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Costa WC, Beltrami VA, Campolina-Silva GH, Queiroz-Junior CM, Florentino RM, Machado JR, Martins DG, Gonçalves WA, Barroso LC, Freitas KM, de Souza-Neto FP, Félix FB, da Silva RF, Oliveira CA, Câmara NOS, Rachid MA, Teixeira MM, Rezende BM, Pinho V. Therapeutic treatment with phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors alleviates kidney injury and renal fibrosis by increasing MMP-9 in a doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109583. [PMID: 36610330 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is associated with kidney dysfunction and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Here, we evaluated the effects of the phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors rolipram and roflumilast on a doxorubicin-induced NS model. Early-stage rolipram treatment preserved glomerular filtration barrier function, as indicated by reduced serum protein and albumin loss and the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. These effects were associated with reduced glomerular and tubular lesions and abrogated renal cell apoptosis. In addition, rolipram treatment reduced inflammation, which was characterized by a decrease in macrophage accumulation and reduced levels of CCL2 and TNF in the kidneys. Rolipram also reduced renal fibrosis, which was associated with decreased α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) area and increased metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity in renal tissue. Late-stage rolipram or roflumilast treatment preserved glomerular filtration barrier function, as characterized by reduced serum albumin loss, decreased proteinuria, and the prevention of hypercholesterolemia. Importantly, only roflumilast treatment was associated with a reduction in glomerular and tubular lesions at this time point. In addition, both rolipram and roflumilast reduced renal tissue fibrosis and MMP9 activity in renal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walyson Coelho Costa
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Amorim Beltrami
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Martins Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Florentino
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Rayssa Machado
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora Gonzaga Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - William Antonio Gonçalves
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Katia Michelle Freitas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Materiais, Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais (CEFET), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pedro de Souza-Neto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Franciel Batista Félix
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Fernandes da Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cleida Aparecida Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milene Alvarenga Rachid
- Departamento de Patologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Barbara Maximino Rezende
- Departamento de Enfermagem Básica, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110185. [PMID: 34785349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase subtype 4 (PDE4) hydrolyzes cyclic AMP, a secondary messenger that mediates intracellular signaling, and plays key roles in inflammatory and fibrotic responses. Based on these significant anti-inflammatory effects, oral administration of PDE4 inhibitor is approved for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. However, PDE4 inhibition also has adverse effects, such as diarrhea, vomiting, dyspepsia, and headache. Therefore, the application of PDE4 inhibitors for chronic diseases, such as diabetes and its complications, has not yet been approved. Recent studies have reported the clinical benefits of pentoxifylline, a non-selective PDE inhibitor, in patients with kidney disease. The PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast, also clearly ameliorates the symptoms of diabetes mellitus by improving hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. However, the beneficial effects of PDE4 inhibition on diabetic nephropathy have not yet been evaluated, and its potential mechanisms of action remain unknown. In this review, we discuss the beneficial effects of PDE4 inhibitors and their mechanisms of action using diabetes and DN models.
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Thapa K, Singh TG, Kaur A. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibition as a potential therapeutic target in renal ischemia reperfusion injury. Life Sci 2021; 282:119843. [PMID: 34298037 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) occurs in renal artery stenosis, partial nephrectomy and most commonly during kidney transplantation. It brings serious consequences such as DGF (Delayed Graft Function) or organ dysfunction leading to renal failure and ultimate death. There is no effective therapy to handle the consequences of Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) injury. Cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP are the important second messengers that stimulate intracellular signal transduction for cell survival in response to growth factors and peptide hormones in normal tissues and in kidneys plays significant role that involves vascular tone regulation, inflammation and proliferation of parenchymal cells. Renal ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury stimulate signal transduction pathways involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, alteration in renal blood flow leading to necrosis and apoptosis of renal cell. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive literature review of various search engines like PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out. To understand the functioning of Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) and its pharmacological modulation in Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. KEY FINDINGS Current therapeutic options may not be enough to treat renal I/R injury in group of patients and therefore, the current review has discussed the general characteristics and physiology of PDEs and preclinical-studies defining the relationship between PDEs expression in renal injury due to I/R and its outcome on renal function. SIGNIFICANCE The role of PDE inhibitors in renal I/R injury and the clinical status of drugs for various renal diseases have been summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Thapa
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India; School of Pharmacy, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India
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Siligato R, Cernaro V, Nardi C, De Gregorio F, Gembillo G, Costantino G, Conti G, Buemi M, Santoro D. Emerging therapeutic strategies for minimal change disease and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:839-879. [PMID: 30360670 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1540587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Minimal change disease (MCD) and Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) are two of the major causes of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children and adults. According to KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) guidelines, the treatment of adult primary MCD and FSGS should be based on immunosuppressants and antiproteinuric drugs. Recently, Rituximab, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) has emerged as a potential treatment for steroid or calcineurin inhibitor-dependent patients; it has however demonstrated lower efficacy in those with nephrotic syndrome that is resistant to the above indicated drugs. AREAS COVERED Analysis of ongoing and already completed clinical trials, retrieved from clinicaltrials.gov, clinicaltrialsregister.eu and PubMed involving new therapies for nephrotic syndrome secondary to MCD and FSGS. EXPERT OPINION The most promising drugs under investigation for MCD and FSGS are mAbs. We are hopeful that new therapeutic options to treat multi-drug resistant MCD and FSGS will emerge from currently ongoing studies. What appears certain is the difficulty in enrolling patients affected by orphan renal diseases and the selection of valid endpoints in clinical trials, such as kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Siligato
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Valeria Cernaro
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Chiara Nardi
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Francesca De Gregorio
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Guido Gembillo
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Costantino
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Giovanni Conti
- b Unit of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Michele Buemi
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
| | - Domenico Santoro
- a Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine , Messina , Italy
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Ding H, Bai F, Cao H, Xu J, Fang L, Wu J, Yuan Q, Zhou Y, Sun Q, He W, Dai C, Zen K, Jiang L, Yang J. PDE/cAMP/Epac/C/EBP-β Signaling Cascade Regulates Mitochondria Biogenesis of Tubular Epithelial Cells in Renal Fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:637-652. [PMID: 29216750 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cAMP) is a universal second messenger that plays an important role in intracellular signal transduction. cAMP is synthesized by adenylate cyclases from adenosine triphosphate and terminated by the phosphodiesterases (PDEs). In the present study, we investigated the role of the cAMP pathway in tubular epithelial cell mitochondrial biogenesis in the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. RESULTS We found that the cAMP levels were decreased in fibrotic kidney tissues, and replenishing cAMP could ameliorate tubular atrophy and extracellular matrix deposition. The downregulation of cAMP was mainly attributed to the increased PDE4 expression in tubular epithelial cells. The inhibition of PDE4 by PDE4 siRNA or the specific inhibitor, rolipram, attenuated unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal interstitial fibrosis and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-stimulated primary tubular epithelial cell (PTC) damage. The Epac1/Rap1 pathway contributed to the main effect of cAMP on renal fibrosis. Rolipram could restore C/EBP-β and PGC-1α expression and protect the mitochondrial function and structure of PTCs under TGF-β1 stimulation. The antifibrotic role of rolipram in renal fibrosis relies on C/EBP-β and PGC-1α expression in tubular epithelial cells. Innovation and Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that cAMP signaling regulates the mitochondrial biogenesis of tubular epithelial cells in renal fibrosis. Restoring cAMP by the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram may ameliorate renal fibrosis by targeting C/EBP-β/PGC1-α and mitochondrial biogenesis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 637-652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Bai
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China .,2 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University and Huai'an Second People's Hospital , Huai'an, China
| | - Hongdi Cao
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Li Fang
- 3 Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong, China
| | - Jining Wu
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Weichun He
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zen
- 4 State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Advanced Institute of Life Sciences , Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- 1 Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing, China
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Chen YM, Chiang WC, Lin SL, Tsai TJ. Therapeutic efficacy of pentoxifylline on proteinuria and renal progression: an update. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:84. [PMID: 29132351 PMCID: PMC5683556 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure control with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade has remained the gold standard for treating patients with proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKD) up to date. Nevertheless, RAS blockade slows but does not halt the progression of kidney disease, thus highlighting the need to search for additional therapeutic approaches. The nonselective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX) is an old drug that exhibits prominent anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic activities both in vitro and in vivo. Studies in human subjects have shown that PTX monotherapy decreases urinary protein excretion, and add-on therapy of PTX to background RAS blockade additively reduces proteinuria in patients with CKD of various etiology. More recent studies find that PTX combined with RAS blockade delays the decline of glomerular filtration rate in diabetic patients with mild to moderate CKD, and reduces the risk of end-stage renal disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients in late stage of CKD with high proteinuria levels. In this review, we update the clinical trial results of PTX as monotherapy, or in conjunction or in comparison with RAS blockade on patients with proteinuria and CKD, and propose a mechanistic scheme explaining the renoprotective activities of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ming Chen
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Chiang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuei-Liong Lin
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Jun Tsai
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Cyclic nucleotide signalling in kidney fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2320-51. [PMID: 25622251 PMCID: PMC4346839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is an important factor for the progression of kidney diseases, e.g., diabetes mellitus induced kidney failure, glomerulosclerosis and nephritis resulting in chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal disease. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were implicated to suppress several of the above mentioned renal diseases. In this review article, identified effects and mechanisms of cGMP and cAMP regarding renal fibrosis are summarized. These mechanisms include several signalling pathways of nitric oxide/ANP/guanylyl cyclases/cGMP-dependent protein kinase and cAMP/Epac/adenylyl cyclases/cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Furthermore, diverse possible drugs activating these pathways are discussed. From these diverse mechanisms it is expected that new pharmacological treatments will evolve for the therapy or even prevention of kidney failure.
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Brown KE, Dhaun N, Goddard J, Webb DJ. Potential Therapeutic Role of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibition in Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease. Hypertension 2014; 63:5-11. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh E. Brown
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (K.E.B., N.D., J.G., D.J.W.); and Renal Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (N.D., J.G.)
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (K.E.B., N.D., J.G., D.J.W.); and Renal Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (N.D., J.G.)
| | - Jane Goddard
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (K.E.B., N.D., J.G., D.J.W.); and Renal Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (N.D., J.G.)
| | - David J. Webb
- From the British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (K.E.B., N.D., J.G., D.J.W.); and Renal Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom (N.D., J.G.)
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9
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Shenoy P, Agarwal V, Agarwal A, Misra R, Naik S. Potential for phosphodiesterase inhibitors in the management of autoimmune diseases. Drug Dev Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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10
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Kuno Y, Iyoda M, Shibata T, Hirai Y, Akizawa T. Sildenafil, a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, attenuates diabetic nephropathy in non-insulin-dependent Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1389-400. [PMID: 21133896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is associated with abnormalities of renal nitric oxide (NO) generation. Many of the biological actions of NO are mediated by cGMP, which is rapidly degraded by phosphodiesterases. In this study, we evaluated the renoprotective effects of sildenafil (SIL), an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5, in type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS Male Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a non-insulin-dependent diabetes model, and Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats, a non-diabetic control, were treated with either SIL (2.5 mg·kg(-1) in drinking water) or undosed water for 28 weeks, starting at 30 weeks of age. RESULTS Sildenafil treatment significantly decreased albuminuria, attenuated glomerular hyperfiltration and resulted in a decrease in glomerular hypertrophy, in addition to a reduced glomerulosclerosis score and a dramatic decrease in the number of glomerular and tubulointerstitial proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive cells in OLETF rats. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in renal cortical mRNA levels of collagen types I and III. The increased mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 in the OLETF rats were significantly or partially attenuated by SIL treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that SIL attenuated diabetic nephropathy due to its potent antiproliferative effects and its regulatory effects on extracellular matrix. This latter effect is thought to be a result of its ability to affect the balance between MMPs and their inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kuno
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Man GCW, Wong JH, Wang WWJ, Sun GQ, Yeung BHY, Ng TB, Lee SKM, Ng BKW, Qiu Y, Cheng JCY. Abnormal melatonin receptor 1B expression in osteoblasts from girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Pineal Res 2011; 50:395-402. [PMID: 21480980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin signaling dysfunction has been associated with the etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Genetic analysis has also associated the occurrence of AIS with the MT2 gene. Thus, we determined whether there is abnormality in the protein expression of melatonin receptors (MT) in AIS osteoblasts. In this study, we recruited 11 girls with severe AIS and eight normal subjects for intraoperative bone biopsies. MT1 and MT2 receptor protein expressions in the isolated osteoblasts were detected. Also, cell proliferation assay using different melatonin concentrations (0, 10(-9), 10(-5), 10(-4) m) was carried out. The results showed that both MT1 and MT2 receptors are expressed in osteoblasts of the controls. While MT1 receptors were expressed in osteoblasts of all AIS subjects, osteoblasts of only 7 of 11 AIS showed expression of MT2 receptors. Melatonin stimulated control osteoblasts to proliferate. However, proliferation of AIS osteoblasts without expression of MT2 receptor, after treatment with melatonin, was minimal when compared with control and AIS osteoblasts with MT2 receptor expression. The proliferation of AIS osteoblasts with MT2 receptor was greater than those without. This is the first report demonstrating a difference between AIS and normal osteoblasts in the protein expression of MT2 receptor. The results suggest that there is a possible functional effect of MT2 receptor on osteoblast proliferation. AIS osteoblasts without expression of MT2 receptor showed the lowest percentage of viable cells after melatonin treatment. This possibly indicates the modulating role of melatonin through MT2 receptor on the proliferation of osteoblasts.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Osteoblasts/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/genetics
- Receptor, Melatonin, MT2/metabolism
- Scoliosis/genetics
- Scoliosis/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Chi-Wai Man
- Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Effects of TJN-598, a new selective phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitor on anti-Thy1 nephritis in rats. Clin Exp Nephrol 2010; 15:14-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-010-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Phophodiesterases inhibitors (PDEis) act by inhibiting the catabolism of cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, which are ubiquitously expressed in cells of the immune system. Increased levels of cAMP and/or cGMP have been reported to decrease the activity of pro-inflammatory TH1 cells, attenuate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and experimental arthritis. PDE5i like Sildenafil improves endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodelling in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension and refractory secondary Raynaud's phenomenon, with a potential to cause disease modification in the former. Studies in animal models of fibrosis suggest that these drugs have anti-fibrotic effect and may be potentially useful in conditions like scleroderma. They also have been shown to have renoprotective effect in animal models. The emerging trends make it necessary to exploit the full therapeutic potential of this class of drugs in various autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, profibrotic conditions and PAH.
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14
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Ozer MK, Asci H, Oncu M, Yesilot S, Savran M, Bayram D, Cicek E. Effects of Pentoxifylline on Amikacin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Ren Fail 2009; 31:134-9. [DOI: 10.1080/08860220802595492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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15
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LI P, KAWACHI H, ORIKASA M, SHI ZS, SHIMIZU F. Effect of Sairei-to on irreversible glomerular sclerotic lesions in rats. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.1998.tb00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Wang S, Liu Y, Fan F, Yan J, Wang X, Chen J. Inhibitory effects of emodin on the proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cell-induced by angiotensin II. Phytother Res 2008; 22:247-51. [PMID: 17886230 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rhubarb, used as a traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, offers therapeutic potential for cardiovascular and other diseases. Emodin, extracted from the root extract of rhubarb has sparked increasing interest for therapeutic application. The main objective was to study the effect of emodin on cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation induced by angiotensin II (Ang II) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-myc. VSMCs were cultured by the explant method, then incubated for 24, 48 and 72 h with emodin (10-80 microm) and Ang II, or were left untreated (control). Cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay and immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), respectively. The expression of c-myc was measured by immunohistochemical staining and image analysis technique. Ang II increased the cell proliferation compared with the control group (p < 0.01). The expression of PCNA and c-myc was increased compared with the control group (p < 0.01). After pretreatment with emodin, the above indexes were obviously reduced compared with the Ang II group (p < 0.01). These findings suggested that emodin inhibited VSMCs proliferation induced by Ang II. Inhibition of the expression of c-myc might be correlated with the inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiJun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, HangZhou, China 310003
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17
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Zhu Y, Yao J, Meng Y, Kasai A, Hiramatsu N, Hayakawa K, Miida T, Takeda M, Okada M, Kitamura M. Profiling of functional phosphodiesterase in mesangial cells using a CRE-SEAP-based reporting system. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:833-44. [PMID: 16751794 PMCID: PMC1617067 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are critically implicated in the regulation of mesangial cell function, but profile of functional PDEs in mesangial cells is still unclear. In this study, we investigated roles of individual PDEs in the regulation of mesangial cell behavior by the cAMP pathway. 2. Reporter mesangial cells that express secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) under the control of the cAMP response element (CRE) were exposed to selective PDE inhibitors in the presence or absence of cAMP, and activity of CRE, expression of CRE-regulated protein, mitogenesis and cell survival were examined. 3. Exposure of reporter cells to cAMP-elevating agents resulted in time- and concentration-dependent activation of CRE. Treatment of the cells with any PDE inhibitors alone did not induce CRE activation. Under stimulation with 8-bromo-cAMP or 8-bromo-cGMP, however, inhibitors of PDE2, PDE3, PDE4 and PDE5 enhanced activation of CRE. Inhibition of PDE1 or PDE6 did not affect the CRE activation. 4. Among different combinations tested, only inhibitors of PDE3 and PDE4 cooperatively increased the level of intracellular cAMP, activity of protein kinase A, activation of CRE, and CRE-regulated protein, connexin43. 5. Concomitant inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4 attenuated mitogen-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and cell proliferation. Under serum deprivation, combinational inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4 exclusively caused activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis. 6. The present data elucidated that PDE3 and PDE4 play critical roles in the regulation of mesangial cell function. PDE3 and PDE4 were identified as the novel, antiapoptotic machinery that supports survival of mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yiman Meng
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kasai
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hayakawa
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeda
- Department of Urology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Okada
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, University of Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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18
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Nelson PJ, Shankland SJ. Therapeutics in renal disease: the road ahead for antiproliferative targets. Nephron Clin Pract 2005; 103:e6-15. [PMID: 16340240 PMCID: PMC1440889 DOI: 10.1159/000090138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Discovery into the molecular basis of renal disease is occurring at an unprecedented rate. With the advent of the NIH Roadmap, there is a greater expectation of translating this knowledge into new treatments. Here, we review the therapeutic strategy to preserve renal function in proliferative renal diseases by directly inhibiting the mitogenic pathways within renal parenchymal cells that promote G0 to G1/S cell-cycle phase progression. Reductionist methodologies have identified several antiproliferative molecular targets, and promising preclinical testing of leading small-molecule drugs to modulate these targets has now led to landmark clinical trials. Yet, this advancement into targeted therapy highlights important differences between the therapeutic goals of molecular nephrology versus molecular oncology and, by extension, the poorly understood role of alternative target activity in drug efficacy. Systems research to clarify these issues should accelerate the development of this promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Nelson
- Division of Nephrology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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19
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Zhang A, Ding G, Huang S, Wu Y, Pan X, Guan X, Chen R, Yang T. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mediation of angiotensin II-induced proliferation of human mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 288:F1118-24. [PMID: 15701817 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00220.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II) has been shown to activate c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in cultured mesangial cells, but the functional implication of this phenomenon remains to be determined, largely due to the lack of an effective approach to block JNK. Therefore, the present study was carried out to examine whether JNK is involved in ANG II-induced cell proliferation in cultured human mesangial cells (HMCs) with the use of a newly developed JNK-selective blocker, SP-600125. Within minutes, treatment with 100 nM ANG II activated all three members of MAP kinase family, including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (Erk) 1/2, JNK, and p38 in cultured HMCs, as assessed by immunoblotting detection of phosphorylation of MAP kinases. ANG II-dependent activation of JNK was further confirmed by detection of increased phosphorylation and transcription activity of c-Jun after the ANG II treatment. SP-600125 ranging from 5 to 10 μM almost completely abolished the activation of JNK by ANG II without affecting the activities of Erk1/2 and p38. After treatment with 100 ng ANG II, there was a steady increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation that was blocked by SP-60025 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Similarly, SP-600125 dose dependently reduced the ANG II-induced increase in cell number. The antiproliferative effect of SP-60025 was further determined by cell-cycle analysis with flow cytometry. Twenty-four hours after ANG II treatment, 50% of the quiescent HMCs (G0/G1) progressed into the S phase, and the cell cycle progression was almost completely prevented in the presence of SP-60025. Our data suggest that JNK mediates the proliferative effect of ANG II in cultured HMCs and thus represents a novel therapeutic target for treatment of chronic renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children's Hospital, China
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20
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Lange-Sperandio B, Forbes MS, Thornhill B, Okusa MD, Linden J, Chevalier RL. A2A adenosine receptor agonist and PDE4 inhibition delays inflammation but fails to reduce injury in experimental obstructive nephropathy. Nephron Clin Pract 2005; 100:e113-23. [PMID: 15824514 DOI: 10.1159/000085057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal interstitial inflammation is a consequence of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Following ischemia/reperfusion, adenosine reduces renal inflammation and injury, effects which are potentiated by type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors. We therefore studied the effects of A2A adenosine receptor agonist (ATL146e), and PDE4 inhibitor (rolipram) in mice subjected to UUO. METHODS Mice were subjected to UUO or sham operation, and received either vehicle or ATL146e + rolipram by osmotic minipump for 1 or 7 days. At 1, 3, 7, or 14 days after operation, renal macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, proliferation, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were quantitated, and expressions of IL-6 and TGF-beta mRNA were determined. RESULTS ATL146e + rolipram reduced macrophage infiltration by 40% after 3 days UUO (p < 0.05). Tubular apoptosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis were increased by 7 or 14 days UUO, but were unaffected by ATL146e + rolipram. However, cellular proliferation was increased by ATL146e + rolipram in the obstructed kidney. ATL146e + rolipram had no effect on the renal expression of IL-6 and TGF-beta mRNA. CONCLUSIONS A2A receptor activation and PDE4 inhibition transiently reduce renal macrophage infiltration, but do not ameliorate the renal response to UUO. We speculate that the persistent stimulus for inflammation triggered by UUO cannot be reversed by agents that suppress inflammatory cell activation alone.
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21
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Lin SL, Chiang WC, Chen YM, Lai CF, Tsai TJ, Hsieh BS. The renoprotective potential of pentoxifylline in chronic kidney disease. J Chin Med Assoc 2005; 68:99-105. [PMID: 15813241 DOI: 10.1016/s1726-4901(09)70228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current interventions with proven efficacy, such as glycemic and blood pressure control, dietary protein restriction, and angiotensin II blockade, slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, whether long-term cessation of CKD progression is possible remains unclear. Because of the pathogenetic complexity of this condition, multidrug interventions with the least adverse effects should be investigated as the next step in attempts to stop CKD progression. Pentoxifylline, a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with indiscernible toxicity, exerts potent inhibitory effects against cell proliferation, inflammation, and extracellular matrix accumulation, all of which play important roles in CKD progression. Pentoxifylline monotherapy markedly reduces proteinuria in patients with membranous nephropathy. Moreover, limited human studies have proven pentoxifylline efficacy in reducing proteinuria in patients with diabetes receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and in patients with nephrotic syndrome secondary to lupus nephritis despite immunosuppressive therapy. Further clinical trials are necessary to examine whether pentoxifylline can improve renal outcomes in patients receiving interventions of proven efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuei-Liong Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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22
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Hohenstein B, Daniel C, Wagner A, Stasch JP, Hugo C. Stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibits mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation in experimental glomerulonephritis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 288:F685-93. [PMID: 15561976 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00280.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no specific treatment is established in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in humans. Specific stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), an enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of cGMP from GTP, can be achieved by the novel pyrazolopyridine derivative BAY 41-2272. The effect of sGC stimulation via BAY 41-2272 on mesangial proliferation was assessed in vivo using a mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis model in rats (anti-Thy1 model). Renal biopsies, as well as glomerular isolates, urine samples, and blood samples were compared in BAY 41-2272- and placebo-treated groups during anti-Thy1 nephritis. The sGC beta(1)-subunit is upregulated during anti-Thy1 nephritis and mainly confined to mesangial areas by immunohistochemistry. Specific therapeutic sGC stimulation during anti-Thy1 nephritis in vivo was achieved via BAY 41-2272 treatment as demonstrated by increased glomerular cGMP levels causing inhibition of mesangial proliferation, glomerular matrix accumulation, and proteinuria compared with placebo-treated animals. sGC is tightly regulated in glomeruli during experimental glomerulonephritis. Considering its beneficial antiproliferative, antifibrotic, and antiproteinuric effect in experimental glomerulonephritis, the therapeutic stimulation of sGC could become a promising future goal in mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Hohenstein
- Div. of Nephrology, Univ. Erlangen-Nuremberg, Loschgestrasse 8, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Ito C, Yamamoto H, Furukawa Y, Takeda SI, Akimoto T, Iimura O, Ando Y, Asano Y, Kusano E. Role of cyclins in cAMP inhibition of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2004; 107:81-7. [PMID: 14992682 DOI: 10.1042/cs20030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
MC (mesangial cell) proliferation is closely linked to the progression of glomerular disease. It has been reported that cAMP effectors suppress MC proliferation, inhibiting activation of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). In fibroblasts, activation of MAPK induces the expression of type D cyclin, whereas, in MCs, this induction has not been shown. In the present study, we explored the effects of cAMP on MAPK and expression of cell-cycle-regulated proteins. PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) stimulated MAPK activity, up-regulated protein levels of cyclin D1, CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), decreased the protein level of p27 and increased DNA synthesis. Fsk (forskolin) or PD98059 suppressed PDGF-induced DNA synthesis. Both agents inhibited PDGF-stimulated mRNA and protein expression of cyclin D1 and CDK2. Fsk or PD98059 also inhibited protein expression of PCNA and blocked a decrease in p27 protein. Fsk induced the phosphorylation of Raf-1 at Ser259, which was inhibited by KT5720. These data suggest that cAMP inhibits MC proliferation through inhibition of MAPK activity, and this mechanism partly involves alteration in the levels of cell-cycle-regulated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan. chiharu.@jichi.ac.jp
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24
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Lin SL, Chen YM, Chiang WC, Tsai TJ, Chen WY. Review Article. Pentoxifylline: A potential therapy for chronic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2004; 9:198-204. [PMID: 15363050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2004.00267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Almost all forms of chronic kidney disease progressing to end-stage kidney failure are characterized by diffuse fibrosis, a final common pathway converging from multiple pathogenetic networks regardless of the initial injury. Four principal interventions including glycaemic and blood pressure control, dietary protein restriction, and angiotensin II blockade have been proven to slow progression of diabetic and/or non-diabetic chronic kidney disease. However, the ultimate solution to halt disease progression in the long term is still pending. Because of the pathogenetic complexity of kidney disease, multidrug intervention with the least side-effects should, without doubt, be the next step to stop kidney disease progression. Animal and cellular studies have demonstrated the rationale for pentoxifylline (i.e. its effects against cell proliferation, inflammation, and extracellular matrix accumulation) in the treatment of chronic kidney disease induced by immune- or non-immune-mediated mechanisms. Limited human studies have proven its efficacy in reducing proteinuria in patients with diabetes receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and in patients with nephrotic syndrome refractory to conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Moreover, monotherapy with pentoxifylline markedly reduces proteinuria in patients with membranous nephropathy. Further studies are required to examine whether pentoxifylline can improve the renal outcome in patients receiving interventions with proven efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuei-Liong Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Griffin SV, Pichler R, Wada T, Vaughan M, Durvasula R, Shankland SJ. The role of cell cycle proteins in Glomerular disease. Semin Nephrol 2004; 23:569-82. [PMID: 14631565 DOI: 10.1053/s0270-9295(03)00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although initially identified and characterized as regulators of the cell cycle and hence proliferation, an extended role for cell cycle proteins has been appreciated more recently in a number of physiologic and pathologic processes, including development, differentiation, hypertrophy, and apoptosis. Their precise contribution to the cellular response to injury appears to be dependent on both the cell type and the nature of the initiating injury. The glomerulus offers a remarkable situation in which to study the cell cycle proteins, as each of the 3 major resident cell types (the mesangial cell, podocyte, and glomerular endothelial cell) has a specific pattern of cell cycle protein expression when quiescent and responds uniquely after injury. Defining their roles may lead to potential therapeutic strategies in glomerular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siân V Griffin
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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26
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Igarashi M, Hirata A, Yamaguchi H, Sugae N, Kadomoto Y, Jimbu Y, Daimon M, Kato T, Tominaga M. Mechanism of an inhibitory effect of nipradilol on rat vascular smooth muscle cell growth. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003; 10:226-33. [PMID: 14566085 DOI: 10.5551/jat.10.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of an inhibitory effect of nipradilol on cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth. After being starved, cultured VSMCs were stimulated by 5% fetal bovine serum with various concentrations of nipradilol. Nipradilol dose-dependently decreased the values of [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation, cell numbers and total cellular protein content, and the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 and p38. It also suppressed the level of proliferative cell nuclear antigen in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, nipradilol did not change the level of the phosphorylated value of c-jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase or cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments in VSMCs. These results indicate that nipradilol suppresses cell growth without apoptosis in rat VSMCs, suggesting that it could be effective for preventing the progression of restenosis after angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Igarashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
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27
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Zeng H, Liu Y, Templeton DM. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent and cAMP-dependent kinases in induction of c-fos in human mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 283:F888-94. [PMID: 12372763 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00074.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesangial cell proliferation is an early event in several progressive renal diseases. When mesangial cells in culture are rendered quiescent by serum starvation and subsequently stimulated to proliferate, induction of c-fos is an early indicator of entry into the cell cycle. Several heparin-sensitive signals transduce these events. We have examined the potential roles of CaMK and PKA. Selective stimulation of CaMK with Ca(2+) ionophores and of PKA with forskolin or dibutyryl cAMP both result in induction of c-fos mRNA. CaMK but not PKA signaling is suppressed by low concentrations of heparin. Cross talk between the pathways has been demonstrated in some cells, with evidence of CaMK phosphorylating cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) at an inhibitory site and PKA suppressing CaMK-dependent signaling. However, in the present study, both pathways phosphorylated CREB on Ser(133) and induced c-fos in an additive manner. Serum, ionomycin, and forskolin all caused a rapid decline in cyclin D1 levels, but only serum effected a subsequent increase, indicative of cell cycle progression. We conclude that, in human mesangial cells, CaMK and PKA can both contribute to cell cycle entry, and, although induction of c-fos by CaMK requires active PKA, neither pathway antagonizes or synergizes c-fos induction by the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 1A8
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28
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Igarashi M, Yamaguchi H, Hirata A, Tsuchiya H, Ohnuma H, Tominaga M, Daimon M, Kato T. Mechanisms of inhibitory effects of cerivastatin on rat vascular smooth muscle cell growth. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002; 40:277-87. [PMID: 12131557 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200208000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism(s) of an inhibitory effect of cerivastatin on cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth. After being starved, cultured VSMCs were stimulated by 5% fetal bovine serum with either various concentrations of cerivastatin or 10-4 M of mevalonate. Cerivastatin dose-dependently decreased the values of [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cell numbers and the level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2. It also suppressed the level of proliferative cell nuclear antigen in a dose-dependent manner. These reductions were abolished by the addition of mevalonate. Similarly, the level of phosphorylated p38 was also decreased by cerivastatin. In contrast, cerivastatin dose-dependently activated the phosphorylation of both c-jun NH2-terminal protein kinase and activating transcription factor-2, and these activations were abolished by the addition of mevalonate. The levels of phosphorylated Akt and p70 S6 kinase as well as those of Bcl-2 were dose-dependently reduced by cerivastatin, and these reductions were abolished by the addition of mevalonate. Cerivastatin could dose-dependently elevate the levels of CPP32/caspase-3 activity and cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments in VSMCs without causing cytotoxicity. These results indicate that cerivastatin suppresses cell survival and activates the apoptotic cellular signaling in VSMCs, suggesting that it could be effective for preventing the progression of restenosis after angioplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Igarashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
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Manderscheid M, Pereda-Fernández C, Pfeilschifter J. Cyclic AMP increases rat inhibitor of apoptosis protein (RIAP1) mRNA in renal mesangial cells. Kidney Int 2002; 61:797-803. [PMID: 11849428 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) pathway plays a central role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Cyclic AMP has been identified as a bifunctional regulator of apoptosis. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) regulates apoptosis by directly inhibiting distinct caspases. METHODS Expression levels of rat IAP (RIAP)-1 were investigated by RNase protection assay in rat mesangial cells after stimulation with diverse agents that modulate cellular levels of cAMP. RESULTS Rat mesangial cells up-regulated RIAP1 mRNA levels after cAMP stimulation. Membrane-permeable cAMP analogs, as well as cAMP production in response to the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist salbutamol caused a large increase in RIAP1 mRNA level, which could be inhibited by the protein kinase A inhibitors H89 and Rp-cAMPS, or by the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor BAY117085. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase type IV by denbufyllin or rolipram potentiated the cAMP-mediated increase in RIAP1 mRNA. In contrast, the cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) analog Bt2cGMP did not affect the RIAP1 mRNA level. CONCLUSIONS These data establish, to our knowledge for the first time, that RIAP1 mRNA levels are regulated by the cAMP-signaling pathway and suggest potential new avenues of therapy to modulate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Manderscheid
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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30
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Haddad JJ, Land SC, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Zembala M, Kowalczyk D, Lauterbach R. Immunopharmacological potential of selective phosphodiesterase inhibition. I. Differential regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) biosynthesis in alveolar epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:559-66. [PMID: 11805217 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to elaborate in vitro on a therapeutic strategy that counteracts an inflammatory signal, we previously reported a novel immunopharmacological potential of glutathione, an antioxidant thiol, in regulating inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that selective regulation of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a family of enzymes that controls intracellular cAMP/cGMP degradation, differentially regulates proinflammatory cytokines. Selective PDE1 inhibition (8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine) blockaded lipopolysaccharide-endotoxin (LPS)-mediated biosynthesis of interleukin (IL)-6, but this pathway had no inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Furthermore, inhibition of PDE3 (amrinone) abolished the effect of LPS on IL-6, but attenuated TNF-alpha production. Reversible competitive inhibition of PDE4 (rolipram) exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on IL-6 and a dual, biphasic (excitatory/inhibitory) effect on TNF-alpha secretion. Blockading PDE5 (4-[[3',4'-(methylenedioxy)benzyl] amino]-6-methoxyquinazoline) showed a high potency in reducing IL-6 production, but in a manner similar to the inhibition of PDE4, exhibited a biphasic effect on TNF-alpha biosynthesis. Simultaneous inhibition of PDE5, 6, and 9 (zaprinast), purported to specifically elevate intracellular cGMP, reduced, in a dose-independent manner, IL-6 and TNF-alpha biosynthesis. Finally, nonselective inhibition of PDE by pentoxifylline suppressed LPS-mediated secretion of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. The involvement of specific PDE isoenzymes in differentially regulating LPS-mediated inflammatory cytokine biosynthesis indicates a novel approach to unravel the potential therapeutic targets that these isozymes constitute during the progression of inflammation within the respiratory epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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31
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Haddad JJ, Land SC, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Zembala M, Kowalczyk D, Lauterbach R. Immunopharmacological potential of selective phosphodiesterase inhibition. II. Evidence for the involvement of an inhibitory-kappaB/nuclear factor-kappaB-sensitive pathway in alveolar epithelial cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:567-76. [PMID: 11805218 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we investigated the immunopharmacological role of selective and nonselective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition in regulating the inhibitory-kappaB (IkappaB-alpha)/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling transduction pathway. In fetal alveolar type II epithelial cells, PDE blockade at the level of the diverging cAMP/cGMP pathways differentially regulated the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-alpha, the major cytosolic inhibitor of NF-kappaB. Whereas selective inhibition of PDEs 1, 3, and 4, by the action of 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, amrinone, and rolipram, respectively, exhibited a tendency to augment the translocation of NF-kappaB(1) (p50), RelA (p65), RelB (p68), and c-Rel (p75), selective blockade of PDE 5, 6, and 9, by the action of 4-[[3',4'-(methylenedioxy)benzyl]amino]-6-methoxyquinazoline and zaprinast, attenuated lipopolysaccharide-endotoxin (LPS)-mediated NF-kappaB translocation. Pentoxifylline, a nonspecific PDE inhibitor, reversed the excitatory effect of LPS on NF-kappaB subunit nuclear localization, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, analysis of NF-kappaB activation under the same conditions revealed a biphasic effect mediated by LPS. PDEs 1, 3, and 4 inhibition was associated with up-regulating NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. In contrast, blockading the activity of PDEs 5, 6, and 9 negatively attenuated LPS-mediated NF-kappaB activation, similar to the effect of 3,7-dihydro-3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxohexyl)-1H-purine-2,6-dione (pentoxifylline). These results indicate that selective and nonselective interference with the control of the dynamic equilibrium of cyclic nucleotides via PDE isoenzyme regulation represents an immunoregulatory mechanism that requires the differential, biphasic targeting of the IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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32
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Abstract
Present strategies in the treatment of inflammatory renal injury have focused on developing agents that specifically target individual mechanisms thought to contribute toward the pathogenesis of the disease. Such an approach is hindered by redundancies in the inflammatory cascade, rendering intervention suboptimal. The A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)-AR) is a member of the family of guanine nucleotide binding proteins and has become a focus of major interest primarily because of its ability to broadly inactivate the inflammatory cascade. This review summarizes our present knowledge regarding the molecular biology and pharmacology of A(2A)-ARs as well as the physiological effects of activation of A(2A)-ARs in the kidney. We also review our recent experience in targeting this receptor subtype in abrogating the inflammatory cascade in ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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33
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Okusa MD, Linden J, Huang L, Rosin DL, Smith DF, Sullivan G. Enhanced protection from renal ischemia-reperfusion [correction of ischemia:reperfusion] injury with A(2A)-adenosine receptor activation and PDE 4 inhibition. Kidney Int 2001; 59:2114-25. [PMID: 11380813 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated in rats and mice that agonists of A(2A)-adenosine receptors (A(2A)-ARs) reduce renal injury following ischemia-reperfusion. We now extend these studies and examine the effects of ATL-146e (formerly DWH-146e), an A(2A)-AR agonist, and rolipram, a type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE 4) inhibitor, on murine renal injury following ischemia-reperfusion. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated with rolipram, ATL-146e, or both compounds combined and were subjected to renal ischemia for 32 minutes and reperfusion for 24 to 48 hours. In vitro studies were performed on suspended and adhering human neutrophils. RESULTS Continuous delivery of rolipram or ATL-146e during reperfusion reduced renal injury in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal protection was observed when ATL-146e was infused for six hours during reperfusion. Elevated plasma creatinine and myeloperoxidase activity produced by ischemia-reperfusion were reduced by rolipram (0.1 ng/kg/min) and ATL-146e (10 ng/kg/min) by up to approximately 60% and 70%, respectively. Co-infusion of both compounds produced a maximum reduction of plasma creatinine of approximately 90% and myeloperoxidase activity. In vitro studies on suspended and adhering human neutrophils demonstrated that selective stimulation of A(2A)-ARs by ATL-146e increased cAMP accumulation, reduced oxidative activity of activated neutrophils, and decreased activated neutrophil adherence. These responses were potentiated by rolipram. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the combined infusion of ATL-146e and rolipram leads to enhanced renal tissue protection from ischemia-reperfusion by mechanisms that may include reduced neutrophil adherence/recruitment and release of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Okusa
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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34
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Ghosh PM, Mikhailova M, Bedolla R, Kreisberg JI. Arginine vasopressin stimulates mesangial cell proliferation by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 280:F972-9. [PMID: 11352836 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.6.f972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The potent vasoconstrictor arginine vasopressin (AVP) is also a mitogen for mesangial cells. Treatment with AVP decreased transit time through the cell cycle. AVP-stimulated mesangial cell growth by activating both the Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) cell signaling pathways. Both the selective PI3K inhibitor LY-294002 and the MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor PD-98059 inhibited AVP-stimulated mesangial cell proliferation. However, LY-294002 was more potent, indicating an important role for PI3K activation in AVP-stimulated mesangial cell proliferation. AVP appeared to exert its effect on MAPK and PI3K activation, as well as on cell proliferation, by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R). Pretreatment with the tyrphostin-derived EGF-R antagonist AG-1478 inhibited mesangial cell proliferation as well as the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2 or p42/p44MAPK), and p70S6 kinase, a downstream effector of PI3K, providing evidence that MAPK and PI3K activation, respectively, occurred downstream of EGF-R activation. Treatment with rapamycin, an inhibitor of the p70S6 kinase activator mTOR, also resulted in growth inhibition, further suggesting the importance of the PI3K signaling pathway in AVP-induced proliferation. AVP treatment appeared to transactivate EGF-R by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of the Ca2+/protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, Pyk2, leading to Pyk2/c-Src association and c-Src activation. This was followed by association of c-Src with EGF-R and EGF-R activation. These data suggested that AVP-stimulated Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation to activate c-Src, thereby leading to EGF-R transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78229, USA
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35
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Brito GA, Saraiva SN, Falcão JL, Vale ML, Lima AA, Cunha FQ, Ribeiro RA. Dual effect of cAMP on the writhing response in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 416:223-30. [PMID: 11290372 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The intraperitoneal injection of agents that increase the intracellular level of cyclic AMP (cAMP), reduced significantly the number of writhes induced by acetic acid and zymosan in mice. However, dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Db-cAMP) induced a dual response: (a) low doses caused antinociception, and (b) a high dose potentiated the nociceptive effect of a low concentration of acetic acid. High doses of Db-cAMP also reversed the antinociceptive effect of dexamethasone and the depletion of resident peritoneal cells. We also demonstrated that a low dose of Db-cAMP, forskolin or dexamethasone inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta by macrophages stimulated by zymosan. In conclusion, this study suggests that cAMP has a dual effect in the writhing model: an antinociceptive effect due to its modulatory action on resident peritoneal cells, thus, reducing the synthesis of mediators involved in the nociceptive response, and a nociceptive effect by directly sensitizing the nociceptive neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Brito
- Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, CE, Fortaleza, Brazil
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36
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The membrane attack complex C5b-9 causes injury in many forms of immune-mediated glomerular diseases characterized by mesangial cell (MC) proliferation and inhibiting C5b-9 decreases MC proliferation in vivo. Membrane insertion of sublytic quantities of the membrane attack complex of complement (C5b-9) is a potent stimulus for cell activation and the production of a variety of cytokines, growth factors, oxidants, matrix components, and other nephritogenic molecules. In vivo, a common response of MC to C5b-9--mediated injury is cell proliferation, an event closely linked to matrix expansion and sclerosis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that C5b-9 might also serve as a mitogenic stimulus for MCs. METHODS Rat MCs in vitro were exposed anti-Thy1 antibody and 2% normal PVG serum (a complement source) to induce sublytic C5b-9 attack and DNA synthesis and cell number were measured. Control MCs were exposed to antibody and C6-deficient PVG serum. RESULTS Sublytic C5b-9--induced injury to MCs is sufficient to induce DNA synthesis. Furthermore, C5b-9 augmented DNA synthesis induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and 5% fetal calf serum. C5b-9--induced DNA synthesis was reduced by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) with superoxide dismutase and catalase, but not by neutralizing the mitogenic growth factors PDGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that C5b-9 may directly increase DNA synthesis in cultured MCs, which are mediated in part by the release of ROS, and that C5b-9 also augments DNA synthesis induced in MCs by other known mitogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Couser
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Hirata A, Igarashi M, Yamaguchi H, Suwabe A, Daimon M, Kato T, Tominaga M. Nifedipine suppresses neointimal thickening by its inhibitory effect on vascular smooth muscle cell growth via a MEK-ERK pathway coupling with Pyk2. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:1521-30. [PMID: 11139427 PMCID: PMC1572490 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether nifedipine could suppress an atherogenic process such as balloon-injured intimal thickening in vivo and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro. First, we examined the in vivo effect of nifedipine to determine whether it could suppress intimal thickening induced by balloon catheterization. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups (L, nifedipine 0.3 mg kg(-1) day(-1); H, nifedipine 3 mg kg(-1) day(-1); C, no nifedipine), and Alzet((R)) osmotic pumps were implanted in their backs for continuous administration. The neointimal layers were completely occupied by proliferated VSMC, and the area ratios of neointima/media treated with nifedipine significantly decreased dose-dependently compared to those of the control. Neither blood pressure nor lipid levels changed among the three groups. We next evaluated the in vitro effect of nifedipine on the proliferation of cultured rat VSMC. Nifedipine decreased the values of [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation and total cellular protein content as well as the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2, and even the phosphorylation of Pyk2, in dose-dependent fashions. In addition, nifedipine suppressed the levels of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) dose-dependently in both VSMC and balloon-injured thoracic aortae. These results indicate that nifedipine has an inhibitory effect on intimal thickening by attenuating intimal VSMC proliferation, suggesting that nifedipine could be effective for preventing the progression of atherosclerotic plaque as in restenosis after angioplasty.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/analysis
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/chemistry
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Catheterization
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 2
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lipids/blood
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/drug effects
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/drug effects
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/drug effects
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tunica Intima/chemistry
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/pathology
- Tunica Media/chemistry
- Tunica Media/drug effects
- Tunica Media/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hirata
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masahiko Igarashi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Hiroshi Yamaguchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Akira Suwabe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Makoto Daimon
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takeo Kato
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2, Iida-nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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38
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Abstract
Following an overview of the biochemistry of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, the relevance of these signaling events to specific models of renal cell function and pathophysiology, both in vitro and in vivo, will be emphasized. In in vitro model systems, events activating the principal MAPK families [extracellular signal-regulated and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase and p38] have been best characterized in mesangial and tubular epithelial cell culture systems and include peptide mitogens, cytokines, lipid mediators, and physical stressors. Several in vivo models of proliferative or toxic renal injury are also associated with aberrant MAPK regulation. It is anticipated that elucidation of downstream effector signaling mechanisms and a clearer understanding of the immediate and remote upstream activating pathways, when applied to these highly clinically relevant model systems, will ultimately provide much greater insight into the basis for specificity now seemingly absent from these signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tian
- Divisions of Nephrology and Molecular Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, and Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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39
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Grande JP, Walker HJ, Holub BJ, Warner GM, Keller DM, Haugen JD, Donadio JV, Dousa TP. Suppressive effects of fish oil on mesangial cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Kidney Int 2000; 57:1027-40. [PMID: 10720955 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesangial cell proliferation is a characteristic feature of IgA nephropathy and many other forms of glomerulonephritis. Recent clinical studies have shown that dietary fish oil supplementation retards renal disease progression in patients with IgA nephropathy. The mechanism by which this effect occurs is unknown. METHODS The anti-Thy 1.1 (ATS) model of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was employed to test the hypothesis that dietary fish oil supplementation reduces mesangial cell proliferation following acute injury. Subcultured rat mesangial cells were used to determine the in vitro effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the primary components of fish oil, on proliferation. RESULTS Following antithymocyte serum (ATS) administration, proteinuria was significantly decreased in animals treated with fish oil compared with sesame oil-treated controls. In ATS rats given fish oil, there was less mesangial cell and matrix expansion, mesangiolysis, or basement membrane disruption (delta% = -40%). ATS rats receiving fish oil had less glomerular cell proliferation (PCNA-delta% = -50%) and a reduction of alpha-smooth muscle actin expression (delta% = -27%) by mesangial cells. In subcultured rat mesangial cells, DHA, but not EPA, significantly inhibited proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Fish oil inhibits mesangial cell activation and proliferation in ATS glomerulonephritis, reduces proteinuria, and decreases histologic evidence of glomerular damage. In vitro, the antiproliferative effects of fish oil are more likely related to the action of DHA. We suggest that orally administered fish oil, or purified DHA, may have a suppressive effect in acute phases or relapses of glomerulopathies by inhibiting activation and proliferation of mesangial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Grande
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that directly responsible for the rate of progression of glomerular disease are specific positive (cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases) and negative (cyclin-kinase inhibitors) cell cycle regulatory proteins. The challenge for nephrologists is to determine which ones are expressed in renal disease and their precise role in glomerular cell proliferation, hypertrophy and differentiation. Ultimately the goal is to find ever more appropriate therapeutic strategies to arrest or prevent progressive renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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41
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Chen YM, Chien CT, Hu-Tsai MI, Wu KD, Tsai CC, Wu MS, Tsai TJ. Pentoxifylline attenuates experimental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1999; 56:932-43. [PMID: 10469361 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of glomerular macrophages, proliferation of mesangial cells (MCs), and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins are pathobiological hallmarks of glomerulonephritis. We previously reported that a clinically available nonselective inhibitor of cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase, pentoxifylline (PTX), inhibits proliferation of cultured rat MCs, as well as collagen production by these cells. In this study, we investigated the in vivo effects of PTX on rat anti-Thy1 disease, a model of mesangial proliferative nephritis. METHODS Anti-Thy1 nephritis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting mouse anti-rat Thy1 antibodies intravenously. Nephritic rats were randomly assigned to receive PTX (0.1 g/kg/day) or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) and were sacrificed at various time points. Paraffin kidney sections were stained with hematoxylin and periodic acid-Schiff reagents for glomerular histology. Frozen kidney sections were stained by monoclonal antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen, ED-1, and alpha-smooth muscle actin and were visualized by color development from a horseradish peroxidase reaction. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and various extracellular matrix mRNAs were analyzed by Northern blotting. Urine protein concentrations were determined by Lowry's method. RESULTS Nephritic rats treated with PTX excreted less urinary protein on day 5 of nephritis than vehicle-treated nephritic rats. In periodic acid-Schiff-stained kidneys from PTX-treated nephritic rats, there was attenuation of both glomerular cellularity and glomerular sclerosis compared with vehicle-treated nephritic rats. PTX decreased the augmented glomerular mRNA levels of MCP-1 and ICAM-1 at two hours and on day 1 of nephritis. Immunoreactive staining showed that PTX reduced the number of proliferating glomerular macrophages on days 1, 2, and 3, but not at two hours of nephritis, compared with vehicle-treated nephritic rats. On day 5, PTX decreased the number of activated proliferating MCs and attenuated the glomerular mRNA levels of type I (alpha1), type III (alpha1), and type IV (alpha1) collagen and fibronectin compared with vehicle-treated nephritic rats. CONCLUSION The administration of PTX to rats with anti-Thy1 disease reduces accumulation and proliferation of glomerular macrophages, attenuates proteinuria, suppresses activation and proliferation of MCs, and ameliorates glomerular sclerosis. These results suggest that PTX may have a suppressive effect in acute phases or relapses of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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42
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Abstract
Intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotide second messengers are regulated predominantly by the complex superfamily of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pharmacology of these enzymes has led to their identification as biologic regulators of certain disease states and the development of isozyme-selective inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. A large body of in vitro and preclinical data suggests the therapeutic utility of PDE4 inhibitors as potent anti-inflammatory agents. Early clinical trials with selective PDE inhibitors substantiate this approach while highlighting pharmacodynamic and toxicologic pitfalls inherent to the inhibition of specific PDE isozymes. This commentary will review our current understanding of PDE inhibitors as immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Essayan
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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43
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Billington CK, Joseph SK, Swan C, Scott MG, Jobson TM, Hall IP. Modulation of human airway smooth muscle proliferation by type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibition. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:L412-9. [PMID: 10070104 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1999.276.3.l412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevation in cell cAMP content can inhibit mitogenic signaling in cultured human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells. We studied the effects of the type 3-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor siguazodan, the type 4-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram, and the nonselective inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) on proliferation of cultured HASM cells. At concentrations selective for the type 3 phosphodiesterase isoform, siguazodan inhibited both [3H]thymidine incorporation (IC50 2 microM) and the increase in cell number (10 microM; 64% reduction) induced by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (20 ng/ml). These effects were mimicked by IBMX. At concentrations selective for type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibition, rolipram was without effect. A 20-min exposure to siguazodan and rolipram did not increase whole cell cAMP levels. However, in HASM cells transfected with a cAMP-responsive luciferase reporter (p6CRE/Luc), increases in cAMP-driven luciferase expression were seen with siguazodan (3.9-fold) and IBMX (16.5-fold). These data suggest that inhibition of the type 3 phosphodiesterase isoform present in airway smooth muscle results in inhibition of mitogenic signaling, possibly through an increase in cAMP-driven gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Billington
- Division of Therapeutics, University Hospital, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
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44
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Nelson PJ, Moissoglu K, Vargas J, Klotman PE, Gelman IH. Involvement of the protein kinase C substrate, SSeCKS, in the actin-based stellate morphology of mesangial cells. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 3):361-70. [PMID: 9885289 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of protein kinase C is a key signal transduction event in mesangial cell dedifferentiation and proliferation, yet little is known about downstream substrates or their roles in normal or diseased glomeruli. SSeCKS, a novel protein kinase C substrate originally isolated as a src-suppressed negative mitogenic regulator in fibroblasts, controls actin-based cytoskeletal architecture and scaffolds key signaling kinases such as protein kinase C and protein kinase A. Based on the morphologic similarity between SSeCKS-overexpressing fibroblasts and stellate mesangial cells, we hypothesized that SSeCKS might play a role in mesangial cell morphology in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. Immunoblotting, in situ staining and northern blotting detected abundant expression of SSeCKS in human and rodent mesangial cells and glomerular parietal cells but not in renal tubular epithelia. Immunofluorescence analysis showed enrichment of SSeCKS in mesangial cell podosomes and along a cytoskeletal network distinct from F-actin. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester resulted in a rapid serine phosphorylation of SSeCKS and its subsequent translocation to perinuclear sites, coincident with the retraction of stellate processes. These effects were blocked by concentrations of bis-indolylmaleimide that selectively inhibit protein kinase C. Finally, ablation of SSeCKS expression using retroviral anti-sense vectors induced (1) an elongated, fibroblastic cell morphology, (2) production of thick, longitudinal stress fibers and (3) repositioning of vinculin-associated focal complexes away from the cell edges. These data suggest a role for SSeCKS as a downstream mediator of protein kinase C-controlled, actin-based mesangial cell cytoskeletal architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
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45
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Dousa TP. Cyclic-3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes in cell biology and pathophysiology of the kidney. Kidney Int 1999; 55:29-62. [PMID: 9893113 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of recent years revealed that isozymes of cyclic-3', 5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) are a critically important component of the cyclic-3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. The superfamily of cyclic-3', 5'-phosphodiesterase (PDE) isozymes consists of at least nine gene families (types): PDE1 to PDE9. Some PDE families are very diverse and consist of several subtypes and numerous PDE isoform-splice variants. PDE isozymes differ in molecular structure, catalytic properties, intracellular regulation and location, and sensitivity to selective inhibitors, as well as differential expression in various cell types. A number of type-specific "second-generation" PDE inhibitors have been developed. Current evidence indicates that PDE isozymes play a role in several pathobiologic processes in kidney cells. In rat mesangial cells, PDE3 and PDE4 compartmentalize cAMP signaling to the PDE3-linked cAMP-PKA pathway that modulates mitogenesis and PDE4-linked cAMP-PKA pathway that modulates generation of reactive oxygen species. Administration of selective PDE isozyme inhibitors in vivo suppresses proteinuria and pathologic changes in experimental anti-Thy-1.1 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis in rats. Increased activity of PDE5 (and perhaps also PDE9) in glomeruli and in cells of collecting ducts in sodium-retaining states, such as nephrotic syndrome, accounts for renal resistance to atriopeptin; diminished ability to excrete sodium can be corrected by administration of the selective PDE5 inhibitor zaprinast. Anomalously high PDE4 activity in collecting ducts is a basis of unresponsiveness to vasopressin in mice with hereditary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Apparently, PDE isozymes apparently also play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure of different origins. Administration of PDE isozyme-selective inhibitors suppresses some components of immune responses to allograft transplant and improves preservation and survival of transplanted organ. PDE isozymes are a target for action of numerous novel selective PDE inhibitors, which are key components in the design of novel "signal transduction" pharmacotherapies of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Dousa
- Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Abstract
Mesangial cells are smooth muscle-like pericytes that abut and surround the filtration capillaries within the glomerulus. Studies of the fine ultrastructure of the glomerulus show that the mesangial cell and the capillary basement membrane form a biomechanical unit capable of regulating filtration surface area as well as intraglomerular blood volume. Structural and functional studies suggest that mesangial cells regulate filtration rate in both a static and dynamic fashion. Mesangial excitability enables a homeostatic intraglomerular stretch reflex that integrates an increase in filtration pressure with a reduction in capillary surface area. In addition, mesangial tone is regulated by diverse vasoactive hormones. Agonists, such as angiotensin II, contract mesangial cells through a signal transduction pathway that releases intracellular stores of Ca2+, which subsequently activate nonselective cation channels and Cl- channels to depolarize the plasma membrane. The change in membrane potential activates voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, allowing Ca2+ cell entry and further activation of depolarizing conductances. Contraction and entry of cell Ca2+ are inhibited only when Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BK(Ca)) are activated and the membrane is hyperpolarized toward the K+ equilibrium potential. The mesangial BK(Ca) is a weak regulator of contraction in unstimulated cells; however, the gain of the feedback is increased by atrial natriuretic peptide, nitric oxide, and the second messenger cGMP, which activates protein kinase G and decreases both the voltage and Ca2+ activation thresholds of BK(Ca) independent of sensitivity. This enables BK(Ca) to more effectively counter membrane depolarization and voltage-gated Ca2+ influx. After hyperpolarizing the membrane, BK(Ca) rapidly inactivates because of dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase 2A. Regulation of ion channels has been linked casually to hyperfiltration during early stages of diabetes mellitus. Determining the signaling pathways controlling the electrophysiology of glomerular mesangial cells is important for understanding how glomerular filtration rate is regulated in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Stockand
- The Center for Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Department of Physiology, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Dousa TP. Signaling role of PDE isozymes in pathobiology of glomerular mesangial cells. Studies in vitro and in vivo. Cell Biochem Biophys 1998; 29:19-34. [PMID: 9631236 DOI: 10.1007/bf02737826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesangial cells (MC) of renal glomeruli respond to immune-inflammatory injury by accelerated proliferation and generation of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM). We studied in vivo and in vitro roles of cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in modulation of these pathobiologic processes with focus on PDE isozymes. Mitogenic synthesis of DNA in mesangial cells grown in primary culture was blocked by forskolin and dibutyryl cyAMP. Incubation of MC with PDE-3 inhibitors, cilostamide and lixazinone, inhibited (> 50%) mitogenesis, whereas inhibitors of PDE-4, rolipram and denbufylline, caused little or no inhibition. Conversely, inhibitors of PDE-4 suppressed generation of ROM in MC, whereas inhibitors of PDE-3 had no effect. Incubation of mesangial cells with cilostamide or with rolipram increased in situ activity of PKA, and effects of the two inhibitors were additive. PDE inhibitors also decreased activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase. The efficacy of PDE isozyme inhibitors (IC50) to suppress mitogenesis or ROM generation paralleled IC50 for inhibition of cAMP hydrolysis by extracts from mesangial cells. Administration of lixazinone or lixazinone in combination with rolipram to rats with mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis induced by antithymic serum suppressed proliferation of mesangial cells and also reduced other histopathologic manifestations of the disease. Based on these observations, we propose that in MC, a cAMP pool that is hydrolyzed by PDE-3 inhibits by negative crosstalk via activation of PKA, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and mitogenesis; whereas cAMP pool linked to PDE-4 inhibits, also via activation of PKA, ROM generation in mesangial cells. Results also suggest that PDE isozyme inhibitors, in particular inhibitors of PDE-3, should be investigated for potential use for "signal transduction pharmacotherapy" of glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Dousa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Canaan-Kühl S, Ostendorf T, Zander K, Koch KM, Floege J. C-type natriuretic peptide inhibits mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation in vivo. Kidney Int 1998; 53:1143-51. [PMID: 9573528 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00895.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Local C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) production and CNP receptor expression have been demonstrated in glomeruli. However, the glomerular (patho-)physiological functions of CNP are largely unknown. We therefore investigated the effects of CNP on mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation in the rat mesangioproliferative anti-Thy 1.1 model. Over seven days rats received a continuous infusion (1 microgram/kg/min) of either CNP (N = 6), an irrelevant control peptide (N = 3) or buffer alone (N = 6). Kidney biopsies were performed on days 2, 4 and 8. Few significant differences between the groups were noted on days 2 and 4. Compared to buffer treated rats on day 8, those receiving CNP showed a 35% reduction of glomerular mitoses, a 62% reduction of glomerular uptake of the thymidine analogue BrdU and a significant reduction in glomerular expression of PDGF B-chain. Double immunoperoxidase staining also revealed blunting of proliferating, activated mesangial cells (515 reduction of alpha-smooth muscle actin-/BrdU-positive cells) and macrophage influx. Moreover, there was a marked reduction of mesangial collagen IV and fibronectin accumulation at the protein and mRNA level. Rats receiving the control peptide were indistinguishable from buffer treated rats. Systemic blood pressure was reduced by 10 to 20% in both CNP and control peptide treated rats on day 8, excluding that the findings were due to hemodynamic effects of CNP. Our findings demonstrate that CNP is involved in the regulation of mesangial cell proliferation and matrix production in vivo. The data suggest the existence of a glomerular natriuretic peptide system that may regulate tissue homeostasis and contribute to resolution of mesangioproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Canaan-Kühl
- Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover, Germany
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Nomiyama M, Ohnishi N, Nagasawa K, Yokoyama T. Ticlopidine inhibits activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by platelet-derived growth factor in cultured rat renal mesangial cells. Clin Exp Nephrol 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02479932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dousa TP. Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: New Role in the Pathogenesis of Glomerulonephritis? NEWS IN PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY PRODUCED JOINTLY BY THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND THE AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY 1998; 13:51-52. [PMID: 11390760 DOI: 10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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