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Waldron C, Zafar MA, Ziganshin BA, Weininger G, Grewal N, Elefteriades JA. Evidence Accumulates: Patients with Ascending Aneurysms Are Strongly Protected from Atherosclerotic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15640. [PMID: 37958625 PMCID: PMC10650782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may be fatal upon rupture or dissection and remain a leading cause of death in the developed world. Understanding the pathophysiology of the development of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may help reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the protective relationship between ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms and the development of atherosclerosis, including decreased carotid intima-media thickness, low-density lipoprotein levels, coronary and aortic calcification, and incidence of myocardial infarction. We also propose several possible mechanisms driving this relationship, including matrix metalloproteinase proteins and transforming growth factor-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Waldron
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
| | - Mohammad A. Zafar
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
| | - Bulat A. Ziganshin
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Gabe Weininger
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
| | - Nimrat Grewal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - John A. Elefteriades
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA; (C.W.); (M.A.Z.); (B.A.Z.)
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2
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Bachmann JC, Baumgart SJ, Uryga AK, Bosteen MH, Borghetti G, Nyberg M, Herum KM. Fibrotic Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: The Dual Roles of Fibrosis in HFpEF and CAD. Cells 2022; 11:1657. [PMID: 35626694 PMCID: PMC9139546 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and atherosclerosis-driven coronary artery disease (CAD) will have ongoing fibrotic remodeling both in the myocardium and in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the functional consequences of fibrosis differ for each location. Thus, cardiac fibrosis leads to myocardial stiffening, thereby compromising cardiac function, while fibrotic remodeling stabilizes the atherosclerotic plaque, thereby reducing the risk of plaque rupture. Although there are currently no drugs targeting cardiac fibrosis, it is a field under intense investigation, and future drugs must take these considerations into account. To explore similarities and differences of fibrotic remodeling at these two locations of the heart, we review the signaling pathways that are activated in the main extracellular matrix (ECM)-producing cells, namely human cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Although these signaling pathways are highly overlapping and context-dependent, effects on ECM remodeling mainly act through two core signaling cascades: TGF-β and Angiotensin II. We complete this by summarizing the knowledge gained from clinical trials targeting these two central fibrotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate M. Herum
- Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760 Maaloev, Denmark; (J.C.B.); (S.J.B.); (A.K.U.); (M.H.B.); (G.B.); (M.N.)
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3
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Tejera-Muñoz A, Marquez-Exposito L, Tejedor-Santamaría L, Rayego-Mateos S, Orejudo M, Suarez-Álvarez B, López-Larrea C, Ruíz-Ortega M, Rodrigues-Díez RR. CCN2 Increases TGF-β Receptor Type II Expression in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Essential Role of CCN2 in the TGF-β Pathway Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:375. [PMID: 35008801 PMCID: PMC8745763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2/CTGF) has been traditionally described as a mediator of the fibrotic responses induced by other factors including the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). However, several studies have defined a direct role of CCN2 acting as a growth factor inducing oxidative and proinflammatory responses. The presence of CCN2 and TGF-β together in the cellular context has been described as a requisite to induce a persistent fibrotic response, but the precise mechanisms implicated in this relation are not described yet. Considering the main role of TGF-β receptors (TβR) in the TGF-β pathway activation, our aim was to investigate the effects of CCN2 in the regulation of TβRI and TβRII levels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). While no differences were observed in TβRI levels, an increase in TβRII expression at both gene and protein level were found 48 h after stimulation with the C-terminal fragment of CCN2 (CCN2(IV)). Cell pretreatment with a TβRI inhibitor did not modify TβRII increment induced by CCN2(VI), demonstrating a TGF-β-independent response. Secondly, CCN2(IV) rapidly activated the SMAD pathway in VSMCs, this being crucial in the upregulation of TβRII since the preincubation with an SMAD3 inhibitor prevented it. Similarly, pretreatment with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor erlotinib abolished TβRII upregulation, indicating the participation of this receptor in the observed responses. Our findings suggest a direct role of CCN2 maintaining the TGF-β pathway activation by increasing TβRII expression in an EGFR-SMAD dependent manner activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tejera-Muñoz
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.); (M.O.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (B.S.-Á.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Laura Marquez-Exposito
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.); (M.O.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (B.S.-Á.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Lucía Tejedor-Santamaría
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.); (M.O.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (B.S.-Á.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.); (M.O.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (B.S.-Á.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Macarena Orejudo
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.); (M.O.)
| | - Beatriz Suarez-Álvarez
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (B.S.-Á.); (C.L.-L.)
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Larrea
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (B.S.-Á.); (C.L.-L.)
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario Central De Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marta Ruíz-Ortega
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.T.-M.); (L.M.-E.); (L.T.-S.); (S.R.-M.); (M.O.)
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (B.S.-Á.); (C.L.-L.)
| | - Raúl R. Rodrigues-Díez
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (B.S.-Á.); (C.L.-L.)
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
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4
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Dynamic Crosstalk between Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and the Aged Extracellular Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810175. [PMID: 34576337 PMCID: PMC8468233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging is accompanied by the fragmentation of elastic fibers and collagen deposition, leading to reduced distensibility and increased vascular stiffness. A rigid artery facilitates elastin to degradation by MMPs, exposing vascular cells to greater mechanical stress and triggering signaling mechanisms that only exacerbate aging, creating a self-sustaining inflammatory environment that also promotes vascular calcification. In this review, we highlight the role of crosstalk between smooth muscle cells and the vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) and how aging promotes smooth muscle cell phenotypes that ultimately lead to mechanical impairment of aging arteries. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and the role of associated changes in ECM during aging may contribute to new approaches to prevent or delay arterial aging and the onset of cardiovascular diseases.
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5
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DeRoo E, Martinod K, Cherpokova D, Fuchs T, Cifuni S, Chu L, Staudinger C, Wagner DD. The role of platelets in thrombus fibrosis and vessel wall remodeling after venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:387-399. [PMID: 33058430 PMCID: PMC8530247 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Platelets are known to play an important role in venous thrombogenesis, but their role in thrombus maturation, resolution, and postthrombotic vein wall remodeling is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the role that circulating platelets play in the later phases of venous thrombosis. METHODS We used a murine inferior vena cava (IVC) stenosis model. Baseline studies in untreated mice were performed to determine an optimal postthrombotic time point for tissue harvest that would capture both thrombus maturation/resolution and postthrombotic vein wall remodeling. This time point was found to be postoperative day 10. After undergoing IVC ultrasound on day 2 to confirm venous thrombus formation, mice were treated with a daily injection of platelet-depleting antibody (anti-GP1bα) to maintain thrombocytopenia or with control IgG until postoperative day 10, at which time IVC and thrombi were harvested and thrombus length, volume, fibrosis, neovascularization, and smooth muscle cell invasion analyzed. Vein wall fibrosis and intimal thickening were also determined. RESULTS Mice that were made thrombocytopenic after venous thrombogenesis had thrombi that were less fibrotic, with fewer invading smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, thrombocytopenia in the setting of venous thrombosis resulted in less postthrombotic vein wall intimal thickening. Thrombus volume did not differ between thrombocytopenic mice and their control peers. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that circulating platelets contribute to venous thrombus maturation, fibrosis, and adverse vein wall remodeling, and that that inhibition of platelet recruitment may decrease thrombus and vein wall fibrosis, thus helping thrombolysis and preventing postthrombotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise DeRoo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tobias Fuchs
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Cifuni
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long Chu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caleb Staudinger
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denisa D. Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Watson MG, Byrne HM, Macaskill C, Myerscough MR. A multiphase model of growth factor-regulated atherosclerotic cap formation. J Math Biol 2020; 81:725-767. [PMID: 32728827 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-020-01526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterised by the growth of fatty plaques in the inner artery wall. In mature plaques, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are recruited from adjacent tissue to deposit a collagenous cap over the fatty plaque core. This cap isolates the thrombogenic plaque content from the bloodstream and prevents the clotting cascade that leads to myocardial infarction or stroke. Despite the protective role of the cap, the mechanisms that regulate cap formation and maintenance are not well understood. It remains unclear why some caps become stable, while others become vulnerable to rupture. We develop a multiphase PDE model with non-standard boundary conditions to investigate collagen cap formation by SMCs in response to diffusible growth factor signals from the endothelium. Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates SMC migration, proliferation and collagen degradation, while transforming growth factor (TGF)-[Formula: see text] stimulates SMC collagen synthesis and inhibits collagen degradation. The model SMCs respond haptotactically to gradients in the collagen phase and have reduced rates of migration and proliferation in dense collagenous tissue. The model, which is parameterised using in vivo and in vitro experimental data, reproduces several observations from plaque growth in mice. Numerical and analytical results demonstrate that a stable cap can be formed by a relatively small SMC population and emphasise the critical role of TGF-[Formula: see text] in effective cap formation. These findings provide unique insight into the mechanisms that may lead to plaque destabilisation and rupture. This work represents an important step towards the development of a comprehensive in silico plaque model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Watson
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Helen M Byrne
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlie Macaskill
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mary R Myerscough
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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7
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In vivo imaging of TGFβ signalling components using positron emission tomography. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2258-2272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Low EL, Baker AH, Bradshaw AC. TGFβ, smooth muscle cells and coronary artery disease: a review. Cell Signal 2019; 53:90-101. [PMID: 30227237 PMCID: PMC6293316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Excessive vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis are key events in the development of intimal hyperplasia, a pathophysiological response to acute or chronic sources of vascular damage that can lead to occlusive narrowing of the vessel lumen. Atherosclerosis, the primary cause of coronary artery disease, is characterised by chronic vascular inflammation and dyslipidemia, while revascularisation surgeries such as coronary stenting and bypass grafting represent acute forms of vascular injury. Gene knockouts of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), its receptors and downstream signalling proteins have demonstrated the importance of this pleiotropic cytokine during vasculogenesis and in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis. Dysregulated TGFβ signalling is a hallmark of many vascular diseases, and has been associated with the induction of pathological vascular cell phenotypes, fibrosis and ECM remodelling. Here we present an overview of TGFβ signalling in SMCs, highlighting the ways in which this multifaceted cytokine regulates SMC behaviour and phenotype in cardiovascular diseases driven by intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Low
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Andrew H Baker
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Angela C Bradshaw
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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9
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Wang D, Uhrin P, Mocan A, Waltenberger B, Breuss JM, Tewari D, Mihaly-Bison J, Huminiecki Ł, Starzyński RR, Tzvetkov NT, Horbańczuk J, Atanasov AG. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation as a therapeutic target. Part 1: molecular targets and pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1586-1607. [PMID: 29684502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of human death worldwide. Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to the etiology of such diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and pulmonary hypertension. The control of vascular cell proliferation is complex and encompasses interactions of many regulatory molecules and signaling pathways. Herein, we recapitulated the importance of signaling cascades relevant for the regulation of vascular cell proliferation. Detailed understanding of the mechanism underlying this process is essential for the identification of new lead compounds (e.g., natural products) for vascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Strada Gheorghe Marinescu 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M Breuss
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, 263136 Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Łukasz Huminiecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; NTZ Lab Ltd., Krasno Selo 198, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jarosław Horbańczuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Joly AL, Seitz C, Liu S, Kuznetsov NV, Gertow K, Westerberg LS, Paulsson-Berne G, Hansson GK, Andersson J. Alternative Splicing of FOXP3 Controls Regulatory T Cell Effector Functions and Is Associated With Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability. Circ Res 2018; 122:1385-1394. [PMID: 29618596 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress immune responses and have been shown to attenuate atherosclerosis. The Treg cell lineage-specification factor FOXP3 (forkhead box P3) is essential for Treg cells' ability to uphold immunologic tolerance. In humans, FOXP3 exists in several different isoforms, however, their specific role is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To define the regulation and functions of the 2 major FOXP3 isoforms, FOXP3fl and FOXP3Δ2, as well as to establish whether their expression is associated with the ischemic atherosclerotic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Human primary T cells were transduced with lentiviruses encoding distinct FOXP3 isoforms. The phenotype and function of these cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, in vitro suppression assays and RNA-sequencing. We also assessed the effect of activation on Treg cells isolated from healthy volunteers. Treg cell activation resulted in increased FOXP3 expression that predominantly was made up of FOXP3Δ2. FOXP3Δ2 induced specific transcription of GARP (glycoprotein A repetitions predominant), which functions by tethering the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF (transforming growth factor)-β to the cell membrane of activated Treg cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the impact of alternative splicing of FOXP3 in relation with atherosclerotic plaque stability in a cohort of >150 patients that underwent carotid endarterectomy. Plaque instability was associated with a lower FOXP3Δ2 transcript usage, when comparing plaques from patients without symptoms and patients with the occurrence of recent (<1 month) vascular symptoms including minor stroke, transient ischemic attack, or amaurosis fugax. No difference was detected in total levels of FOXP3 mRNA between these 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that activated Treg cells suppress the atherosclerotic disease process and that FOXP3Δ2 controls a transcriptional program that acts protectively in human atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Joly
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.)
| | - Christina Seitz
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.)
| | - Sang Liu
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.)
| | - Nikolai V Kuznetsov
- Department of Medicine Solna, and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (N.V.K., L.S.W.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gertow
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.).,Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine (K.G., G.P.-B., G.K.H.)
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Medicine Solna, and Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (N.V.K., L.S.W.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine (K.G., G.P.-B., G.K.H.)
| | - John Andersson
- From the Immunology and Allergy Unit (A.-L.J., C.S., S.L., J.A.)
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11
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Huang SS, Liu IH, Chen CL, Chang JM, Johnson FE, Huang JS. 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), But Not Cholesterol, Causes Suppression of Canonical TGF-β Signaling and Is Likely Involved in the Development of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1387-1400. [PMID: 27862220 PMCID: PMC6123222 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, cholesterol has been thought to cause ASCVD. Limiting dietary cholesterol intake has been recommended to reduce the risk of the disease. However, several recent epidemiological studies do not support a relationship between dietary cholesterol and/or blood cholesterol and ASCVD. Consequently, the role of cholesterol in atherogenesis is now uncertain. Much evidence indicates that TGF-β, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, protects against ASCVD and that suppression of canonical TGF-β signaling (Smad2-dependent) is involved in atherogenesis. We had hypothesized that cholesterol causes ASCVD by suppressing canonical TGF-β signaling in vascular endothelium. To test this hypothesis, we determine the effects of cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC; the biosynthetic precursor of cholesterol), and other sterols on canonical TGF-β signaling. We use Mv1Lu cells (a model cell system for studying TGF-β activity) stably expressing the Smad2-dependent luciferase reporter gene. We demonstrate that 7-DHC (but not cholesterol or other sterols) effectively suppresses the TGF-β-stimulated luciferase activity. We also demonstrate that 7-DHC suppresses TGF-β-stimulated luciferase activity by promoting lipid raft/caveolae formation and subsequently recruiting cell-surface TGF-β receptors from non-lipid raft microdomains to lipid rafts/caveolae where TGF-β receptors become inactive in transducing canonical signaling and undergo rapid degradation upon TGF-β binding. We determine this by cell-surface 125 I-TGF-β-cross-linking and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. We further demonstrate that methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), a sterol-chelating agent, reverses 7-DHC-induced suppression of TGF-β-stimulated luciferase activity by extrusion of 7-DHC from resident lipid rafts/caveolae. These results suggest that 7-DHC, but not cholesterol, promotes lipid raft/caveolae formation, leading to suppression of canonical TGF-β signaling and atherogenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1387-1400, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Hua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Evaluation Platform, Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University and Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-Sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ming Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Evaluation Platform, Development Center for Biotechnology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Frank E. Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University Medical Center, 3635 Vista Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jung San Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, Missouri 63104
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12
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Ramnath NWM, Hawinkels LJAC, van Heijningen PM, te Riet L, Paauwe M, Vermeij M, Danser AHJ, Kanaar R, ten Dijke P, Essers J. Fibulin-4 deficiency increases TGF-β signalling in aortic smooth muscle cells due to elevated TGF-β2 levels. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16872. [PMID: 26607280 PMCID: PMC4660353 DOI: 10.1038/srep16872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibulins are extracellular matrix proteins associated with elastic fibres. Homozygous Fibulin-4 mutations lead to life-threatening abnormalities such as aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms in Fibulin-4 mutant mice were associated with upregulation of TGF-β signalling. How Fibulin-4 deficiency leads to deregulation of the TGF-β pathway is largely unknown. Isolated aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from Fibulin-4 deficient mice showed reduced growth, which could be reversed by treatment with TGF-β neutralizing antibodies. In Fibulin-4 deficient SMCs increased TGF-β signalling was detected using a transcriptional reporter assay and by increased SMAD2 phosphorylation. Next, we investigated if the increased activity was due to increased levels of the three TGF-β isoforms. These data revealed slightly increased TGF-β1 and markedly increased TGF-β2 levels. Significantly increased TGF-β2 levels were also detectable in plasma from homozygous Fibulin-4(R/R) mice, not in wild type mice. TGF-β2 levels were reduced after losartan treatment, an angiotensin-II type-1 receptor blocker, known to prevent aortic aneurysm formation. In conclusion, we have shown increased TGF-β signalling in isolated SMCs from Fibulin-4 deficient mouse aortas, not only caused by increased levels of TGF-β1, but especially TGF-β2. These data provide new insights in the molecular interaction between Fibulin-4 and TGF-β pathway regulation in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W M Ramnath
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L J A C Hawinkels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands, Cancer Genomics Centre.,Department of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P M van Heijningen
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L te Riet
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Paauwe
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands, Cancer Genomics Centre
| | - M Vermeij
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H J Danser
- Department of Pharmacology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Kanaar
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P ten Dijke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands, Cancer Genomics Centre
| | - J Essers
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Wang DS, Ganaha F, Kao EY, Lee J, Elkins CJ, Waugh JM, Dake MD. Local Stent-Based Release of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Limits Arterial In-Stent Restenosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:305-11. [PMID: 26464421 DOI: 10.1177/2211068215611040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The long-term success of intra-arterial stenting remains limited by in-stent restenosis (ISR). Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) can inhibit smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration and convert SMCs into extracellular matrix (ECM)-synthesizing cells. Here, we evaluate the effects of stent-based delivery of TGF-β1 on ISR in a rabbit model. Channeled stents loaded with TGF-β1 or control microspheres were deployed in rabbit aortas. Stented aortas were harvested at 7 and 28 d and evaluated for Ki-67-positive cells, collagenous ECM production, and intima-to-media (I/M) ratio. At 7 d, the TGF-β1 group exhibited fewer Ki-67-positive cells were found for the TGF-β1 group (17.87 ± 2.18 cells per mm(2)) relative to control (25.07 ± 2.65 cells per mm(2), p = 0.04), but increased collagen content (31.4 ± 2.5 percentage area) compared with control (29.3 ± 1.2 percentage area, p = 0.019). The I/M ratio in the TGF-β1 group was reduced by 50% and 9.1% versus control at 7 d (0.13 ± 0.02 vs. 0.26 ± 0.02, p = 0.0001) and 28 d (1.80 ± 0.05 vs. 1.98 ± 0.08, p = 0.0038), respectively. Stent-based controlled release of TGF-β1 limits ISR and is associated with inhibition of SMC proliferation but an increase in ECM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wang
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fumikiyo Ganaha
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward Y Kao
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jane Lee
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Elkins
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob M Waugh
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael D Dake
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Curtis A, Smith T, Ziganshin BA, Elefteriades JA. Ascending Aortic Proaneurysmal Genetic Mutations with Antiatherogenic Effects. Int J Angiol 2015; 24:189-97. [PMID: 26417187 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1556075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysms are common and are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Despite this lethal diagnosis, there is an increasing body of evidence to suggest that the diagnosis of an aneurysm, specifically in the ascending thoracic aorta, may significantly reduce the risk of developing systemic atherosclerosis. Clinical observations in the operating room have shown pristine blood vessels in patients undergoing surgery for thoracic aortic aneurysms. There is now evidence that both the carotid intima-media thickness and arterial calcification, which are early and late signs of atherosclerosis respectively, are decreased in those with thoracic aortic aneurysms. These clinical studies are supported by molecular, genetic, and pharmacological evidence. Two principle mechanisms have been identified to explain the relationship of a proaneurysmal state conferring protection from atherosclerosis. These include an excess proteolytic balance of matrix metalloproteinase activity, leading to fragmentation of elastic lamellae and disordered collagen deposition. In addition, transforming growth factor β modulates vascular smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, and leukocytes. This confers protection from the initial plaque formation and, later provides stability to the plaque possibly through alteration of the types I and II transforming growth factor β receptor ratio. Furthermore, studies are now beginning to establish an important role for statins and estradiol in modulating these complex pathways. In the future, as our understanding of these complex mechanisms underlying aneurysmal protection against atherosclerosis increases, corresponding therapies may be developed to offer protection from atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Curtis
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Tanya Smith
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Bulat A Ziganshin
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut ; Department of Surgical Diseases No. 2, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - John A Elefteriades
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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15
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Both diabetes and fetuin-A are independently associated with increased risk of arterial stiffness. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 445:133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Chau K, Elefteriades JA. Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms protect against myocardial infarctions. Int J Angiol 2014; 23:177-82. [PMID: 25317029 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1382288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been increasing evidence that ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) protect against atherosclerosis. However, there have been no studies examining the relationship between ascending TAAs and clinical endpoints of atherosclerosis, such as stroke or peripheral arterial disease. In this study, we aim to characterize the relationship between TAAs and a specific clinical endpoint of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI). We compared prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and MIs in 487 patients who underwent surgical repair for ascending TAAs to 500 control patients who did not have an ascending TAA. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to calculate the odds of having MI if a patient had an ascending TAA versus any of several MI risk factors. There was a significantly lower prevalence of CAD and MI in the ascending TAA group than in the control TAA group. The odds of having a MI if a patient had a MI risk factor were all > 1 (more likely to have a MI), with the lowest statistically significant odds ratio being 1.54 (age; p = 0.001) and the highest being 14.9 (family history of MI; p < 0.001). The odds ratio of having a MI if a patient had an ascending TAA, however, was near 0 at 0.05 (p < 0.001). This study provides evidence that ascending TAAs protect against MIs, adding further support to the hypothesis that ascending TAAs protect against atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Chau
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John A Elefteriades
- Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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17
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Shi X, Guo LW, Seedial SM, Si Y, Wang B, Takayama T, Suwanabol PA, Ghosh S, DiRenzo D, Liu B, Kent KC. TGF-β/Smad3 inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis through an autocrine signaling mechanism involving VEGF-A. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1317. [PMID: 25010983 PMCID: PMC4123076 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that in the presence of elevated Smad3, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) transforms from an inhibitor to a stimulant of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and intimal hyperplasia (IH). Here we identify a novel mechanism through which TGF-β/Smad3 also exacerbates IH by inhibiting SMC apoptosis. We found that TGF-β treatment led to inhibition of apoptosis in rat SMCs following viral expression of Smad3. Conditioned media from these cells when applied to naive SMCs recapitulated this effect, suggesting an autocrine pathway through a secreted factor. Gene array of TGF-β/Smad3-treated cells revealed enhanced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a known inhibitor of endothelial cell apoptosis. We then evaluated whether VEGF is the secreted mediator responsible for TGF-β/Smad3 inhibition of SMC apoptosis. In TGF-β/Smad3-treated cells, VEGF mRNA and protein as well as VEGF secretion were increased. Moreover, recombinant VEGF-A inhibited SMC apoptosis and a VEGF-A-neutralizing antibody reversed the inhibitory effect of conditioned media on SMC apoptosis. Stimulation of SMCs with TGF-β led to the formation of a complex of Smad3 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) that in turn activated the VEGF-A promoter and transcription. In rat carotid arteries following arterial injury, Smad3 and VEGF-A expression were upregulated. Moreover, Smad3 gene transfer further enhanced VEGF expression as well as inhibited SMC apoptosis. Finally, blocking either the VEGF receptor or Smad3 signaling in injured carotid arteries abrogated the inhibitory effect of Smad3 on vascular SMC apoptosis. Taken together, our study reveals that following angioplasty, elevation of both TGF-β and Smad3 leads to SMC secretion of VEGF-A that functions as an autocrine inhibitor of SMC apoptosis. This novel pathway provides further insights into the role of TGF-β in the development of IH.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shi
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - L-W Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - S M Seedial
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Y Si
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - B Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - T Takayama
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - P A Suwanabol
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - S Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - D DiRenzo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - B Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - K C Kent
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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18
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Chau KH, Bender JR, Elefteriades JA. Silver Lining in the Dark Cloud of Aneurysm Disease. Cardiology 2014; 128:327-32. [DOI: 10.1159/000358123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Park MA, Choi KC. Effects of 4-nonylphenol and bisphenol A on stimulation of cell growth via disruption of the transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway in ovarian cancer models. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 27:119-28. [PMID: 24308608 DOI: 10.1021/tx400365z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a major pathway in cellular processes such as cell growth, apoptosis, and cellular homeostasis. The signaling pathway activated by 17β-estadiol (E2) appeared to inhibit the TGF-β signaling pathway by cross-talk with the TGF-β components in estrogen receptor (ER) positive cells. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including 4-nonylphenol (NP), 4-otylphenol (OP), bisphenol A (BPA), and benzophenon-1 (BP-1), in the TGF-β signaling pathway in BG-1 ovarian cancer cells expressing estrogen receptors (ERs). The transcriptional and translational levels of TGF-β related genes were examined by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), Western blot analysis, and xenograft mouse models of ovarian cancer cells. As a result, treatment with NP, OP, and BPA induced the expressions of SnoN, a TGF-β pathway inhibitor, and c-Fos, a TGF-β target transcription factor. Treatment with NP, BPA, and BP-1 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of Smad3, a downstream target of TGF-β. These results indicate that NP and BPA may stimulate the proliferation of BG-1 cells via inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway. In a xenograft mouse model, transplanted BG-1 ovarian cancer cells showed significantly decreased phosphorylation of Smad3 and increased expression of SnoN in the ovarian tumor masses following treatment with E2, NP, or BPA. In parallel with an in vitro model, the expressions of these TGF-β signaling pathway were similarly regulated by NP or BPA in a xenograft mouse model. These results support the fact that the existence of an unproven relationship between EDCs/ER-α and TGF-β signaling pathway and a further study are required in order to verify more profound and distinct mechanism(s) for the disturbance of the TGF-β signaling pathway by diverse EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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20
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Park MA, Hwang KA, Lee HR, Yi BR, Choi KC. Cell Growth of BG-1 Ovarian Cancer Cells was Promoted by 4-Tert-octylphenol and 4-Nonylphenol via Downregulation of TGF-β Receptor 2 and Upregulation of c-myc. Toxicol Res 2013; 27:253-9. [PMID: 24278580 PMCID: PMC3834391 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2011.27.4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is involved in cellular processes including growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and homeostasis. Generally, TGF-β is the inhibitor of cell cycle progression and plays a role in enhancing the antagonistic effects of many growth factors. Unlike the antiproliferative effect of TGF-β, E2, an endogeneous estrogen, is stimulating cell proliferation in the estrogen-dependent organs, which are mediated via the estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, and may be considered as a critical risk factor in tumorigenesis of hormone-responsive cancers. Previous researches reported the cross-talk between estrogen/ERα and TGF-β pathway. Especially, based on the E2-mediated inhibition of TGF-β signaling, we examined the inhibition effect of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) and 4-nonylphenol (NP), which are well known xenoestrogens in endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), on TGF-β signaling via semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. The treatment of E2, OP, or NP resulted in the downregulation of TGF- β receptor2 (TGF-β R2) in TGF-β signaling pathway. However, the expression level of TGF-β1 and TGF- β receptor1 (TGF-β R1) genes was not altered. On the other hand, E2, OP, or NP upregulated the expression of a cell-cycle regulating gene, c-myc, which is a oncogene and a downstream target gene of TGF-β signaling pathway. As a result of downregulation of TGF-β R2 and the upregulation of c-myc, E2, OP, or NP increased cell proliferation of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that E2 and these two EDCs may mediate cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting TGF-β signaling via the downregulation of TGF-β R2 and the upregulation of c-myc oncogene. In addition, it can be inferred that these EDCs have the possibility of tumorigenesis in estrogen-responsive organs by certainly representing estrogenic effect in inhibiting TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763 Korea
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21
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Zhang B, Elmabsout AA, Khalaf H, Basic VT, Jayaprakash K, Kruse R, Bengtsson T, Sirsjö A. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis changes the gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells involving the TGFbeta/Notch signalling pathway and increased cell proliferation. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:770. [PMID: 24209892 PMCID: PMC3827841 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes destructive chronic periodontitis. In addition, this bacterium is also involved in the development of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of P. gingivalis infection on gene and protein expression in human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) and its relation to cellular function. RESULTS AoSMCs were exposed to viable P. gingivalis for 24 h, whereafter confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to study P. gingivalis invasion of AoSMCs. AoSMCs proliferation was evaluated by neutral red assay. Human genome microarray, western blot and ELISA were used to investigate how P. gingivalis changes the gene and protein expression of AoSMCs. We found that viable P. gingivalis invades AoSMCs, disrupts stress fiber structures and significantly increases cell proliferation. Microarray results showed that, a total of 982 genes were identified as differentially expressed with the threshold log2 fold change > |1| (adjust p-value <0.05). Using bioinformatic data mining, we demonstrated that up-regulated genes are enriched in gene ontology function of positive control of cell proliferation and down-regulated genes are enriched in the function of negative control of cell proliferation. The results from pathway analysis revealed that all the genes belonging to these two categories induced by P. gingivalis were enriched in 25 pathways, including genes of Notch and TGF-beta pathways. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that P. gingivalis is able to invade AoSMCs and stimulate their proliferation. The activation of TGF-beta and Notch signaling pathways may be involved in the bacteria-mediated proliferation of AoSMCs. These findings further support the association between periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
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22
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Lu Y, Boer JMA, Barsova RM, Favorova O, Goel A, Müller M, Feskens EJM. TGFB1 genetic polymorphisms and coronary heart disease risk: a meta-analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:39. [PMID: 22607024 PMCID: PMC3497590 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variations in TGFB1 gene have been studied in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but the results were inconsistent. METHODS We performed a systematic review of published studies on the potential role of TGFB1 genetic variation in CHD risk. Articles that reported the association of TGFB1 genetic variants with CHD as primary outcome were searched via Medline and HuGE Navigator through July 2011. The reference lists from included articles were also reviewed. RESULTS Data were available from 4 studies involving 1777 cases and 7172 controls for rs1800468, 7 studies involving 5935 cases and 10677 controls for rs1800469, 7 studies involving 6634 cases and 9620 controls for rs1982073, 5 studies involving 5452 cases and 9999 controls for rs1800471, and 4 studies involving 5143 cases and 4229 controls for rs1800472. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) for CHD among minor T allele carriers of rs1800469, minor C allele carriers of rs1982073, and minor C allele carriers of rs1800471 versus homozygous major allele carriers was 1.14 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.24), 1.18 (95% CI: 1.04-1.35), and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02-1.32), respectively. No substantial heterogeneity for ORs was detected among the included Caucasian populations for all SNPs. However, for rs1800471, the statistical significance disappeared after adjusting for potential publication bias. No significant association was found between rs1800468 and rs1800472 variants and CHD risk. CONCLUSION Minor allele carriers of two genetic variants (rs1800469 and rs1982073) in TGFB1 have a 15% increased risk of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchang Lu
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box 8129, 6700, EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Guo X, Chen SY. Transforming growth factor-β and smooth muscle differentiation. World J Biol Chem 2012; 3:41-52. [PMID: 22451850 PMCID: PMC3312200 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v3.i3.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family members are multifunctional cytokines regulating diverse cellular functions such as growth, adhesion, migration, apoptosis, and differentiation. TGF-βs elicit their effects via specific type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors and intracellular Smad transcription factors. Knockout mouse models for the different components of the TGF-β signaling pathway have revealed their critical roles in smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation. Genetic studies in humans have linked mutations in these signaling components to specific cardiovascular disorders such as aorta aneurysm and congenital heart diseases due to SMC defects. In this review, the current understanding of TGF-β function in SMC differentiation is highlighted, and the role of TGF-β signaling in SMC-related diseases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Guo
- Xia Guo, Shi-You Chen, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
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Toma I, McCaffrey TA. Transforming growth factor-β and atherosclerosis: interwoven atherogenic and atheroprotective aspects. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:155-75. [PMID: 21626289 PMCID: PMC4915479 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related progression of cardiovascular disease is by far the largest health problem in the US and involves vascular damage, progressive vascular fibrosis and the accumulation of lipid-rich atherosclerotic lesions. Advanced lesions can restrict flow to key organs and can trigger occlusive thrombosis resulting in a stroke or myocardial infarction. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a major orchestrator of the fibroproliferative response to tissue damage. In the early stages of repair, TGF-β is released from platelets and activated from matrix reservoirs; it then stimulates the chemotaxis of repair cells, modulates immunity and inflammation and induces matrix production. At later stages, it negatively regulates fibrosis through its strong antiproliferative and apoptotic effects on fibrotic cells. In advanced lesions, TGF-β might be important in arterial calcification, commonly referred to as "hardening of the arteries". Because TGF-β can signal through multiple pathways, namely the SMADs, a MAPK pathway and the Rho/ROCK pathways, selective defects in TGF-β signaling can disrupt otherwise coordinated pathways of tissue regeneration. TGF-β is known to control cell proliferation, cell migration, matrix synthesis, wound contraction, calcification and the immune response, all being major components of the atherosclerotic process. However, many of the effects of TGF-β are essential to normal tissue repair and thus, TGF-β is often thought to be "atheroprotective". The present review attempts to parse systematically the known effects of TGF-β on both the major risk factors for atherosclerosis and to isolate the role of TGF-β in the many component pathways involved in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Toma
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW. Ross Hall 443, Washington DC 20037, USA
| | - Timothy A. McCaffrey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, 2300 I Street NW. Ross Hall 443, Washington DC 20037, USA
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Deng HB, Jiang CQ, Tomlinson B, Liu B, Lin JM, Wong KS, Cheung BMY, Lam TH, Thomas GN. A polymorphism in transforming growth factor-β1 is associated with carotid plaques and increased carotid intima-media thickness in older Chinese men: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-Cardiovascular Disease Subcohort. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:391-6. [PMID: 21167485 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFB1) gene have not been associated with asymptomatic atherosclerosis previously. We investigated the relationship between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4803455 in TGFB1 and atherosclerosis identified by the presence of carotid plaque and increased intima-media thickness (IMT) in an older Chinese population. METHODS 1996 subjects (992 (49.7%) men aged 50-85 years) from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study-Cardiovascular Subcohort (GBCS-CVD) were genotyped. Carotid plaque and IMT were assessed by B-mode ultrasonography. RESULTS In male subjects, the C allele of TGFB1 rs4803455 was significantly associated with prevalence of carotid plaque (adjusted OR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.16-5.36, P = 0.03). The C allele was related to increased number of common carotid artery (CCA) plaques (P=0.03) and larger carotid plaque area (P = 0.02) in men. The homozygous carriers of allele C in male subjects also had a higher risk of having carotid IMT ≥ 1 mm (adjusted OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.05-2.93, P = 0.03). These associations were independent of age, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, blood pressure, lipid profile, fasting glucose and high sensitivity C-reactive protein. CONCLUSION This is the first study to show that the C allele in TGFB1 was associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis in older Chinese men. Further investigations on the linkage between the TGFB1 gene and progression of atherosclerosis in asymptomatic populations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Bing Deng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Xu S, Liu AC, Gotlieb AI. Common pathogenic features of atherosclerosis and calcific aortic stenosis: role of transforming growth factor-beta. Cardiovasc Pathol 2009; 19:236-47. [PMID: 19942455 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic stenosis and atherosclerosis have been investigated separately in experimental in vitro and in vivo studies and in clinical studies. The similarities identified in both diseases suggest that similar pathogenic pathways are involved in both conditions. Most current therapeutic studies are focused on statins. The evidence suggests that statin effects on valves may, in large part, be independent of the lipid lowering effects of the drug. There are several molecules that play significant regulatory roles on the development and progression of valve sclerosis and calcification and on growth and complications of atherosclerotic plaques. The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathogenic features of the two conditions, highlight the important similarities, and then review the data that suggest that transforming growth factor-beta may play a key regulatory role in both diseases and that this is worthy of study as a potential therapeutic target for both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyi Xu
- Toronto General Research Institute and Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Yamanouchi D, Kato K, Ryer EJ, Zhang F, Liu B. Protein kinase C delta mediates arterial injury responses through regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:434-43. [PMID: 19808702 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS A balance between apoptosis and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) influences the development of intimal hyperplasia. We have previously demonstrated that protein kinase C delta (PKCdelta) regulates both apoptosis and proliferation of VSMC in vitro. Here we investigate the role of PKCdelta in intimal hyperplasia through gene deletion or overexpression in rodent models of arterial injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Arterial injury was induced in mice and rats by means of carotid ligation or balloon angioplasty, respectively. Overexpression of PKCdelta was achieved by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer immediately after balloon injury in rat carotid arteries. Levels of PKCdelta protein were profoundly increased in the carotid wall 3-7 days after balloon injury, co-localizing to TUNEL-positive medial cells. When subjected to arterial injury, PKCdelta gene-deficient mice responded with an enhanced intimal hyperplasia accompanied by an 80% reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive cells detected in the injured arteries as compared with their wild-type littermates. Conversely, arterial gene transfer of PKCdelta further increased the arterial expression of PKCdelta, which was associated with a marked increase in apoptosis and reduction of intimal hyperplasia. Neither manipulation led to significant alteration in cell proliferation, suggesting that the function of PKCdelta after arterial injury is predominantly pro-apoptotic. This notion is further supported by our observation of high PKCdelta expression in human restenotic lesions that also co-localized with apoptosis. CONCLUSION The expression of PKCdelta is upregulated in the arterial wall in response to injury. This induction appears to be a mechanism of arterial response that negatively influences the degree of intimal hyperplasia by stimulating VSMC apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Yamanouchi
- Division of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 5120, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Jiang Z, Tao M, Omalley KA, Wang D, Ozaki CK, Berceli SA. Established neointimal hyperplasia in vein grafts expands via TGF-beta-mediated progressive fibrosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1200-7. [PMID: 19617405 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00268.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In weeks to months following implantation, neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) in vein grafts (VGs) transitions from a cellularized to a decellularized phenotype. The inhibition of early cellular proliferation failed to improve long-term VG patency. We have previously demonstrated that transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1))/connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) pathways mediate a conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in the early VG (<2 wk). We hypothesize that these similar pathways drive fibrosis observed in the late VG lesion. Within rabbit VGs, real-time RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry were used to examine TGF-beta/CTGF pathways in late (1-6 mo) NIH. All VGs exhibited a steady NIH growth (P = 0.006) with significant reduction in cellularity (P = 0.01) over time. Substantial TGF-beta profibrotic activities, as evidenced by enhanced TGF-beta(1) activation, TGF-beta receptor types I (activin receptor-like kinase 5)-to-II receptor ratio, SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, and CTGF production, persisted throughout the observation period. An increased matrix synthesis was accompanied by a temporal reduction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (P = 0.001) and -9 (P < 0.001) activity. VG NIH is characterized by a conversion from a proproliferative to a profibrotic morphology. An enhanced signaling via TGF-beta/CTGF coupled with reduced matrix metalloproteinase activities promotes progressive fibrotic NIH expansion. The modulation of late TGF-beta/CTGF signaling may offer a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the long-term VG durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Jiang
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Kundi R, Hollenbeck ST, Yamanouchi D, Herman BC, Edlin R, Ryer EJ, Wang C, Tsai S, Liu B, Kent KC. Arterial gene transfer of the TGF-beta signalling protein Smad3 induces adaptive remodelling following angioplasty: a role for CTGF. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 84:326-35. [PMID: 19570811 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Although transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is believed to stimulate intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury, its role in remodelling remains unclear. We investigate whether Smad3, a TGF-beta signalling protein, might facilitate its effect on remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the rat carotid angioplasty model, we assess Smad3 expression following arterial injury. We then test the effect of arterial Smad3 overexpression on the response to injury, and use a conditioned media experimental design to confirm an Smad3-dependent soluble factor that mediates this response. We use small interfering RNA (siRNA) to identify this factor as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Finally, we attempt to replicate the effect of medial Smad3 overexpression through adventitial application of recombinant CTGF. Injury induced medial expression of Smad3; overexpression of Smad3 caused neointimal thickening and luminal expansion, suggesting adaptive remodelling. Smad3 overexpression, though exclusively medial, caused adventitial changes: myofibroblast transformation, proliferation, and collagen production, all of which are associated with adaptive remodelling. Supporting the hypothesis that Smad3 initiated remodelling and these adventitial changes via a secreted product of medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs), we found that media conditioned by Smad3-expressing recombinant adenoviral vector (AdSmad3)-infected SMCs stimulated adventitial fibroblast transformation, proliferation, and collagen production in vitro. This effect was attenuated by pre-treatment of SMCs with siRNA specific for CTGF, abundantly produced by AdSmad3-infected SMCs, and significantly up-regulated in Smad3-overexpressing arteries. Moreover, periadventitial administration of CTGF replicated the effect of medial Smad3 overexpression on adaptive remodelling and neointimal hyperplasia. CONCLUSION Medial gene transfer of Smad3 promotes adaptive remodelling by indirectly influencing the behaviour of adventitial fibroblasts. This arterial cell-cell communication is likely to be mediated by Smad3-dependent production of CTGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kundi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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Tsai S, Hollenbeck ST, Ryer EJ, Edlin R, Yamanouchi D, Kundi R, Wang C, Liu B, Kent KC. TGF-beta through Smad3 signaling stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal formation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H540-9. [PMID: 19525370 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.91478.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to better understand the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and its primary signaling protein Smad3 in the development of intimal hyperplasia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent left carotid balloon injury followed by intra-arterial infection with adenovirus-expressing Smad3 (AdSmad3). In uninfected injured arteries, endogenous Smad3 was upregulated with the expression peaking at 14 days. Moreover, in arteries infected with AdSmad3, we observed an enhancement of intimal hyperplasia and increased vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The novel finding, that TGF-beta/Smad3 stimulated rather than inhibited VSMC proliferation, was confirmed in cultured VSMCs infected with AdSmad3 and treated with TGF-beta. To identify the mechanism underlying TGF-beta/Smad3-mediated VSMC proliferation, we studied the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Although the upregulation of Smad3 in VSMCs had no significant effect on total p27 levels, Smad3 did stimulate the phosphorylation of p27 at serine-10 as well as the nuclear export of p27, events associated with cell proliferation. Furthermore, serine-10-phosphorylated p27 was also increased in AdSmad3-infected injured rat carotid arteries, demonstrating the existence of this same mechanism in vivo. In conclusion, our findings identify a novel mechanism for the effect of TGF-beta on intimal hyperplasia. In the presence of elevated levels of Smad3 that develop in response to injury, TGF-beta stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation through a mechanism involving the phosphorylation and nuclear export of p27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirling Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Okamoto T, Takahashi S, Nakamura E, Nagaya K, Hayashi T, Fujieda K. Transforming growth factor-β1 induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in human meningeal cells via ERK and Smad pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 383:475-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yang Z, Gagarin D, St Laurent G, Hammell N, Toma I, Hu CA, Iwasa A, McCaffrey TA. Cardiovascular inflammation and lesion cell apoptosis: a novel connection via the interferon-inducible immunoproteasome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:1213-9. [PMID: 19443843 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.189407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests that chronic inflammation contributes to atherogenesis, and that acute inflammatory events cause plaque rupture, thrombosis, and myocardial infarction. The present studies examined how inflammatory factors, such as interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), cause increased sensitivity to apoptosis in vascular lesion cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Cells from the fibrous cap of human atherosclerotic lesions were sensitized by interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) to Fas-induced apoptosis, in a Bcl-X(L) reversible manner. Microarray profiling identified 72 INFgamma-induced transcripts with potential relevance to apoptosis. Half could be excluded because they were induced by IRF-1 overexpression, which did not sensitize to apoptosis. IFNgamma treatment strongly reduced Mcl-1, phospho-Bcl-2 (ser70), and phospho-Bcl-X(L) (ser62) protein levels. Candidate transcripts were modulated by siRNA, overexpression, or inhibitors to assess the effect on IFNgamma-induced Fas sensitivity. Surprisingly, siRNA knockdown of PSMB8 (LMP7), an "immunoproteasome" component, reversed IFNgamma-induced sensitivity to Fas ligation and prevented Fas/IFNgamma-induced degradation of Mcl-1, but did not protect p-Bcl-2 or p-Bcl-X(L). Proteasome inhibition markedly increased Mcl-1, p-Bcl-2, and p-Bcl-X(L) levels after IFNgamma treatment. CONCLUSIONS Although critical for antigen presentation, the immunoproteasome appears to be a key link between inflammatory factors and the control of vascular cell apoptosis and may thus be an important factor in plaque rupture and myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Yang
- The George Washington Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2300 I Street NW, Ross Hall 541, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Bot PT, Hoefer IE, Sluijter JP, van Vliet P, Smits AM, Lebrin F, Moll F, de Vries JP, Doevendans P, Piek JJ, Pasterkamp G, Goumans MJ. Increased Expression of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway, Endoglin, and Early Growth Response-1 in Stable Plaques. Stroke 2009; 40:439-47. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.108.522284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pieter T.G. Bot
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Imo E. Hoefer
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Joost P.G. Sluijter
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Patrick van Vliet
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Anke M. Smits
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Franck Lebrin
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Frans Moll
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Jean-Paul de Vries
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Pieter Doevendans
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Jan J. Piek
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
| | - Marie-José Goumans
- From the Department of Cardiology (P.T.G.B., J.J.P.), AMC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; the Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology (P.T.G.B., I.E.H., G.P.), the Department of Cardiology (J.P.G.S., P.v.V., A.M.S., P.D., M.-J.G.), and the Department of Vascular Surgery (F.M.), UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.-P.d.V.), St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; the Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) (J.P.G.S., P.v.V.),
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Basu S, Kumar M, Chansuria J, Singh TB, Bhatnagar R, Shukla VK. Effect of Cytomodulin-10 (TGF-ß1 analogue) on wound healing by primary intention in a murine model. Int J Surg 2009; 7:460-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rodríguez-Vita J, Sánchez-Galán E, Santamaría B, Sánchez-López E, Rodrigues-Díez R, Blanco-Colio LM, Egido J, Ortiz A, Ruiz-Ortega M. Essential role of TGF-beta/Smad pathway on statin dependent vascular smooth muscle cell regulation. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3959. [PMID: 19088845 PMCID: PMC2597201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors (also called statins) exert proven beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases. Recent data suggest a protective role for Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) in atherosclerosis by regulating the balance between inflammation and extracellular matrix accumulation. However, there are no studies about the effect of statins on TGF-β/Smad pathway in atherosclerosis and vascular cells. Methodology In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) statins enhanced Smad pathway activation caused by TGF-β. In addition, statins upregulated TGF-β receptor type II (TRII), and increased TGF-β synthesis and TGF-β/Smad-dependent actions. In this sense, statins, through Smad activation, render VSMCs more susceptible to TGF-β induced apoptosis and increased TGF-β-mediated ECM production. It is well documented that high doses of statins induce apoptosis in cultured VSMC in the presence of serum; however the precise mechanism of this effect remains to be elucidated. We have found that statins-induced apoptosis was mediated by TGF-β/Smad pathway. Finally, we have described that RhoA inhibition is a common intracellular mechanisms involved in statins effects. The in vivo relevance of these findings was assessed in an experimental model of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice: Treatment with Atorvastatin increased Smad3 phosphorylation and TRII overexpression, associated to elevated ECM deposition in the VSMCs within atheroma plaques, while apoptosis was not detected. Conclusions Statins enhance TGF-β/Smad pathway, regulating ligand levels, receptor, main signaling pathway and cellular responses of VSMC, including apoptosis and ECM accumulation. Our findings show that TGF-β/Smad pathway is essential for statins-dependent actions in VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anticholesteremic Agents/pharmacology
- Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Atorvastatin
- Cells, Cultured
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Heptanoic Acids/therapeutic use
- Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Biological
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Pyrroles/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Smad Proteins/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- rho-Associated Kinases/physiology
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Vita
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Sánchez-Galán
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Santamaría
- Dialysis Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elsa Sánchez-López
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Rodrigues-Díez
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís Miguel Blanco-Colio
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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36
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Chen CL, Huang SS, Huang JS. Cholesterol modulates cellular TGF-beta responsiveness by altering TGF-beta binding to TGF-beta receptors. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:223-33. [PMID: 17972267 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) responsiveness in cultured cells can be modulated by TGF-beta partitioning between lipid raft/caveolae- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathways. The TbetaR-II/TbetaR-I binding ratio of TGF-beta on the cell surface has recently been found to be a signal that controls TGF-beta partitioning between these pathways. Since cholesterol is a structural component in lipid rafts/caveolae, we have studied the effects of cholesterol on TGF-beta binding to TGF-beta receptors and TGF-beta responsiveness in cultured cells and in animals. Here we demonstrate that treatment with cholesterol, alone or complexed in lipoproteins, decreases the TbetaR-II/TbetaR-I binding ratio of TGF-beta while treatment with cholesterol-lowering or cholesterol-depleting agents increases the TbetaR-II/TbetaR-I binding ratio of TGF-beta in all cell types studied. Among cholesterol derivatives and analogs examined, cholesterol is the most potent agent for decreasing the TbetaR-II/TbetaR-I binding ratio of TGF-beta. Cholesterol treatment increases accumulation of the TGF-beta receptors in lipid rafts/caveolae as determined by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation analysis of cell lysates. Cholesterol/LDL suppresses TGF-beta responsiveness and statins/beta-CD enhances it, as measured by the levels of P-Smad2 and PAI-1 expression in cells stimulated with TGF-beta. Furthermore, the cholesterol effects observed in cultured cells are also found in the aortic endothelium of atherosclerotic ApoE-null mice fed a high cholesterol diet. These results indicate that high plasma cholesterol levels may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis) by suppressing TGF-beta responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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37
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Gordon KJ, Blobe GC. Role of transforming growth factor-beta superfamily signaling pathways in human disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:197-228. [PMID: 18313409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily signaling pathways are ubiquitous and essential regulators of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival, as well as physiological processes, including embryonic development, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Alterations in these pathways, including either germ-line or somatic mutations or alterations in the expression of members of these signaling pathways often result in human disease. Appropriate regulation of these pathways is required at all levels, particularly at the ligand level, with either a deficiency or an excess of specific TGF-beta superfamily ligands resulting in human disease. TGF-beta superfamily ligands and members of these TGF-beta superfamily signaling pathways also have emerging roles as diagnostic, prognostic or predictive markers for human disease. Ongoing studies will enable targeting of TGF-beta superfamily signaling pathways for the chemoprevention and treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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38
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Cyclic Stretch Controls the Expression of CD40 in Endothelial Cells by Changing Their Transforming Growth Factor–β1 Response. Circulation 2007; 116:2288-97. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.107.730309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background—
CD40 is a costimulatory molecule that acts as a central mediator of various immune responses, including those involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Correspondent to its function, CD40 is present not only on many immune cells, such as antigen-presenting cells and T cells, but also on nonimmune cells, such as endothelial cells.
Methods and Results—
Ex vivo analyses in mice revealed that CD40 is strongly expressed in distinct venous and capillary but not arterial endothelial cell populations. Therefore, we analyzed to what extent determinants of an arterial environment control CD40 expression in these cells. In vitro studies indicated that the presence of smooth muscle cells or exposure to cyclic stretch significantly downregulates CD40 expression in human endothelial cells. Interestingly, endothelial cells cocultured with smooth muscle cells upregulated CD40 expression in response to cyclic stretch through a transforming growth factor–β1/activin-receptor–like kinase-1 (Alk-1)–dependent mechanism. To corroborate that this mechanism also operates in arteries in vivo, we analyzed the expression of Alk-1 and CD40 at atherosclerosis-prone sites of the mouse aorta that also appear to be exposed to increased stretch. In wild-type mice, both Alk-1 and CD40 revealed a comparably heterogeneous expression pattern along the aortic arch that matched those sites in low-density lipoprotein–receptor–deficient mice where atherosclerotic lesions develop.
Conclusions—
Cyclic stretch thus increases the abundance of CD40 in endothelial cells through transforming growth factor–β1/Alk-1 signaling. This mechanism in turn may be responsible for the heterogeneous expression of CD40 at arterial bifurcations or curvatures and would support a site-specific proinflammatory response that is typical for the early phase of atherosclerosis.
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39
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Pannu J, Nakerakanti S, Smith E, ten Dijke P, Trojanowska M. Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I-dependent fibrogenic gene program is mediated via activation of Smad1 and ERK1/2 pathways. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10405-13. [PMID: 17317656 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611742200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta/Smad3 signaling pathway is considered a central mediator of pathological organ fibrosis; however, contribution of Smad2/3-independent TGF-beta signaling has not been fully explored. The present study utilized previously a described model of scleroderma (SSc) fibrosis based on forced expression of the TGF-betaRI (ALK5) (Pannu, J., Gardner, H., Shearstone, J. R., Smith, E., and Trojanowska, M. (2006) Arthritis Rheum. 54, 3011-3021). This study was aimed at determining the molecular mechanisms underlying the profibrotic program in this model. We demonstrate that the TGF-betaRI-dependent up-regulation of collagen and CCN2 (CTGF) does not involve Smad2/3 activation but is mediated by ALK1/Smad1 and ERK1/2 pathways. The following findings support this conclusion: (i) Smad2 and -3 were not phosphorylated in response to TGF-betaRI, (ii) a TGF-betaRI mutant defective in Smad2/3 activation, ALK5(3A), potently stimulated collagen production, (iii) elevation of TGF-betaRI triggered sustained association of ALK5 with ALK1 and high levels of Smad1 phosphorylation, (iv) blockade of Smad1 via small interfering RNA abrogated collagen and CCN2 up-regulation in this model, (v) elevated TGF-betaRI led to a prolonged activation of ERK1/2, (vi) the pharmacologic inhibitor of ERK1/2 inhibited Smad1 phosphorylation and abrogated profibrotic effects of elevated TGFbeta-RI. Additional experiments demonstrated that a GC-rich response element located -6 to -16 (upstream of the transcription start site) in the CCN2 promoter mediated Smad1-dependent increased promoter activity in this model. This element was shown previously to mediate up-regulation of the CCN2 promoter in SSc fibroblasts. In conclusion, this study defines a novel ALK1/Smad1- and ERK1/2-dependent, Smad3-independent mode of TGF-beta signaling that may operate during chronic stages of fibrosis in SSc.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Activin Receptors, Type II/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Fibrosis/genetics
- Fibrosis/metabolism
- Fibrosis/pathology
- GC Rich Sequence
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Response Elements
- Scleroderma, Localized/genetics
- Scleroderma, Localized/metabolism
- Scleroderma, Localized/pathology
- Smad1 Protein/metabolism
- Smad2 Protein/metabolism
- Smad3 Protein/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Pannu
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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40
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Mori K, Emoto M, Araki T, Yokoyama H, Teramura M, Lee E, Motoyama K, Koyama H, Shoji T, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y. Association of serum fetuin-A with carotid arterial stiffness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007; 66:246-50. [PMID: 17223995 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetuin-A is a circulating glycoprotein which is well characterized as an inhibitor of ectopic calcification. Vascular calcification commonly found in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is a predictor of cardiovascular death. Recently, several groups have demonstrated that low fetuin-A levels are associated with mortality in uraemic patients, possibly through regulation of vascular calcification. However, the physiological significance of fetuin-A in atherosclerosis remains unknown, except in specific conditions, such as vascular calcification in CKD patients. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between serum fetuin-A levels and arterial stiffness, a functional property of atherosclerosis, in healthy subjects. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS The study subjects comprised 141 healthy subjects. We measured serum fetuin-A levels and stiffness parameter beta for the common carotid artery, which was assessed by ultrasound using a phase-locked echo-tracking system. RESULTS Simple regression analyses indicated that serum fetuin-A levels were significantly correlated with stiffness parameter beta (r = 0.200, P = 0.018). Multiple regression analyses showed that, besides age, fetuin-A (beta = 0.166, P = 0.033) independently contribute to the stiffness parameter beta (R(2) = 0.310, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Serum fetuin-A level is associated with carotid arterial stiffness, independent of known atherogenic factors in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Mori
- Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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41
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Schmidt A, Lorkowski S, Seidler D, Breithardt G, Buddecke E. TGF-beta1 generates a specific multicomponent extracellular matrix in human coronary SMC. Eur J Clin Invest 2006; 36:473-82. [PMID: 16796604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF-beta(1)) is postulated to play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of arterial tissue and protection against development of arteriosclerosis. The TGF-beta(1)-induced production of a stable extra-cellular matrix-rich plaque phenotype is suggested to be part of the protection against a switch to an unstable rupture-prone arteriosclerotic plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study addresses the question of whether the expression profile and the type of extra-cellular matrix (ECM) generated by TGF-beta(1) stimulation have the structural feature of a fibril-rich stable matrix. Seventeen genes codings for ECM components of human coronary smooth muscle cells (SMCs) after a 24-h stimulation by TGF-beta(1) have been analyzed. RESULTS Real-time RT-PCR was used to quantify the mRNA of genes under investigation. It was found that after TGF-beta(1) stimulation (a) the up-regulation of COL1A1-specific mRNA was associated with increased [(3)H]proline incorporation into the alpha-1 and -2 chains of collagen type I, (b) the up-regulation of biglycan- and syndecan-1-specific mRNA corresponded to an increased [(35)S]sulphate and [4,5-(3)H]leucine incorporation into the biglycan molecule and to an increase of syndecan-1 protein, (c) the up-regulated FGF-2 gene accounted predominantly for the ECM-bound subfraction of FGF-2-protein and (d) fibronectin and thrombospondin exhibited a significantly higher mRNA level. In contrast collagen XIV, a minor collagen type, and the proteoglycan decorin were down-regulated. The down-regulated decorin changed its structure by elongation and reduced GlcA to IdoA epimerization of the dermatan sulphate side-chain as judged by [(35)S]sulphate metabolic labelling experiments. No significant changes in response to TGF-beta(1) were observed for the collagen types III, VI and XVI, for versican, perlecan and the syndecans-2 and -4. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded from the data that the TGF-beta(1)-induced formation of a highly specific multicomponent extra-cellular matrix on coronary arterial SMCs could provide in vivo mechanical strength to the neointima in arteriosclerotic lesions and to the fibrous cap overlying the lipid core.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmidt
- Leibniz-Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Muenster, Domagkstrasse 3, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily members, TGF-beta and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), are potent regulatory cytokines with diverse functions on vascular cells. They signal through heteromeric type I and II receptor complexes activating Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signals, which regulate proliferation, differentiation, and survival. They are potent regulators of vascular development and vessel remodeling and play key roles in atherosclerosis and restenosis, regulating endothelial, smooth muscle cell, macrophage, T cell, and probably vascular calcifying cell responses. In atherosclerosis, TGF-beta regulates lesion phenotype by controlling T-cell responses and stimulating smooth muscle cells to produce collagen. It contributes to restenosis by augmenting neointimal cell proliferation and collagen accumulation. Defective TGF-beta signaling in endothelial cells attributable to mutations in endoglin or the type I receptor ALK-1 leads to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, whereas defective BMP signaling attributable to mutations in the BMP receptor II has been associated with development of primary pulmonary hypertension. The development of mouse models with either cell type-specific or general inactivation of TGF-beta/BMP signaling has started to reveal the importance of the regulatory network of TGF-beta/BMP pathways in vivo and their significance for atherosclerosis, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and primary pulmonary hypertension. This review highlights recent findings that have advanced our understanding of the roles of TGF-beta superfamily members in regulating vascular cell responses and provides likely avenues for future research that may lead to novel pharmacological therapies for the treatment or prevention of vascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bobik
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart Research Institute, PO Box 6492, St Kilda Rd Central, Melbourne, Victoria 8008, Australia.
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43
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Dai J, Losy F, Guinault AM, Pages C, Anegon I, Desgranges P, Becquemin JP, Allaire E. Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta1 stabilizes already-formed aortic aneurysms: a first approach to induction of functional healing by endovascular gene therapy. Circulation 2006; 112:1008-15. [PMID: 16103255 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.523357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell response to transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), a multipotent cytokine with healing potential, varies according to tissue context. We have evaluated the ability of TGF-beta1 overexpression by endovascular gene therapy to stabilize abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) already injured by inflammation and proteolysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Active TGF-beta1 overexpression was obtained in already-developed experimental AAAs in rats after endovascular delivery of an adenoviral construct encoding for a mutated form of active simian TGF-beta1 and in an explant model using human atherosclerotic AAA fragments incubated with recombinant active TGF-beta1. Transient exogenous TGF-beta1 overexpression by endovascular gene delivery was followed by induction of endogenous rat TGF-beta1. Overexpression of active TGF-beta1 in experimental AAAs was associated with diameter stabilization, preservation of medial elastin, decreased infiltration of monocyte-macrophages and T lymphocytes, and a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, which was also observed in the explant model, in both thrombus and wall. In parallel with downregulation of the destructive process, active TGF-beta1 overexpression triggered endoluminal reconstruction, replacing the thrombus by a vascular smooth muscle cell-, collagen-, and elastin-rich intima. CONCLUSIONS Local TGF-beta1 self-induction after transient exogenous overexpression reprograms dilated aortas altered by inflammation and proteolysis and restores their ability to withstand arterial pressure without further dilation. This first demonstration of stabilization of expanding AAAs by delivery of a single multipotent self-promoting gene supports the view that endovascular gene therapy should be considered for treatment of aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Dai
- CNRS UMR 7054, Centre de Recherches Chirurgicales, Université Paris XII, UFR de Médecine, Créteil, France
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44
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Dabek J, Mazurek U, Gasior Z, Wilczok T, Kulach A, Kucia-Kuzma S. Transcriptional activity of genes encoding Transforming Growth Factor beta and its receptors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with acute coronary syndromes. Int J Cardiol 2005; 111:275-9. [PMID: 16307809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data report altered gene expression of numerous pro- and anti-inflammatory factors involved in pathology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling is engaged in a wide range of processes. Its effect on vessels seems to be protective due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic action. However, it also seems to be engaged in such negative effects as neointima formation and fibrosis. The aim of the study was to assess the expression of the genes encoding TGFbeta and its receptors (type I, II, and III) in patients with ACS. METHODS The study was carried out on 24 patients with acute coronary syndrome (7 with unstable angina [UA] and 17 with myocardial infarction [MI]) and 10 age-matched healthy subjects (control). To evaluate gene expression of TGFbeta and its receptors total mRNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the number of mRNA copies were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). RESULTS MI and UA patients demonstrated significantly lower TGFbeta gene expression compared to control (2789+/-418 c/microg vs. 20262+/-2548 c/microg; p<0.001, and 3390+/-518 c/microg vs. 20262+/-2548 c/microg; p<0.001, respectively), as well as noticeably lower transcriptional activity of genes encoding its type I (3295+/-447 c/microg vs. 12859+/-1929 c/microg; p<0.001, and 3258+/-721 c/microg vs. 12859+/-1929 c/microg; p<0.01, respectively) and type II receptors (2364+/-346 c/microg vs. 19003+/-2357 c/microg; p<0.001, and 2680+/-522 c/microg vs. 19003+/-2357 c/microg; p<0.01, respectively). Also, gene expression of the type III receptor was inferior in the studied group compared to the control, although the difference was significant only for the UA group vs. control. Expressions of the studied genes did not differ between patients with MI and those with UA. CONCLUSION Our report shows that the decreased activity of TGFbeta in patients with ACS is at least partly due altered transcriptional activity of genes encoding both TGFbeta and its receptors, what may be responsible for the evolution of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozefa Dabek
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Ziolowa 47, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
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45
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Woodward RN, Finn AV, Dichek DA. Identification of intracellular pathways through which TGF-beta1 upregulates PAI-1 expression in endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2005; 186:92-100. [PMID: 16139837 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 06/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) expression is a critical mechanism through which transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) accelerates intimal growth. The aim of this study was to identify signaling pathways through which TGF-beta1 upregulates PAI-1 expression in endothelial cells (EC) and test interventions for blocking these pathways. We transduced cultured bovine EC with an adenoviral vector containing the PAI-1 promoter fused to a beta-galactosidase reporter gene. We used these cells, along with vectors expressing potential modifiers of TGF-beta1 signaling and pharmacologic antagonists of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways to identify key mediators of basal and TGF-beta1-regulated PAI-1 expression. Basal activity of the PAI-1 promoter was directly correlated with Ras activation and was blocked by a dominant negative (DN) type I TGF-beta receptor. TGF-beta1-stimulated activity of the PAI-1 promoter did not require Ras activation, and was lessened or eliminated by expression of either DN type I or type II TGF-beta receptors and by inhibition of either of two MAPKs: MEK and p38. Our results suggest unanticipated pathways of TGF-beta1 signaling in EC and point to new strategies to limit TGF-beta1-induced vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Woodward
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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46
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Ghosh J, Murphy MO, Turner N, Khwaja N, Halka A, Kielty CM, Walker MG. The role of transforming growth factor β1 in the vascular system. Cardiovasc Pathol 2005; 14:28-36. [PMID: 15710289 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2004] [Revised: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family of cytokines exert pleiotropic effects upon a wide variety of cell types. TGFbeta1 has been demonstrated to be of fundamental importance in the development, physiology and pathology of the vascular system. As the role of TGFbeta1 in these processes becomes clearer, influencing its activity for therapeutic benefit is now beginning to be investigated. This review presents an overview of the role of TGFbeta1 in the vasculature. The cellular and extracellular biology of the TGFbeta family is first addressed, followed by an overview of the function of TGFbeta1 during vascular development, atherogenesis, hypertension, and vessel injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ghosh
- UK Centre for Tissue Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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47
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Cipollone F, Fazia M, Mincione G, Iezzi A, Pini B, Cuccurullo C, Ucchino S, Spigonardo F, Di Nisio M, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A, Porreca E. Increased Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 as a Stabilizing Factor in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques. Stroke 2004; 35:2253-7. [PMID: 15297631 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000140739.45472.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a growth factor/cytokine involved in vascular remodeling and atherogenesis. Recent studies in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice have demonstrated a pivotal role of TGF-beta in the maintenance of the balance between inflammation and fibrosis in atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, inhibition of TGF-beta signaling has been shown to accelerate plaque formation and its progression toward an unstable phenotype in mice. However, if this mechanism is operative also in humans is still unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the expression of TGF-beta1 in human carotid plaque and to correlate it with the extent of inflammatory infiltration and collagen content with the clinical signs of plaque instability. METHODS Plaques were obtained from patients undergoing carotid endoarterectomy and divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic according to clinical evidence of recent transient ischemic attack or stroke. Plaques were analyzed for TGF-beta1 expression by Immunocytochemistry, Western, and Northern blotting analysis. Immunocytochemistry was used to identify CD68+ macrophages, CD3 T lymphocytes, HLA-DR+ cells, and alpha-smooth muscle cells. Procollagen and interstitial collagen content were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Sirius Red staining, respectively. RESULTS Plaque TGF-beta1 mRNA was increased up to 3-fold in asymptomatic as compared with symptomatic plaques. Plaques from asymptomatic group had fewer (P<0.0001) macrophages and T lymphocytes compared with symptomatic plaques. TGF-beta1 gene was transcriptionally active as demonstrated by increased (P<0.0001) TGF-beta1 protein expression in asymptomatic plaques. Immunohistochemistry showed that TGF-beta was mainly expressed in plaque shoulder and was associated with a comparable increase (P<0.0001) in plaque procollagen and collagen content. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study demonstrates the higher expression of TGF-beta1 in human asymptomatic lesions and provides evidence that TGF-beta1 may play an important role in the process of plaque stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cipollone
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine, and Aging Research Center, Ce.S.I. Gabriele d'Annunzio University Foundation, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
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48
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Suzuki A, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Komatsu K, Nakazawa M, Fukaya T, Baba K, Yutani C. Immunohistochemical study of apparently intact coronary artery in a child after Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Int 2004; 46:590-6. [PMID: 15491390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary arterial lesions (CAL) due to Kawasaki disease (KD) often show progressive intimal hyperplasia even many years after the disease. However, most patients have no CAL after the acute phase, and it is an important issue whether or not coronary arteries without CAL have significant intimal hyperplasia, and whether or not there is the potential for this to progress to stenosis and/or atherosclerosis. METHODS The authors examined formalin-fixed specimens of the coronary arteries immunohistochemically, using antibodies against vascular growth factors (GFs), the receptors of transforming growth factor-beta (TbetaRs) and inducible nitric oxid synthesis (iNOS) in a KD patient without CAL, and also in four control patients: two with CAL due to KD and two without a history of KD. RESULTS Vascular endothelial GFs, Platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) and TbetaRs were expressed in the vascular smooth muscle cells of all patients. PDGF-A, transforming Gfbeta1 and iNOS were expressed in the intimal smooth muscle cells of the KD but not the normal coronary artery without a history of KD. The number of TbetaR-II-positive cells were fewer than TbetaR-I-positive cells in the intima of CAL due to KD, but the number was of both almost same in the intima of coronary artery without CAL after KD and in the normal coronary. CONCLUSION The intact coronary artery 13 months after KD still showed the influence of the inflammation of KD. Although the authors speculate that the intimal proliferation will not continue beyond the acute phase, those patients may have a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Postal Services Agency Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pannu J, Gore-Hyer E, Yamanaka M, Smith EA, Rubinchik S, Dong JY, Jablonska S, Blaszczyk M, Trojanowska M. An increased transforming growth factor beta receptor type I:type II ratio contributes to elevated collagen protein synthesis that is resistant to inhibition via a kinase-deficient transforming growth factor beta receptor type II in scleroderma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:1566-77. [PMID: 15146427 DOI: 10.1002/art.20225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aberrant transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]), but the contribution of specific components in this pathway to SSc fibroblast phenotype remains unclear. This study was undertaken to delineate the role of TGFbeta receptor type I (TGFbetaRI) and TGFbetaRII in collagen overexpression by SSc fibroblasts. METHODS Primary dermal fibroblasts from SSc patients and healthy adults were studied (n = 10 matched pairs). Adenoviral vectors were generated for TGFbetaRI (AdTGFbetaRI), TGFbetaRII (AdTGFbetaRII), and kinase-deficient TGFbetaRII (AdDeltakRII). TGFbetaRI basal protein levels were analyzed by (35)S-methionine labeling/immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry. Type I collagen and TGFbetaRII basal protein levels were analyzed by Western blot and newly secreted collagen by (3)H-proline incorporation assay. RESULTS Analysis of endogenous TGFbetaRI and TGFbetaRII protein levels revealed that SSc TGFbetaRI levels were increased 1.7-fold (P = 0.008; n = 7) compared with levels in healthy controls, while TGFbetaRII levels were decreased by 30% (P = 0.03; n = 7). This increased TGFbetaRI:TGFbetaRII ratio correlated with SSc collagen overexpression. To determine the consequences of altered TGFbetaRI:TGFbetaRII ratio on collagen expression, healthy fibroblasts were transduced with AdTGFbetaRI or AdTGFbetaRII. Forced expression of TGFbetaRI in the range corresponding to elevated SSc TGFbetaRI levels increased basal collagen expression in a dose-dependent manner, while similar TGFbetaRII overexpression had no effect, although transduction of fibroblasts at higher multiplicities of infection led to a marked reduction of basal collagen levels. Blockade of TGFbeta signaling via AdDeltakRII resulted in approximately 50% inhibition of basal collagen levels in healthy fibroblasts and in 5 of 9 SSc cell lines. A subset of SSc fibroblasts (4 of 9 cell lines) was resistant to this treatment. SSc fibroblasts with the highest levels of TGFbetaRI were the least responsive to collagen inhibition via DeltakRII. CONCLUSION This study indicates that an increased TGFbetaRI:TGFbetaRII ratio may underlie aberrant TGFbeta signaling in SSc and contribute to elevated basal collagen production, which is insensitive to TGFbeta signaling blockade via DeltakRII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Pannu
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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50
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Bonecini-Almeida MG, Ho JL, Boéchat N, Huard RC, Chitale S, Doo H, Geng J, Rego L, Lazzarini LCO, Kritski AL, Johnson WD, McCaffrey TA, Silva JRLE. Down-modulation of lung immune responses by interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and analysis of TGF-beta receptors I and II in active tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2628-34. [PMID: 15102771 PMCID: PMC387880 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.5.2628-2634.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune factors influencing progression to active tuberculosis (TB) remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the expression of immunoregulatory cytokines and receptors by using lung bronchoalveolar lavage cells obtained from patients with pulmonary TB, patients with other lung diseases (OLD patients), and healthy volunteers (VOL) by using reverse transcriptase PCR, a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) bioactivity assay, and an enzyme immunoassay. TB patients were significantly more likely than OLD patients to coexpress TGF-beta receptor I (RI) and RII mRNA, as well as interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA (thereby indicating the state of active gene transcription in the alveolar cells at harvest). In contrast, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and IL-2 mRNA was seen in both TB and OLD patients. Likewise, significantly elevated pulmonary steady-state protein levels of IL-10, IFN-gamma, and bioactive TGF-beta were found in TB patients versus those in OLD patients and VOL. These data suggest that the combined production of the immunosuppressants IL-10 and TGF-beta, as well as coexpression of TGF-beta RI and RII (required for cellular response to TGF-beta), may act to down-modulate host anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and thereby allow uncontrolled bacterial replication and overt disease. Delineating the underlying mechanisms of M. tuberculosis-triggered expression of these immune elements may provide a molecular-level understanding of TB immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Glória Bonecini-Almeida
- Instituto de Pesquisas, Clinica Evandro Chagas, Serviço de Immulogia, FIOCRUZ, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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