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Menon AP, Villanueva H, Meraviglia-Crivelli D, van Santen HM, Hellmeier J, Zheleva A, Nonateli F, Peters T, Wachsmann TL, Hernandez-Rueda M, Huppa JB, Schütz GJ, Sevcsik E, Moreno B, Pastor F. CD3 aptamers promote expansion and persistence of tumor-reactive T cells for adoptive T cell therapy in cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102198. [PMID: 38745854 PMCID: PMC11091522 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The CD3/T cell receptor (TCR) complex is responsible for antigen-specific pathogen recognition by T cells, and initiates the signaling cascade necessary for activation of effector functions. CD3 agonistic antibodies are commonly used to expand T lymphocytes in a wide range of clinical applications, including in adoptive T cell therapy for cancer patients. A major drawback of expanding T cell populations ex vivo using CD3 agonistic antibodies is that they expand and activate T cells independent of their TCR antigen specificity. Therapeutic agents that facilitate expansion of T cells in an antigen-specific manner and reduce their threshold of T cell activation are therefore of great interest for adoptive T cell therapy protocols. To identify CD3-specific T cell agonists, several RNA aptamers were selected against CD3 using Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment combined with high-throughput sequencing. The extent and specificity of aptamer binding to target CD3 were assessed through surface plasma resonance, P32 double-filter assays, and flow cytometry. Aptamer-mediated modulation of the threshold of T cell activation was observed in vitro and in preclinical transgenic TCR mouse models. The aptamers improved efficacy and persistence of adoptive T cell therapy by low-affinity TCR-reactive T lymphocytes in melanoma-bearing mice. Thus, CD3-specific aptamers can be applied as therapeutic agents which facilitate the expansion of tumor-reactive T lymphocytes while conserving their tumor specificity. Furthermore, selected CD3 aptamers also exhibit cross-reactivity to human CD3, expanding their potential for clinical translation and application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwathi Puravankara Menon
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Helena Villanueva
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Daniel Meraviglia-Crivelli
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hisse M. van Santen
- Immune System Development and Function Unit, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joschka Hellmeier
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Lehargasse 6, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelina Zheleva
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francesca Nonateli
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Timo Peters
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mercedes Hernandez-Rueda
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Johannes B. Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J. Schütz
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Lehargasse 6, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Sevcsik
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Lehargasse 6, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Pastor
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Spanish Center for Biomedical Research Network in Oncology (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Skrypnyk C, AlHarmi R. Molecular autopsy by proxy: relevance for genetic counseling in rare genetic disorders. Front Genet 2024; 15:1400295. [PMID: 38859940 PMCID: PMC11163115 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1400295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Rare genetic disorders may result in death before a definitive clinical diagnosis is established. Aim This study aims to outline the processes and challenges in managing, from a genetic perspective, couples who lost children affected by rare genetic disorders. Results Six couples who experienced child loss due to rare genetic disorders, seen by the primary author at genetic evaluation and counseling sessions, were retrospectively analyzed. Four out of 6 couples reported consanguinity. Exome and genome sequencing were performed for the parents. Carrier status of two rare lethal metabolic disorders was confirmed in one consanguineous couple. Three couples were carriers of 3 other rare diseases. Variants of LYST, MPV17, HEXB, ITGB4, CD3E, ASPM, TK2, COL11A2, and LAMB3 genes were identified. Six out of 10 were pathogenic variants, out of which 4 correlated with the demised children's phenotypes. One couple was negative for pathogenic variants. The last couple did not undergo genetic testing since they were beyond the fertile window. Conclusion Appropriate parental genetic evaluation and counseling are mandatory for selecting the right genetic test to certify the diagnosis postmortem, by virtue of molecular autopsy by proxy. Clarifying a rare disorder diagnosis can help couples to avoid recurrence and plan early for their next pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Skrypnyk
- Assistant Professor, Molecular Genetics, Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Ibrahim Center for Molecular Medicine, Genetics, and Inherited Disorders and Molecular Medicine Department, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
- Consultant Medical Geneticist, University Medical Clinics, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Rawan AlHarmi
- Research Associate, Regenerative Medicine Unit, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
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Sun D, Luo F, Fang C, Zhu Q, Li C. Molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of Linggui Zhugan decoction in stroke: Insights from network pharmacology and single-cell transcriptomics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37482. [PMID: 38552092 PMCID: PMC10977571 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Linggui Zhugan decoction (LZD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in managing poststroke cognitive impairment and hemiplegia. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its efficacy remain incompletely elucidated. The active ingredients and target proteins of LZD were retrieved from the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform database, which is specifically designed for traditional Chinese medicine research. The stroke-related genes were obtained from publicly available databases. Protein-protein interaction, enrichment analysis, and single-cell data analysis were conducted to identify key cells, targets, and pathways. Molecular docking was employed to assess the binding affinity between key components and targets. Network pharmacology analysis identified 190 active ingredients and 248 targets in LZD. These targets were significantly enriched in processes and pathways such as cellular response to lipid, orexin receptor pathway, and were significantly associated with Cerebral infarction and Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Intersection analysis with 2035 stroke-related genes revealed 144 potential targets, which exhibited 2870 interactions and were significantly enriched in signaling pathways such as PI3K-AKT single pathway, MAPK single pathway, and tumor necrosis factor single pathway. Gene set variation analysis showed that the targets of LZD exhibited higher enrichment scores in microglia, M2 macrophages, endothelial cells, and neutrophils, while lower enrichment scores were observed in oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, molecular docking demonstrated a strong binding affinity between key active ingredients and targets. Network pharmacology and single-cell sequencing analysis elucidated the key cells, pathways, targets, and components involved in the therapeutic mechanism of LZD for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengbing Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qingyan Zhu
- Geriatric Medicine Department, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Dinges SS, Amini K, Notarangelo LD, Delmonte OM. Primary and secondary defects of the thymus. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:178-211. [PMID: 38228406 PMCID: PMC10950553 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The thymus is the primary site of T-cell development, enabling generation, and selection of a diverse repertoire of T cells that recognize non-self, whilst remaining tolerant to self- antigens. Severe congenital disorders of thymic development (athymia) can be fatal if left untreated due to infections, and thymic tissue implantation is the only cure. While newborn screening for severe combined immune deficiency has allowed improved detection at birth of congenital athymia, thymic disorders acquired later in life are still underrecognized and assessing the quality of thymic function in such conditions remains a challenge. The thymus is sensitive to injury elicited from a variety of endogenous and exogenous factors, and its self-renewal capacity decreases with age. Secondary and age-related forms of thymic dysfunction may lead to an increased risk of infections, malignancy, and autoimmunity. Promising results have been obtained in preclinical models and clinical trials upon administration of soluble factors promoting thymic regeneration, but to date no therapy is approved for clinical use. In this review we provide a background on thymus development, function, and age-related involution. We discuss disease mechanisms, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for primary and secondary thymic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S. Dinges
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kayla Amini
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ottavia M. Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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5
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Takahashi H, Kühtreiber WM, Keefe RC, Lee AH, Aristarkhova A, Dias HF, Ng N, Nelson KJ, Bien S, Scheffey D, Faustman DL. BCG vaccinations drive epigenetic changes to the human T cell receptor: Restored expression in type 1 diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7240. [PMID: 36383663 PMCID: PMC9668301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, introduced 100 years ago for tuberculosis prevention, has emerging therapeutic off-target benefits for autoimmunity. In randomized controlled trials, BCG vaccinations were shown to gradually improve two autoimmune conditions, type 1 diabetes (T1D) and multiple sclerosis. Here, we investigate the mechanisms behind the autoimmune benefits and test the hypothesis that this microbe synergy could be due to an impact on the host T cell receptor (TCR) and TCR signal strength. We show a quantitative TCR defect in T1D subjects consisting of a marked reduction in receptor density on T cells due to hypermethylation of TCR-related genes. BCG corrects this defect gradually over 3 years by demethylating hypermethylated sites on members of the TCR gene family. The TCR sequence is not modified through recombination, ruling out a qualitative defect. These findings support an underlying density defect in the TCR affecting TCR signal strength in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Willem M. Kühtreiber
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ryan C. Keefe
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Amanda H. Lee
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anna Aristarkhova
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hans F. Dias
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nathan Ng
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kacie J. Nelson
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | - Denise L. Faustman
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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6
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Takahashi H, Kühtreiber WM, Keefe RC, Lee AH, Aristarkhova A, Dias HF, Ng N, Nelson KJ, Bien S, Scheffey D, Faustman DL. BCG vaccinations drive epigenetic changes to the human T cell receptor: Restored expression in type 1 diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7240. [PMID: 36383663 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7240pubmedhttps:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36383663pubmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine, introduced 100 years ago for tuberculosis prevention, has emerging therapeutic off-target benefits for autoimmunity. In randomized controlled trials, BCG vaccinations were shown to gradually improve two autoimmune conditions, type 1 diabetes (T1D) and multiple sclerosis. Here, we investigate the mechanisms behind the autoimmune benefits and test the hypothesis that this microbe synergy could be due to an impact on the host T cell receptor (TCR) and TCR signal strength. We show a quantitative TCR defect in T1D subjects consisting of a marked reduction in receptor density on T cells due to hypermethylation of TCR-related genes. BCG corrects this defect gradually over 3 years by demethylating hypermethylated sites on members of the TCR gene family. The TCR sequence is not modified through recombination, ruling out a qualitative defect. These findings support an underlying density defect in the TCR affecting TCR signal strength in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Willem M Kühtreiber
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Ryan C Keefe
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Amanda H Lee
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Anna Aristarkhova
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Hans F Dias
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Nathan Ng
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kacie J Nelson
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | - Denise L Faustman
- Immunobiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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7
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Li Y, Liao X, Ma L. ERCC1 is a potential biomarker for predicting prognosis, immunotherapy, chemotherapy efficacy, and expression validation in HER2 over-expressing breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:955719. [PMID: 36338712 PMCID: PMC9631216 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.955719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the relationship between Excision repair cross-complementation 1 (ERCC1) expression, clinicopathological features, and breast cancer prognosis in patients treated with trastuzumab. Further, we aim to explore the immune status of ERCC1 in breast cancer. Methods The data were retrieved from publicly available databases like the Cancer Genome Atlas, Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments, and the Genotype-Tissue Expression. The data was used to perform differential expression analyses between tumor and normal tissues in pan-cancers, immune-related analysis, homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), tumor mutation burden, and microsatellite instability. A total of 210 patients with HER2 over-expressing breast cancer from the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University between January 2013 to December 2015 were enrolled in the study. Ten adjacent normal tissues were used to study the expression pattern of ERCC1 in normal tissues. Immunohistochemistry was performed to study ERCC1 expression and immune cell infiltration in different status of ERCC1 expression. Further, the correlation between ERCC1 expression, immune cell infiltration clinicopathological features, and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer was analyzed. Results The immune analysis revealed a significant correlation between CD8+ T cell, CD4+ T cell, T helper cell, macrophages, mast cells, and ERCC1 expression. Spearman analysis show that ERCC1 expression is related to macrophages and T cells. A close correlation was observed between increased ERCC1 expression and high tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) score as well as HRD. The results revealed a significant correlation among ERCC1, chemotherapy and estrogen receptor (ER; P < 0.05) expression. Univariate survival analysis revealed a significant correlation (P < 0.05) between that ERCC1 and ER expression, blood vessel invasion, and disease-free survival (DFS). ERCC1 and ER expression, tumor size, blood vessel invasion, pathological type, and lymph node metastases significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with overall survival in patients. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that ERCC1 expression and chemotherapy were independent factors that influence DFS. ERCC1 expression and vascular tumor thrombus were independent influencing factors that influence OS. Conclusion A correlation was observed between high ERCC1 expression and poor patient prognosis. High ERCC1 expression also influences the efficacy of immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
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8
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Pala F, Notarangelo LD, Bosticardo M. Inborn errors of immunity associated with defects of thymic development. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13832. [PMID: 36003043 PMCID: PMC11077434 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main function of the thymus is to support the establishment of a wide repertoire of T lymphocytes capable of eliminating foreign pathogens, yet tolerant to self-antigens. Thymocyte development in the thymus is dependent on the interaction with thymic stromal cells, a complex mixture of cells comprising thymic epithelial cells (TEC), mesenchymal and endothelial cells. The exchange of signals between stromal cells and thymocytes is referred to as "thymic cross-talk". Genetic defects affecting either side of this interaction result in defects in thymic development that ultimately lead to a decreased output of T lymphocytes to the periphery. In the present review, we aim at providing a summary of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) characterized by T-cell lymphopenia due to defects of the thymic stroma, or to hematopoietic-intrinsic defects of T-cell development, with a special focus on recently discovered disorders. Additionally, we review the novel diagnostic tools developed to discover and study new genetic causes of IEI due to defects in thymic development. Finally, we discuss therapeutic approaches to correct thymic defects that are currently available, in addition to potential novel therapies that could be applied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pala
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Huisman EJ, Brooimans AR, Mayer S, Joosten M, de Bont L, Dekker M, Rammeloo ELM, Smiers FJ, van Hagen PM, Zwaan CM, de Haas M, Cnossen MH, Dalm VASH. Patients with Chromosome 11q Deletions Are Characterized by Inborn Errors of Immunity Involving both B and T Lymphocytes. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:1521-1534. [PMID: 35763218 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of the long arm of chromosome 11 (11q) are rare and involve various chromosomal regions. Patients with 11q disorders, including Jacobsen syndrome, often present with a susceptibility for bacterial and prolonged viral and fungal infections partially explained by hypogammaglobulinemia. Additional T lymphocyte or granular neutrophil dysfunction may also be present. In order to evaluate infectious burden and immunological function in patients with 11q disorders, we studied a cohort of 14 patients with 11q deletions and duplications. Clinically, 12 patients exhibited prolonged and repetitive respiratory tract infections, frequently requiring (prophylactic) antibiotic treatment (n = 7), ear-tube placement (n = 9), or use of inhalers (n = 5). Complicated varicella infections (n = 5), chronic eczema (n = 6), warts (n = 2), and chronic fungal infections (n = 4) were reported. Six patients were on immunoglobulin replacement therapy. We observed a high prevalence of low B lymphocyte counts (n = 8), decreased T lymphocyte counts (n = 5) and abnormal T lymphocyte function (n = 12). Granulocyte function was abnormal in 29% without a clinical phenotype. Immunodeficiency was found in patients with terminal and interstitial 11q deletions and in one patient with terminal 11q duplication. Genetically, FLI1 and ETS1 are seen as causative for the immunodeficiency, but these genes were deleted nor duplicated in 4 of our 14 patients. Alternative candidate genes on 11q may have a role in immune dysregulation. In conclusion, we present evidence that inborn errors of immunity are present in patients with 11q disorders leading to clinically relevant infections. Therefore, broad immunological screening and necessary treatment is of importance in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise J Huisman
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Unit of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Supply, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Rick Brooimans
- Laboratory Medical Immunological, Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Samone Mayer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Joosten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louis de Bont
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frans J Smiers
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P Martin van Hagen
- Laboratory Medical Immunological, Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Michel Zwaan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Princess Máxima Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Masja de Haas
- Laboratory of Immunohematology Diagnostics, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjon H Cnossen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Virgil A S H Dalm
- Laboratory Medical Immunological, Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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10
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Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Studies of Murine Hepatosplenic Tissues Affected by Chronic Toxoplasmosis. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:2165205. [PMID: 35755604 PMCID: PMC9225867 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2165205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a serious health problem in humans and animals resulting from obligatory intracellular invasion of reticuloendothelial tissue by Toxoplasma gondii. The profound pathologic effect of toxoplasmosis is confined to nervous tissue, but many other organs, including the liver and spleen, are insulted. Many molecules like caspase-3, CD3, and CD138 are implicated in the tissue immune response in a trial to alleviate hazardous toxoplasmosis impact. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic toxoplasmosis on the liver and spleen tissues of mice using biochemical and histopathological techniques and to detect the activity and level of expression of caspase-3, CD3, and CD138 in these tissues using immunohistochemical labeling. Compared with normal control, altered normal histological features accompanied by inflammatory reaction were recorded in hepatosplenic reticuloendothelial tissues in chronically infected mice. The biochemical profile of the liver has been changed in the form of increased liver enzymes, and oxidative stress has been evidenced by elevated nitric oxide (NO) concentration in liver homogenate. The levels of caspase3, CD3, and CD138 were markedly expressed in the liver and spleen of infected mice. Our findings revealed the persistent effect of latent toxoplasmosis on the host's histological architecture, metabolic, and immunological profile, creating a continued challenging host-parasite relationship.
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11
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Yuan L, Xu J, Shi Y, Jin Z, Bao Z, Yu P, Wang Y, Xia Y, Qin J, Zhang B, Yao Q. CD3D Is an Independent Prognostic Factor and Correlates With Immune Infiltration in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:913670. [PMID: 35719985 PMCID: PMC9198637 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.913670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein encoded by CD3D is part of the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex (TCR/CD3 complex) and is involved in T-cell development and signal transduction. Previous studies have shown that CD3D is associated with prognosis and treatment response in breast, colorectal, and liver cancer. However, the expression and clinical significance of CD3D in gastric cancer are not clear. In this study, we collected 488 gastric cancer tissues and 430 paired adjacent tissues to perform tissue microarrays (TMAs). Then, immunohistochemical staining of CD3D, CD3, CD4, CD8 and PD-L1 was conducted to investigate the expression of CD3D in gastric cancer and the correlation between the expression of CD3D and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and PD-L1. The results showed that CD3D was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues compared with paracancerous tissues (P<0.000). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that CD3D was an independent good prognostic factor for gastric cancer (P=0.004, HR=0.677, 95%CI: 0.510-0.898 for univariate analyses; P=0.046, HR=0.687, 95%CI: 0.474-0.994 for multivariate analyses). In addition, CD3D was negatively correlated with the tumor location, Borrmann type and distant metastasis (P=0.012 for tumor location; P=0.007 for Borrmann type; P=0.027 for distant metastasis). In addition, the expression of CD3D was highly positively correlated with the expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, and PD-L1, and the combination of CD3D with CD3, CD4, CD8 and PD-L1 predicted the best prognosis (P=0.043). In summary, CD3D may play an important regulatory role in the tumor immune microenvironment of gastric cancer and may serve as a potential indicator of prognosis and immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingli Xu
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunfu Shi
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jin
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhehan Bao
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Yu
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Xia
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangjiang Qin
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institutes of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Research Center for Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Yao
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Zhu Y, Huang D, Zhao Z, Lu C. Bioinformatic analysis identifies potential key genes of epilepsy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254326. [PMID: 34555062 PMCID: PMC8459949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is one of the most common brain disorders worldwide. It is usually hard to be identified properly, and a third of patients are drug-resistant. Genes related to the progression and prognosis of epilepsy are particularly needed to be identified. Methods In our study, we downloaded the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) microarray expression profiling dataset GSE143272. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with a fold change (FC) >1.2 and a P-value <0.05 were identified by GEO2R and grouped in male, female and overlapping DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network analysis were performed. Results In total, 183 DEGs overlapped (77 ups and 106 downs), 302 DEGs (185 ups and 117 downs) in the male dataset, and 750 DEGs (464 ups and 286 downs) in the female dataset were obtained from the GSE143272 dataset. These DEGs were markedly enriched under various Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) terms. 16 following hub genes were identified based on PPI network analysis: ADCY7, C3AR1, DEGS1, CXCL1 in male-specific DEGs, TOLLIP, ORM1, ELANE, QPCT in female-specific DEGs and FCAR, CD3G, CLEC12A, MOSPD2, CD3D, ALDH3B1, GPR97, PLAUR in overlapping DEGs. Conclusion This discovery-driven study may be useful to provide a novel insight into the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. However, more experiments are needed in the future to study the functional roles of these genes in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Zhongyan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Chuansen Lu
- Department of Neurology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Wang L, Liu Z, Zhang W, Zhang A, Qu P. PD-1 Coexpression Gene Analysis and the Regulatory Network in Endometrial Cancer Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9923434. [PMID: 34124265 PMCID: PMC8172290 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9923434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gynecological malignancies are tumors of the female reproductive system, mainly cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer. Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecological malignant tumor in developed countries. The aim of this study was to construct a network of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) coexpressed genes through bioinformatics analysis and screen the potential biomarkers of PD-1 in endometrial cancer. In addition, genes and pathways involved in PD-1 and modulating tumor immune status were identified. We select the EC transcriptomic dataset in TCGA to retrieve gene sets on the cBioPortal platform, and the PD-1 coexpressed genes were obtained on the platform. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of coexpressed genes was performed using the DAVID database. The target protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.7.1 software, and the hub genes were then screened. A total of 976 coexpression genes were obtained. The enrichment analysis showed that PD-1 coexpressed genes were significantly enriched in overall components of the cell structure, the interaction of cytokines with cytokine receptors, chemokine signaling pathways, and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Ten hub genes were obtained by node degree analysis. CD3E gene is involved in the prognosis and immune process of EC, and the expression level is related to PD-1 (Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.82, P < 0.01). Patients with low CD3E gene expression in EC have a poor prognosis. The coexpression hub genes of PD-1 are related to immunity, in which CD3E is a prognostic marker that is involved in the PD-1/PD-L1-induced tumor immune escape. This study provides a new area to study the mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 in EC and the precise treatment with targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, China
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center of Public Health Ministry, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Artificial Cell, China
| | - Pengpeng Qu
- Tianjin Central Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin, China
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14
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Kent A, Longino NV, Christians A, Davila E. Naturally Occurring Genetic Alterations in Proximal TCR Signaling and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658611. [PMID: 34012443 PMCID: PMC8126620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-based immunotherapies including genetically engineered T cells, adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and immune checkpoint blockade highlight the impressive anti-tumor effects of T cells. These successes have provided new hope to many cancer patients with otherwise poor prognoses. However, only a fraction of patients demonstrates durable responses to these forms of therapies and many develop significant immune-mediated toxicity. These heterogeneous clinical responses suggest that underlying nuances in T cell genetics, phenotypes, and activation states likely modulate the therapeutic impact of these approaches. To better characterize known genetic variations that may impact T cell function, we 1) review the function of early T cell receptor-specific signaling mediators, 2) offer a synopsis of known mutations and genetic alterations within the associated molecules, 3) discuss the link between these mutations and human disease and 4) review therapeutic strategies under development or in clinical testing that target each of these molecules for enhancing anti-tumor T cell activity. Finally, we discuss novel engineering approaches that could be designed based on our understanding of the function of these molecules in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kent
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie V. Longino
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Allison Christians
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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15
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Adverse Events of the BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) and Rotavirus Vaccines in a Young Infant with Inborn Error of Immunity. Case Reports Immunol 2020; 2020:8857152. [PMID: 33354374 PMCID: PMC7737464 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8857152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) and rotavirus vaccines are live-attenuated preparations. In the United Arab Emirates, these products are universally administered to the young infants. This unguided practice does not account for the children with immunodeficiency, which frequently manifests after the administration of these vaccines. We present here a young infant with immunodeficiency that developed disseminated tuberculosis infection and severe diarrhea due to these improper immunizations. Case Presentation. This young infant was diagnosed at six months of age with “immunodeficiency type 19” (MIM#615617) due to homozygous nonsense variant, NM_000732.4 (CD3D):c.128G > A, p.Trp43∗ (variation ClinVar#VCV000643120.1; pathogenic). This variant creates premature stop-gain in CD3D (CD3 antigen, delta subunit, autosomal recessive; MIM#186790), resulting in loss-of-function. He also had “X-linked agammaglobulinemia” (MIM#300755) due to hemizygous missense variant, NM_001287344.1 (BTK):c.80G > A, p.Gly27Asp (novel). He had a sibling who passed away in infancy of unknown disease and family members with autoimmune disorders. Despite these clear clues, he was immunized with BCG at birth and rotavirus at 2 and 4 months. He was well in the first four months. He then developed high-fever, lymphadenopathy, and refractory diarrhea. Stool was positive for rotavirus, and lymph node biopsy showed acid-fast bacilli, consistent with tuberculosis lymphadenitis. These infections were serious and markedly complicated his clinical course, which included bone marrow transplantation from a matched sibling. Conclusions These unfortunate events could have been avoided by compiling the available clinical information. This patient underscores the importance of implementing proper policies for BCG and rotavirus vaccinations. International registries of adverse events of universally administered vaccines are crucial.
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16
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Biallelic Form of a Known CD3E Mutation in a Patient with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:539-542. [PMID: 32016651 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00752-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Hu Y, Zhang K, Zhang T, Wang J, Chen F, Qin W, Tong W, Guan Q, He Y, Gu C, Chen X, Kang UJ, Sun YE, Li S, Jin L. Exercise Reverses Dysregulation of T-Cell-Related Function in Blood Leukocytes of Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1389. [PMID: 32047471 PMCID: PMC6997272 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with movement and balance impairments. Although studies have reported improvement of motor symptoms with physical exercise, the mechanisms by which exercise is beneficial remains poorly understood. Our study addresses the exercise-induced changes to peripheral immune cells by interrogating the transcriptome of blood-derived leukocytes in PD patients before and after exercise. Patients attended 1 h exercise classes twice a week for 12 weeks. Leukocytes were collected at the beginning and end of the study for gene expression analysis by RNA-seq or quantitative real-time PCR. We correlated differentially expressed genes after exercise with clinical measures and analyzed the potential functions of gene changes with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology analysis. Exercise improved measures of movement and balance when compared with scores before the exercise program. Among the gene changes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology analysis suggests that T-cell receptor signaling, T-cell activation, and T-cell migration pathways were downregulated, while the T-cell receptor signaling pathway was the most significantly correlated with clinical measures. To further investigate T-cell-related changes in PD leukocytes, we reanalyzed the differentially expressed genes from publicly available microarray data and found that genes in the T-cell activation, differentiation, and migration pathways were upregulated in PD samples compared to controls in a time-dependent manner. Together, our findings suggest that exercise rehabilitation may improve movement and balance in PD patients by reversing the upregulated T-cell activation pathways associated with PD. This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry under ChiCTR-TRC-14004707. Registered on May 27, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Health, The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kunshan Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbang Wang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenting Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Tong
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Guan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijing He
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunya Gu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Langone Health, The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yi E. Sun
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siguang Li
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingjing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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18
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Lee WI, Fan WL, Lu CH, Chen SH, Kuo ML, Lin SJ, Tsai WS, Jaing TH, Chen LC, Yeh KW, Yao TC, Huang JL. A Novel CD3G Mutation in a Taiwanese Patient With Normal T Regulatory Function Presenting With the CVID Phenotype Free of Autoimmunity-Analysis of all Genotypes and Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2833. [PMID: 31921117 PMCID: PMC6930882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex is crucial for T-cell development and regulation. In humans, CD3D, CD3E, and CD3Z gene defects cause severe combined T- and B-cell immunodeficiency. However, CD3G mutations alone lead to a less severe condition, which is mainly characterized by autoimmunity. In the present study, we report the case of a 36-year-old male who presented with recurrent sinopulmonary infections without opportunistic infections; this was compatible with hypogammaglobulinemia, but normal PHA-lymphocyte proliferation. This patient had the common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) phenotype and received regular immunoglobulin infusions over 20-years; he gradually developed nodular regenerative hyperplasia over a 5-year period. Distinct from the previously reported CD3G mutations, which mainly present as autoimmunity, the novel CD3G deletion (c.del213A) in our patient caused an obvious decrease in switched memory B cells and diminished CD40L expression. However, sufficient Treg suppression function was maintained so that he remained free of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and autoimmune pancytopenia. A PubMed search for this rare disease entity revealed seven Turkish and two Spanish patients (five unrelated families). Among a total of 20 alleles, there were 14 splicing mutations (80(-1)G>C), two missense mutations (c.1G>A), two nonsense mutations (c.250A>T), and two deletions (c.del213A). Three patients presented with isolated AIT without significant infections. Three patients died, one from a severe infection at 31 months, one from post-transplant respiratory failure due to viral pneumonia at 17 months, and one from graft-vs.-host disease at 47 months. Those experiencing opportunistic infections, severe life-threatening infections in need of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and IBD-like diarrhea had a significantly higher mortality rate compared with those without these features (p = 0.0124, p = 0.01, and p = 0.0124, respectively). The patients with AIT had a significantly better prognosis (p = 0.0124) to those without AIT. Our patient with the novel CD3G mutation presented with predominant B-cell deficiency overlapping with the CVID phenotype but without recognizable autoimmunity, which was consistent with his normal Treg suppression function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-I Lee
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lang Fan
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chen
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Weng-Sheng Tsai
- Division of Nephronology, Department of Medicine, Penghu Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Penghu, Taiwan
| | - Tang-Her Jaing
- Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Chen
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Yeh
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chieh Yao
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Long Huang
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Primary Immunodeficiency Care and Research (PICAR) Institute, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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19
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Kumrah R, Vignesh P, Patra P, Singh A, Anjani G, Saini P, Sharma M, Kaur A, Rawat A. Genetics of severe combined immunodeficiency. Genes Dis 2019; 7:52-61. [PMID: 32181275 PMCID: PMC7063414 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) is an inherited group of rare, life-threatening disorders due to the defect in T cell development and function. Clinical manifestations are characterised by recurrent and severe bacterial, viral, and fungal opportunistic infections that start from early infancy period. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the treatment of choice. The pattern of inheritance of SCID may be X-linked or autosomal recessive. Though the diagnosis of SCID is usually established by flow cytometry-based tests, genetic diagnosis is often needed for genetic counselling, prognostication, and modification of pre-transplant chemotherapeutic agents. This review aims to highlight the genetic aspects of SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kumrah
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pratap Patra
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gummadi Anjani
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Poonam Saini
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhubala Sharma
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anit Kaur
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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20
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Tian S, Huang P, Gu Y, Yang J, Wu R, Zhao J, Liu AJ, Zhang W. Systems Biology Analysis of the Effect and Mechanism of Qi-Jing-Sheng-Bai Granule on Leucopenia in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:408. [PMID: 31105563 PMCID: PMC6494967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Qi-Jing-Sheng-Bai granule (QJSB) is a newly developed traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula. Clinically, it has been used for the treatment of leucopenia. However, its pharmacological mechanism needs more investigation. In this study, we firstly tested the effects of QJSB on leucopenia using mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Our results suggested that QJSB significantly raised the number of peripheral white blood cells, platelets and nucleated bone marrow cells. Additionally, it markedly enhanced the cell viability and promoted the colony formation of bone marrow mononuclear cells. Furthermore, it reversed the serum cytokines IL-6 and G-CSF disorders. Then, using transcriptomics datasets and metabonomic datasets, we integrated transcriptomics-based network pharmacology and metabolomics technologies to investigate the mechanism of action of QJSB. We found that QJSB regulated a series of biological processes such as hematopoietic cell lineage, homeostasis of number of cells, lymphocyte differentiation, metabolic processes (including lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide metabolism), B cell receptor signaling pathway, T cell activation and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. In a summary, QJSB has protective effects to leucopenia in mice probably through accelerating cell proliferation and differentiation, regulating metabolism response pathways and modulating immunologic function at a system level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Tian
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengli Huang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Complex Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Complex Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Wu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Complex Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Complex Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Hart M, Walch-Rückheim B, Friedmann KS, Rheinheimer S, Tänzer T, Glombitza B, Sester M, Lenhof HP, Hoth M, Schwarz EC, Keller A, Meese E. miR-34a: a new player in the regulation of T cell function by modulation of NF-κB signaling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:46. [PMID: 30718475 PMCID: PMC6362007 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB functions as modulator of T cell receptor-mediated signaling and transcriptional regulator of miR-34a. Our in silico analysis revealed that miR-34a impacts the NF-κB signalosome with miR-34a binding sites in 14 key members of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Functional analysis identified five target genes of miR-34a including PLCG1, CD3E, PIK3CB, TAB2, and NFΚBIA. Overexpression of miR-34a in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells led to a significant decrease of NFΚBIA as the most downstream cytoplasmic NF-κB member, a reduced cell surface abundance of TCRA and CD3E, and to a reduction of T cell killing capacity. Inhibition of miR-34a caused an increase of NFΚBIA, TCRA, and CD3E. Notably, activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells entrails a gradual increase of miR-34a. Our results lend further support to a model with miR-34a as a central NF-κB regulator in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hart
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Barbara Walch-Rückheim
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical School, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Kim S Friedmann
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Tänzer
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical School, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Glombitza
- Institute of Virology and Center of Human and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical School, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Martina Sester
- Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Lenhof
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva C Schwarz
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Eckart Meese
- Institute of Human Genetics, Saarland University, 66421, Homburg, Germany
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22
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Castagnoli R, Delmonte OM, Calzoni E, Notarangelo LD. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:295. [PMID: 31440487 PMCID: PMC6694735 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are disorders that for the most part result from mutations in genes involved in immune host defense and immunoregulation. These conditions are characterized by various combinations of recurrent infections, autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, inflammatory manifestations, atopy, and malignancy. Most PID are due to genetic defects that are intrinsic to hematopoietic cells. Therefore, replacement of mutant cells by healthy donor hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) represents a rational therapeutic approach. Full or partial ablation of the recipient's marrow with chemotherapy is often used to allow stable engraftment of donor-derived HSCs, and serotherapy may be added to the conditioning regimen to reduce the risks of graft rejection and graft versus host disease (GVHD). Initially, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) was attempted in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) as the only available curative treatment. It was a challenging procedure, associated with elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. Overtime, outcome of HSCT for PID has significantly improved due to availability of high-resolution HLA typing, increased use of alternative donors and new stem cell sources, development of less toxic, reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens, and cellular engineering techniques for graft manipulation. Early identification of infants affected by SCID, prior to infectious complication, through newborn screening (NBS) programs and prompt genetic diagnosis with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques, have also ameliorated the outcome of HSCT. In addition, HSCT has been applied to treat a broader range of PID, including disorders of immune dysregulation. Yet, the broad spectrum of clinical and immunological phenotypes associated with PID makes it difficult to define a universal transplant regimen. As such, integration of knowledge between immunologists and transplant specialists is necessary for the development of innovative transplant protocols and to monitor their results during follow-up. Despite the improved outcome observed after HSCT, patients with severe forms of PID still face significant challenges of short and long-term transplant-related complications. To address this issue, novel HSCT strategies are being implemented aiming to improve both survival and long-term quality of life. This article will discuss the current status and latest developments in HSCT for PID, and present data regarding approach and outcome of HSCT in recently described PID, including disorders associated with immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Castagnoli
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ottavia Maria Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Enrica Calzoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Daniele Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Shim JO. Recent Advance in Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2019; 22:41-49. [PMID: 30671372 PMCID: PMC6333591 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2019.22.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have revealed that early-onset IBD has distinct phenotypic differences compared with adult-onset IBD. In particular, very early-onset IBD (VEO-IBD) differs in many aspects, including the disease type, location of the lesions, disease behavior, and genetically attributable risks. Several genetic defects that disturb intestinal epithelial barrier function or affect immune function have been noted in these patients from the young age groups. In incidence of pediatric IBD in Korea has been increasing since the early 2000s. Neonatal or infantile-onset IBD develops in less than 1% of pediatric patients. Children with "neonatal IBD" or "infantile-onset IBD" have higher rates of affected first-degree relatives, severe disease course, and a high rate of resistance to immunosuppressive treatment. The suspicion of a monogenic cause of VEO-IBD was first confirmed by the discovery of mutations in the genes encoding the interleukin 10 (IL-10) receptors that cause impaired IL-10 signaling. Patients with such mutations typically presented with perianal fistulae, shows a poor response to medical management, and require early surgical interventions in the first year of life. To date, 60 monogenic defects have been identified in children with IBD-like phenotypes. The majority of monogenic defects presents before 6 years of age, and many present before 1 year of age. Next generation sequencing could become an important diagnostic tool in children with suspected genetic defects especially in children with VEO-IBD with severe disease phenotypes. VEO-IBD is a phenotypically and genetically distinct disease entity from adult-onset or older pediatric IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ok Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Collins CJ, Chang IJ, Jung S, Dayuha R, Whiteaker JR, Segundo GRS, Torgerson TR, Ochs HD, Paulovich AG, Hahn SH. Rapid Multiplexed Proteomic Screening for Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders From Dried Blood Spots. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2756. [PMID: 30564228 PMCID: PMC6288356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD) comprise a group of life-threatening congenital diseases characterized by absent or impaired immune responses. Despite the fact that effective, curative treatments are available with optimal clinical outcomes when diagnosed early, newborn screening does not exist for the majority of these diseases due to the lack of detectable, specific biomarkers or validated methods for population-based screening. Peptide immunoaffinity enrichment coupled with selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (immuno-SRM) is a sensitive proteomic assay, involving antibody-mediated peptide capture, that allows for concurrent quantification of multiple analytes. This assay has promise for use in potential newborn screening of PIDDs that lead to diminished or absent target proteins in the majority of cases. Objective: To determine and evaluate if a multiplex assay based on immuno-SRM is able to reliably and precisely distinguish affected patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS), and CD3ϵ-associated severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) from one another and from unaffected normal control dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Methods: We performed a blinded, multiplexed analysis of proteolytically-generated peptides from WASp, BTK, and CD3ϵ (for WAS, XLA, and SCID, respectively) in DBS samples from 42 PIDD patients, 40 normal adult controls, and 62 normal newborns. The peptide ATPase copper transporting protein (ATP7B) 1056 was simultaneously monitored for quality assurance purposes. Results: The immuno-SRM assays reliably quantified the target peptides in DBS and accurately distinguished affected patients from normal controls. Analysis of signature peptides found statistically significant reduction or absence of peptide levels in affected patients compared to control groups in each case (WASp and BTK: p = 0.0001, SCID: p = 0.05). Intra and inter-assay precision ranged from 11 to 22% and 11 to 43% respectively; linearity (1.39-2000 fmol peptide), and stability (≤ 0.09% difference in 72 h) showed high precision for the multiplexed assay. Inter-laboratory assay comparison showed high concordance for measured peptide concentrations, with R2 linearity ≥ 0.97 for the WASp 274, CD3ϵ 197, BTK 407, and ATP7B 1056 peptides. Conclusion: Immuno-SRM-based quantification of proteotypic peptides from WASp, BTK, and CD3ϵ in DBS distinguishes relevant PIDD cases from one another and from controls, raising the possibility of employing this approach for large-scale multiplexed newborn screening of selective PIDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene J Chang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Remwilyn Dayuha
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Gesmar R S Segundo
- Setor de Alergia e Imunologia Pediátrica, Ambulatório de Pediatria, Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Troy R Torgerson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Si Houn Hahn
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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25
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Shifrut E, Carnevale J, Tobin V, Roth TL, Woo JM, Bui CT, Li PJ, Diolaiti ME, Ashworth A, Marson A. Genome-wide CRISPR Screens in Primary Human T Cells Reveal Key Regulators of Immune Function. Cell 2018; 175:1958-1971.e15. [PMID: 30449619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human T cells are central effectors of immunity and cancer immunotherapy. CRISPR-based functional studies in T cells could prioritize novel targets for drug development and improve the design of genetically reprogrammed cell-based therapies. However, large-scale CRISPR screens have been challenging in primary human cells. We developed a new method, single guide RNA (sgRNA) lentiviral infection with Cas9 protein electroporation (SLICE), to identify regulators of stimulation responses in primary human T cells. Genome-wide loss-of-function screens identified essential T cell receptor signaling components and genes that negatively tune proliferation following stimulation. Targeted ablation of individual candidate genes characterized hits and identified perturbations that enhanced cancer cell killing. SLICE coupled with single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed signature stimulation-response gene programs altered by key genetic perturbations. SLICE genome-wide screening was also adaptable to identify mediators of immunosuppression, revealing genes controlling responses to adenosine signaling. The SLICE platform enables unbiased discovery and characterization of functional gene targets in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Shifrut
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Julia Carnevale
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Victoria Tobin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan M Woo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christina T Bui
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - P Jonathan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Morgan E Diolaiti
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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26
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Shim JO. Recent advance in very early-onset inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2018; 17:9-16. [PMID: 30419637 PMCID: PMC6361014 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2018.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have revealed that early-onset IBD has distinct phenotypic differences compared with adult-onset IBD. In particular, very early-onset IBD (VEO-IBD) differs in many aspects, including the disease type, location of the lesions, disease behavior, and genetically attributable risks. Neonatal or infantile-onset IBD develops in less than 1% of pediatric patients. Children with infantile-onset IBD have high rates of affected first-degree relatives and severe disease course. The suspicion of a monogenic cause of VEO-IBD was first confirmed by the discovery of mutations in the genes encoding the interleukin 10 (IL-10) receptors that cause impaired IL-10 signaling. Patients with such mutations typically presented with perianal fistulae, shows a poor response to medical management, and require early surgical interventions in the first year of life. To date, 60 monogenic defects have been identified in children with IBD-like phenotypes. The majority of monogenic defects presents before 6 years of age, and many present before 1 year of age. Next generation sequencing could become an important diagnostic tool in children with suspected genetic defects especially in children with VEO-IBD with severe disease phenotypes. VEO-IBD is a phenotypically and genetically distinct disease entity from adult-onset or older pediatric IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ok Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Rowe JH, Delmonte OM, Keles S, Stadinski BD, Dobbs AK, Henderson LA, Yamazaki Y, Allende LM, Bonilla FA, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Celikbilek Celik S, Guner SN, Kapakli H, Yee C, Pai SY, Huseby ES, Reisli I, Regueiro JR, Notarangelo LD. Patients with CD3G mutations reveal a role for human CD3γ in T reg diversity and suppressive function. Blood 2018; 131:2335-2344. [PMID: 29653965 PMCID: PMC5969384 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-835561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrity of the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex is crucial for positive and negative selection of T cells in the thymus and for effector and regulatory functions of peripheral T lymphocytes. In humans, CD3D, CD3E, and CD3Z gene defects are a cause of severe immune deficiency and present early in life with increased susceptibility to infections. By contrast, CD3G mutations lead to milder phenotypes, mainly characterized by autoimmunity. However, the role of CD3γ in establishing and maintaining immune tolerance has not been elucidated. In this manuscript, we aimed to investigate abnormalities of T-cell repertoire and function in patients with genetic defects in CD3G associated with autoimmunity. High throughput sequencing was used to study composition and diversity of the T-cell receptor β (TRB) repertoire in regulatory T cells (Tregs), conventional CD4+ (Tconv), and CD8+ T cells from 6 patients with CD3G mutations and healthy controls. Treg function was assessed by studying its ability to suppress proliferation of Tconv cells. Treg cells of patients with CD3G defects had reduced diversity, increased clonality, and reduced suppressive function. The TRB repertoire of Tconv cells from patients with CD3G deficiency was enriched for hydrophobic amino acids at positions 6 and 7 of the CDR3, a biomarker of self-reactivity. These data demonstrate that the T-cell repertoire of patients with CD3G mutations is characterized by a molecular signature that may contribute to the increased rate of autoimmunity associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared H Rowe
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ottavia M Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sevgi Keles
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Brian D Stadinski
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Adam K Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Luis I Gonzalez-Granado
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Seyma Celikbilek Celik
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sukru N Guner
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasan Kapakli
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Christina Yee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; and
| | - Eric S Huseby
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Ismail Reisli
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Jose R Regueiro
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine, imas12 Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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28
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Dunne PJ, Maher CO, Freeley M, Dunne K, Petrasca A, Orikiiriza J, Dunne MR, Reidy D, O'Dea S, Loy A, Woo J, Long A, Rogers TR, Mulcahy F, Doherty DG. CD3ε Expression Defines Functionally Distinct Subsets of Vδ1 T Cells in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:940. [PMID: 29770136 PMCID: PMC5940748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human γδ T cells expressing the Vδ1 T cell receptor (TCR) recognize self and microbial antigens and stress-inducible molecules in a major histocompatibility complex-unrestricted manner and are an important source of innate interleukin (IL)-17. Vδ1 T cells are expanded in the circulation and intestines of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this study, we show that patients with HIV have elevated frequencies, but not absolute numbers, of circulating Vδ1 T cells compared to control subjects. This increase was most striking in the patients with Candida albicans co-infection. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we identify two populations of Vδ1 T cells, based on low and high expression of the ε chain of the CD3 protein complex responsible for transducing TCR-mediated signals (denoted CD3εlo and CD3εhi Vδ1 T cells). Both Vδ1 T cell populations expressed the CD3 ζ-chain, also used for TCR signaling. Using lines of Vδ1 T cells generated from healthy donors, we show that CD3ε can be transiently downregulated by activation but that its expression is restored over time in culture in the presence of exogenous IL-2. Compared to CD3εhi Vδ1 T cells, CD3εlo Vδ1 T cells more frequently expressed terminally differentiated phenotypes and the negative regulator of T cell activation, programmed death-1 (PD-1), but not lymphocyte-activation gene 3, and upon stimulation in vitro, only the CD3εhi subset of Vδ1 T cells, produced IL-17. Thus, while HIV can infect and kill IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells, Vδ1 T cells are another source of IL-17, but many of them exist in a state of exhaustion, mediated either by the induction of PD-1 or by downregulation of CD3ε expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraic J Dunne
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christina O Maher
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Freeley
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katie Dunne
- Discipline of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreea Petrasca
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judy Orikiiriza
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret R Dunne
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derval Reidy
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan O'Dea
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling Loy
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Woo
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas R Rogers
- Discipline of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Mulcahy
- Genitourinary Infectious Diseases Department, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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A novel pathogenic frameshift variant of CD3E gene in two T-B+ NK+ SCID patients from Turkey. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:653-659. [PMID: 28597365 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-1005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is the most severe form of primary immunodeficiency, which is characterized by the dysfunction and/or absence of T lymphocytes. Early diagnosis of SCID is crucial for overall survival, and if it remains untreated, SCID is often fatal. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become a rapid, high-throughput technology, and has already been proven to be beneficial in medical diagnostics. In this study, a targeted NGS panel was developed to identify the genetic variations of SCID by using SmartChip-TE technology, and a novel pathogenic frameshift variant was found in the CD3E gene. Sanger sequencing has confirmed the segregation of the variant among patients. We found a novel deletion in the CD3E gene (NM000733.3:p.L58Hfs*9) in two T-B+ NK+ patients. The variant was not found in the databases of dbSNP, ExAC, and 1000G. One sibling in family I was homozygous and the rest of the family members were heterozygous for this variant. T cell receptor excision circle (TREC) and kappa-deleting recombination excision circle (KREC) analyses were performed for T and B cell maturation. TRECs were not detected in both patients and the KREC copy numbers were similar to the other family members. In addition, heterozygous family members showed decreased TREC levels when compared with the wild-type sibling, indicating that carrying this variant in one allele does not cause immunodeficiency, but does effect T cell proliferation. Here, we report a novel pathogenic frameshift variant in CD3E gene by using targeted NGS panel.
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Rota IA, Dhalla F. FOXN1 deficient nude severe combined immunodeficiency. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:6. [PMID: 28077132 PMCID: PMC5225657 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nude severe combined immunodeficiency is a rare inherited disease caused by autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations in FOXN1. This gene encodes a transcription factor essential for the development of the thymus, the primary lymphoid organ that supports T-cell development and selection. To date nine cases have been reported presenting with the clinical triad of absent thymus resulting in severe T-cell immunodeficiency, congenital alopecia universalis and nail dystrophy. Diagnosis relies on testing for FOXN1 mutations, which allows genetic counselling and guides therapeutic management. Options for treating the underlying immune deficiency include HLA-matched genoidentical haematopoietic cell transplantation containing mature donor T-cells or thymus tissue transplantation. Experience from other severe combined immune deficiency syndromes suggests that early diagnosis, supportive care and definitive management result in better patient outcomes. Without these the prognosis is poor due to early-onset life threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna A Rota
- Developmental Immunology Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fatima Dhalla
- Developmental Immunology Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Department of Clinical Immunology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK.
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31
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Engelhardt KR, Xu Y, Grainger A, Germani Batacchi MGC, Swan DJ, Willet JDP, Abd Hamid IJ, Agyeman P, Barge D, Bibi S, Jenkins L, Flood TJ, Abinun M, Slatter MA, Gennery AR, Cant AJ, Santibanez Koref M, Gilmour K, Hambleton S. Identification of Heterozygous Single- and Multi-exon Deletions in IL7R by Whole Exome Sequencing. J Clin Immunol 2016; 37:42-50. [PMID: 27807805 PMCID: PMC5226981 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to achieve a retrospective molecular diagnosis by applying state-of-the-art genomic sequencing methods to past patients with T-B+NK+ severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). We included identification of copy number variations (CNVs) by whole exome sequencing (WES) using the CNV calling method ExomeDepth to detect gene alterations for which routine Sanger sequencing analysis is not suitable, such as large heterozygous deletions. Methods Of a total of 12 undiagnosed patients with T-B+NK+ SCID, we analyzed eight probands by WES, using GATK to detect single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small insertions and deletions (INDELs) and ExomeDepth to detect CNVs. Results We found heterozygous single- or multi-exon deletions in IL7R, a known disease gene for autosomal recessive T-B+NK+ SCID, in four families (seven patients). In three families (five patients), these deletions coexisted with a heterozygous splice site or nonsense mutation elsewhere in the same gene, consistent with compound heterozygosity. In our cohort, about a quarter of T-B+NK+ SCID patients (26%) had such compound heterozygous IL7R deletions. Conclusions We show that heterozygous IL7R exon deletions are common in T-B+NK+ SCID and are detectable by WES. They should be considered if Sanger sequencing fails to detect homozygous or compound heterozygous IL7R SNVs or INDELs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10875-016-0343-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin R Engelhardt
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Yaobo Xu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Angela Grainger
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mila G C Germani Batacchi
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David J Swan
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Joseph D P Willet
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Intan J Abd Hamid
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Philipp Agyeman
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Dawn Barge
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Shahnaz Bibi
- NE Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucy Jenkins
- NE Thames Regional Genetics Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Terence J Flood
- Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mario Abinun
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mary A Slatter
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew J Cant
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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32
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Evaluation of mRNA Biomarkers to Identify Risk of Hospital Acquired Infections in Children Admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care Unit. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152388. [PMID: 27015534 PMCID: PMC4807819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) are associated with significant mortality and morbidity and prolongation of hospital stay, adding strain on limited hospital resources. Despite stringent infection control practices some children remain at high risk of developing HAI. The development of biomarkers which could identify these patients would be useful. In this study our objective was to evaluate mRNA candidate biomarkers for HAI prediction in a pediatric intensive care unit. Design Serial blood samples were collected from patients admitted to pediatric intensive care unit between March and June 2012. Candidate gene expression (IL1B, TNF, IL10, CD3D, BCL2, BID) was quantified using RT-qPCR. Comparisons of relative gene expression between those that did not develop HAI versus those that did were performed using Mann Whitney U-test. Patients Exclusion criteria were: age <28 days or ≥16 years, expected length of stay < 24 hours, expected survival < 28 days, end-stage renal disease and end-stage liver disease. Finally, 45 children were included in this study. Main Results The overall HAI rate was 30% of which 62% were respiratory infections. Children who developed HAI had a three-fold increase in hospital stay compared to those who did not (27 days versus 9 days, p<0.001). An increased expression of cytokine genes (IL1B and IL10) was observed in patients who developed HAI, as well as a pro-apoptosis pattern (higher expression of BID and lower expression of BCL2). CD3D, a key TCR co-factor was also significantly down-modulated in patients who developed HAI. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study of mRNA biomarkers of HAI in the paediatric population. Increased mRNA expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokine and modulation of apoptotic genes suggest the development of immunosuppression in critically ill children. Immune monitoring using a panel of genes may offer a novel stratification tool to identify HAI risk.
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Garcillán B, Marin AVM, Jiménez-Reinoso A, Briones AC, Muñoz-Ruiz M, García-León MJ, Gil J, Allende LM, Martínez-Naves E, Toribio ML, Regueiro JR. γδ T Lymphocytes in the Diagnosis of Human T Cell Receptor Immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol 2015; 6:20. [PMID: 25688246 PMCID: PMC4310324 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcillán
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana V M Marin
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Anaïs Jiménez-Reinoso
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alejandro C Briones
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - María J García-León
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma , Madrid , Spain
| | - Juana Gil
- Division of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario, Gregorio Marañón and Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Luis M Allende
- Division of Immunology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre and Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Naves
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
| | - María L Toribio
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma , Madrid , Spain
| | - José R Regueiro
- Department of Immunology, Complutense University School of Medicine and Hospital 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute , Madrid , Spain
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Abstract
The field of immunology has undergone recent discoveries of genetic causes for many primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDD). The ever-expanding knowledge has led to increased understanding behind the pathophysiology of these diseases. Since these diseases are rare, the patients are frequently misdiagnosed early in the presentation of their illnesses. The identification of new genes has increased our opportunities for recognizing and making the diagnosis in patients with PIDD before they succumb to infections that may result secondary to their PIDD. Some mutations lead to a variety of presentations of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The myriad and ever-growing genetic mutations which lead to SCID phenotypes have been identified in recent years. Other mutations associated with some genetic syndromes have associated immunodeficiency and are important for making the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency in patients with some syndromes, who may otherwise be missed within the larger context of their syndromes. A variety of mutations also lead to increased susceptibility to infections due to particular organisms. These patterns of infections due to specific organisms are important keys in properly identifying the part of the immune system which is affected in these patients. This review will discuss recent genetic discoveries that enhance our understanding of these complex diseases.
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35
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Brazin KN, Mallis RJ, Li C, Keskin DB, Arthanari H, Gao Y, Wu SL, Karger BL, Wagner G, Reinherz EL. Constitutively oxidized CXXC motifs within the CD3 heterodimeric ectodomains of the T cell receptor complex enforce the conformation of juxtaposed segments. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18880-92. [PMID: 24849600 PMCID: PMC4081929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.574996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD3ϵγ and CD3ϵδ heterodimers along with the CD3ζζ homodimer are the signaling components of the T cell receptor (TCR). These invariant dimers are non-covalently associated on the T cell plasma membrane with a clone-specific (i.e. clonotypic) αβ heterodimer that binds its cognate ligand, a complex between a particular antigenic peptide, and an MHC molecule (pMHC). These four TCR dimers exist in a 1:1:1:1 stoichiometry. At the junction between the extracellular and transmembrane domains of each mammalian CD3ϵ, CD3γ, and CD3δ subunit is a highly conserved CXXC motif previously found to be important for thymocyte and T cell activation. The redox state of each CXXC motif is presently unknown. Here we show using LC-MS and a biotin switch assay that these CXXC segments are constitutively oxidized on resting and activated T cells, consistent with their measured reduction potential. NMR chemical shift perturbation experiments comparing a native oxidized CD3δ CXXC-containing segment with that of a mutant SXXS-containing CD3δ segment in LPPG (1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt)) micelles show extensive chemical shift differences in residues within the membrane-proximal motif as well as throughout the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains as a result of the elimination of the native disulfide. Likewise, direct comparison of the native CD3δ segment in oxidizing and reducing conditions reveals numerous spectral differences. The oxidized CXXC maintains the structure within the membrane-proximal stalk region as well as that of its contiguous transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain, inclusive of the ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) involved in signaling. These results suggest that preservation of the CD3 CXXC oxidized state may be essential for TCR mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine N Brazin
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Departments of Medicine and
| | - Robert J Mallis
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and
| | - Chen Li
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Derin B Keskin
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and
| | - Yuanwei Gao
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shiaw-Lin Wu
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Barry L Karger
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and
| | - Ellis L Reinherz
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Departments of Medicine and
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36
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Establishing diagnostic criteria for severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), leaky SCID, and Omenn syndrome: the Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium experience. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:1092-8. [PMID: 24290292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The approach to the diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) and related disorders varies among institutions and countries. OBJECTIVES The Primary Immune Deficiency Treatment Consortium attempted to develop a uniform set of criteria for diagnosing SCID and related disorders and has evaluated the results as part of a retrospective study of SCID in North America. METHODS Clinical records from 2000 through 2009 at 27 centers in North America were collected on 332 children treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT), enzyme replacement therapy, or gene therapy for SCID and related disorders. Eligibility for inclusion in the study and classification into disease groups were established by using set criteria and applied by an expert review group. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-five (86%) of the patients were determined to be eligible, and 47 (14%) were not eligible. Of the 285 eligible patients, 84% were classified as having typical SCID; 13% were classified as having leaky SCID, Omenn syndrome, or reticular dysgenesis; and 3% had a history of enzyme replacement or gene therapy. Detection of a genotype predicting an SCID phenotype was accepted for eligibility. Reasons for noneligibility were failure to demonstrate either impaired lymphocyte proliferation or maternal T-cell engraftment. Overall (n = 332) rates of testing were as follows: proliferation to PHA, 77%; maternal engraftment, 35%; and genotype, 79% (mutation identified in 62%). CONCLUSION Lack of complete laboratory evaluation of patients before HCT presents a significant barrier to definitive diagnosis of SCID and related disorders and prevented inclusion of subjects in our observational HCT study. This lesson is critical for patient care, as well as the design of future prospective treatment studies for such children because a well-defined and consistent study population is important for precision in outcomes analysis.
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37
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Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PADs) are the most common inherited immunodeficiencies in humans. The use of novel approaches, such as whole-exome sequencing and mouse genetic engineering, has helped to identify new genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of PADs and has enabled the characterization of the molecular pathways that are involved in B cell development and function. Here, we review the different PADs in terms of their known or putative mechanisms, which can be B cell intrinsic, B cell extrinsic or not defined so far. We also describe the clinical manifestations (including susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity and cancer) that have been associated with the various PADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Durandy
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, INSERM U768, Necker Children's Hospital, F-75015 Paris, France.
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38
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Emerging roles for protein S-palmitoylation in immunity from chemical proteomics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:27-33. [PMID: 23332315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The activation of innate and adaptive immune signaling pathways and effector functions often occur at cellular membranes and are regulated by complex mechanisms. Here we review the growing number of proteins which are known to be regulated by S-palmitoylation in immune cells emerging from recent advances in chemical proteomics. These chemical proteomic studies have highlighted the roles of this dynamic lipid modification in regulating the specificity and strength of immune responses in different lymphocyte populations.
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Post-transplantation B cell function in different molecular types of SCID. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:96-110. [PMID: 23001410 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a syndrome of diverse genetic cause characterized by profound deficiencies of T, B and sometimes NK cell function. Non-ablative HLA-identical or rigorously T cell-depleted haploidentical parental bone marrow transplantation (BMT) results in thymus-dependent genetically donor T cell development in the recipients, leading to a high rate of long-term survival. However, the development of B cell function has been more problematic. We report here results of analyses of B cell function in 125 SCID recipients prior to and long-term after non-ablative BMT, according to their molecular type. METHODS Studies included blood immunoglobulin measurements; antibody titers to standard vaccines, blood group antigens and bacteriophage Φ X 174; flow cytometry to examine for markers of immaturity, memory, switched memory B cells and BAFF receptor expression; B cell chimerism; B cell spectratyping; and B cell proliferation. RESULTS The results showed that B cell chimerism was not required for normal B cell function in IL7Rα-Def, ADA-Def and CD3-Def SCIDs. In X-linked-SCID, Jak3-Def SCID and those with V-D-J recombination defects, donor B cell chimerism was necessary for B cell function to develop. CONCLUSION The most important factor determining whether B cell function develops in SCID T cell chimeras is the underlying molecular defect. In some types, host B cells function normally. In those molecular types where host B cell function did not develop, donor B cell chimerism was necessary to achieve B cell function. 236 words.
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Inherited MST1 deficiency underlies susceptibility to EV-HPV infections. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44010. [PMID: 22952854 PMCID: PMC3428299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is characterized by persistent cutaneous lesions caused by a specific group of related human papillomavirus genotypes (EV-HPVs) in otherwise healthy individuals. Autosomal recessive (AR) EVER1 and EVER2 deficiencies account for two thirds of known cases of EV. AR RHOH deficiency has recently been described in two siblings with EV-HPV infections as well as other infectious and tumoral manifestations. We report here the whole-exome based discovery of AR MST1 deficiency in a 19-year-old patient with a T-cell deficiency associated with EV-HPV, bacterial and fungal infections. MST1 deficiency has recently been described in seven patients from three unrelated kindreds with profound T-cell deficiency and various viral and bacterial infections. The patient was also homozygous for a rare ERCC3 variation. Our findings broaden the clinical range of infections seen in MST1 deficiency and provide a new genetic etiology of susceptibility to EV-HPV infections. Together with the recent discovery of RHOH deficiency, they suggest that T cells are involved in the control of EV-HPVs, at least in some individuals.
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41
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Crequer A, Troeger A, Patin E, Ma CS, Picard C, Pedergnana V, Fieschi C, Lim A, Abhyankar A, Gineau L, Mueller-Fleckenstein I, Schmidt M, Taieb A, Krueger J, Abel L, Tangye SG, Orth G, Williams DA, Casanova JL, Jouanguy E. Human RHOH deficiency causes T cell defects and susceptibility to EV-HPV infections. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3239-47. [PMID: 22850876 DOI: 10.1172/jci62949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by increased susceptibility to specific human papillomaviruses, the betapapillomaviruses. These EV-HPVs cause warts and increase the risk of skin carcinomas in otherwise healthy individuals. Inactivating mutations in epidermodysplasia verruciformis 1 (EVER1) or EVER2 have been identified in most, but not all, patients with autosomal recessive EV. We found that 2 young adult siblings presenting with T cell deficiency and various infectious diseases, including persistent EV-HPV infections, were homozygous for a mutation creating a stop codon in the ras homolog gene family member H (RHOH) gene. RHOH encodes an atypical Rho GTPase expressed predominantly in hematopoietic cells. Patients' circulating T cells contained predominantly effector memory T cells, which displayed impaired TCR signaling. Additionally, very few circulating T cells expressed the β7 integrin subunit, which homes T cells to specific tissues. Similarly, Rhoh-null mice exhibited a severe overall T cell defect and abnormally small numbers of circulating β7-positive cells. Expression of the WT, but not of the mutated RHOH, allele in Rhoh-/- hematopoietic stem cells corrected the T cell lymphopenia in mice after bone marrow transplantation. We conclude that RHOH deficiency leads to T cell defects and persistent EV-HPV infections, suggesting that T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic EV-HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Crequer
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
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42
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Buckley RH. The long quest for neonatal screening for severe combined immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:597-604; quiz 605-6. [PMID: 22277203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.12.964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early recognition of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a pediatric emergency because a diagnosis before live vaccines or nonirradiated blood products are given and before development of infections permits lifesaving unfractionated HLA-identical or T cell-depleted haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, enzyme replacement therapy, or gene therapy. The need for newborn screening for this condition has been recognized for the past 15 years. However, implementation of screening required development of an assay for T-cell lymphopenia that could be performed on dried bloodspots routinely collected from newborn infants for the past 48 years. This was accomplished 6 years ago, and there have already been 7 successful pilot studies. A recommendation to add SCID to the routine newborn-screening panel was approved by the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders of Newborns and Children in 2010 and was soon after approved by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. It is important for allergists, immunologists, and other health care providers to take an active role in promoting newborn screening for SCID and other T-lymphocyte abnormalities in their states. Even more important will be their roles in establishing accurate diagnoses for infants with positive screen results and in ensuring that they are given the best possible treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Buckley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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43
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Yu GP, Nadeau KC, Berk DR, de Saint Basile G, Lambert N, Knapnougel P, Roberts J, Kavanau K, Dunn E, Stiehm ER, Lewis DB, Umetsu DT, Puck JM, Cowan MJ. Genotype, phenotype, and outcomes of nine patients with T-B+NK+ SCID. Pediatr Transplant 2011; 15:733-41. [PMID: 21883749 PMCID: PMC3196791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2011.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There are few reports of clinical presentation, genotype, and HCT outcomes for patients with T-B+NK+ SCID. Between 1981 and 2007, eight of 84 patients with SCID who received and/or were followed after HCT at UCSF had the T-B+NK+ phenotype. One additional patient with T-B+NK+ SCID was identified as the sibling of a patient treated at UCSF. Chart reviews were performed. Molecular analyses of IL7R, IL2RG, JAK3, and the genes encoding the CD3 T-cell receptor components δ (CD3D), ε (CD3E), and ζ (CD3Z) were carried out. IL7R mutations were documented in four patients and CD3D mutations in two others. Three patients had no defects found. Only two of nine patients had an HLA-matched related HCT donor. Both survived, and neither developed GVHD. Five of seven recipients of haploidentical grafts survived. Although the majority of reported cases of T-B+NK+ SCID are caused by defects in IL7R, CD3 complex defects were also found in this series and should be considered when evaluating patients with T-B+NK+ SCID. Additional genes, mutations in which account for T-B+NK+ SCID, remain to be found. Better approaches to early diagnosis and HCT treatment are needed for patients lacking an HLA-matched related donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace P Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford
| | - David R Berk
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Geneviève de Saint Basile
- Inserm, U768, Paris, F-75015 France,Université Paris Descartes, IRNEM (IFR95), Paris, F-75015 France,AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Unité d'Immunologie-Hématologie Pédiatrique, Paris, F-75015 France
| | - Nathalie Lambert
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Unité d'Immunologie-Hématologie Pédiatrique, Paris, F-75015 France
| | | | - Joseph Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Kristina Kavanau
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital
| | - Elizabeth Dunn
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital
| | - E. Richard Stiehm
- Divison of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital at the University of California Los Angeles
| | - David B Lewis
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford
| | - Dale T Umetsu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital
| | - Morton J Cowan
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital
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44
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Gil J, Busto EM, Garcillán B, Chean C, García-Rodríguez MC, Díaz-Alderete A, Navarro J, Reiné J, Mencía A, Gurbindo D, Beléndez C, Gordillo I, Duchniewicz M, Höhne K, García-Sánchez F, Fernández-Cruz E, López-Granados E, Schamel WWA, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Recio MJ, Regueiro JR. A leaky mutation in CD3D differentially affects αβ and γδ T cells and leads to a Tαβ-Tγδ+B+NK+ human SCID. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3872-6. [PMID: 21926461 DOI: 10.1172/jci44254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells recognize antigens via their cell surface TCR and are classified as either αβ or γδ depending on the variable chains in their TCR, α and β or γ and δ, respectively. Both αβ and γδ TCRs also contain several invariant chains, including CD3δ, which support surface TCR expression and transduce the TCR signal. Mutations in variable chains would be expected to affect a single T cell lineage, while mutations in the invariant chains would affect all T cells. Consistent with this, all CD3δ-deficient patients described to date showed a complete block in T cell development. However, CD3δ-KO mice have an αβ T cell-specific defect. Here, we report 2 unrelated cases of SCID with a selective block in αβ but not in γδ T cell development, associated with a new splicing mutation in the CD3D gene. The patients' T cells showed reduced CD3D transcripts, CD3δ proteins, surface TCR, and early TCR signaling. Their lymph nodes showed severe T cell depletion, recent thymus emigrants in peripheral blood were strongly decreased, and the scant αβ T cells were oligoclonal. T cell-dependent B cell functions were also impaired, despite the presence of normal B cell numbers. Strikingly, despite the specific loss of αβ T cells, surface TCR expression was more reduced in γδ than in αβ T cells. Analysis of individuals with this CD3D mutation thus demonstrates the contrasting CD3δ requirements for αβ versus γδ T cell development and TCR expression in humans and highlights the diagnostic and clinical relevance of studying both TCR isotypes when a T cell defect is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Gil
- Gregorio Maranon University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
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45
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Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells in human severe combined immunodeficiency: longterm outcomes. Immunol Res 2011; 49:25-43. [PMID: 21116871 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a syndrome of diverse genetic cause characterized by profound deficiencies of T- and B-cell function and, in some types, also of NK cells and function. Mutations in thirteen different genes have been found to cause this condition, which is uniformly fatal in the first 2 years of life unless immune reconstitution can be accomplished. In the 42 years since the first bone marrow transplant was given in 1968, the standard treatment for all forms of SCID has been allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Both HLA-identical unfractionated and T-cell-depleted HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplants have been very successful in effecting immune reconstitution, especially if performed in the first 3.5 months of life and without pre-transplant chemotherapy. This paper summarizes the longterm outcome, according to molecular type, of 166 consecutive SCID infants given non-conditioned related donor bone marrow transplants at this institution over the past 28.3 years and reviews published reports of longterm outcomes of transplants in SCID performed at other centers.
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46
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Marcus N, Takada H, Law J, Cowan MJ, Gil J, Regueiro JR, Plaza Lopez de Sabando D, Lopez-Granados E, Dalal J, Friedrich W, Manfred H, Hanson IC, Grunebaum E, Shearer WT, Roifman CM. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for CD3δ deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1050-7. [PMID: 21757226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD3δ deficiency is a fatal form of severe combined immunodeficiency that can be cured by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The presence of a thymus loaded with T-cell progenitors in patients with CD3δ deficiency may require special considerations in choosing the regimen of conditioning and the type of HSCT. OBJECTIVES To study the outcome of CD3δ deficiency by using various modalities of stem cell transplantation. METHODS We analyzed data on 13 patients with CD3δ deficiency who underwent HSCT in 7 centers. HSCT was performed by using different sources of donor stem cells as well as various conditioning regimens. RESULTS One patient received stem cells from a matched related donor and survived after a second transplant, needing substantial conditioning in order to engraft. Only 2 of 7 other patients who received a mismatched related donor transplant survived; 2 of them had no conditioning, whereas the others received various combinations of conditioning regimens. Engraftment of T cells in the survivors appears incomplete. Three other patients who received stem cells from a matched unrelated donor survived and enjoyed full immune reconstitution. Two patients received unrelated cord blood without conditioning. One of them has had a partial but stable engraftment, whereas the other engrafted well but is only 12 months after HSCT. We also report here for the first time that patients with CD3δ deficiency can present with typical features of Omenn syndrome. CONCLUSIONS HSCT is a successful treatment for patients with CD3δ deficiency. The small number of patients in this report prevents definitive statements on the importance of survival factors, but several are suggested: (1) HLA-matched donor transplants are associated with superior reconstitution and survival than are mismatched donor transplants; (2) substantial conditioning appears necessary; and (3) early diagnosis and absence of opportunistic infections may affect outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nufar Marcus
- Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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47
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A human promyelocytic-like population is responsible for the immune suppression mediated by myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Blood 2011; 118:2254-65. [PMID: 21734236 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-325753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that human BM cells can be treated in vitro with defined growth factors to induce the rapid generation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), hereafter defined as BM-MDSCs. Indeed, combination of G-CSF + GM-CSF led to the development of a heterogeneous mixture of immature myeloid cells ranging from myeloblasts to band cells that were able to suppress alloantigen- and mitogen-stimulated T lymphocytes. Here, we further investigate the mechanism of suppression and define the cell subset that is fully responsible for BM-MDSC-mediated immune suppression. This population, which displays the structure and markers of promyelocytes, is however distinct from physiologic promyelocytes that, instead, are devoid of immuosuppressive function. In addition, we demonstrate that promyelocyte-like cells proliferate in the presence of activated lymphocytes and that, when these cells exert suppressive activity, they do not differentiate but rather maintain their immature phenotype. Finally, we show that promyelocyte-like BM-MDSCs are equivalent to MDSCs present in the blood of patients with breast cancer and patients with colorectal cancer and that increased circulating levels of these immunosuppressive myeloid cells correlate with worse prognosis and radiographic progression.
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48
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Riveros C, Mellor D, Gandhi KS, McKay FC, Cox MB, Berretta R, Vaezpour SY, Inostroza-Ponta M, Broadley SA, Heard RN, Vucic S, Stewart GJ, Williams DW, Scott RJ, Lechner-Scott J, Booth DR, Moscato P. A transcription factor map as revealed by a genome-wide gene expression analysis of whole-blood mRNA transcriptome in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14176. [PMID: 21152067 PMCID: PMC2995726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several lines of evidence suggest that transcription factors are involved in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) but complete mapping of the whole network has been elusive. One of the reasons is that there are several clinical subtypes of MS and transcription factors that may be involved in one subtype may not be in others. We investigate the possibility that this network could be mapped using microarray technologies and contemporary bioinformatics methods on a dataset derived from whole blood in 99 untreated MS patients (36 Relapse Remitting MS, 43 Primary Progressive MS, and 20 Secondary Progressive MS) and 45 age-matched healthy controls. Methodology/Principal Findings We have used two different analytical methodologies: a non-standard differential expression analysis and a differential co-expression analysis, which have converged on a significant number of regulatory motifs that are statistically overrepresented in genes that are either differentially expressed (or differentially co-expressed) in cases and controls (e.g., V$KROX_Q6, p-value <3.31E-6; V$CREBP1_Q2, p-value <9.93E-6, V$YY1_02, p-value <1.65E-5). Conclusions/Significance Our analysis uncovered a network of transcription factors that potentially dysregulate several genes in MS or one or more of its disease subtypes. The most significant transcription factor motifs were for the Early Growth Response EGR/KROX family, ATF2, YY1 (Yin and Yang 1), E2F-1/DP-1 and E2F-4/DP-2 heterodimers, SOX5, and CREB and ATF families. These transcription factors are involved in early T-lymphocyte specification and commitment as well as in oligodendrocyte dedifferentiation and development, both pathways that have significant biological plausibility in MS causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Riveros
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Drew Mellor
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Kaushal S. Gandhi
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Fiona C. McKay
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Mathew B. Cox
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Regina Berretta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - S. Yahya Vaezpour
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Department of Computer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mario Inostroza-Ponta
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Informática, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simon A. Broadley
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Gold Coast Hospital, Southport, Australia
| | - Robert N. Heard
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Stephen Vucic
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Graeme J. Stewart
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | | | - Rodney J. Scott
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jeanette Lechner-Scott
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - David R. Booth
- Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery & Information-Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics, St Lucia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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49
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Brophy K, Ryan AW, Turner G, Trimble V, Patel KD, O'Morain C, Kennedy NP, Egan B, Close E, Lawlor G, MacMathuna P, Stevens FM, Abuzakouk M, Feighery C, Kelleher D, McManus R. Evaluation of 6 candidate genes on chromosome 11q23 for coeliac disease susceptibility: a case control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:76. [PMID: 20478055 PMCID: PMC2880976 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent whole genome analysis and follow-up studies have identified many new risk variants for coeliac disease (CD, gluten intolerance). The majority of newly associated regions encode candidate genes with a clear functional role in T-cell regulation. Furthermore, the newly discovered risk loci, together with the well established HLA locus, account for less than 50% of the heritability of CD, suggesting that numerous additional loci remain undiscovered. Linkage studies have identified some well-replicated risk regions, most notably chromosome 5q31 and 11q23. Methods We have evaluated six candidate genes in one of these regions (11q23), namely CD3E, CD3D, CD3G, IL10RA, THY1 and IL18, as risk factors for CD using a 2-phase candidate gene approach directed at chromosome 11q. 377 CD cases and 349 ethnically matched controls were used in the initial screening, followed by an extended sample of 171 additional coeliac cases and 536 additional controls. Results Promotor SNPs (-607, -137) in the IL18 gene, which has shown association with several autoimmune diseases, initially suggested association with CD (P < 0.05). Follow-up analyses of an extended sample supported the same, moderate effect (P < 0.05) for one of these. Haplotype analysis of IL18-137/-607 also supported this effect, primarily due to one relatively rare haplotype IL18-607C/-137C (P < 0.0001), which was independently associated in two case-control comparisons. This same haplotype has been noted in rheumatoid arthritis. Conclusion Haplotypes of the IL18 promotor region may contribute to CD risk, consistent with this cytokine's role in maintaining inflammation in active CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Brophy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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50
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Buckley RH. B-cell function in severe combined immunodeficiency after stem cell or gene therapy: a review. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:790-7. [PMID: 20371393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although bone marrow transplantation has resulted in life-saving T-cell reconstitution in infants with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), correction of B-cell function has been more problematic. This review examines B-cell reconstitution results presented in 19 reports from the United States and Europe on posttransplantation immune reconstitution in patients with SCID over the past 2 decades. The analysis considered whether pretransplantation conditioning regimens were used, the overall survival rate, the percentage with donor B-cell chimerism, the percentage with B-cell function, and the percentage of survivors requiring immunoglobulin replacement. The survival rates were higher at those centers that did not use pretransplantation conditioning or posttransplantation graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. The percentage of survivors with B-cell chimerism, function, or both was higher and the percentage requiring immunoglobulin replacement was lower at those centers that used pretransplantation conditioning. However, there were substantial numbers of patients requiring immunoglobulin replacement at all centers. Thus pretransplantation conditioning does not guarantee that B-cell function will develop. Because most infants with SCID either present with serious infections or are given diagnoses as newborns, one must decide whether there is justification for using agents that compromise innate immunity and have intrinsic toxicities to gain B-cell immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Buckley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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