1
|
Wang J, Li Q, Qiu Y, Kitanovski S, Wang C, Zhang C, Li F, Li X, Zhang Z, Huang L, Zhang J, Hoffmann D, Lu M, Lu H. Cell-type-specific expression analysis of liver transcriptomics with clinical parameters to decipher the cause of intrahepatic inflammation in chronic hepatitis B. IMETA 2024; 3:e221. [PMID: 39135698 PMCID: PMC11316924 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Functional cure for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains challenging due to the lack of direct intervention methods for hepatic inflammation. Multi-omics research offers a promising approach to understand hepatic inflammation mechanisms in CHB. A Bayesian linear model linked gene expression with clinical parameters, and population-specific expression analysis (PSEA) refined bulk gene expression into specific cell types across different clinical phases. These models were integrated into our analysis of key factors like inflammatory cells, immune activation, T cell exhaustion, chemokines, receptors, and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Validation through multi-immune staining in liver specimens from CHB patients bolstered our findings. In CHB patients, increased gene expression related to immune cell activation and migration was noted. Marker genes of macrophages, T cells, immune-negative regulators, chemokines, and ISGs showed a positive correlation with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels but not hepatitis B virus DNA levels. The PSEA model confirmed T cells as the source of exhausted regulators, while macrophages primarily contributed to chemokine expression. Upregulated ISGs (ISG20, IFI16, TAP2, GBP1, PSMB9) in the hepatitis phase were associated with T cell and macrophage infiltration and positively correlated with ALT levels. Conversely, another set of ISGs (IFI44, ISG15, IFI44L, IFI6, MX1) mainly expressed by hepatocytes and B cells showed no correlation with ALT levels. Our study presents a multi-omics analysis integrating bulk transcriptomic, single-cell sequencing data, and clinical data from CHB patients to decipher the cause of intrahepatic inflammation in CHB. The findings confirm that macrophages secrete chemokines like CCL20, recruiting exhausted T cells into liver tissue; concurrently, hepatocyte innate immunity is suppressed, hindering the antiviral effects of ISGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Fifth People's Hospital of WuxiJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Qian Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Yuanwang Qiu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Fifth People's Hospital of WuxiJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Simo Kitanovski
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Chen Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Chenxia Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Fifth People's Hospital of WuxiJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Fahong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Department of Infectious DiseasesNational Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Fifth People's Hospital of WuxiJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- School of Public Health and Emergency ManagementSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Lihua Huang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Fifth People's Hospital of WuxiJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Department of Infectious DiseasesNational Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Huashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB)University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Mengji Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of EssenUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Fifth People's Hospital of WuxiJiangnan UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious DiseasesThe Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen and The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liao F, Xie J, Du R, Gao W, Lan L, Wang M, Rong X, Fu Y, Wang H. Replication and Expression of the Consensus Genome of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype C from the Chinese Population. Viruses 2023; 15:2302. [PMID: 38140543 PMCID: PMC10747539 DOI: 10.3390/v15122302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C is a prevalent HBV genotype in the Chinese population. Although genotype C shows higher sequence heterogeneity and more severe liver disease than other genotypes, its pathogenesis and immunological traits are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we first established and chemically synthesized the consensus sequence based on representative 138 full-length HBV genotype C genomes from the Chinese population. The pHBV1.3C plasmid system, containing a 1.3-fold full-length HBV genotype C consensus sequence, was constructed for subsequent validation. Next, we performed functional assays to investigate the replicative competence of pHBV1.3C in vitro through the transient transfection of HepG2 and Huh7 cells and validated the in vivo function via a hydrodynamic injection to BALB/c recipient mice. The in vitro investigation revealed that the extracellular HBV DNA and intracellular replicative intermediate (i.e., pregenomic RNA, pgRNA) were apparently measurable at 48 h, and the HBsAg and HBcAg were still positive in hepatoma cells at 96 h. We also found that HBsAg and HBeAg accumulated at the extracellular and intracellular levels in a time-dependent manner. The in vivo validation demonstrated that pHBV1.3C plasmids induced HBV viremia, triggered morphological changes and HBsAg- or HBcAg- positivity of hepatocytes, and ultimately caused inflammatory infiltration and focal or piecemeal necrosis in the livers of the murine recipients. HBV protein (HBsAg) colocalized with CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells in the liver. F4/80+ Kupffer cells were abundantly recruited around the altered murine hepatocytes. Taken together, our results indicate that the synthetic consensus sequence of HBV genotype C is replication-competent in vitro and in vivo. This genotype C consensus genome supports the full HBV life cycle, which is conducive to studying its pathogenesis and immune response, screening novel antiviral agents, and further optimizing testing and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenfang Liao
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Junmou Xie
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Rongsong Du
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Wenbo Gao
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Lanyin Lan
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Min Wang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Xia Rong
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Yongshui Fu
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou 510091, China
- The Key Medical Laboratory of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510091, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Genshaft AS, Subudhi S, Keo A, Sanchez Vasquez JD, Conceição-Neto N, Mahamed D, Boeijen LL, Alatrakchi N, Oetheimer C, Vilme M, Drake R, Fleming I, Tran N, Tzouanas C, Joseph-Chazan J, Arreola Villanueva M, van de Werken HJG, van Oord GW, Groothuismink ZMA, Beudeker BJ, Osmani Z, Nkongolo S, Mehrotra A, Spittaels K, Feld J, Chung RT, de Knegt RJ, Janssen HLA, Aerssens J, Bollekens J, Hacohen N, Lauer GM, Boonstra A, Shalek AK, Gehring AJ. Single-cell RNA sequencing of liver fine-needle aspirates captures immune diversity in the blood and liver in chronic hepatitis B patients. Hepatology 2023; 78:1525-1541. [PMID: 37158243 PMCID: PMC10581444 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS HBV infection is restricted to the liver, where it drives exhaustion of virus-specific T and B cells and pathogenesis through dysregulation of intrahepatic immunity. Our understanding of liver-specific events related to viral control and liver damage has relied almost solely on animal models, and we lack useable peripheral biomarkers to quantify intrahepatic immune activation beyond cytokine measurement. Our objective was to overcome the practical obstacles of liver sampling using fine-needle aspiration and develop an optimized workflow to comprehensively compare the blood and liver compartments within patients with chronic hepatitis B using single-cell RNA sequencing. APPROACH AND RESULTS We developed a workflow that enabled multi-site international studies and centralized single-cell RNA sequencing. Blood and liver fine-needle aspirations were collected, and cellular and molecular captures were compared between the Seq-Well S 3 picowell-based and the 10× Chromium reverse-emulsion droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing technologies. Both technologies captured the cellular diversity of the liver, but Seq-Well S 3 effectively captured neutrophils, which were absent in the 10× dataset. CD8 T cells and neutrophils displayed distinct transcriptional profiles between blood and liver. In addition, liver fine-needle aspirations captured a heterogeneous liver macrophage population. Comparison between untreated patients with chronic hepatitis B and patients treated with nucleoside analogs showed that myeloid cells were highly sensitive to environmental changes while lymphocytes displayed minimal differences. CONCLUSIONS The ability to electively sample and intensively profile the immune landscape of the liver, and generate high-resolution data, will enable multi-site clinical studies to identify biomarkers for intrahepatic immune activity in HBV and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Genshaft
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonu Subudhi
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arlin Keo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juan Diego Sanchez Vasquez
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nádia Conceição-Neto
- Infectious Diseases Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Deeqa Mahamed
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauke L. Boeijen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia Alatrakchi
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Oetheimer
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mike Vilme
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Riley Drake
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ira Fleming
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nancy Tran
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Constantine Tzouanas
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jasmin Joseph-Chazan
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martin Arreola Villanueva
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harmen J. G. van de Werken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gertine W. van Oord
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zwier M. A. Groothuismink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boris J. Beudeker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zgjim Osmani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shirin Nkongolo
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aman Mehrotra
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kurt Spittaels
- Infectious Diseases Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jordan Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert J. de Knegt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry L. A. Janssen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeroen Aerssens
- Infectious Diseases Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jacques Bollekens
- Infectious Diseases Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Georg M. Lauer
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andre Boonstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam J. Gehring
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar L, Bisen M, Khan A, Kumar P, Patel SKS. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Musculoskeletal Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102477. [PMID: 36289739 PMCID: PMC9598837 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia, injury, stiffness, and bone loss. The prevalence of these conditions is frequent among elderly populations with significant mobility and mortality rates. This may lead to extreme discomfort and detrimental effect on the patient’s health and socioeconomic situation. Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and soft tissue are vital for body function and movement. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are regulatory proteases involved in synthesizing, degrading, and remodeling extracellular matrix (ECM) components. By modulating ECM reconstruction, cellular migration, and differentiation, MMPs preserve myofiber integrity and homeostasis. In this review, the role of MMPs in skeletal muscle function, muscle injury and repair, skeletal muscle inflammation, and muscular dystrophy and future approaches for MMP-based therapies in musculoskeletal disorders are discussed at the cellular and molecule level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lokender Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (S.K.S.P.); Tel.: +91-017-9235-0000 (L.K.)
| | - Monish Bisen
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
| | - Azhar Khan
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar Singh Patel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (L.K.); (S.K.S.P.); Tel.: +91-017-9235-0000 (L.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hou Y, Ding W, Wu P, Liu C, Ding L, Liu J, Wang X. Adipose-derived stem cells alleviate liver injury induced by type 1 diabetes mellitus by inhibiting mitochondrial stress and attenuating inflammation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:132. [PMID: 35365229 PMCID: PMC8973806 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a worldwide health priority due to autoimmune destruction and is associated with an increased risk of multiorgan complications. Among these complications, effective interventions for liver injury, which can progress to liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, are lacking. Although stem cell injection has a therapeutic effect on T1D, whether it can cure liver injury and the underlying mechanisms need further investigation. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D were treated with adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) or PBS via the tail vein formed the ADSC group or STZ group. Body weights and blood glucose levels were examined weekly for 6 weeks. RNA-seq and PCR array were used to detect the difference in gene expression of the livers between groups. Results In this study, we found that ADSCs injection alleviated hepatic oxidative stress and injury and improved liver function in rats with T1D; potential mechanisms included cytokine activity, energy metabolism and immune regulation were potentially involved, as determined by RNA-seq. Moreover, ADSC treatment altered the fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) levels in T1D rat livers, implying its repair capacity. Disordered intracellular energy metabolism, which is closely related to mitochondrial stress and dysfunction, was inhibited by ADSC treatment. PCR array and ingenuity pathway analyses suggested that the ADSC-induced suppression of mitochondrial stress is related to decreased necroptosis and apoptosis. Moreover, mitochondria-related alterations caused liver inflammation, resulting in liver injury involving the T lymphocyte-mediated immune response. Conclusions Overall, these results improve our understanding of the curative effect of ADSCs on T1D complications: ADSCs attenuate liver injury by inhibiting mitochondrial stress (apoptosis and dysfunctional energy metabolism) and alleviating inflammation (inflammasome expression and immune disorder). These results are important for early intervention in liver injury and for delaying the development of liver lesions in patients with T1D. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02760-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Hou
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenyu Ding
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Peishan Wu
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Lina Ding
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a non-cytopathic, hepatotropic virus with the potential to cause a persistent infection, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Over the past four decades, the basic principles of HBV gene expression and replication as well as the viral and host determinants governing infection outcome have been largely uncovered. Whereas HBV appears to induce little or no innate immune activation, the adaptive immune response mediates both viral clearance as well as liver disease. Here, we review our current knowledge on the immunobiology and pathogenesis of HBV infection, focusing in particular on the role of CD8+ T cells and on several recent breakthroughs that challenge current dogmas. For example, we now trust that HBV integration into the host genome often serves as a relevant source of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) expression during chronic infection, possibly triggering dysfunctional T cell responses and favouring detrimental immunopathology. Further, the unique haemodynamics and anatomy of the liver - and the changes they frequently endure during disease progression to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis - profoundly influence T cell priming, differentiation and function. We also discuss why therapeutic approaches that limit the intrahepatic inflammatory processes triggered by HBV-specific T cells might be surprisingly beneficial for patients with chronic infection.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Wang X, Wu M, Ghildyal R, Yuan Z. Animal Models for the Study of Hepatitis B Virus Pathobiology and Immunity: Past, Present, and Future. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715450. [PMID: 34335553 PMCID: PMC8322840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem that plagues approximately 240 million people. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) often leads to liver inflammation and aberrant repair which results in diseases ranging from liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite its narrow species tropism, researchers have established various in vivo models for HBV or its related viruses which have provided a wealth of knowledge on viral lifecycle, pathogenesis, and immunity. Here we briefly revisit over five decades of endeavor in animal model development for HBV and summarize their advantages and limitations. We also suggest directions for further improvements that are crucial for elucidation of the viral immune-evasion strategies and for development of novel therapeutics for a functional cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Horng JH, Lin WH, Wu CR, Lin YY, Wu LL, Chen DS, Chen PJ. HBV X protein-based therapeutic vaccine accelerates viral antigen clearance by mobilizing monocyte infiltration into the liver in HBV carrier mice. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:70. [PMID: 32466788 PMCID: PMC7257178 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistently infected about 250 million people worldwide, and a curative treatment remains an unmet medical need. Among many approaches to treat chronic hepatitis B (CHB), therapeutic vaccines have been developed for two decades, but none have yielded promising results in clinical trials. Therefore, dissection of HBV clearance mechanisms during therapeutic vaccination in appropriate models, which could give rise to new curative therapies, is urgently needed. Growing evidence indicates that prolonged and intensive exposure of antigen-specific T cells to viral antigens is a major cause of T cell exhaustion, and decreases anti-HBV immunity efficacy of therapeutic vaccination. HBV X protein (HBx) is expressed at low levels, and the understanding of its immunogenicity and potential in therapeutic CHB vaccines is limited. Methods HBV genome sequences from CHB patients were cloned into a pAAV plasmid backbone and transfected into immunocompetent mouse hepatocytes through hydrodynamic injection. Mice carrying > 500 IU/mL serum HBV surface antigen (HBs) for more than 4 weeks were considered HBV carriers mimicking human CHB and received 3 doses of weekly HBx vaccine by subcutaneous immunization. Serum HBV clearance was evaluated by monitoring serum HBs and HBV-DNA titers. Residual HBV in the liver was evaluated by western blotting for HBV core antigen. The splenic antigen-specific T cell response was quantified by a 15-mer overlapping peptide-stimulated interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Blood and hepatic immune cells were quantified by flow cytometric analysis. Results Our HBx-based vaccine induced systemic HBx-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in HBV carrier mice and demonstrated significant HBs and HBV-DNA elimination. The protective effect persisted for at least 30 days without additional booster immunization. Different infiltrating myeloid cell subsets, each with distinctive roles during immune-mediated HBV clearance, were found in the liver of vaccinated mice. During vaccine therapy, inflammatory monocyte depletion resulted in sustained HBV clearance inhibition, whereas phagocytic monocyte-derived macrophage and Kupffer cell elimination resulted in only transient inhibition of vaccine-induced HBV clearance. Conclusions We report the potential role of HBx as a major immunogen in an HBV therapeutic vaccine and the significance of a liver-infiltrating monocyte subset during hepatic viral clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Hau Horng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Wei-Hsiang Lin
- TheVax Genetics Vaccine Company Limited, 5F, No. 25, Jen Ai Road Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chang-Ru Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - You-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department & Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.). .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.). .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.). .,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Immunopathogenesis of HBV Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1179:71-107. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9151-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
10
|
Yang S, Wang L, Pan W, Bayer W, Thoens C, Heim K, Dittmer U, Timm J, Wang Q, Yu Q, Luo J, Liu Y, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Zhang X, Chen H, Wang H, Feng X, Yang X, Lu Y, Lu M, Yang D, Liu J. MMP2/MMP9-mediated CD100 shedding is crucial for inducing intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell responses and HBV clearance. J Hepatol 2019; 71:685-698. [PMID: 31173811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CD100 is constitutively expressed on T cells and can be cleaved from the cell surface by matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) to become soluble CD100 (sCD100). Both membrane-bound CD100 (mCD100) and sCD100 have important immune regulatory functions that promote immune cell activation and responses. This study investigated the expression and role of mCD100 and sCD100 in regulating antiviral immune responses during HBV infection. METHODS mCD100 expression on T cells, sCD100 levels in the serum, and MMP expression in the liver and serum were analysed in patients with chronic HBV (CHB) and in HBV-replicating mice. The ability of sCD100 to mediate antigen-presenting cell maturation, HBV-specific T cell activation, and HBV clearance were analysed in HBV-replicating mice and patients with CHB. RESULTS Patients with CHB had higher mCD100 expression on T cells and lower serum sCD100 levels compared with healthy controls. Therapeutic sCD100 treatment resulted in the activation of DCs and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, enhanced HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses, and accelerated HBV clearance, whereas blockade of its receptor CD72 attenuated the intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell response. Together with MMP9, MMP2 mediated mCD100 shedding from the T cell surface. Patients with CHB had significantly lower serum MMP2 levels, which positively correlated with serum sCD100 levels, compared with healthy controls. Inhibition of MMP2/9 activity resulted in an attenuated anti-HBV T cell response and delayed HBV clearance in mice. CONCLUSIONS MMP2/9-mediated sCD100 release has an important role in regulating intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell responses, thus mediating subsequent viral clearance during HBV infection. LAY SUMMARY Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem worldwide. The clearance of HBV relies largely on an effective T cell immune response, which usually becomes dysregulated in chronic HBV infection. Our study provides a new mechanism to elucidate HBV persistence and a new target for developing immunotherapy strategies in patients chronically infected with HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangqing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Christine Thoens
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heim
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Joerg Timm
- Institute for Virology, Heinrich-Heine-University, University Hospital, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jinzhuo Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Hepatology Unit and Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510551, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 510632, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yinping Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 257 million people globally, resulting in progressively worsening liver disease, manifesting as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The exceptionally narrow species tropism of HBV restricts its natural hosts to humans and non-human primates, including chimpanzees, gorillas, gibbons, and orangutans. The unavailability of completely immunocompetent small-animal models has contributed to the lack of curative therapeutic interventions. Even though surrogates allow the study of closely related viruses, their host genetic backgrounds, immune responses, and molecular virology differ from those of HBV. Various different models, based on either pure murine or xenotransplantation systems, have been introduced over the past years, often making the choice of the optimal model for any given question challenging. Here, we offer a concise review of in vivo model systems employed to study HBV infection and steps in the HBV life cycle or pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Cherry
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Harry Gunn
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bertoletti A, Le Bert N. Immunotherapy for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Gut Liver 2019; 12:497-507. [PMID: 29316747 PMCID: PMC6143456 DOI: 10.5009/gnl17233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While new therapies for chronic hepatitis C virus infection have delivered remarkable cure rates, curative therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remain a distant goal. Although current direct antiviral therapies are very efficient in controlling viral replication and limiting the progression to cirrhosis, these treatments require lifelong administration due to the frequent viral rebound upon treatment cessation, and immune modulation with interferon is only effective in a subgroup of patients. Specific immunotherapies can offer the possibility of eliminating or at least stably maintaining low levels of HBV replication under the control of a functional host antiviral response. Here, we review the development of immune cell therapy for HBV, highlighting the potential antiviral efficiency and potential toxicities in different groups of chronically infected HBV patients. We also discuss the chronic hepatitis B patient populations that best benefit from therapeutic immune interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim J, Chang DY, Lee HW, Lee H, Kim JH, Sung PS, Kim KH, Hong SH, Kang W, Lee J, Shin SY, Yu HT, You S, Choi YS, Oh I, Lee DH, Lee DH, Jung MK, Suh KS, Hwang S, Kim W, Park SH, Kim HJ, Shin EC. Innate-like Cytotoxic Function of Bystander-Activated CD8 + T Cells Is Associated with Liver Injury in Acute Hepatitis A. Immunity 2018; 48:161-173.e5. [PMID: 29305140 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis A (AHA) involves severe CD8+ T cell-mediated liver injury. Here we showed during AHA, CD8+ T cells specific to unrelated viruses became activated. Hepatitis A virus (HAV)-infected cells produced IL-15 that induced T cell receptor (TCR)-independent activation of memory CD8+ T cells. TCR-independent activation of non-HAV-specific CD8+ T cells were detected in patients, as indicated by NKG2D upregulation, a marker of TCR-independent T cell activation by IL-15. CD8+ T cells derived from AHA patients exerted innate-like cytotoxicity triggered by activating receptors NKG2D and NKp30 without TCR engagement. We demonstrated that the severity of liver injury in AHA patients correlated with the activation of HAV-unrelated virus-specific CD8+ T cells and the innate-like cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells, but not the activation of HAV-specific T cells. Thus, host injury in AHA is associated with innate-like cytotoxicity of bystander-activated CD8+ T cells, a result with implications for acute viral diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Chang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Lee
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Soo Sung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hui Hong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jino Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Yu
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooseong You
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Choi
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Insoo Oh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ho Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, Daejeon 34943, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Suk Suh
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bertoletti A, Tan AT, Koh S. T-cell therapy for chronic viral hepatitis. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:1317-1324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
15
|
Khawar MB, Azam F, Sheikh N, Abdul Mujeeb K. How Does Interleukin-22 Mediate Liver Regeneration and Prevent Injury and Fibrosis? J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2148129. [PMID: 28050571 PMCID: PMC5168458 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2148129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a pluripotent T cell-derived cytokine which is a member of IL-10 cytokine family. It is the only interleukin produced by immune cells but does not target immune system components. IL-22 is mainly produced by dendritic cells (DCs) and TH17, TH22, NK, and NKT cells and targets a number of body tissues including liver, pancreas, and other epithelial tissues. It provokes a series of downstream signaling pathways upon binding with IL-22R complex which protects liver damage through STAT3 activation. IL-22BP is an inhibitor of IL-22 which has 20-1000x more affinity to bind with IL-22 compared to IL-22R1 that inhibits IL-22 activity. Its level was found to be positively correlated with the severity of liver damage and fibrosis. So, the present review is an effort to reveal the exact mechanism lying in the hepatoprotective activity of IL-22 and some of its future therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Azam
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Experimental in vitro and in vivo models for the study of human hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S17-S31. [PMID: 27084033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects an estimate of 240 million people worldwide despite the availability of a preventive vaccine. Medication to repress viral replication is available but a cure is rarely achieved. The narrow species and tissue tropism of the virus and the lack of reliable in vitro models and laboratory animals susceptible to HBV infection, have limited research progress in the past. As a result, several aspects of the HBV life cycle as well as the network of virus host interactions occurring during the infection are not yet understood. Only recently, the identification of the functional cellular receptor enabling HBV entry has opened new possibilities to establish innovative infection systems. Regarding the in vivo models of HBV infection, the classical reference was the chimpanzee. However, because of the strongly restricted use of great apes for HBV research, major efforts have focused on the development of mouse models of HBV replication and infection such as the generation of humanized mice. This review summarizes the animal and cell culture based models currently available for the study of HBV biology. We will discuss the benefits and caveats of each model and present a selection of the most important findings that have been retrieved from the respective systems.
Collapse
|
17
|
Oh IS, Park SH. Immune-mediated Liver Injury in Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Immune Netw 2015; 15:191-8. [PMID: 26330805 PMCID: PMC4553257 DOI: 10.4110/in.2015.15.4.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for approximately 350 million chronic infections worldwide and is a leading cause of broad-spectrum liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although it has been well established that adaptive immunity plays a critical role in viral clearance, the pathogenetic mechanisms that cause liver damage during acute and chronic HBV infection remain largely known. This review describes our current knowledge of the immune-mediated pathogenesis of HBV infection and the role of immune cells in the liver injury during hepatitis B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Soo Oh
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea. ; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang SH, Yeh SH, Shiau CW, Chen KF, Lin WH, Tsai TF, Teng YC, Chen DS, Chen PJ. Sorafenib Action in Hepatitis B Virus X-Activated Oncogenic Androgen Pathway in Liver through SHP-1. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015. [PMID: 26206949 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) shows a higher incidence in men, mainly because of hepatitis B X (HBx)-mediated enhancement of androgen receptor (AR) activity. We aimed to examine this pathway in hepatocarcinogenesis and to identify drug(s) specifically blocking this carcinogenic event in the liver. METHODS HBx transgenic mice that spontaneously develop HCC (n = 28-34 per group) were used, either by knockout of hepatic AR or by castration. Efficacy of several HCC-targeted drugs in suppressing HBx-induced AR activity was evaluated, and cellular factors mediating suppression were investigated in cultured cells. Tissue specificity of the candidate drug was validated using mouse tissues. Data were analyzed with Chi-square and Student's t tests. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The androgen pathway was shown to be important in early stage hepatocarcinogenesis of HBx transgenic mice. The tumor incidence was decreased from 80% to 32% by AR knockout (P < .001) and from 90% to 25% by early castration (P < .001). Sorafenib markedly inhibited the HBx-enhanced AR activity through activating the SHP-1 phosphatase, which antagonized the activation of Akt/GSK3β and c-Src by HBx. Moreover, SHP-1 protein level was much higher in the liver than in testis, which enabled sorafenib to inhibit aberrant AR activity in the HBx-expressing liver, while not affecting the physiological AR function in normal liver or testis. CONCLUSIONS The androgen pathway may be a druggable target for the chemoprevention of HBV-related HCC, and sorafenib might be used as a tissue- and disease-specific regimen for the chemoprevention of HBV-related HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Han Wang
- Department of Microbiology (SHW, SHY, WHL, PJC), NTU Center for Genomic Medicine (SHY, DSC, PJC), and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine (DSC, PJC), National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine (SHY), Department of Medical Research (KFC), and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (KFC), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (DSC, PJC); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (CWS) and Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences (TFT, YCT), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Hwei Yeh
- Department of Microbiology (SHW, SHY, WHL, PJC), NTU Center for Genomic Medicine (SHY, DSC, PJC), and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine (DSC, PJC), National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine (SHY), Department of Medical Research (KFC), and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (KFC), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (DSC, PJC); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (CWS) and Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences (TFT, YCT), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Wai Shiau
- Department of Microbiology (SHW, SHY, WHL, PJC), NTU Center for Genomic Medicine (SHY, DSC, PJC), and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine (DSC, PJC), National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine (SHY), Department of Medical Research (KFC), and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (KFC), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (DSC, PJC); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (CWS) and Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences (TFT, YCT), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Feng Chen
- Department of Microbiology (SHW, SHY, WHL, PJC), NTU Center for Genomic Medicine (SHY, DSC, PJC), and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine (DSC, PJC), National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine (SHY), Department of Medical Research (KFC), and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (KFC), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (DSC, PJC); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (CWS) and Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences (TFT, YCT), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Microbiology (SHW, SHY, WHL, PJC), NTU Center for Genomic Medicine (SHY, DSC, PJC), and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine (DSC, PJC), National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine (SHY), Department of Medical Research (KFC), and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (KFC), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (DSC, PJC); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (CWS) and Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences (TFT, YCT), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- Department of Microbiology (SHW, SHY, WHL, PJC), NTU Center for Genomic Medicine (SHY, DSC, PJC), and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine (DSC, PJC), National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine (SHY), Department of Medical Research (KFC), and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (KFC), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (DSC, PJC); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (CWS) and Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences (TFT, YCT), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chi Teng
- Department of Microbiology (SHW, SHY, WHL, PJC), NTU Center for Genomic Medicine (SHY, DSC, PJC), and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine (DSC, PJC), National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine (SHY), Department of Medical Research (KFC), and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (KFC), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (DSC, PJC); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (CWS) and Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences (TFT, YCT), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Department of Microbiology (SHW, SHY, WHL, PJC), NTU Center for Genomic Medicine (SHY, DSC, PJC), and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine (DSC, PJC), National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine (SHY), Department of Medical Research (KFC), and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (KFC), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (DSC, PJC); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (CWS) and Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences (TFT, YCT), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Department of Microbiology (SHW, SHY, WHL, PJC), NTU Center for Genomic Medicine (SHY, DSC, PJC), and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine (DSC, PJC), National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine (SHY), Department of Medical Research (KFC), and National Center of Excellence for Clinical Trial and Research (KFC), National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (DSC, PJC); Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences (CWS) and Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences (TFT, YCT), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes a large proportion of chronic liver disease worldwide. The limited efficiency of current treatments based on the use of nucleotide/nucleoside analogues or interferon-alpha requires the development of new therapeutic tools for the treatment of chronic HBV. We summarize the most recent therapeutic strategies designed to directly target HBV-infected hepatocytes or to restore antiviral immunity during chronic HBV infection. RECENT FINDINGS Novel therapies directly target HBV-infected hepatocytes by inducing covalently closed circular DNA degradation or by inhibiting HBV entry or the expression of viral proteins. In addition, immunotherapeutic approaches may boost HBV-specific T-cell responses or stimulate the intrahepatic innate response. SUMMARY These new therapeutic approaches have mainly been tested in animal models. In humans, therapeutic strategies could be tailored to different chronic HBV patients in relation to their clinical and virological disease profile.
Collapse
|
20
|
Gogoi D, Borkakoty B, Biswas D, Mahanta J. Activation and Exhaustion of Adaptive Immune Cells in Hepatitis B Infection. Viral Immunol 2015; 28:348-53. [PMID: 26331345 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2014.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the immune reaction is responsible for viral clearance and preventing their spread within the host. However, the immune system is dysfunctional in patients with chronic HBV infection, leading to an inadequate immune response against the virus. A major factor contributing to inefficient immune function is the phenomenon of immune exhaustion. Hence, understanding immune activation and exhaustion during HBV infection is important, as it would provide insight in developing immunotherapy to control chronic HBV infection. The aim of this review is to highlight the existing information on immune effector functions and immune exhaustion in response to HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimpu Gogoi
- Virology Section, Regional Medical Research Centre , ICMR-NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Biswajyoti Borkakoty
- Virology Section, Regional Medical Research Centre , ICMR-NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Dipankar Biswas
- Virology Section, Regional Medical Research Centre , ICMR-NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Jagadish Mahanta
- Virology Section, Regional Medical Research Centre , ICMR-NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pallett LJ, Gill US, Quaglia A, Sinclair LV, Jover-Cobos M, Schurich A, Singh KP, Thomas N, Das A, Chen A, Fusai G, Bertoletti A, Cantrell DA, Kennedy PT, Davies NA, Haniffa M, Maini MK. Metabolic regulation of hepatitis B immunopathology by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Nat Med 2015; 21:591-600. [PMID: 25962123 PMCID: PMC4458139 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) results in disparate degrees of tissue injury: the virus can either replicate without pathological consequences or trigger immune-mediated necroinflammatory liver damage. We investigated the potential for myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to suppress T cell-mediated immunopathology in this setting. Granulocytic MDSCs (gMDSCs) expanded transiently in acute resolving HBV, decreasing in frequency prior to peak hepatic injury. In persistent infection, arginase-expressing gMDSCs (and circulating arginase) increased most in disease phases characterized by HBV replication without immunopathology, whilst L-arginine decreased. gMDSCs expressed liver-homing chemokine receptors and accumulated in the liver, their expansion supported by hepatic stellate cells. We provide in vitro and ex vivo evidence that gMDSCs potently inhibited T cells in a partially arginase-dependent manner. L-arginine-deprived T cells upregulated system L amino acid transporters to increase uptake of essential nutrients and attempt metabolic reprogramming. These data demonstrate the capacity of expanded arginase-expressing gMDSCs to regulate liver immunopathology in HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Upkar S. Gill
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institue, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Linda V. Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Maria Jover-Cobos
- Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kasha P. Singh
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Niclas Thomas
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Abhishek Das
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antony Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Duke-Nus Medical School, Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science and Technology, Singapore
| | - Doreen A. Cantrell
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Patrick T. Kennedy
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institue, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Nathan A. Davies
- Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science and Technology, Singapore
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Seanpong P, Srisaowakarn C, Thammaporn A, Leardkamolkarn V, Kumkate S. Different Responses in MMP/TIMP Expression of U937 and HepG2 Cells to Dengue Virus Infection. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:221-9. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2013.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vijittra Leardkamolkarn
- Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection acquired in adult life is generally self-limited while chronic persistence of the virus is the prevalent outcome when infection is acquired perinatally. Both control of infection and liver cell injury are strictly dependent upon protective immune responses, because hepatocyte damage is the price that the host must pay to get rid of intracellular virus. Resolution of acute hepatitis B is associated with functionally efficient, multispecific antiviral T-cell responses which are preceded by a poor induction of intracellular innate responses at the early stages of infection. Persistent control of infection is provided by long-lasting protective memory, which is probably sustained by continuous stimulation of the immune system by trace amounts of virus which are never totally eliminated, persisting in an occult episomic form in the nucleus of liver cells even after recovery from acute infection. Chronic virus persistence is instead characterized by a lack of protective T-cell memory maturation and by an exhaustion of HBV-specific T-cell responses. Persistent exposure of T cells to high antigen loads is a key determinant of functional T-cell impairment but also other mechanisms can contribute to T-cell inhibition, including the tolerogenic effect of the liver environment. The degree of T-cell impairment is variable and its severity is related to the level of virus replication and antigen load. The antiviral T-cell function is more efficient in patients who can control infection either partially, such as inactive HBsAg carriers with low levels of virus replication, or completely, such as patients who achieve HBsAg loss either spontaneously or after antiviral therapy. Thus, understanding the features of the immune responses associated with control of infection is needed for the successful design of novel immune modulatory therapies based on the reconstitution of efficient antiviral responses in chronic HBV patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ferrari
- Unit of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic profile of fish oil emulsions used in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115404. [PMID: 25502575 PMCID: PMC4264955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Home parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with many complications including severe hepatobiliary dysfunction. Commercial ω-6 fatty acid-soybean based-lipid emulsions in PN may mediate long term PN associate liver disease (PNALD) whereas ω-3-fish oil parenteral emulsions have shown to reverse PNALD in children. However, its clinical effectiveness in adults has been scarcely reported. In this work, we study the role of soybean and fish oil lipid commercial emulsions on inflammatory and profibrotic liver markers in adults with long term PNALD and in in vitro cellular models. Inflammatory and profibrotic markers were measured in serum of ten adults with long term PNALD and in culture supernatants of monocytes. Liver epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was induced by transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) to evaluate in vitro liver fibrosis. Omegaven®, a 100% fish oil commercial emulsion, was infused during four months in two patients with severe long term PNALD reversing, at the first month, the inflammatory, profibrotic and clinical parameters of PNALD. The effect was maintained during the treatment course but impaired when conventional lipid emulsions were reintroduced. The other patients under chronic soybean oil-based PN showed elevated inflammatory and profibrotic parameters. In vitro human monocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide induced a strong inflammatory response that was suppressed by Omegaven®, but increased by soybean emulsions. In other experiments, TGFβ1 induced EMT that was suppressed by Omegaven® and enhanced by soybean oil lipid emulsions. Omegaven® improves clinical, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic parameters in adults with long-term home PNALD.
Collapse
|
25
|
Bertoletti A, Kennedy PT. The immune tolerant phase of chronic HBV infection: new perspectives on an old concept. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:258-63. [PMID: 25176526 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection progresses through distinct disease phases that are strongly associated with patient age. The so-called immune tolerant (IT) phase represents the classical early phase of infection; it is associated with high levels of HBV replication and lack of clinical signs of liver Inflammation. Whether this phase of HBV infection is also associated with immunological features of "tolerance' has recently been challenged. Here, we review the data that dispute this concept of immune tolerance and then propose an alternative interpretation of the immunopathological events that take place during this early phase of CHB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- 1] Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore [2] Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Patrick T Kennedy
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Knolle PA, Thimme R. Hepatic immune regulation and its involvement in viral hepatitis infection. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1193-207. [PMID: 24412289 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver has unique immune regulatory functions that promote the induction of tolerance rather than responses to antigens encountered locally. These functions are mediated by local expression of coinhibitory receptors and immunosuppressive mediators that help prevent overwhelming tissue damage. Over the years, we have gained more insight into the local regulatory cues that determine the functional complexity of immune responses regulated locally in the liver. Both the unique hepatic microenvironment and the particular liver sinusoidal cell populations, in addition to hepatocytes, actively modulate immune responses locally in the liver and thereby determine the outcome of hepatic immune responses. This is of high biological and clinical relevance in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections, which can cause acute and persistent infections associated with chronic inflammation in humans that eventually progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we review current knowledge about the balance between immunity and tolerance in the liver and how this may affect our understanding of the determinants of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus clearance, persistence, and virus-induced liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Percy A Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Technische Universität München and Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, Bonn.
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine, Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Inuzuka T, Takahashi K, Chiba T, Marusawa H. Mouse models of hepatitis B virus infection comprising host-virus immunologic interactions. Pathogens 2014; 3:377-89. [PMID: 25437805 PMCID: PMC4243451 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases associated with various human liver diseases, including acute, fulminant and chronic hepatitis; liver cirrhosis; and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the availability of an HBV vaccine and the development of antiviral therapies, there are still more than 350 million chronically infected people worldwide, approximately 5% of the world population. To understand the virus biology and pathogenesis in HBV-infected patients, several animal models have been developed to mimic hepatic HBV infection and the immune response against HBV, but the narrow host range of HBV infection and lack of a full immune response spectrum in animal models remain significant limitations. Accumulating evidence obtained from studies using a variety of mouse models that recapitulate hepatic HBV infection provides several clues for understanding host-virus immunologic interactions during HBV infection, whereas the determinants of the immune response required for HBV clearance are poorly defined. Therefore, adequate mouse models are urgently needed to elucidate the mechanism of HBV elimination and identify novel targets for antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Inuzuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Marusawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Increased metabolites of 5-lipoxygenase from hypoxic ovarian cancer cells promote tumor-associated macrophage infiltration. Oncogene 2014; 34:1241-52. [PMID: 24662827 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), a member of the lipoxygenase gene family, is a key enzyme assisting in the conversion of arachidonic acid to 5-HETE and leukotrienes. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have a critical role in the progression and metastasis of many tumors, including ovarian tumors. Moreover, TAMs are often found in a high density in the hypoxic areas of tumors. However, the relevant mechanisms have not been studied explicitly until now. In this study, we found that the expression of 5-LOX strongly correlated with the density of TAMs in hypoxic areas of human ovarian tumor tissues. In cultured ovarian cancer cells, 5-LOX metabolites were increased under hypoxic conditons. Increased 5-LOX metabolites from hypoxic ovarian cancer cells promoted migration and invasion of macrophages, which was further demonstrated to be mediated by the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 expression through the p38 pathway. Besides, we also showed that 5-LOX metabolites enhanced the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor through upregulation of MMP-7. Furthermore, in animal models, Zileuton (a selective and specific 5-LOX inhibitor) reduced the MMP-7 expression and the number of macrophages infiltrating in the xenograft. Our findings suggest for the first time that increased metabolites of 5-LOX from hypoxic ovarian cancer cells promote TAM infiltration. These results of this study have immediate translational implications for the therapeutic exploitation of TAMs.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dandri M, Lütgehetmann M. Mouse models of hepatitis B and delta virus infection. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:39-49. [PMID: 24631647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease associated to persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a major health problem of global impact. Therapeutic regimens currently available can efficiently suppress HBV replication; however, the unique replication strategies employed by HBV permit the virus to persist within the infected hepatocytes. As a consequence, relapse of viral activity is commonly observed after cessation of treatment with polymerase inhibitors. Among the HBV chronically infected patients, more than 15million patients are estimated to be co-infected with the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a defective satellite virus that needs the HBV envelope for propagation. No specific drugs are currently available against HDV, while nucleos(t)ide analogs are not effective against HDV replication. Since chronic HBV/HDV co-infection leads to the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis in men, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HDV-mediated pathogenesis and the development of improved therapeutic approaches is urgently needed. The obvious limitations imposed by the use of great apes and the paucity of robust experimental models of HBV infection have hindered progresses in understanding the complex network of virus-host interactions that are established in the course of HBV and HDV infections. This review focuses on summarizing recent advances obtained with well-established and more innovative experimental mouse models, giving emphasis on the strength of infection systems based on the reconstitution of the murine liver with human hepatocytes, as tools for elucidating the whole life cycle of HBV and HDV, as well as for studies on interactions with the infected human hepatocytes and for preclinical drug evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Dandri
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Partner Site, Germany.
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Koh S, Bertoletti A. Viral hepatitis and serotonin: altering cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function in the liver. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:29-32. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
31
|
Rehermann B. Pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis: differential roles of T cells and NK cells. Nat Med 2013; 19:859-68. [PMID: 23836236 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections account for 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of cases of primary liver cancer worldwide and cause a million deaths per year. Although HBV and HCV differ in their genome structures, replication strategies and life cycles, they have common features, including their noncytopathic nature and their capacity to induce chronic liver disease, which is thought to be immune mediated. However, the rate of disease progression from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis varies greatly among infected individuals, and the factors that regulate it are largely unknown. This review summarizes our current understanding of the roles of antigen-specific and nonspecific immune cells in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B and C and discusses recent findings that identify natural killer cells as regulators of T cell function and liver inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bility MT, Li F, Cheng L, Su L. Liver immune-pathogenesis and therapy of human liver tropic virus infection in humanized mouse models. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1:120-4. [PMID: 23855307 PMCID: PMC3971634 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infect and replicate primarily in human hepatocytes. Few reliable and easy accessible animal models are available for studying the immune system's contribution to the liver disease progression during hepatitis virus infection. Humanized mouse models reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have been developed to study human immunology, human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection, and immunopathogenesis. However, a humanized mouse model engrafted with both human immune and human liver cells is needed to study infection and immunopathogenesis of HBV/HCV infection in vivo. We have recently developed the humanized mouse model with both human immune and human liver cells (AFC8-hu HSC/Hep) to study immunopathogenesis and therapy of HCV infection in vivo. In this review, we summarize the current models of HBV/HCV infection and their limitations in immunopathogenesis. We will then present our recent findings of HCV infection and immunopathogenesis in the AFC8-hu HSC/Hep mouse, which supports HCV infection, human T-cell response and associated liver pathogenesis. Inoculation of humanized mice with primary HCV isolates resulted in long-term HCV infection. HCV infection induced elevated infiltration of human immune cells in the livers of HCV-infected humanized mice. HCV infection also induced HCV-specific T-cell immune response in lymphoid tissues of humanized mice. Additionally, HCV infection induced liver fibrosis in humanized mice. Anti-human alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) staining showed elevated human hepatic stellate cell activation in HCV-infected humanized mice. We discuss the limitation and future improvements of the AFC8-hu HSC/Hep mouse model and its application in evaluating novel therapeutics, as well as studying both HCV and HBV infection, human immune responses, and associated human liver fibrosis and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moses T Bility
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pollicino T, Bellinghieri L, Restuccia A, Raffa G, Musolino C, Alibrandi A, Teti D, Raimondo G. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) induces the expression of interleukin-8 that in turn reduces HBV sensitivity to interferon-alpha. Virology 2013; 444:317-28. [PMID: 23890815 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High levels of serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) have been detected in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients during episodes of hepatitis flares. We investigated whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) may directly induce IL-8 production and whether IL-8 may antagonize interferon-alpha (IFN-α) antiviral activity against HBV. We showed that CHB patients had significantly higher IL-8 levels both in serum and in liver tissue than controls. In HBV-replicating HepG2 cells, IL-8 transcription was significantly activated. AP-1, C/EBP and NF-kB transcription factors were concurrently necessary for maximum IL-8 induction. Moreover, HBx viral protein was recruited onto the IL-8 promoter and this was paralleled by IL8-bound histone hyperacetylation and by active recruitment of transcriptional coactivators. Inhibition of IL-8 increases the antiviral activity of IFN-α against HBV. Our results indicate that HBV activates IL-8 gene expression by targeting the epigenetic regulation of the IL-8 promoter and that IL-8 may contribute to reduce HBV sensitivity to IFN-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pollicino
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecologic, Microbiological, and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
The L60V variation in hepatitis B virus core protein elicits new epitope-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and enhances viral replication. J Virol 2013; 87:8075-84. [PMID: 23678186 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00577-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the core protein (HBc) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) are associated with aggressive hepatitis and advanced liver diseases in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). In this study, we identified the L60V variation in HBc that generates a new HLA-A2-restricted CD8(+) T cell epitope by screening an overlapping 9-mer peptide pool covering HBc and its variants. The nonameric epitope V60 was determined by structural and immunogenic analysis. The HBc L60V variation is correlated with hepatic necroinflammation and higher viral levels, and it may be associated with a poor prognosis in CHB patients. Immunization with the defined HBV epitope V60 peptide elicited specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-induced liver injury in HLA-A2(+) HBV transgenic mice. In addition, in vitro and in vivo experiments both demonstrated that the HBc L60V variation facilitates viral capsid assembly and increases HBV replication. These data suggest that the HBc L60V variation can impact both HBV replication and HBV-specific T cell responses. Therefore, our work provides further dissection of the impact of the HBc L60V variation, which orchestrates HBV replication, viral persistence, and immunopathogenesis during chronic viral infection.
Collapse
|
35
|
Cobleigh MA, Robek MD. Protective and pathological properties of IL-22 in liver disease: implications for viral hepatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:21-8. [PMID: 23159948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affect >500 million people worldwide and are significant causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of HBV and HCV infection can vary widely with respect to the outcome of initial infection to self-resolving acute or chronic disease, the extent of viremia and liver inflammation during chronic infection, and the eventual development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The host immune response is an important factor in the variable consequences of these infections, because the innate and adaptive intrahepatic antiviral responses are an intricate balance of immune effector cells and cytokines that control virus replication but can also cause liver damage. IL-22 is an important cytokine that plays a pleiotropic protective, but sometimes also pathological, role in several tissues/organs, including the liver. Therefore, IL-22 is likely to be an important factor in the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of HBV and HCV infection. However, the precise beneficial, and possible detrimental, effects of this cytokine may vary among different disease states that are associated with distinct inflammatory microenvironments. This review summarizes our understanding of the protective and pathological activities of IL-22, with an emphasis on the liver, and discusses the implications of these effects as they relate to viral hepatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Cobleigh
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8023, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Souza-Pinto FJP, Moretti AIS, Cury V, Marcondes W, Velasco IT, Souza HP. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition increases MMP-2 activity leading to imbalance between extracellular matrix deposition and degradation after polypropylene mesh implant. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:1379-87. [PMID: 23077110 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prosthetic mesh implants are commonly used to correct abdominal wall defects. However, success of the procedure is conditioned by an adequate inflammatory response to the device. We hypothesized that nitric oxide produced by nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and MMP-2 and -9 participate in response induced by mesh implants in the abdominal wall and, consequently, affect the outcome of the surgical procedure. In the first step, temporal inflammatory markers profile was evaluated. Polypropylene meshes were implanted in the peritoneal side of the abdominal wall of C57Black mice. After 2, 4, 7, 15, and 30 days, tissues around the mesh implant were collected and inflammatory markers were analyzed. In the second step, NOS2 activity was inhibited with nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Samples were collected after 15 days (when inflammation was reduced), and the inflammatory and tissue remodeling markers were investigated. Polypropylene mesh implant induced a pro-inflammatory environment mediated by intense MMP-2 and -9 activities, NO release, and interleukin-1β production peaking in 7 days and gradually decreasing after 15 days. NOS2 inhibition increased MMP-2 activity and resulted in a higher visceral adhesion incidence at the mesh implantation site when compared with non-treated animals that underwent the same procedure. We conclude that NOS2-derived NO is crucial for adequate response to polypropylene mesh implant integration in the peritoneum. NO deficiency results in an imbalance between extracellular matrix deposition/degradation contributing to visceral adhesions incidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franciso J P Souza-Pinto
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Emergency Medicine Division, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fletcher SP, Chin DJ, Ji Y, Iniguez AL, Taillon B, Swinney DC, Ravindran P, Cheng DT, Bitter H, Lopatin U, Ma H, Klumpp K, Menne S. Transcriptomic analysis of the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2012; 56:820-30. [PMID: 22431061 PMCID: PMC3401284 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax) is naturally infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a hepadnavirus closely related to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV). The woodchuck is used as an animal model for studying chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans, but the lack of sequence information has hitherto precluded functional genomics analysis. To address this major limitation of the model, we report here the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the woodchuck transcriptome, together with the generation of custom woodchuck microarrays. Using this new platform, we characterized the transcriptional response to persistent WHV infection and WHV-induced HCC. This revealed that chronic WHV infection, like HBV, is associated with (1) a limited intrahepatic type I interferon response; (2) intrahepatic induction of markers associated with T cell exhaustion; (3) elevated levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in the liver; and (4) intrahepatic accumulation of neutrophils. Underscoring the translational value of the woodchuck model, this study also determined that WHV-induced HCC shares molecular characteristics with a subtype of human HCC with poor prognosis. CONCLUSION Our data establish the translational value of the woodchuck model and provide new insight into immune pathways which may play a role either in the persistence of HBV infection or the sequelae of CHB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Fletcher
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07006, USA
| | - Daniel J. Chin
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07006, USA
| | - Yongmei Ji
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07006, USA
| | | | - Bruce Taillon
- 454 Life Sciences, A Roche Company, 1 Commercial Street, Branford, CT 06457, USA
| | - David C. Swinney
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07006, USA
| | | | - Donavan T. Cheng
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07006, USA
| | - Hans Bitter
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07006, USA
| | - Uri Lopatin
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07006, USA
| | - Han Ma
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07006, USA
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07006, USA
| | - Stephan Menne
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical-Dental Building, Room C 301, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dandri M, Lütgehetmann M, Petersen J. Experimental models and therapeutic approaches for HBV. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:7-21. [PMID: 22898798 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease associated to persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a major health problem of global impact. In spite of the existence of an effective vaccine, approximately 360 million people are chronically infected worldwide, who are at high risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although current therapeutic regimens can efficiently suppress viral replication, the unique replication strategies employed by HBV permit the virus to persist within the infected hepatocytes. As a consequence, relapse of viral activity is commonly observed after cessation of treatment with polymerase inhibitors. The narrow host range of HBV has hindered progresses in understanding specific steps of HBV replication and the development of more effective therapeutic strategies aiming at achieving sustained viral control and, eventually, virus eradication. This review will focus on summarizing recent advances obtained with well-established and more innovative experimental models, giving emphasis on the strength of the different systems as tools for elucidating distinct aspects of HBV persistence and for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Antiplatelet therapy prevents hepatocellular carcinoma and improves survival in a mouse model of chronic hepatitis B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2165-72. [PMID: 22753481 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209182109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of HBV-associated HCC involves both viral and host factors. The latter include a functionally inefficient CD8(+) T-cell response that fails to clear the infection from the liver but sustains a chronic necroinflammatory process that contributes to the development of HCC. According to this scenario, amelioration of immune-mediated chronic liver injury may prevent HCC. Because platelets facilitate immune-mediated liver injury by promoting the hepatic accumulation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, we evaluated the long-term consequences of antiplatelet therapy in an HBV transgenic mouse model of chronic immune-mediated necroinflammatory liver disease that progresses to HCC. Treatment with aspirin and clopidogrel during the chronic phase of the disease diminished the number of intrahepatic HBV-specific CD8(+) T cells and HBV-nonspecific inflammatory cells, the severity of liver fibrosis, and the development of HCC. Antiplatelet therapy improved overall survival without causing significant side effects. In contrast, the same antiplatelet regimen had no antitumor effect when HCC was induced nonimmunologically by chronic exposure to a hepatotoxic chemical. The unprecedented observation that antiplatelet therapy inhibits or delays immune-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis suggests that platelets may be key players in the pathogenesis of HBV-associated liver cancer and supports the notion that immune-mediated necroinflammatory reactions are an important cause of hepatocellular transformation during chronic hepatitis.
Collapse
|
40
|
Migration of lymphocytes into hepatic sinusoids. J Hepatol 2012; 57:218-20. [PMID: 22446509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
41
|
Zhang Z, Zhang JY, Wang LF, Wang FS. Immunopathogenesis and prognostic immune markers of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:223-30. [PMID: 22004062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Host immune responses induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection not only substantially drive disease progression, but also significantly influence efficacy of antiviral treatments in HBV-infected individuals. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the course of immune pathogenesis and to find efficient immunological markers that can predict the disease progression of chronic HBV infection. This review introduces the current progress in clinical immunology and analyzes the mechanisms of antiviral effects and liver injury, which are induced by both innate and adaptive immune responses. The recently identified immunological markers indicated to be closely correlated with disease progression and antiviral efficacy during HBV infection are also summarized. Careful monitoring of these immune markers may help physicians to make decisions on when to begin or withdraw antiviral drugs, or to formulate the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients in the clinic. Finally, this review highlights some novel therapeutic strategies to modulate host immunity that have been proposed to sustain antiviral control of chronic HBV infection, as well as the challenges that we are presently facing in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- The Institute of Translational Hepatology, The Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Moretti AIS, Pinto FJPS, Cury V, Jurado MC, Marcondes W, Velasco IT, Souza HP. Nitric oxide modulates metalloproteinase-2, collagen deposition and adhesion rate after polypropylene mesh implantation in the intra-abdominal wall. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:108-15. [PMID: 21864729 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prosthetic meshes are commonly used to correct abdominal wall defects. However, the inflammatory reaction induced by these devices in the peritoneum is not completely understood. We hypothesized that nitric oxide (NO), produced by nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) may modulate the response induced by mesh implants in the abdominal wall and, consequently, affect the outcome of the surgical procedure. Polypropylene meshes were implanted in the peritoneal side of the abdominal wall in wild-type and NOS2-deficient (NOS2(-/-)) mice. After 15 days tissues around the mesh implant were collected, and inflammatory markers (the cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and NO) and tissue remodeling (collagen and metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9) were analyzed. The lack of NOS2-derived NO induced a higher incidence of visceral adhesions at the mesh implantation site compared with wild-type mice that underwent the same procedure (P<0.05). Additionally, higher levels of IL-1β were present in the mesh-implanted NOS2(-/-) animals compared with control and wild-type mice. Mesh implantation induced collagen I and III deposition, but in smaller amounts in NOS2(-/-) mice. MMP-9 activity after the surgical procedure was similarly increased in both groups. Conversely, MMP-2 activity was unchanged in mesh-implanted wild-type mice, but was significantly increased in NOS2(-/-) mice (P<0.01), due to decreased S-nitrosylation of the enzyme in these animals. We conclude that NOS2-derived NO is crucial for an adequate response to and integration of polypropylene mesh implants in the peritoneum. NO deficiency results in a prolonged inflammatory reaction to the mesh implant, and reduced collagen deposition may contribute to an increased incidence of visceral adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I S Moretti
- Emergency Medicine Division, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang Y, Cobleigh MA, Lian JQ, Huang CX, Booth CJ, Bai XF, Robek MD. A proinflammatory role for interleukin-22 in the immune response to hepatitis B virus. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1897-906. [PMID: 21708106 PMCID: PMC3199295 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS T-helper (Th)17 cells that secrete interleukin (IL)-22 have immunomodulatory and protective properties in the liver and other tissues. IL-22 induces expression of proinflammatory genes but is also mitogenic and antiapoptotic in hepatocytes. Therefore, it could have multiple functions in the immune response to hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS We examined the role of IL-22 in regulating liver inflammation in HBV transgenic mice and measured levels of IL-22 in HBV-infected patients. RESULTS In HBV transgenic mice, injection of a single dose of IL-22 increased hepatic expression of proinflammatory genes but did not directly inhibit virus replication. When splenocytes from HBV-immunized mice were transferred into HBV transgenic mice, the severity of the subsequent liver damage was ameliorated by neutralization of IL-22. In this model, IL-22 depletion did not affect interferon gamma-mediated noncytopathic inhibition of virus replication initiated by HBV-specific cytotoxic T cells, but it significantly inhibited recruitment of antigen-nonspecific inflammatory cells into the liver. In patients with acute HBV infections, the percentage of Th17 cells in peripheral blood and concentration of IL-22 in serum were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS IL-22 appears to be an important mediator of the inflammatory response following recognition of HBV by T cells in the liver. These findings might be relevant to the development of cytokine-based therapies for patients with HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710038, China
| | - Melissa A. Cobleigh
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jian-Qi Lian
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710038, China
| | - Chang-Xing Huang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710038, China
| | - Carmen J. Booth
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Xue-Fan Bai
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, 710038, China
| | - Michael D. Robek
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shin EC, Park SH, DeMino M, Nascimbeni M, Mihalik K, Major M, Veerapu NS, Heller T, Feinstone SM, Rice CM, Rehermann B. Delayed induction, not impaired recruitment, of specific CD8⁺ T cells causes the late onset of acute hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:686-95, 695.e1. [PMID: 21699897 PMCID: PMC3359650 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by lack of immune-mediated liver injury despite a high level of HCV replication during the incubation phase, which lasts about 8 weeks. We investigated whether this results from delayed recruitment of HCV-specific T cells and whether it facilitates HCV persistence. METHODS Six chimpanzees were infected with HCV; blood and liver samples were collected for 28 weeks and analyzed for immune cells and chemokines. RESULTS Two chimpanzees developed self-limited infections, whereas the remaining 4 developed chronic infections. Levels of the chemokines CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL4, and CCL5 increased in blood and liver samples from all chimpanzees within 1 month of HCV infection. Chemokine induction correlated with intrahepatic type I interferon (IFN) responses in vivo and was blocked by neutralizing antibodies against IFN-β in vitro. Despite the early-stage induction of chemokines, the intrahepatic lymphocytic infiltrate started to increase no earlier than 8 weeks after HCV infection, when HCV-specific, tetramer-positive CD8(+) T cells appeared in the circulation. The HCV-specific CD8(+) T cells expressed chemokine receptors when they were initially detected in blood samples, so they could be recruited to the liver as soon as they entered the circulation. CONCLUSIONS Chemokines are induced during early stages of HCV infection, which requires a type I IFN-mediated response. The delayed onset of acute hepatitis does not result from delayed recruitment of HCV-specific T cells, but could instead be related to a primary delay in the induction of HCV-specific T cells. Divergent outcomes occur without evident differences in chemokine induction and T-cell recruitment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Cheol Shin
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mary DeMino
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michelina Nascimbeni
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kathleen Mihalik
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marian Major
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Naga S. Veerapu
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Theo Heller
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stephen M. Feinstone
- Laboratory of Hepatitis Viruses, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
,Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sitia G, Iannacone M, Aiolfi R, Isogawa M, van Rooijen N, Scozzesi C, Bianchi ME, von Andrian UH, Chisari FV, Guidotti LG. Kupffer cells hasten resolution of liver immunopathology in mouse models of viral hepatitis. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002061. [PMID: 21655107 PMCID: PMC3107209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KCs) are widely considered important contributors to liver injury during viral hepatitis due to their pro-inflammatory activity. Herein we utilized hepatitis B virus (HBV)-replication competent transgenic mice and wild-type mice infected with a hepatotropic adenovirus to demonstrate that KCs do not directly induce hepatocellular injury nor do they affect the pathogenic potential of virus-specific CD8 T cells. Instead, KCs limit the severity of liver immunopathology. Mechanistically, our results are most compatible with the hypothesis that KCs contain liver immunopathology by removing apoptotic hepatocytes in a manner largely dependent on scavenger receptors. Apoptotic hepatocytes not readily removed by KCs become secondarily necrotic and release high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) protein, promoting organ infiltration by inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils. Overall, these results indicate that KCs resolve rather than worsen liver immunopathology. Kupffer cells (KCs), the resident macrophages of the liver, are considered important contributors to liver injury during viral hepatitis due to their pro-inflammatory activity. Herein we utilized two different mouse models of viral hepatitis (where liver damage is triggered, as during viral hepatitis in humans, by virus-specific CD8 T cells) to show that KCs do not directly induce liver injury nor do they affect the pathogenic potential of virus-specific CD8 T cells. Instead, KCs limit the severity of liver immunopathology. Mechanistically, our results are most compatible with the hypothesis that KCs contain liver immunopathology by removing dying hepatocytes. Dying hepatocytes not readily removed by KCs release high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) protein, promoting organ infiltration by inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophils. These results indicate that KCs resolve rather than worsen liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sitia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (GS); (MI); (LGG)
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GS); (MI); (LGG)
| | - Roberto Aiolfi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Masanori Isogawa
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nico van Rooijen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Free University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco E. Bianchi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francis V. Chisari
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Luca G. Guidotti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GS); (MI); (LGG)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang JY, Zou ZS, Huang A, Zhang Z, Fu JL, Xu XS, Chen LM, Li BS, Wang FS. Hyper-activated pro-inflammatory CD16 monocytes correlate with the severity of liver injury and fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17484. [PMID: 21390263 PMCID: PMC3046987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive mononuclear cell infiltration is strongly correlated with liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection. Macrophages and infiltrating monocytes also participate in the development of liver damage and fibrosis in animal models. However, little is known regarding the immunopathogenic role of peripheral blood monocytes and intrahepatic macrophages. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The frequencies, phenotypes, and functions of peripheral blood and intrahepatic monocyte/macrophage subsets were analyzed in 110 HBeAg positive CHB patients, including 32 immune tolerant (IT) carriers and 78 immune activated (IA) patients. Liver biopsies from 20 IA patients undergoing diagnosis were collected for immunohistochemical analysis. IA patients displayed significant increases in peripheral blood monocytes and intrahepatic macrophages as well as CD16(+) subsets, which were closely associated with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and the liver histological activity index (HAI) scores. In addition, the increased CD16(+) monocytes/macrophages expressed higher levels of the activation marker HLA-DR compared with CD16(-) monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, peripheral blood CD16(+) monocytes preferentially released inflammatory cytokines and hold higher potency in inducing the expansion of Th17 cells. Of note, hepatic neutrophils also positively correlated with HAI scores. CONCLUSIONS These distinct properties of monocyte/macrophage subpopulations participate in fostering the inflammatory microenvironment and liver damage in CHB patients and further represent a collaborative scenario among different cell types contributing to the pathogenesis of HBV-induced liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Liang Fu
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Xu
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ming Chen
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Sen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FSW); (BSL)
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (FSW); (BSL)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bertoletti A, Maini MK, Ferrari C. The host-pathogen interaction during HBV infection: immunological controversies. Antivir Ther 2011; 15 Suppl 3:15-24. [PMID: 21041900 DOI: 10.3851/imp1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HBV is a hepatotropic and non-cytopathic virus that causes more than one million deaths annually from liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As the virus itself is non-cytopathic, it is widely accepted that both viral control and liver pathology are mediated by the host immune system. Until recently, the focus has been on the crucial role of adaptive immune responses in controlling HBV infection, but the potential contribution of the innate system is now an important area of controversy. Unanswered questions include whether and when HBV can trigger components of innate immunity, and whether HBV can actively suppress the induction of innate immunity. We discuss the data available from animal models and human HBV infection addressing the role of innate immunity in the first part of this review. In the second part, we address the immunopathogenesis of the inflammatory events that characterize chronic hepatitis B. The mechanisms thought to be responsible for liver inflammation, namely the intrahepatic recruitment of inflammatory cells, which is orchestrated by chemokines, have been described; however, the underlying immunological triggers are much less clear. The prevailing idea is that liver inflammation results from a recovery of HBV-specific T-cells directly causing liver injury, but this scenario is supported by scanty experimental data. By contrast, recent findings raise the possibility of a contribution from innate components, such as natural killer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kish DD, Volokh N, Baldwin WM, Fairchild RL. Hapten application to the skin induces an inflammatory program directing hapten-primed effector CD8 T cell interaction with hapten-presenting endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:2117-26. [PMID: 21239709 PMCID: PMC4388432 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity is a CD8 T cell-mediated response to hapten sensitization and challenge of the skin. Effector CD8 T cell recruitment into the skin parenchyma to elicit the response to hapten challenge requires prior CXCL1/KC-directed neutrophil infiltration within 3-6 h after challenge and is dependent on IFN-γ and IL-17 produced by the hapten-primed CD8 T cells. Mechanisms directing hapten-primed CD8 T cell localization and activation in the Ag challenge site to induce this early CXCL1 production in response to 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene were investigated. Both TNF-α and IL-17, but not IFN-γ, mRNA was detectable within 1 h of hapten challenge of sensitized mice and increased thereafter. Expression of ICAM-1 was observed by 1 h after challenge of sensitized and nonsensitized mice and was dependent on TNF-α. The induction of IL-17, IFN-γ, and CXCL1 in the challenge site was not observed when ICAM-1 was absent or neutralized by specific Ab. During the elicitation of the contact hypersensitivity response, endothelial cells expressed ICAM-1 and produced CXCL1 suggesting this as the site of CD8 T cell localization and activation. Endothelial cells isolated from challenged skin of naive and sensitized mice had acquired the hapten and the ability to activate hapten-primed CD8 T cell cytokine production. These results indicate that hapten application to the skin of sensitized animals initiates an inflammatory response promoting hapten-primed CD8 T cell localization to the challenge site through TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression and CD8 T cell activation to produce IFN-γ and IL-17 through endothelial cell presentation of hapten.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Kish
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang Z, Zhang S, Zou Z, Shi J, Zhao J, Fan R, Qin E, Li B, Li Z, Xu X, Fu J, Zhang J, Gao B, Tian Z, Wang FS. Hypercytolytic activity of hepatic natural killer cells correlates with liver injury in chronic hepatitis B patients. Hepatology 2011; 53:73-85. [PMID: 21254163 PMCID: PMC3767982 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural killer (NK) cells are abundant in the liver and serve as a major innate immune component against microbial infection. Although NK cells have been implicated in inducing hepatocellular damage in patients with chronic hepatitis virus infections, the roles that hepatic NK cells play in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections remain obscure. In this study, we comprehensively characterized intrahepatic and peripheral NK cells and investigated their impact on liver pathology in a cohort of HBV-infected individuals; this cohort included 51 immune-activated (IA) patients, 27 immune-tolerant (IT) carriers, and 26 healthy subjects. We found that NK cells expressing NK receptors (activation receptors) preferentially accumulated in the livers of IA patients, in which they were activated and skewed toward cytolytic activity but without a concomitant increase in interferon-γ production, in comparison with those of IT carriers and healthy subjects. Further analysis showed that the livers of IA patients, in comparison with those of IT and healthy subjects, expressed higher levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-15, and IL-18 in situ and lower levels of IL-10, which in vitro can induce the activation and degranulation of NK cells from healthy individuals. Finally, hepatic NK cells displayed more cytolytic activity than peripheral NK cells, and this was found to be positively correlated with the liver histological activity index and serum alanine aminotransferase levels in these IA patients. CONCLUSION In IA patients, hepatic NK cells are activated and preferentially skew toward cytolytic activity, which depends on an imbalanced cytokine milieu and correlates with liver injury during chronic HBV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Shi
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Enqiang Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Baosen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangsheng Xu
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junliang Fu
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Casrouge A, Decalf J, Ahloulay M, Lababidi C, Mansour H, Vallet-Pichard A, Mallet V, Mottez E, Mapes J, Fontanet A, Pol S, Albert ML. Evidence for an antagonist form of the chemokine CXCL10 in patients chronically infected with HCV. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:308-17. [PMID: 21183794 PMCID: PMC3007131 DOI: 10.1172/jci40594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem, with nearly 170 million infected individuals worldwide. Current treatment for chronic infection is a combination of pegylated IFN-α2 and ribavirin (RBV); however, this treatment is effective in fewer than 50% of patients infected with HCV genotype 1 or 4. Recent studies identified the chemokine CXCL10 (also known as IP-10) as an important negative prognostic biomarker. Given that CXCL10 mediates chemoattraction of activated lymphocytes, it is counterintuitive that this chemokine correlates with therapeutic nonresponsiveness. Herein, we offer new insight into this paradox and provide evidence that CXCL10 in the plasma of patients chronically infected with HCV exists in an antagonist form, due to in situ amino-terminal truncation of the protein. We further demonstrated that dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4; also known as CD26), possibly in combination with other proteases, mediates the generation of the antagonist form(s) of CXCL10. These data offer what we believe to be the first evidence for CXCL10 antagonism in human disease and identify a possible factor contributing to the inability of patients to clear HCV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armanda Casrouge
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Decalf
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mina Ahloulay
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Lababidi
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hala Mansour
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Vallet-Pichard
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mallet
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Mottez
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - James Mapes
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthew L. Albert
- The Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
INSERM U818, Paris, France.
Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
Institut Cochin, INSERM (IMR-S1016), CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France.
Assistance Publique — Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Groupe Hospitalier Cochin Saint-Vincent de Paul, Unité d’Hépatologie, Paris, France.
Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris France.
Rules-Based Medicine, Austin Texas, USA.
Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|