunol 2018; 9:1965. [PMID: 30210504 PMCID: PMC6120991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The northern pig-tailed macaques (NPMs) lack TRIM5α, an antiviral restriction factor, and instead have TRIM5-CypA. In our previous study, we demonstrated that HIV-1NL4-3 successfully infected NPMs and formed a long-term viral reservoir in vivo. However, the HIV-1-infected NPMs showed relatively high viremia in the first 6 weeks of infection, which declined thereafter suggesting that HIV-1 NL4-3 infection in these animals was only partly permissive. To optimize HIV-1 infection in NPMs therefore, we generated HIV-1NL4-R3A and stHIV-1sv, and infected NPMs with these viruses. HIV-1NL4-R3A and stHIV-1sv can replicate persistently in NPMs during 41 weeks of acute infection stage. Compared to the HIV-1NL4-R3A, stHIV-1sv showed a notably higher level of replication, and the NPMs infected with the latter induced a more robust neutralizing antibody but a weaker cellular immune response. In addition, IFN-I signaling was significantly up-regulated with the viral replication, and was higher in the stHIV-1sv infected macaques. Consequently, the sequences of pro-viral env showed fewer G-A hyper-mutations in stHIV-1sv, suggesting that vif gene of SIV could antagonize the antiviral effects of APOBEC3 proteins in NPMs. Taken together, NPMs infected with HIV-1NL4-R3A and stHIV-1sv show distinct virological and immunological features. Furthermore, interferon-related gene expression might play a role in controlling primary HIV-1NL4-R3A and stHIV-1sv replication in NPMs. This result suggests NPM is a potential HIV/AIDS animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jia-Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Pang W, Zhang GH, Jiang J, Zheng HY, Zhang LT, Zhang XL, Song JH, Zhang MX, Zhu JW, Lei AH, Tian RR, Liu XM, Zhang L, Gao G, Su L, Zheng YT. HIV-1 can infect northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina) and form viral reservoirs in vivo. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1315-1324. [PMID: 36659293 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Viral reservoirs of HIV-1 are a major obstacle for curing AIDS. The novel animal models that can be directly infected with HIV-1 will contribute to develop effective strategies for eradicating infections. Here, we inoculated 4 northern pig-tailed macaques (NPM) with the HIV-1 strain HIV-1NL4.3 and monitored the infection for approximately 3years (150weeks). The HIV-1-infected NPMs showed transient viremia for about 10weeks after infection. However, cell-associated proviral DNA and viral RNA persisted in the peripheral blood and lymphoid organs for about 3years. Moreover, replication-competent HIV-1 could be successfully recovered from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during long-term infection. The numbers of resting CD4+ T cells in HIV-1 infected NPMs harboring proviruses fell within a range of 2- to 3-log10 per million cells, and these proviruses could be reactivated both ex vivo and in vivo in response to co-stimulation with the latency-reversing agents JQ1 and prostratin. Our results suggested that NPMs can be infected with HIV-1 and a long-term viral reservoir was formed in NPMs, which might serve asa potential model for HIV-1 reservoir research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Gao-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Lin-Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jia-Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ming-Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Jia-Wu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ai-Hua Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- South China Institute of Endangered Animal, Guandong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guangxia Gao
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lishan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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Zhu L, Lei AH, Zheng HY, Lyu LB, Zhang ZG, Zheng YT. Longitudinal analysis reveals characteristically high proportions of bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria and temporal variability of vaginal microbiota in northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina). DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2016; 36:285-98. [PMID: 26452693 DOI: 10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2015.5.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complex and dynamic vaginal microbial ecosystem is critical to both health and disease of the host. Studies focusing on how vaginal microbiota influences HIV-1 infection may face limitations in selecting proper animal models. Given that northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina) are susceptible to HIV-1 infection, they may be an optimal animal model for elucidating the mechanisms by which vaginal microbiota contributes to resistance and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. However, little is known about the composition and temporal variability of vaginal microbiota of the northern pig-tailed macaque. Here, we present a comprehensive catalog of the composition and temporal dynamics of vaginal microbiota of two healthy northern pig-tailed macaques over 19 weeks using 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. We found remarkably high proportions of a diverse array of anaerobic bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. Atopobium and Sneathia were dominant genera, and interestingly, we demonstrated the presence of Lactobacillus-dominated vaginal microbiota. Moreover, longitudinal analysis demonstrated that the temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiota were considerably individualized. Finally, network analysis revealed that vaginal pH may influence the temporal dynamics of the vaginal microbiota, suggesting that inter-subject variability of vaginal bacterial communities could be mirrored in inter-subject variation in correlation profiles of species with each other and with vaginal pH over time. Our results suggest that the northern pig-tailed macaque could be an ideal animal model for prospective investigation of the mechanisms by which vaginal microbiota influence susceptibility and resistance to HIV-1 infection in the context of highly polymicrobial and Lactobacillus-dominated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Ai-Hua Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026, China
| | - Long-Bao Lyu
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China;Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China;Kunming Primate Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223,
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Lei AH, Zhang GH, Tian RR, Zhu JW, Zheng HY, Pang W, Zheng YT. Replication potentials of HIV-1/HSIV in PBMCs from northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina). DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 35:186-95. [PMID: 24866489 DOI: 10.11813/j.issn.0254-5853.2014.3.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) has been identified as an independent species of Old World monkey, and we previously found that PBMCs from M. leonina were susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), which may be due to the absence of a TRIM5 protein restricting HIV-1 replication. Here we investigated the infection potentials of six laboratory adapted HIV-1 strains and three primary HIV-1 isolates in PBMCs from M. leonina. The results indicate that these strains are characterized by various but low replication levels, and among which, HIV-1NL4-3 shows the highest replication ability. Based on the abundant evidence of species-specific interactions between restriction factors APOBEC3 and HIV/SIV-derived Vif protein, we subsequently examined the replication potentials of vif-substituted HIV-1 (HSIV) in M. leonina PBMCs. Notably, HSIV-vifmac and stHIV-1SV chimeras, two HIV-1NL4-3-derived viruses encoding the viral infectivity factor (Vif) protein from SIVmac239, replicated robustly in cells from M. leonina, which suggests that HSIV could effectively antagonize the antiviral activity of APOBEC3 proteins expressed in cells of M. leonina. Therefore, our data demonstrate that M. leonina has the potential to be developed into a promising animal model for human AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Lei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Gao-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ren-Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Jia-Wu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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Dynamics of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 infection in pigtail macaques. J Virol 2011; 86:1203-13. [PMID: 22090099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06033-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigtail macaques (PTM) are an excellent model for HIV research; however, the dynamics of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) SIVmac239 infection in PTM have not been fully evaluated. We studied nine PTM prior to infection, during acute and chronic SIVmac239 infections, until progression to AIDS. We found PTM manifest clinical AIDS more rapidly than rhesus macaques (RM), as AIDS-defining events occurred at an average of 42.17 weeks after infection in PTM compared to 69.56 weeks in RM (P = 0.0018). However, increased SIV progression was not associated with increased viremia, as both peak and set-point plasma viremias were similar between PTM and RM (P = 0.7953 and P = 0.1006, respectively). Moreover, this increased disease progression was not associated with rapid CD4(+) T cell depletion, as CD4(+) T cell decline resembled other SIV/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) models. Since immune activation is the best predictor of disease progression during HIV infection, we analyzed immune activation by turnover of T cells by BrdU decay and Ki67 expression. We found increased levels of turnover prior to SIV infection of PTM compared to that observed with RM, which may contribute to their increased disease progression rate. These data evaluate the kinetics of SIVmac239-induced disease progression and highlight PTM as a model for HIV infection and the importance of immune activation in SIV disease progression.
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Vif substitution enables persistent infection of pig-tailed macaques by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2011; 85:3767-79. [PMID: 21289128 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02438-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among Old World monkeys, pig-tailed macaques (Pt) are uniquely susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), although the infection does not persist. We demonstrate that the susceptibility of Pt T cells to HIV-1 infection is due to the absence of postentry inhibition by a TRIM5 isoform. Notably, substitution of the viral infectivity factor protein, Vif, with that from pathogenic SIVmne enabled replication of HIV-1 in Pt T cells in vitro. When inoculated into juvenile pig-tailed macaques, the Pt-tropic HIV-1 persistently replicated for more than 1.5 to 2 years, producing low but measurable plasma viral loads and persistent proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It also elicited strong antibody responses. However, there was no decline in CD4(+) T cells or evidence of disease. Surprisingly, the Pt-tropic HIV-1 was rapidly controlled when inoculated into newborn Pt macaques, although it transiently rebounded after 6 months. We identified two notable differences between the Pt-tropic HIV-1 and SIVmne. First, SIV Vif does not associate with Pt-tropic HIV-1 viral particles. Second, while Pt-tropic HIV-1 degrades both Pt APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F, it prevents their inclusion in virions to a lesser extent than pathogenic SIVmne. Thus, while SIV Vif is necessary for persistent infection by Pt-tropic HIV-1, improved expression and inhibition of APOBEC3 proteins may be required for robust viral replication in vivo. Additional adaptation of the virus may also be necessary to enhance viral replication. Nevertheless, our data suggest the potential for the pig-tailed macaque to be developed as an animal model of HIV-1 infection and disease.
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Kuang YQ, Tang X, Liu FL, Jiang XL, Zhang YP, Gao G, Zheng YT. Genotyping of TRIM5 locus in northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina), a primate species susceptible to Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 infection. Retrovirology 2009; 6:58. [PMID: 19505341 PMCID: PMC2703620 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pig-tailed macaques are the only Old World monkeys known to be susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We have previously reported that the TRIM5-Cyclophilin A (TRIMCyp) fusion in pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) is dysfunctional in restricting HIV-1, which may explain why pig-tailed macaques are susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Similar results have also been reported by other groups. However, according to the current primate taxonomy, the previously reported M. nemestrina are further classified into three species, which all belong to the Macaca spp. This calls for the need to look into the previous studies in more details. Results The local species Northern pig-tailed macaque (M. leonina) was analyzed for the correlation of TRIM5 structure and HIV-1 infection. Eleven M. leonina animals were analyzed, and all of them were found to possess TRIM5-CypA fusion at the TRIM5 locus. The transcripts encoding the dysfunctional TRIM5-CypA should result from the G-to-T mutation in the 3'-splicing site of intron 6. Polymorphism in the putative TRIMCyp recognition domain was observed. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of M. leonina were susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Consistent with the previous results, expression of the M. leonina TRIMCyp in HeLa-T4 cells rendered the cells resistant to HIV-2ROD but not to SIVmac239 infection. Conclusion The susceptibility of M. leonina to HIV-1 infection is due to the dysfunctional TRIM5-CypA fusion in the TRIM5 locus. This finding should broaden our perspective in developing better HIV/AIDS non-human primate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qun Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, PR China.
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Abstract
The lack of a primate model that utilizes HIV-1 as the challenge virus is an impediment to AIDS research; existing models generally employ simian viruses that are divergent from HIV-1, reducing their usefulness in preclinical investigations. Based on an understanding of species-specific variation in primate TRIM5 and APOBEC3 antiretroviral genes, we constructed simian-tropic (st)HIV-1 strains that differ from HIV-1 only in the vif gene. We demonstrate that such minimally modified stHIV-1 strains are capable of high levels of replication in vitro in pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) lymphocytes. Importantly, infection of pig-tailed macaques with stHIV-1 results in acute viremia, approaching the levels observed in HIV-1-infected humans, and an ensuing persistent infection for several months. stHIV-1 replication was controlled thereafter, at least in part, by CD8+ T cells. We demonstrate the potential utility of this HIV-1-based animal model in a chemoprophylaxis experiment, by showing that a commonly used HIV-1 therapeutic regimen can provide apparently sterilizing protection from infection following a rigorous high-dose stHIV-1 challenge.
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A novel fusion gene, TRIM5-Cyclophilin A in the pig-tailed macaque determines its susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2007; 21 Suppl 8:S19-26. [PMID: 18172386 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000304692.09143.1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Old World monkeys, the tripartite motif 5alpha (TRIM5alpha) protein confers resistance to HIV-1 infection following virus entry into host cells. However, the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) is an exception and is susceptible to HIV-1 infection. This study dissects the molecular mechanism of the pig-tailed macaque's susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. METHODS Genomic sequencing and expression analysis of the TRIM5alpha gene was conducted in the pig-tailed macaque. A novel TRIM5-Cyclophilin A fusion gene isoform was identified and subsequently cloned into the pcDNA3.1(+) expression vector. This construct was transfected into HeLa-T4 or HeLa cells which were then infected with the HIV-1IIIB or HIV-GFP-VSVG pseudotyped virus, to examine the effects of the TRIM5-Cyclophilin A fusion protein on HIV-1 infection. RESULTS A novel TRIM5-Cyclophilin A fusion gene (mnTRIMCyp) in the pig-tailed macaque was found and its fusion pattern is different from the known fusion gene in the owl monkey (owlTRIMCyp). TRIMCyp protein expression in transfected cells was confirmed by western blotting. The tests using HIV-1IIIB and HIV-GFP-VSVG pseudotyped virus indicated that mnTRIMCyp did not inhibit HIV-1 replication at various multiplicities of infection. CONCLUSIONS The mnTRIMCyp fusion protein does not restrict replication of HIV-1, which provides a potential molecular mechanism that might explain why the pig-tailed macaque is prone to HIV-1 infection, the only known exception in Old World monkeys.
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Carruth LM, Zink MC, Tarwater PM, Miller MD, Li M, Queen LA, Mankowski JL, Shen A, Siliciano RF, Clements JE. SIV-specific T lymphocyte responses in PBMC and lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected pigtailed macaques during suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy. J Med Primatol 2005; 34:109-21. [PMID: 15860119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2005.00103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no SIV macaque model in which the effects of combination antiretroviral therapy on tissue immune responses and latent reservoirs have been measured. This study was performed to define the impact of combination therapy on the specificity and distribution of the T lymphocyte response in multiple tissue compartments. Pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were infected with SIV/17E-Fr and treated with combination antiretroviral therapy consisting of 9-R-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA) and beta-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thia-5-fluorocytidine (FTC). The SIV-specific T lymphocyte response was measured in peripheral blood, spleen and several lymph nodes at necropsy by IFN-gamma Elispot analysis. Two animals (one treated, one untreated) had high acute peak viremia, which was associated with lower SIV-specific T lymphocyte responses in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. In the treated animal, viremia was controlled to low or undetectable for the study duration, and virus-specific responses remained low. The untreated animal remained viremic throughout the study and developed clinical symptoms of AIDS. In contrast, the two animals that had lower acute peak viremia (one treated, one untreated) had more robust T lymphocyte responses, and controlled viral replication. Virus-specific responses were detected in the treated animal despite 6 months of suppressive therapy. These data suggest that in this model, in the context of acute peak viremia and weak T cell responses, combination therapy may be essential to control virus replication and disease progression. Conversely, in the setting of low initial viremia and robust T lymphocyte responses, treatment does not have a detrimental effect on the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Carruth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Jefferson Street Building, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Pekrun K, Shibata R, Igarashi T, Reed M, Sheppard L, Patten PA, Stemmer WPC, Martin MA, Soong NW. Evolution of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variant with enhanced replication in pig-tailed macaque cells by DNA shuffling. J Virol 2002; 76:2924-35. [PMID: 11861859 PMCID: PMC135969 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.6.2924-2935.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA shuffling facilitated the evolution of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variant with enhanced replication in pig-tailed macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pt mPBMC). This variant consists exclusively of HIV-1-derived sequences with the exception of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) nef. Sequences spanning the gag-protease-reverse transcriptase (gag-pro-RT) region from several HIV-1 isolates were shuffled and cloned into a parental HIV-1 backbone containing SIV nef. Neither this full-length parent nor any of the unshuffled HIV-1 isolates replicated appreciably or sustainably in pt mPBMC. Upon selection of the shuffled viral libraries by serial passaging in pt mPBMC, a species emerged which replicated at substantially higher levels (50 to 100 ng/ml p24) than any of the HIV-1 parents and most importantly, could be continuously passaged in pt mPBMC. The parental HIV-1 isolates, when selected similarly, became extinct. Analyses of full-length improved proviral clones indicate that multiple recombination events in the shuffled region and adaptive changes in the rest of the genome contributed synergistically to the improved phenotype. This improved variant may prove useful in establishing a pig-tailed macaque model of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pekrun
- Maxygen Inc., Redwood City, California 94063, USA
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Berger C, Huang ML, Gough M, Greenberg PD, Riddell SR, Kiem HP. Nonmyeloablative immunosuppressive regimen prolongs In vivo persistence of gene-modified autologous T cells in a nonhuman primate model. J Virol 2001; 75:799-808. [PMID: 11134293 PMCID: PMC113976 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.2.799-808.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo persistence of gene-modified cells can be limited by host immune responses to transgene-encoded proteins. In this study we evaluated in a nonhuman primate model whether the administration of a nonmyeloablative regimen consisting of low-dose total-body irradiation with 200 cGy followed by immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporin A for 28 and 35 days, respectively, could be used to facilitate persistence of autologous gene-modified T cells when a transgene-specific immune response had already been established or to induce long-lasting tolerance in unprimed recipients. Two macaques (Macaca nemestrina) received infusions of T cells transduced to express either the enhanced green fluorescent protein and neomycin phosphotransferase genes or the hygromycin phosphotransferase and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase genes. In the absence of immunosuppression, both macaques developed potent class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses that rapidly eliminated the gene-modified T cells and that persisted long term as memory CTL. Treatment with the nonmyeloablative regimen failed to abrogate preexisting memory CTL responses but interfered with the induction of transgene-specific CTL and facilitated in vivo persistence of gene-modified cells in an unprimed host. However, sustained tolerance to gene-modified T cells was not achieved with this regimen, indicating that further modifications will be required to permit sustained persistence of gene-modified T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Berger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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13
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Dickey C, Ziegner U, Agadjanyan MG, Srikantan V, Refaeli Y, Prabhu A, Sato A, Williams WV, Weiner DB, Ugen KE. Murine monoclonal antibodies biologically active against the amino region of HIV-1 gp120: isolation and characterization. DNA Cell Biol 2000; 19:243-52. [PMID: 10798448 DOI: 10.1089/104454900314519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 envelope glycoprotein is synthesized as a precursor (gp160) and subsequently cleaved to generate the external gp120 and transmembrane gp41 glycoproteins. Both gp120 and gp41 have been demonstrated to mediate critical functions of HIV, including viral attachment and fusion with the cell membrane. The antigenic variability of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein has presented a significant problem in the design of appropriate and successful vaccines and offers one explanation for the ability of HIV to evade immune surveillance. Therefore, the development and characterization of functional antibodies against conserved regions of the envelope glycoprotein is needed. Because of this need, we generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (MuMabs) against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. To accomplish this, we immunized Balb/C mice with a recombinant glycoprotein 160 (gp160) that was synthesized in a baculovirus expression system. From the growth-positive hybridomas, three MuMabs were generated that demonstrated significant reactivity with recombinant gp120 but failed to show reactivity against HIV-1 gp41, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Using vaccinia constructs that synthesize variant truncated subunits of gp160, we were able to map reactivity of all three of the Mabs (ID6, AC4, and AD3) to the first 204 residues of gp120 (i.e., the N terminus of gp120) via Western blot analysis. Elucidation of the epitopes for these Mabs may have important implications for inhibition of infection by HIV-1. Our initial attempts to map these Mabs with linear epitopes have not elucidated a specific antigenic determinant; however, several physical characteristics have been determined that suggest a continuous surface epitope. Although these antibodies failed to neutralize cell-free or cell-associated infection by HIV-1, they did mediate significant antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, indicating potential therapeutic utility. In summary, these data suggest the identification of a potentially novel site in the first 200 aa of gp120 that mediates ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dickey
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
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14
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Pontesilli O, Carotenuto P, Kerkhof-Garde SR, Roos MT, Keet IP, Coutinho RA, Goudsmit J, Miedema F. Lymphoproliferative response to HIV type 1 p24 in long-term survivors of HIV type 1 infection is predictive of persistent AIDS-free infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:973-81. [PMID: 10445809 DOI: 10.1089/088922299310485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish immunologic correlates of progression to AIDS in long-term survivors of HIV-1 infection, HIV-1-specific T cell-mediated responses, together with T cell reactivity to recall antigens, were studied in frozen samples collected after 5 and 8 years of documented HIV-1 infection. Eight of 21 homosexual men, who remained asymptomatic and maintained CD4+ T cell numbers >400 cells/microl for 9 years of HIV-1 infection, progressed to AIDS (CDC 1993 definition) within 12.5 years of infection (late progressors, LPs). The remainders showed minimal deterioration of immune parameters (long-term nonprogressors, LTNPs). CD4+ T cell numbers and T cell function measured at years 5 and 8 of follow-up were comparable in the two groups. At both time points responses to recall antigens did not significantly differ between the two groups, although a significant decline of lymphoproliferative responses to Candida and tetanus toxoid was observed in LPs. Circulating HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors were found in broad frequency ranges in both LPs and LTNPs and, similarly, no significant differences were found in comparing the breadth of serum neutralizing activity against heterologous HIV-1 primary isolates. In contrast, lymphoproliferative responses to p24gag, but not p17gag or gp160env, were detected only in LTNPs and were totally absent in LPs at both time points (p < 0.01). Our data suggest that the presence of circulating p24-specific CD4+ T cells may reflect effective viral control and be predictive of subsequent favorable clinical course in long-term asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pontesilli
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Kent SJ, Zhao A, Best SJ, Chandler JD, Boyle DB, Ramshaw IA. Enhanced T-cell immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine regimen consisting of consecutive priming with DNA and boosting with recombinant fowlpox virus. J Virol 1998; 72:10180-8. [PMID: 9811759 PMCID: PMC110562 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.10180-10188.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific T-cell responses is widely seen as critical to the development of effective immunity to HIV type 1 (HIV-1). Plasmid DNA and recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) vaccines are among the most promising safe HIV-1 vaccine candidates. However, the immunity induced by either vaccine alone may be insufficient to provide durable protection against HIV-1 infection. We evaluated a consecutive immunization strategy involving priming with DNA and boosting with rFPV vaccines encoding common HIV-1 antigens. In mice, this approach induced greater HIV-1-specific immunity than either vector alone and protected mice from challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 antigens. In macaques, a dramatic boosting effect on DNA vaccine-primed HIV-1-specific helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, but a decline in HIV-1 antibody titers, was observed following rFPV immunization. The vaccine regimen protected macaques from an intravenous HIV-1 challenge, with the resistance most likely mediated by T-cell responses. These studies suggest a safe strategy for the enhanced generation of T-cell-mediated protective immunity to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kent
- AIDS Pathogenesis Research Unit, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Fairfield 3078, Victoria, Australia.
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16
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Looney DJ, McClure J, Kent SJ, Radaelli A, Kraus G, Schmidt A, Steffy K, Greenberg P, Hu SL, Morton WR, Wong-Staal F. A minimally replicative HIV-2 live-virus vaccine protects M. nemestrina from disease after HIV-2(287) challenge. Virology 1998; 242:150-60. [PMID: 9501043 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
M. nemestrina immunized with an apathogenic HIV-2 molecular clone (HIV-2KR) were protected from CD4 decline and disease upon challenge with HIV-2(287), after any immunizing virus could be detected. Higher but not lower inocula of HIV-2KR were protective against intravenous inoculation of either 10(5) or 10(1) TCID50 of HIV-2(287). Protected animals displayed substantial reductions in PBMC proviral burden (1-3 logs), viral titers (1-2 logs), and plasma viral RNA (2-4 logs) compared to unprotected or naive animals as early as 1 week postinfection. Plasma viral RNA became undetectable after 24 weeks in protected animals, but remained high in unprotected animals. No viral RNA was present in the spleen of the protected animal necropsied more than a year after challenge (though viral DNA was still present). No neutralizing responses could be demonstrated, but CTL activity was detected sooner and at higher levels after challenge in protected than in unprotected macaques. In this novel HIV-2 vaccine model, protection was clearly dose-dependent, and clearance of challenge virus RNA from the plasma did not require detectable ongoing replication of the immunizing virus at the time of challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Looney
- Infectious Diseases, VA San Diego Healthcare System, California 92161, USA.
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Corey L. Raising the consciousness for identifying and controlling viral STDs: fears and frustrations--Thomas Parran Award Lecture. Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25:58-69. [PMID: 9518380 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-199802000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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18
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Agy MB, Schmidt A, Florey MJ, Kennedy BJ, Schaefer G, Katze MG, Corey L, Morton WR, Bosch ML. Serial in vivo passage of HIV-1 infection in Macaca nemestrina. Virology 1997; 238:336-43. [PMID: 9400606 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In an earlier study we found that pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) that were experimentally infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) initially became viremic and seroconverted, but HIV-1 replication diminished markedly over time. In an attempt to develop a longer term pathogenic model, blood from HIV-1-infected macaques was serially transfused into three groups of naive macaques. Transfer was successful through two transfusions as shown by repeated virus isolations and confirmed by the development of cell-free plasma viremia and by seroconversion. Three to five weeks after transfusion, plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA from several macaques in the first two groups exceeded those of the initially inoculated macaques. However, animals in the third group had diminished RNA levels, were virus culture negative, and did not seroconvert. Sequence analyses of env-region clones from infected animals revealed only minimal changes over the course of the passages. These results confirm HIV-1 replication in M. nemestrina during the acute phase of infection. However, adaptation of HIV-1 to a macaque-pathogenic variant did not occur during serial passage, possibly because the animals were able to restrict HIV-1 replication below a level required for a pathogenic variant to emerge. Whether such containment is a function of the host's immune response or a virus cell incompatibility remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Agy
- Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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Ada GL, McElrath MJ. HIV type 1 vaccine-induced cytotoxic T cell responses: potential role in vaccine efficacy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:205-10. [PMID: 9115805 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G L Ada
- Division of Immunology and Cell Biology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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20
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Kent SJ, Hu SL, Corey L, Morton WR, Greenberg PD. Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells in macaques protected from SIV challenge by prior SIV subunit vaccination. J Virol 1996; 70:4941-7. [PMID: 8763998 PMCID: PMC190445 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.8.4941-4947.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines for lentiviruses would ideally induce in the host complete resistance to infection of host cells. However, such sterilizing immunity may be neither readily achievable nor absolutely necessary to provide protection from exposure to the immunodeficiency viruses. To examine the nature of protective immunity to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), we studied three macaques that had been immunized with a recombinant vaccinia virus-based SIV subunit vaccine regimen and exhibited protection from a challenge with cell-free SIV (MNE) as determined by viral cultures, serology, and PCR for viral genomes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from the protected macaques and analyzed for CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to SIV proteins. CTL reactive to SIV proteins not included in the subunit vaccine, and thus to which these animals had not been exposed prior to challenge, were detected postchallenge in the vaccine-protected animals and persisted for up to 1 year. These CTL, as reflected by studies of cytolytic lines and derived T-cell clones, were CD8+, did not recognize allogeneic targets, and recognized the SIV proteins in the context of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules. The frequency of precursor CD8+ CTL reactive to SIV proteins was determined by limiting-dilution analysis and demonstrated that the responses elicited following challenge of protected animals to SIV proteins not present in the vaccine were quantitatively similar to those of animals persistently infected with SIV. The presence of these CD8+ CTL responses to SIV proteins present only in the challenge virus suggests that infection of some host cells occurred postchallenge. These results suggest that the development of a low level of SIV infection following exposure of vaccinated hosts to SIV does not preclude protection from lethal SIV disease by vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kent
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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