1
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Ference BA, Braunwald E, Catapano AL. The LDL cumulative exposure hypothesis: evidence and practical applications. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:701-716. [PMID: 38969749 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The trapping of LDL and other apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins within the artery wall causes atherosclerosis. As more LDL becomes trapped within the artery wall over time, the atherosclerotic plaque burden gradually increases, raising the risk of an acute cardiovascular event. Therefore, the biological effect of LDL on the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) depends on both the magnitude and duration of exposure. Maintaining low levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) over time decreases the number of LDL particles trapped within the artery wall, slows the progression of atherosclerosis and, by delaying the age at which mature atherosclerotic plaques develop, substantially reduces the lifetime risk of ASCVD events. Summing LDL-C measurements over time to calculate cumulative exposure to LDL generates a unique biomarker that captures both the magnitude and duration of exposure, which facilitates the estimation of the absolute risk of having an acute cardiovascular event at any point in time. Titrating LDL-C lowering to keep cumulative exposure to LDL below the threshold at which acute cardiovascular events occur can effectively prevent ASCVD. In this Review, we provide the first comprehensive overview of how the LDL cumulative exposure hypothesis can guide the prevention of ASCVD. We also discuss the benefits of maintaining lower LDL-C levels over time and how this knowledge can be used to inform clinical practice guidelines as well as to design novel primary prevention trials and ASCVD prevention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Ference
- DeepCausalAI Institute for Clinical Translation, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Eugene Braunwald
- TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Multimedica IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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2
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Kumarapperuma H, Chia ZJ, Malapitan SM, Wight TN, Little PJ, Kamato D. Response to retention hypothesis as a source of targets for arterial wall-directed therapies to prevent atherosclerosis: A critical review. Atherosclerosis 2024; 397:118552. [PMID: 39180958 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.118552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The subendothelial retention of circulating lipoproteins on extracellular matrix proteins and proteoglycans is one of the earliest events in the development of atherosclerosis. Multiple factors, including the size, type, composition, surrounding pH, and chemical modifications to lipoproteins, influence the electrostatic interactions between relevant moieties of the apolipoproteins on lipoproteins and the glycosaminoglycans of proteoglycans. The length and chemical composition of glycosaminoglycan chains attached to proteoglycan core proteins determine the extent of initial lipoprotein binding and retention in the artery wall. The phenomena of hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan chains is associated with initial lipid retention and later atherosclerotic plaque formation. This review includes a summary of the current literature surrounding cellular mechanisms leading to GAG chain modification and lipid retention and discusses potential therapeutic strategies to target lipoprotein:proteoglycan interactions to prevent the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirushi Kumarapperuma
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia; Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Zheng-Jie Chia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia; Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Sanchia Marie Malapitan
- Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Pr., 510520, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia; Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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3
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Luciani L, Pedrelli M, Parini P. Modification of lipoprotein metabolism and function driving atherogenesis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394:117545. [PMID: 38688749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by raised blood glucose levels and impaired lipid metabolism resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In diabetes, the peculiar plasma lipoprotein phenotype, consisting in higher levels of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, elevated number of small, dense LDL, and increased non-HDL cholesterol, results from an increased synthesis and impaired clearance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. This condition accelerates the development of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), the most common cause of death in T2DM patients. Here, we review the alteration of structure, functions, and distribution of circulating lipoproteins and the pathophysiological mechanisms that induce these modifications in T2DM. The review analyzes the influence of diabetes-associated metabolic imbalances throughout the entire process of the atherosclerotic plaque formation, from lipoprotein synthesis to potential plaque destabilization. Addressing the different pathophysiological mechanisms, we suggest improved approaches for assessing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and clinical strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Luciani
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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La Chica Lhoëst MT, Martinez A, Claudi L, Garcia E, Benitez-Amaro A, Polishchuk A, Piñero J, Vilades D, Guerra JM, Sanz F, Rotllan N, Escolà-Gil JC, Llorente-Cortés V. Mechanisms modulating foam cell formation in the arterial intima: exploring new therapeutic opportunities in atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1381520. [PMID: 38952543 PMCID: PMC11215187 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1381520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the role of macrophages as the primary cell type contributing to foam cell formation and atheroma plaque development has been widely acknowledged. However, it has been long recognized that diffuse intimal thickening (DIM), which precedes the formation of early fatty streaks in humans, primarily consists of lipid-loaded smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and their secreted proteoglycans. Recent studies have further supported the notion that SMCs constitute the majority of foam cells in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Given that SMCs are a major component of the vascular wall, they serve as a significant source of microvesicles and exosomes, which have the potential to regulate the physiology of other vascular cells. Notably, more than half of the foam cells present in atherosclerotic lesions are of SMC origin. In this review, we describe several mechanisms underlying the formation of intimal foam-like cells in atherosclerotic plaques. Based on these mechanisms, we discuss novel therapeutic approaches that have been developed to regulate the generation of intimal foam-like cells. These innovative strategies hold promise for improving the management of atherosclerosis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. T. La Chica Lhoëst
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Martinez
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Claudi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. Garcia
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Benitez-Amaro
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Polishchuk
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Piñero
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - D. Vilades
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SANTPAU), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. M. Guerra
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SANTPAU), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - F. Sanz
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N. Rotllan
- Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERDEM, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J. C. Escolà-Gil
- Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERDEM, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - V. Llorente-Cortés
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Dudek Ł, Kochman W, Dziedzic E. Silicon in prevention of atherosclerosis and other age-related diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1370536. [PMID: 38495942 PMCID: PMC10940546 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1370536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers' interest in silicon as an element important for the functioning of the animal and human body began in the 1970s. Soluble compounds of silicon bioavailable from water and food seem to have important meaning for life processes occurring in the body. So far, researchers have focused on the significance of silicon for the development of bones and connective tissue, and its role in preventing neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis. Despite numerous studies, the role of silicon as an active element in the human body is poorly understood. Since the involvement of lipid oxidation and inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is well known, this article summarizes and discusses the current research and scientific observations regarding silicon, primarily in terms of its beneficial influence on redox and anti-inflammatory reactions and the lipid profile. The association of silicon with the stabilization of the structure of glycosaminoglycans and their protein complexes may also support the anti-atherosclerotic effect. The authors attempted to collect and present existing publications that could confirm the beneficial role of dietary silicon in the prevention of age-related diseases and explain the potential mechanisms of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Dudek
- Department of Cardiology, Bielanski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wacław Kochman
- Cardiovascular Clinic, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dziedzic
- Cardiovascular Clinic, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Shakarami A. Association Between Nutrients and Cardiovascular Diseases. Curr Cardiol Rev 2024; 20:CCR-EPUB-137030. [PMID: 38185894 PMCID: PMC11071670 DOI: 10.2174/011573403x263414231101095310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) constitute a leading cause of global mortality. Inflammation and oxidative stress are key molecular underpinnings of CVD pathogenesis. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of nutrients in cardiovascular health beyond their impact on cardiac events. The manuscript examines the influence of macronutrients such as fats and carbohydrates, as well as micronutrients including vitamins and folate, on CVD. Additionally, the interplay between dietary supplements and CVD risk reduction is investigated. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of the diverse mechanisms through which nutrients contribute to cardiovascular well-being, addressing both cardioprotective effects and their broader implications. Through an analysis of pertinent studies, we illuminate the complex relationship between nutrition, lifestyle, and cardiovascular health, underscoring the significance of a holistic approach to CVD prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shakarami
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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7
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Poliakova T, Wellington CL. Roles of peripheral lipoproteins and cholesteryl ester transfer protein in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:86. [PMID: 37974180 PMCID: PMC10652636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review focuses on the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and peripheral lipoproteins in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Humans have a peripheral lipoprotein profile where low-density lipoproteins (LDL) represent the dominant lipoprotein fraction and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) represent a minor lipoprotein fraction. Elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are well-established to cause cardiovascular disease and several LDL-C-lowering therapies are clinically available to manage this vascular risk factor. The efficacy of LDL-C-lowering therapies to reduce risk of all-cause dementia and AD is now important to address as recent studies demonstrate a role for LDL in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) as well as in all-cause dementia. The LDL:HDL ratio in humans is set mainly by CETP activity, which exchanges cholesteryl esters for triglycerides across lipoprotein fractions to raise LDL and lower HDL as CETP activity increases. Genetic and pharmacological studies support the hypothesis that CETP inhibition reduces cardiovascular risk by lowering LDL, which, by extension, may also lower VCID. Unlike humans, wild-type mice do not express catalytically active CETP and have HDL as their major lipoprotein fraction. As HDL has potent beneficial effects on endothelial cells, the naturally high HDL levels in mice protect them from vascular disorders, likely including VCID. Genetic restoration of CETP expression in mice to generate a more human-like lipid profile may increase the relevance of murine models for VCID studies. The therapeutic potential of existing and emerging LDL-lowering therapies for VCID will be discussed. Figure Legend. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. CETP is mainly produced by the liver, and exchanges cholesteryl esters for triglycerides across lipoprotein fractions to raise circulating LDL and lower HDL as CETP activity increases. Low CETP activity is associated with better cardiovascular health, due to decreased LDL and increased HDL, which may also improve brain health. Although most peripheral lipoproteins cannot enter the brain parenchyma due to the BBB, it is increasingly appreciated that direct access to the vascular endothelium may enable peripheral lipoproteins to have indirect effects on brain health. Thus, lipoproteins may affect the cerebrovasculature from both sides of the BBB. Recent studies show an association between elevated plasma LDL, a well-known cardiovascular risk factor, and a higher risk of AD, and considerable evidence suggests that high HDL levels are associated with reduced CAA and lower neuroinflammation. Considering the potential detrimental role of LDL in AD and the importance of HDL's beneficial effects on endothelial cells, high CETP activity may lead to compromised BBB integrity, increased CAA deposits and greater neuroinflammation. Abbreviations: CETP - cholesteryl transfer ester protein; LDL - low-density lipoproteins; HDL - high-density lipoproteins; BBB - blood-brain barrier; CAA - cerebral amyloid angiopathy, SMC - smooth muscle cells, PVM - perivascular macrophages, RBC - red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Poliakova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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8
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Galimberti F, Casula M, Olmastroni E. Apolipoprotein B compared with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases risk assessment. Pharmacol Res 2023; 195:106873. [PMID: 37517561 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The subendothelial retention of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins is a critical step in the initiation of pro-atherosclerotic processes. Recent genetic and clinical evidence strongly supports the concept that the lipid content of the particles is secondary to the number of circulating atherogenic particles that are trapped within the arterial lumen. Since each low-density lipoproteins (LDL) particle contains one apoB molecule, as do intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, apoB level represents the total number of atherogenic lipoproteins, which is independent of particle density, and not affected by the heterogeneity of particle cholesterol content (clinically evaluated by LDL-cholesterol level). From this perspective, apoB is proposed as a better proxy to LDL-cholesterol for assessing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, especially in specific subgroups of patients, including subjects with diabetes mellitus, with multiple cardiometabolic risk factors (obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and hypertension) and with high triglyceride levels and very low LDL-cholesterol levels. Therefore, given the causal role of LDL-cholesterol in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) development, routine measurement of both LDL-cholesterol and apoB is of utmost importance to properly estimate global cardiovascular risk and to determine the 'residual' risk of ASCVD in patients receiving therapy, as well as to monitor therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Casula
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, MI, Italy; Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Elena Olmastroni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Service (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Wang B, Liang B, Huang Y, Li Z, Zhang B, Du J, Ye R, Xian H, Deng Y, Xiu J, Yang X, Ichihara S, Ichihara G, Zhong Y, Huang Z. Long-Chain Acyl Carnitines Aggravate Polystyrene Nanoplastics-Induced Atherosclerosis by Upregulating MARCO. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205876. [PMID: 37144527 PMCID: PMC10323628 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) is common because of their omnipresence in environment. Recent studies have revealed that MNPs may cause atherosclerosis, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. To address this bottleneck, ApoE-/- mice are exposed to 2.5-250 mg kg-1 polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs, 50 nm) by oral gavage with a high-fat diet for 19 weeks. It is found that PS-NPs in blood and aorta of mouse exacerbate the artery stiffness and promote atherosclerotic plaque formation. PS-NPs activate phagocytosis of M1-macrophage in the aorta, manifesting as upregulation of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO). Moreover, PS-NPs disrupt lipid metabolism and increase long-chain acyl carnitines (LCACs). LCAC accumulation is attributed to the PS-NP-inhibited hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2. PS-NPs, as well as LCACs alone, aggravate lipid accumulation via upregulating MARCO in the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-activated foam cells. Finally, synergistic effects of PS-NPs and LCACs on increasing total cholesterol in foam cells are found. Overall, this study indicates that LCACs aggravate PS-NP-induced atherosclerosis by upregulating MARCO. This study offers new insight into the mechanisms underlying MNP-induced cardiovascular toxicity, and highlights the combined effects of MNPs with endogenous metabolites on the cardiovascular system, which warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Boxuan Liang
- Affiliated Dongguan People's HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityDongguan523059China
| | - Yuji Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Zhiming Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Bingli Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Jiaxin Du
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Rongyi Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Hongyi Xian
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Yanhong Deng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Jiancheng Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure ResearchDepartment of CardiologyNanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Xingfen Yang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Sahoko Ichihara
- Department of Environmental and Preventive MedicineSchool of MedicineJichi Medical UniversityTochigi329‐0498Japan
| | - Gaku Ichihara
- Department of Occupational and Environmental HealthFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesTokyo University of ScienceNoda278‐8510Japan
| | - Yizhou Zhong
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
| | - Zhenlie Huang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of CosmeticsGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhou510515China
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10
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Fu X, Fu P, Yang T, Niu T. Homeobox A9 is a novel mediator of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching and proliferation by regulating methyl-CpG binding protein 2. Cell Signal 2023; 108:110695. [PMID: 37127144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant proliferation and phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are considered to be the main pathological processes of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) affects cell differentiation via modulating VSMC-specific gene expression and acts as a driver for the development of atherosclerosis (AS). Here, we aimed to elucidate (Rafieian-Kopaei et al., 2014 [1]) the role of homeobox A9 (HOXA9) on aberrant VSMCs upon injury or AS, and (Rana et al., 2021 [2]) whether HOXA9-mediated VSMC injury was associated with MECP2. Adeno-associated virus serotype 8-mediated knockdown of HOXA9 rescued aortic pathological injury of apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), characterized by the reduction of lipid accumulation and foam cell formation. Further in vitro evidence suggested that proliferation and migration of primary mouse VSMCs (mVSMCs) stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) were inhibited after HOXA9 silencing. In addition, HOXA9 silencing blocked VSMC phenotypic switching from contractile to a pathological synthetic state. HOXA9 overexpression caused opposite alterations in ox-LDL-stimulated mVSMCs. Mechanistically, MECP2 was transcriptionally activated by HOXA9. Forced expression of MECP2 impaired the anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and phenotypic switching abilities of HOXA9 silencing in VSMCs upon ox-LDL stimulation. Collectively, our findings reveal that the role of HOXA9 in pathological vascular remodeling may attribute to transcriptional regulation of MECP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Tiangui Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Tiesheng Niu
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China.
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11
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Waugh CM, Mousavizadeh R, Lee J, Screen HRC, Scott A. Mild hypercholesterolemia impacts achilles sub-tendon mechanical properties in young rats. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:282. [PMID: 37046262 PMCID: PMC10091839 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is associated with tendon pathology, but the reasons underpinning this relationship are not well understood. Cholesterol can accumulate in the tendon non-collagenous matrix which may affect both global and local tissue mechanics. Changes to the local strain environment within tendon may have significant implications for mechanosensitive tenocytes. Here, we investigated the association between elevated blood cholesterol and presence of tendon lipids in the Achilles tendon. We expected lipids to be localised in the proteoglycan-rich inter-sub-tendon matrix (ISTM), therefore we also sought to examine the impact of this on the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the ISTM. METHODS The Achilles tendons of 32 young wild-type (SD) and 32 apolipoprotein E knock-out rats (ApoE-/-) were harvested at 15.6 ± 2.3 weeks of age. 32 specimens underwent histological examination to assess the distribution of lipids throughout sub-tendons and ISTM. The remaining specimens were prepared for biomechanical testing, where the ISTM between the gastrocnemius and soleus sub-tendons was subjected to shear load mechanical testing. A sub-set of tests were video recorded to enable a strain analysis. RESULTS ApoE-/- serum cholesterol was double that of SD rats (mean 2.25 vs. 1.10 mg/ml, p < 0.001) indicating a relatively mild hypercholesterolemia phenotype. Nonetheless, we found histological evidence of esterified lipids in the ISTM and unesterified lipids in the sub-tendons, although the location or intensity of staining was not appreciably different between rat strains. Despite a lack of observable histological differences in lipid content between groups, there were significant differences in the mechanical and viscoelastic behaviour of the Achilles sub-tendon matrix. CONCLUSION Even slightly elevated cholesterol may result in subtle changes to tendon biomechanical properties and hence injury risk. The young age of our cohort and the mild phenotype of our ApoE-/- rats are likely to have limited our findings and so we also conclude that the ApoE-/- rat model is not well suited for investigating the biomechanical impact of tendon xanthomas on Achilles sub-tendon function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie M Waugh
- Dept. Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada.
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, U.K..
| | - Rouhollah Mousavizadeh
- Dept. Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Jenny Lee
- Dept. Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Hazel R C Screen
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, London, U.K
| | - Alexander Scott
- Dept. Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
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12
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Guo H, Li Y, Qiu L, Li J, Guo X, Zhang Y, Wang J. Gua Lou Er Chen decoction attenuates atherosclerosis by reducing proteoglycans accumulation and inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 115:154811. [PMID: 37094421 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteoglycans (PGs) accumulation and inflammation are two interactional pathological processes of atherosclerosis (AS). Up to now, there is no ideal drug for decreasing these pathological changes. Gua Lou Er Chen decoction (GED) has been used to treat AS for several years. However, if GED could treat AS through reducing PGs accumulation and inflammation remains unknown. PURPOSE This study was designed to illustrate whether GED could attenuate AS by reducing chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) expressions and alleviating inflammation. METHODS In vivo study, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce AS. In vitro study, oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were used to induce proteoglycans accumulation and inflammation changes of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and RAW264.7 macrophages. Oil Red O was used to stain mouse aortic lipid plaque. Haematoxylin eosin staining was used to assess the pathological changes of aortic valve and thoracic aorta. Specialised kits were used to identify blood lipids and sGAGs. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry was used to identify aortic valve CSPG and versican. Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to measure versican, interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-α, and chondroitin sulphate (CS) synthetase expressions. CCK-8 was used to measure the cells proliferation. RESULTS In vivo experiments revealed that GED significantly improved hyperlipidemia, lowered lipid plaque deposition in the aorta, and increased plaque stability of AS mice. In addition, further studies revealed that GED lowered the sGAGs, CSPG, and versican levels and down-regulated CS synthetase and inflammatory factor expressions. In vitro experiments revealed that GED decreased TNF-α expression in the RAW264.7 macrophage supernatant stimulated by ox-LDL; decreased versican, CS-related synthetase, and IL-6 expressions; reduced VSMC proliferation stimulated by ox-LDL; down-regulated sGAG and versican expressions of VSMCs stimulated by TNF-α. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that GED could attenuate AS by reducing hyperlipidemia, hyper-expression of CSPG, and inflammation. This study might provide a novel insight into the development of innovative drug for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Guo
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunxing Li
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingyan Qiu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianyin Li
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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13
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Tian Y, Wu W, Qin L, Yu X, Cai L, Wang H, Zhang Z. Prognostic value of remnant cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:951523. [PMID: 36741830 PMCID: PMC9892060 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.951523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between abnormal lipid levels and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases is well established, but the association between remnant cholesterol (RC) and coronary heart disease (CHD) remains uncertain. The aim of this meta-analysis is to systematically evaluate the prognostic value of RC concentration in patients with CHD. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were reviewed to identify relevant observational cohort studies published in English up to December 2021. Random-effects meta-analysis compared the highest and lowest RC concentration. The primary outcome was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and all-cause mortality in patients with CHD. Results A total of 10 studies recruiting 30,605 patients with CHD were selected to be included in this meta-analysis. Patients with CHD with elevated RC concentration had an increased risk of the composite endpoint events (RR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.26-1.87) and MACEs (RR = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.54-1.88), but the risk of all-cause mortality was not statistically significant (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.79-1.69, P = 0.44). Subgroup analysis showed consistent results. Conclusion Our results suggest that elevated concentration RC may independently predict MACEs in patients with CHD. Determination of RC concentration may improve risk stratification of prognosis in patients with CHD. However, more high-quality studies are necessary to confirm this association.
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14
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Norda S, Papadantonaki R. Regulation of cells of the arterial wall by hypoxia and its role in the development of atherosclerosis. VASA 2023; 52:6-21. [PMID: 36484144 DOI: 10.1024/0301-1526/a001044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cell's response to hypoxia depends on stabilization of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 complex and transactivation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). HIF target gene transcription in cells resident to atherosclerotic lesions adjoins a complex interplay of cytokines and mediators of inflammation affecting cholesterol uptake, migration, and inflammation. Maladaptive activation of the HIF-pathway and transactivation of nuclear factor kappa-B causes monocytes to invade early atherosclerotic lesions, maintaining inflammation and aggravating a low-oxygen environment. Meanwhile HIF-dependent upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 causes attenuation of cholesterol efflux and ultimately macrophages becoming foam cells. Hypoxia facilitates neovascularization by upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secreted by endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells lining the arterial wall destabilizing the plaque. HIF-knockout animal models and inhibitor studies were able to show beneficial effects on atherogenesis by counteracting the HIF-pathway in the cell wall. In this review the authors elaborate on the up-to-date literature on regulation of cells of the arterial wall through activation of HIF-1α and its effect on atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Norda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Rosa Papadantonaki
- Emergency Department, West Middlesex University Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Su C, Lu Y, Wang Z, Guo J, Hou Y, Wang X, Qin Z, Gao J, Sun Z, Dai Y, Liu Y, Liu G, Xian X, Cui X, Zhang J, Tang J. Atherosclerosis: The Involvement of Immunity, Cytokines and Cells in Pathogenesis, and Potential Novel Therapeutics. Aging Dis 2022:AD.2022.1208. [PMID: 37163428 PMCID: PMC10389830 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a leading contributor to coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke, atherosclerosis has become one of the major cardiovascular diseases (CVD) negatively impacting patients worldwide. The endothelial injury is considered to be the initial step of the development of atherosclerosis, resulting in immune cell migration and activation as well as inflammatory factor secretion, which further leads to acute and chronic inflammation. In addition, the inflammation and lipid accumulation at the lesions stimulate specific responses from different types of cells, contributing to the pathological progression of atherosclerosis. As a result, recent studies have focused on using molecular biological approaches such as gene editing and nanotechnology to mediate cellular response during atherosclerotic development for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we systematically discuss inflammatory pathogenesis during the development of atherosclerosis from a cellular level with a focus on the blood cells, including all types of immune cells, together with crucial cells within the blood vessel, such as smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In addition, the latest progression of molecular-cellular based therapy for atherosclerosis is also discussed. We hope this review article could be beneficial for the clinical management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yachen Hou
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiamin Gao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhaowei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yichen Dai
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junnan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury and Repair of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Province Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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16
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He Y, Chen J, Ma Y, Chen H. Apolipoproteins: New players in cancers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1051280. [PMID: 36506554 PMCID: PMC9732396 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1051280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoproteins (APOs), the primary protein moiety of lipoproteins, are known for their crucial role in lipid traffic and metabolism. Despite extensive exploration of APOs in cardiovascular diseases, their roles in cancers did not attract enough attention. Recently, research focusing on the roles of APOs in cancers has flourished. Multiple studies demonstrate the interaction of APOs with classical pathways of tumorigenesis. Besides, the dysregulation of APOs may indicate cancer occurrence and progression, thus serving as potential biomarkers for cancer patients. Herein, we summarize the mechanisms of APOs involved in the development of various cancers, their applications as cancer biomarkers and their genetic polymorphism associated with cancer risk. Additionally, we also discuss the potential anti-cancer therapies by virtue of APOs. The comprehensive review of APOs in cancers may advance the understanding of the roles of APOs in cancers and their potential mechanisms. We hope that it will provide novel clues and new therapeutic strategies for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcheng He
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Medical Department, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianrui Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Medical Department, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanbing Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Medical Department, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,*Correspondence: Hongping Chen,
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17
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Wang Q, Chi L. The Alterations and Roles of Glycosaminoglycans in Human Diseases. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225014. [PMID: 36433141 PMCID: PMC9694910 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a heterogeneous family of linear polysaccharides which are composed of a repeating disaccharide unit. They are also linked to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs/PGs are major components of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM), and they display critical roles in development, normal function, and damage response in the body. Some properties (such as expression quantity, molecular weight, and sulfation pattern) of GAGs may be altered under pathological conditions. Due to the close connection between these properties and the function of GAGs/PGs, the alterations are often associated with enormous changes in the physiological/pathological status of cells and organs. Therefore, these GAGs/PGs may serve as marker molecules of disease. This review aimed to investigate the structural alterations and roles of GAGs/PGs in a range of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, and virus infection. It is hoped to provide a reference for disease diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis, and drug development.
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18
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Muthuramu I, Mishra M, De Geest B. Increased Remnant Lipoproteins in Apo E Deficient Mice Induce Coronary Atherosclerosis following Transverse Aortic Constriction and Aggravate the Development of Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071592. [PMID: 35884897 PMCID: PMC9312863 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine coronary arteries are very resistant to the development of atherosclerosis, which may be related to their intramyocardial course. Blood pressure promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation by acting as a physical force that potentiates the migration of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins across the endothelium. C57BL/6N apolipoprotein (apo) E deficient mice have increased remnant lipoproteins that are a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. In this study, our aim was to quantify coronary atherosclerosis and artery remodeling following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in C57BL/6N apo E−/− mice and to evaluate the impact of increased remnant lipoproteins on the development of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the left coronary artery of C57BL/6N apo E−/− TAC mice but not in C57BL/6N TAC mice. Pressure overload resulted in markedly increased cardiac hypertrophy and more pronounced heart failure in C57BL/6N apo E−/− TAC mice in comparison to C57BL/6N TAC mice. Pathological hypertrophy, as evidenced by increased myocardial fibrosis and capillary rarefaction, was more prominent in C57BL/6N TAC apo E−/− than in C57BL/6N TAC mice and led to more marked cardiac dysfunction. In conclusion, TAC in apo E deficient mice induces coronary atherosclerosis and aggravates the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayaraja Muthuramu
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mudit Mishra
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart De Geest
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-372059; Fax: +32-16-345990
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19
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Chen R, Lin S, Chen X. The promising novel therapies for familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24552. [PMID: 35712827 PMCID: PMC9279988 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is high. In recent years, novel therapeutic modalities have shown significant lipid‐lowering ability. In this paper, we summarize the recent developments in novel therapies for FH via the treatment of different targets and discuss the characteristics of each targeted therapy. Based on the process of protein synthesis, we attempt to summarize the direct‐effect targets including protein, RNA, and DNA. Methods For this systematic review, relevant studies are assessed by searching in several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The publications of original researches are considered for screening. Results Most drugs are protein‐targeted such as molecule‐based and monoclonal antibodies, including statins, ezetimibe, alirocumab, evolocumab, and evinacumab. Both antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) approaches, such as mipomersen, vupanorsen, inclisiran, and ARO‐ANG3, are designed to reduce the number of mRNA transcripts and then degrade proteins. DNA‐targeted therapies such as adeno‐associated virus or CRISPR–Cas9 modification could be used to deliver or edit genes to address a genetic deficiency and improve the related phenotype. Conclusion While the therapies based on different targets including protein, RNA, and DNA are on different stages of development, the mechanisms of these novel therapies may provide new ideas for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Chen
- School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaoyi Lin
- The Affiliated Ningbo First Hospital, School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- The Affiliated Ningbo First Hospital, School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Ningbo First Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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20
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Jia X, Qi Y, Zheng R, Lin L, Hu C, Zhu Y, Cao Q, Wu X, Qi H, Wei R, Zhang Y, Xu M, Xu Y, Wang T, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Li M, Wang W, Bi Y, Lu J. Discordance of Apolipoprotein B, Non-HDL-Cholesterol, and LDL-Cholesterol Predicts Risk of Increased Arterial Stiffness and Elevated Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Adults. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:906396. [PMID: 35665267 PMCID: PMC9157542 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.906396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein B (apoB) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) have been shown to predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) even in the case of low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We aimed to investigate whether the discordance between LDL-C and apoB or non-HDL-C was associated with arterial stiffness and elevated carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in middle-aged and elderly adults. Methods A total of 5,279 Chinese adults free of CVD at baseline were included and followed with a mean follow-up of 4.3 years. Arterial stiffness was measured by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and pulse pressure (PP). The associations of apoB, non-HDL-C, and LDL-C with arterial stiffness or elevated CIMT were examined with logistic regression models using either continuous scales by restricted cubic splines or categories of concordant and discordant values defined by medians. Results High apoB but not LDL-C was associated with elevated baPWV or PP. High apoB, non-HDL-C, and LDL-C were all associated with elevated CIMT (p < 0.05). Individuals with low levels of LDL-C and discordantly high apoB or non-HDL-C compared to those with concordantly low apoB or non-HDL-C demonstrated higher risks of elevated baPWV [ORs (95% CI) of 1.40 (1.03–1.91) and 1.56 (1.12–2.18), respectively] and elevated PP [ORs (95% CI) of 1.61 (1.19–2.18) and 1.55 (1.12–2.15), respectively]. While, discordant high LDL-C with low apoB was associated with an increased risk of elevated CIMT (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.13–2.69). Conclusion Discordance analysis revealed that elevated apoB or non-HDL-C was a better predictor of risk of arterial stiffness, whereas LDL-C for elevated CIMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Jia
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Qi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyue Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyu Cao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mian Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Bi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieli Lu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor-State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Glise L, Rutberg M, Håversen L, Levin MC, Levin M, Jeppsson A, Borén J, Fogelstrand P. pH-Dependent Protonation of Histidine Residues Is Critical for Electrostatic LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Binding to Human Coronary Arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:1037-1047. [PMID: 35652335 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The initiating step in atherogenesis is the electrostatic binding of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) to proteoglycan glycosaminoglycans in the arterial intima. However, although proteoglycans are widespread throughout the intima of most coronary artery segments, LDL is not evenly distributed, indicating that LDL retention is not merely dependent on the presence of proteoglycans. We aim to identify factors that promote the interaction between LDL and the vessel wall of human coronary arteries. METHODS We developed an ex vivo model to investigate binding of human-labeled LDL to human coronary artery sections without the interference of cellular processes. RESULTS By staining consecutive sections of human coronary arteries, we found strong staining of sulfated glycosaminoglycans throughout the arterial intima, whereas endogenous LDL deposits were focally distributed. Ex vivo binding of LDL was uniform in all intimal areas with sulfated glycosaminoglycans. However, lowering the pH from 7.4 to 6.5 triggered a 35-fold increase in LDL binding. The pH-dependent binding was abolished by pretreating LDL with diethyl-pyrocarbonate, which blocks the protonation of histidine residues, or cyclohexanedione, which inhibits the positive charge of site B on LDL. Thus, both histidine protonation and site B are required for strong electrostatic LDL binding to the intima. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies histidine protonation as an important component for electrostatic LDL binding to human coronary arteries. Our findings show that the local pH will have a profound impact on LDL's affinity for sulfated glycosaminoglycans, which may influence the retention and accumulation pattern of LDL in the arterial vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Glise
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.G., M.R., L.H., M.C.L., M.L., A.J., J.B., P.F.)
| | - Mikael Rutberg
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.G., M.R., L.H., M.C.L., M.L., A.J., J.B., P.F.)
| | - Liliana Håversen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.G., M.R., L.H., M.C.L., M.L., A.J., J.B., P.F.)
| | - Malin C Levin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.G., M.R., L.H., M.C.L., M.L., A.J., J.B., P.F.)
| | - Max Levin
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.G., M.R., L.H., M.C.L., M.L., A.J., J.B., P.F.)
| | - Anders Jeppsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.G., M.R., L.H., M.C.L., M.L., A.J., J.B., P.F.).,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (A.J.)
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.G., M.R., L.H., M.C.L., M.L., A.J., J.B., P.F.).,Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Wallenberg Laboratory, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.B.)
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (L.G., M.R., L.H., M.C.L., M.L., A.J., J.B., P.F.)
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22
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Borén J, Taskinen MR, Björnson E, Packard CJ. Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in health and dyslipidaemia. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:577-592. [PMID: 35318466 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to the causal role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their cholesterol-enriched remnants in atherogenesis. Genetic studies in particular have not only revealed a relationship between plasma triglyceride levels and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but have also identified key proteins responsible for the regulation of triglyceride transport. Kinetic studies in humans using stable isotope tracers have been especially useful in delineating the function of these proteins and revealing the hitherto unappreciated complexity of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Given that triglyceride is an essential energy source for mammals, triglyceride transport is regulated by numerous mechanisms that balance availability with the energy demands of the body. Ongoing investigations are focused on determining the consequences of dysregulation as a result of either dietary imprudence or genetic variation that increases the risk of atherosclerosis and pancreatitis. The identification of molecular control mechanisms involved in triglyceride metabolism has laid the groundwork for a 'precision-medicine' approach to therapy. Novel pharmacological agents under development have specific molecular targets within a regulatory framework, and their deployment heralds a new era in lipid-lowering-mediated prevention of disease. In this Review, we outline what is known about the dysregulation of triglyceride transport in human hypertriglyceridaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elias Björnson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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23
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Pig and Mouse Models of Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:379-411. [PMID: 35237978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. Resident cells of the artery wall and cells of the immune system participate in atherogenesis. This process is influenced by plasma lipoproteins, genetics, and the hemodynamics of the blood flow in the artery. A variety of animal models have been used to study the pathophysiology and mechanisms that contribute to atherosclerotic lesion formation. No model is ideal as each has its own advantages and limitations with respect to manipulation of the atherogenic process and modeling human atherosclerosis and lipoprotein profile. In this chapter we will discuss pig and mouse models of experimental atherosclerosis. The similarity of pig lipoprotein metabolism and the pathophysiology of the lesions in these animals with that of humans is a major advantage. While a few genetically engineered pig models have been generated, the ease of genetic manipulation in mice and the relatively short time frame for the development of atherosclerosis has made them the most extensively used model. Newer approaches to induce hypercholesterolemia in mice have been developed that do not require germline modifications. These approaches will facilitate studies on atherogenic mechanisms.
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24
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Abstract
Apolipoproteins are important structural components of plasma lipoproteins that influence vascular biology and atherosclerotic disease pathophysiology by regulating lipoprotein metabolism. Clinically important apolipoproteins related to lipid metabolism and atherogenesis include apolipoprotein B-100, apolipoprotein B-48, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein C-II, apolipoprotein C-III, apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein(a). Apolipoprotein B-100 is the major structural component of VLDL, IDL, LDL and lipoprotein(a). Apolipoprotein B-48 is a truncated isoform of apolipoprotein B-100 that forms the backbone of chylomicrons. Apolipoprotein A-I provides the scaffolding for lipidation of HDL and has an important role in reverse cholesterol transport. Apolipoproteins C-II, apolipoprotein C-III and apolipoprotein E are involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism. Apolipoprotein(a) covalently binds to apolipoprotein B-100 to form lipoprotein(a). In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which these apolipoproteins regulate lipoprotein metabolism and thereby influence vascular biology and atherosclerotic disease. Advances in the understanding of apolipoprotein biology and their translation into therapeutic agents to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease are also highlighted.
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25
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Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease: Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100690. [PMID: 34677405 PMCID: PMC8540246 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) B, the critical structural protein of the atherogenic lipoproteins, has two major isoforms: apoB48 and apoB100. ApoB48 is found in chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants with one apoB48 molecule per chylomicron particle. Similarly, a single apoB100 molecule is contained per particle of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein, LDL and lipoprotein(a). This unique one apoB per particle ratio makes plasma apoB concentration a direct measure of the number of circulating atherogenic lipoproteins. ApoB levels indicate the atherogenic particle concentration independent of the particle cholesterol content, which is variable. While LDL, the major cholesterol-carrying serum lipoprotein, is the primary therapeutic target for management and prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, there is strong evidence that apoB is a more accurate indicator of cardiovascular risk than either total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol. This review examines multiple aspects of apoB structure and function, with a focus on the controversy over use of apoB as a therapeutic target in clinical practice. Ongoing coronary artery disease residual risk, despite lipid-lowering treatment, has left patients and clinicians with unsatisfactory options for monitoring cardiovascular health. At the present time, the substitution of apoB for LDL-C in cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines has been deemed unjustified, but discussions continue.
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26
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Zhang B, Chi L. Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate-Protein Interactions and Their Biological Functions in Human Diseases: Implications and Analytical Tools. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:693563. [PMID: 34422817 PMCID: PMC8377502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.693563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) are linear anionic polysaccharides that are widely present on the cell surface and in the cell matrix and connective tissue. CS and DS chains are usually attached to core proteins and are present in the form of proteoglycans (PGs). They not only are important structural substances but also bind to a variety of cytokines, growth factors, cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes and fibrillary glycoproteins to execute series of important biological functions. CS and DS exhibit variable sulfation patterns and different sequence arrangements, and their molecular weights also vary within a large range, increasing the structural complexity and diversity of CS/DS. The structure-function relationship of CS/DS PGs directly and indirectly involves them in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that CS/DS serves as an important cofactor for many cell behaviors. Understanding the molecular basis of these interactions helps to elucidate the occurrence and development of various diseases and the development of new therapeutic approaches. The present article reviews the physiological and pathological processes in which CS and DS participate through their interactions with different proteins. Moreover, classic and emerging glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interaction analysis tools and their applications in CS/DS-protein characterization are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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27
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Characterization of the Striatal Extracellular Matrix in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071095. [PMID: 34356328 PMCID: PMC8301085 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease’s etiology is unknown, although evidence suggests the involvement of oxidative modifications of intracellular components in disease pathobiology. Despite the known involvement of the extracellular matrix in physiology and disease, the influence of oxidative stress on the matrix has been neglected. The chemical modifications that might accumulate in matrix components due to their long half-live and the low amount of extracellular antioxidants could also contribute to the disease and explain ineffective cellular therapies. The enriched striatal extracellular matrix from a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease was characterized by Raman spectroscopy. We found a matrix fingerprint of increased oxalate content and oxidative modifications. To uncover the effects of these changes on brain cells, we morphologically characterized the primary microglia used to repopulate this matrix and further quantified the effects on cellular mechanical stress by an intracellular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-mechanosensor using the U-2 OS cell line. Our data suggest changes in microglia survival and morphology, and a decrease in cytoskeletal tension in response to the modified matrix from both hemispheres of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned animals. Collectively, these data suggest that the extracellular matrix is modified, and underscore the need for its thorough investigation, which may reveal new ways to improve therapies or may even reveal new therapies.
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28
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Chandra NC. A comprehensive account of insulin and LDL receptor activity over the years: A highlight on their signaling and functional role. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22840. [PMID: 34227185 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) was discovered in 1970. Shortcomings in IR transcribed signals were found pro-diabetic, which could also inter-relate obesity and atherosclerosis in a time-dependent manner. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was discovered in 1974. Later studies showed that insulin could modulate LDLR expression and activity. Repression of LDLR transcription in the absence or inactivity of insulin showed a direct cause of atherosclerosis. Leptin receptor (OB-R) was found in 1995 and its resistance became responsible for developing obesity. The three interlinked pathologies namely, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and obesity were later on marked as metabolic syndrome-X (MSX). In 2012, the IR-LDLR inter-association was identified. In 2019, the proficiency of signal transmission from this IR-LDLR receptor complex was reported. LDLR was found to mimic IR-generated signaling path when it remains bound to IR in IR-DLR interlocked state. This was the first time LDLR was found sending messages besides its LDL-clearing activity from blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimai C Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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29
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Lepedda AJ, Nieddu G, Formato M, Baker MB, Fernández-Pérez J, Moroni L. Glycosaminoglycans: From Vascular Physiology to Tissue Engineering Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:680836. [PMID: 34084767 PMCID: PMC8167061 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.680836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent the number one cause of death globally, with atherosclerosis a major contributor. Despite the clinical need for functional arterial substitutes, success has been limited to arterial replacements of large-caliber vessels (diameter > 6 mm), leaving the bulk of demand unmet. In this respect, one of the most challenging goals in tissue engineering is to design a "bioactive" resorbable scaffold, analogous to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), able to guide the process of vascular tissue regeneration. Besides adequate mechanical properties to sustain the hemodynamic flow forces, scaffold's properties should include biocompatibility, controlled biodegradability with non-toxic products, low inflammatory/thrombotic potential, porosity, and a specific combination of molecular signals allowing vascular cells to attach, proliferate and synthesize their own ECM. Different fabrication methods, such as phase separation, self-assembly and electrospinning are currently used to obtain nanofibrous scaffolds with a well-organized architecture and mechanical properties suitable for vascular tissue regeneration. However, several studies have shown that naked scaffolds, although fabricated with biocompatible polymers, represent a poor substrate to be populated by vascular cells. In this respect, surface functionalization with bioactive natural molecules, such as collagen, elastin, fibrinogen, silk fibroin, alginate, chitosan, dextran, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and growth factors has proven to be effective. GAGs are complex anionic unbranched heteropolysaccharides that represent major structural and functional ECM components of connective tissues. GAGs are very heterogeneous in terms of type of repeating disaccharide unit, relative molecular mass, charge density, degree and pattern of sulfation, degree of epimerization and physicochemical properties. These molecules participate in a number of vascular events such as the regulation of vascular permeability, lipid metabolism, hemostasis, and thrombosis, but also interact with vascular cells, growth factors, and cytokines to modulate cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. The primary goal of this review is to perform a critical analysis of the last twenty-years of literature in which GAGs have been used as molecular cues, able to guide the processes leading to correct endothelialization and neo-artery formation, as well as to provide readers with an overall picture of their potential as functional molecules for small-diameter vascular regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele Nieddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marilena Formato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Matthew Brandon Baker
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Julia Fernández-Pérez
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht, Netherlands
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30
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Borén J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, Packard CJ, Bentzon JF, Binder CJ, Daemen MJ, Demer LL, Hegele RA, Nicholls SJ, Nordestgaard BG, Watts GF, Bruckert E, Fazio S, Ference BA, Graham I, Horton JD, Landmesser U, Laufs U, Masana L, Pasterkamp G, Raal FJ, Ray KK, Schunkert H, Taskinen MR, van de Sluis B, Wiklund O, Tokgozoglu L, Catapano AL, Ginsberg HN. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:2313-2330. [PMID: 32052833 PMCID: PMC7308544 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 246.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M John Chapman
- Endocrinology-Metabolism Division, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.,National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Atherosclerosis Research, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute and UCSF, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacob F Bentzon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Heart Diseases, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mat J Daemen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda L Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen J Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Lipid Disorders Clinic, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Eric Bruckert
- INSERM UMRS1166, Department of Endocrinology-Metabolism, ICAN - Institute of CardioMetabolism and Nutrition, AP-HP, Hopital de la Pitie, Paris, France
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Departments of Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center of Preventive Cardiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian A Ference
- Centre for Naturally Randomized Trials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jay D Horton
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luis Masana
- Research Unit of Lipids and Atherosclerosis, IISPV, CIBERDEM, University Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Llorenç 21, Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederick J Raal
- Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kausik K Ray
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr, Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olov Wiklund
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lale Tokgozoglu
- Department of Cardiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, and IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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31
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Dunér P, Mattisson IY, Fogelstrand P, Glise L, Ruiz S, Farina C, Borén J, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E. Antibodies against apoB100 peptide 210 inhibit atherosclerosis in apoE -/- mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9022. [PMID: 33907226 PMCID: PMC8079692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by an accumulation and subsequent oxidation of LDL, resulting in adaptive immune responses against formed or exposed neoepitopes of the LDL particle. Autoantibodies against native p210, the 3136–3155 amino acid sequence of the LDL protein apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB100) are common in humans and have been associated with less severe atherosclerosis and decreased risk for cardiovascular events in clinical studies. However, whether apoB100 native p210 autoantibodies play a functional role in atherosclerosis is not known. In the present study we immunized apoE-/- mice with p210-PADRE peptide to induce an antibody response against native p210. We also injected mice with murine monoclonal IgG against native p210. Control groups were immunized with PADRE peptide alone or with control murine monoclonal IgG. Immunization with p210-PADRE induced an IgG1 antibody response against p210 that was associated with reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta and reduced MDA-LDL content in the lesions. Treatment with monoclonal p210 IgG produced a similar reduction in atherosclerosis as immunization with p210-PADRE. Our findings support an atheroprotective role of antibodies against the apoB100 native p210 and suggest that vaccines that induce the expression of native p210 IgG represent a potential therapeutic strategy for lowering cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Dunér
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms street 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Ingrid Yao Mattisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms street 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.,Redoxis AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Fogelstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lars Glise
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms street 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Research Centre, Lund University, Jan Waldenströms street 35, 20502, Malmö, Sweden
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32
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Macrophages bind LDL using heparan sulfate and the perlecan protein core. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100520. [PMID: 33684447 PMCID: PMC8027565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The retention of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a key process in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and largely mediated via smooth-muscle cell-derived extracellular proteoglycans including the glycosaminoglycan chains. Macrophages can also internalize lipids via complexes with proteoglycans. However, the role of polarized macrophage-derived proteoglycans in binding LDL is unknown and important to advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We therefore examined the identity of proteoglycans, including the pendent glycosaminoglycans, produced by polarized macrophages to gain insight into the molecular basis for LDL binding. Using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring technique, we established that classically activated macrophage (M1)- and alternatively activated macrophage (M2)-derived proteoglycans bind LDL via both the protein core and heparan sulfate (HS) in vitro. Among the proteoglycans secreted by macrophages, we found perlecan was the major protein core that bound LDL. In addition, we identified perlecan in the necrotic core as well as the fibrous cap of advanced human atherosclerotic lesions in the same regions as HS and colocalized with M2 macrophages, suggesting a functional role in lipid retention in vivo. These findings suggest that macrophages may contribute to LDL retention in the plaque by the production of proteoglycans; however, their contribution likely depends on both their phenotype within the plaque and the presence of enzymes, such as heparanase, that alter the secreted protein structure.
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Adhikara IM, Yagi K, Mayasari DS, Suzuki Y, Ikeda K, Ryanto GRT, Sasaki N, Rikitake Y, Nadanaka S, Kitagawa H, Miyata O, Igarashi M, Hirata KI, Emoto N. Chondroitin Sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-2 Impacts Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerosis by Altering Macrophage Glycosaminoglycan Chain. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1076-1091. [PMID: 33504177 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are the primary constituents of the macrophage glycosaminoglycan and extracellular microenvironment. To examine their potential role in atherogenesis, we investigated the biological importance of one of the chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis gene, ChGn-2 (chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-2), in macrophage foam cell formation. Approach and Results: ChGn-2-deficient mice showed decreased and shortened glycosaminoglycans. ChGn-2-/-/LDLr-/- (low-density lipoprotein receptor) mice generated less atherosclerotic plaque after being fed with Western diet despite exhibiting a metabolic phenotype similar to that of the ChGn-2+/+/LDLr-/- littermates. We demonstrated that in macrophages, ChGn-2 expression was upregulated in the presence of oxLDL (oxidized LDL), and glycosaminoglycan was substantially increased. Foam cell formation was significantly altered by ChGn-2 in both mouse peritoneal macrophages and the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Mechanistically, ChGn-2 enhanced oxLDL binding on the cell surface, and as a consequence, CD36-an important macrophage membrane scavenger receptor-was differentially regulated. CONCLUSIONS ChGn-2 alteration on macrophages conceivably influences LDL accumulation and subsequently accelerates plaque formation. These results collectively suggest that ChGn-2 is a novel therapeutic target amenable to clinical translation in the future. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imam Manggalya Adhikara
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Keiko Yagi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Dyah Samti Mayasari
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Yoko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Koji Ikeda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Gusty Rizky Teguh Ryanto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Naoto Sasaki
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics (N.S., Y.R.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Rikitake
- Laboratory of Medical Pharmaceutics (N.S., Y.R.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Satomi Nadanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (S.N., H.K.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry (S.N., H.K.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Okiko Miyata
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (O.M.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | - Michihiro Igarashi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan (M.I.)
| | - Ken-Ichi Hirata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
| | - Noriaki Emoto
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutical Science (I.M.A., K.Y., D.S.M., Y.S., K.I., G.R.T.R., N.E.), Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan (I.M.A., D.S.M., Y.S., G.R.T.R., K.-i.H., N.E.)
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Abstract
The a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif (ADAMTS) family comprises 19 proteases that regulate the structure and function of extracellular proteins in the extracellular matrix and blood. The best characterized cardiovascular role is that of ADAMTS-13 in blood. Moderately low ADAMTS-13 levels increase the risk of ischeamic stroke and very low levels (less than 10%) can cause thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Recombinant ADAMTS-13 is currently in clinical trials for treatment of TTP. Recently, new cardiovascular roles for ADAMTS proteases have been discovered. Several ADAMTS family members are important in the development of blood vessels and the heart, especially the valves. A number of studies have also investigated the potential role of ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 in cardiovascular disease. They cleave proteoglycans such as versican, which represent major structural components of the arteries. ADAMTS-7 and -8 are attracting considerable interest owing to their implication in atherosclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension, respectively. Mutations in the ADAMTS19 gene cause progressive heart valve disease and missense variants in ADAMTS6 are associated with cardiac conduction. In this review, we discuss in detail the evidence for these and other cardiovascular roles of ADAMTS family members, their proteolytic substrates and the potential molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Santamaria
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rens de Groot
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, 51 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
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35
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Salvianolic acid B ameliorates atherosclerosis via inhibiting YAP/TAZ/JNK signaling pathway in endothelial cells and pericytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158779. [PMID: 32739616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation plays an important role in the pathological process of atherosclerosis at various stages. Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ, also known as WWTR1) behave as a novel drug target against atherosclerosis. Therefore, the mechanism relationship of YAP/TAZ, inflammation and AS was explored in this study. Experiments demonstrated that serine dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of YAP was increased in ECs and pericytes induced by oxidative low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), while the inhibition of YAP degraded the expression of downstream inflammatory factors. The expression of YAP/TAZ and inflammation proteins (JNK, NF-κB and TNF-α) in ECs and pericytes was suppressed through the application of Sal-B. Besides, Sal-B protects ECs and pericytes from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In vivo, Sal-B reduced en face and aortic root sinus lesions size, and decreased the expression of inflammation related factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α) and ox-LDL in serum sample of ApoE-/- mice fed a high fat diet. Therefore, our work provides a potential therapeutic strategy of using Sal-B to attenuate the development of atherosclerosis, the anti-atherosclerosis effects of Sal-B is related to regulate YAP/TAZ/JNK signaling pathway.
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36
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Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Sabouri-Rad S, Gotto AM, Pirro M, Banach M, Awan Z, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. PCSK9 and inflammation: a review of experimental and clinical evidence. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2020; 5:237-245. [PMID: 31236571 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) is now identified as an important and major player in hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis pathophysiology. PCSK9, through promoting lysosomal degradation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, can decrease the clearance of plasma LDLs, leading to hypercholesterolaemia and consequent atherosclerotic plaque formation. Hypercholesterolaemia has been found to promote systemic and vascular inflammation, which can cause atherosclerotic lesion formation and progression and subsequent incidence of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have shown the involvement of PCSK9 in the inflammatory pathway of atherosclerosis. Although trials with PCSK9 inhibitors have not shown any alteration in plasma C-reactive protein levels, there is accumulating evidence showing lessened inflammatory response in the arterial wall that could attenuate atherosclerotic plaque development beyond the established LDL-lowering effect of PCSK9 inhibition. In this review, we represent mounting evidence indicating that PCSK9 can locally increase vascular inflammation and contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression in patients with hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | | | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Zuhier Awan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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37
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Santamaria S. ADAMTS-5: A difficult teenager turning 20. Int J Exp Pathol 2020; 101:4-20. [PMID: 32219922 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motif (ADAMTS)-5 was identified in 1999 as one of the enzymes responsible for cleaving aggrecan, the major proteoglycan in articular cartilage. Studies in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo have validated ADAMTS-5 as a target in osteoarthritis (OA), a disease characterized by extensive degradation of aggrecan. For this reason, it attracted the interest of many research groups aiming to develop a therapeutic treatment for OA patients. However, ADAMTS-5 proteoglycanase activity is not only involved in the dysregulated aggrecan proteolysis, which occurs in OA, but also in the physiological turnover of other related proteoglycans. In particular, versican, a major ADAMTS-5 substrate, plays an important structural role in heart and blood vessels and its proteolytic processing by ADAMTS-5 must be tightly regulated. On the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the discovery of ADAMTS-5, this review looks at the evidence for its detrimental role in OA, as well as its physiological turnover of cardiovascular proteoglycans. Moreover, the other potential functions of this enzyme are highlighted. Finally, challenges and emerging trends in ADAMTS-5 research are discussed.
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is characterized by accumulation of lipids and chronic inflammation in medium size to large arteries. Recently, RNA-based antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are being developed, along with small molecule-based drugs and monoclonal antibodies, for the treatment of risk factors associated with atherosclerosis.. The purpose of this review is to describe nucleic acid-based therapeutics and introduce novel RNAs that might become future tools for treatment of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS RNA-based inhibitors for PCSK9, Lp(a), ApoCIII, and ANGPTL3 have been successfully tested in phase II-III clinical trials. Moreover, multiple microRNA and long non-coding RNAs have been found to reduce atherogenesis in preclinical animal models. Clinical trials especially with ASOs and siRNAs directed to liver, targeting cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, have shown promising results. Additional research in larger patient cohorts is needed to fully evaluate the therapeutic potential of these new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Ruotsalainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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39
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Allahverdian S, Ortega C, Francis GA. Smooth Muscle Cell-Proteoglycan-Lipoprotein Interactions as Drivers of Atherosclerosis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 270:335-358. [PMID: 33340050 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the main cell type in the artery medial layer, in pre-atherosclerotic diffuse thickening of the intima, and in all stages of atherosclerotic lesion development. SMCs secrete the proteoglycans responsible for the initial binding and retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in the artery intima, with this retention driving foam cell formation and subsequent stages of atherosclerosis. In this chapter we review current knowledge of the extracellular matrix generated by SMCs in medial and intimal arterial layers, their relationship to atherosclerotic lesion development and stabilization, how these findings correlate with mouse models of atherosclerosis, and potential therapies aimed at targeting the SMC matrix-lipoprotein interaction for atherosclerosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Allahverdian
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carleena Ortega
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gordon A Francis
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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40
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Borén J, Packard CJ, Taskinen MR. The Roles of ApoC-III on the Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:474. [PMID: 32849270 PMCID: PMC7399058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. It is well-established based on evidence accrued during the last three decades that high plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich atherogenic lipoproteins are causatively linked to CVD, and that lowering these reduces atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in humans (1-9). Historically, most attention has been on low-density lipoproteins (LDL) since these are the most abundant atherogenic lipoproteins in the circulation, and thus the main carrier of cholesterol into the artery wall. However, with the rise of obesity and insulin resistance in many populations, there is increasing interest in the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their metabolic remnants, with accumulating evidence showing they too are causatively linked to CVD. Plasma triglyceride, measured either in the fasting or non-fasting state, is a useful index of the abundance of TRLs and recent research into the biology and genetics of triglyceride heritability has provided new insight into the causal relationship of TRLs with CVD. Of the genetic factors known to influence plasma triglyceride levels variation in APOC3- the gene for apolipoprotein (apo) C-III - has emerged as being particularly important as a regulator of triglyceride transport and a novel therapeutic target to reduce dyslipidaemia and CVD risk (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jan Borén
| | - Chris J. Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Singh RK, Haka AS, Bhardwaj P, Zha X, Maxfield FR. Dynamic Actin Reorganization and Vav/Cdc42-Dependent Actin Polymerization Promote Macrophage Aggregated LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Uptake and Catabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:137-149. [PMID: 30580573 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.312087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective- During atherosclerosis, LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) accumulate in the arteries, where they become modified, aggregated, and retained. Such deposits of aggregated LDL (agLDL) can be recognized by macrophages, which attempt to digest and clear them. AgLDL catabolism promotes internalization of cholesterol and foam cell formation, which leads to the progression of atherosclerosis. Therapeutic blockade of this process may delay disease progression. When macrophages interact with agLDL in vitro, they form a novel extracellular, hydrolytic compartment-the lysosomal synapse (LS)-aided by local actin polymerization to digest agLDL. Here, we investigated the specific regulators involved in actin polymerization during the formation of the LS. Approach and Results- We demonstrate in vivo that atherosclerotic plaque macrophages contacting agLDL deposits polymerize actin and form a compartment strikingly similar to those made in vitro. Live cell imaging revealed that macrophage cortical F-actin depolymerization is required for actin polymerization to support the formation of the LS. This depolymerization is cofilin-1 dependent. Using siRNA-mediated silencing, pharmacological inhibition, genetic knockout, and stable overexpression, we elucidate key roles for Cdc42 Rho GTPase and GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) Vav in promoting actin polymerization during the formation of the LS and exclude a role for Rac1. Conclusions- These results highlight critical roles for dynamic macrophage F-actin rearrangement and polymerization via cofilin-1, Vav, and Cdc42 in LS formation, catabolism of agLDL, and foam cell formation. These proteins might represent therapeutic targets to treat atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Singh
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (R.K.S., A.S.H., P.B., F.R.M.)
| | - Abigail S Haka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (R.K.S., A.S.H., P.B., F.R.M.)
| | - Priya Bhardwaj
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (R.K.S., A.S.H., P.B., F.R.M.)
| | - Xiaohui Zha
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology (X.Z.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine (X.Z.), University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ON, Canada (X.Z.)
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York (R.K.S., A.S.H., P.B., F.R.M.)
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Ahmed O, Littmann K, Gustafsson U, Pramfalk C, Öörni K, Larsson L, Minniti ME, Sahlin S, Camejo G, Parini P, Eriksson M. Ezetimibe in Combination With Simvastatin Reduces Remnant Cholesterol Without Affecting Biliary Lipid Concentrations in Gallstone Patients. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009876. [PMID: 30561264 PMCID: PMC6405603 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background In randomized trials (SHARP [Study of Heart and Renal Protection], IMPROVE‐IT [Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial]), combination of statin and ezetimibe resulted in additional reduction of cardiovascular events. The reduction was greater in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), where elevated remnant cholesterol and high cardiovascular disease risk is characteristic. To evaluate possible causes behind these results, 40 patients eligible for cholecystectomy, randomized to simvastatin, ezetimibe, combined treatment (simvastatin+ezetimibe), or placebo treatment during 4 weeks before surgery, were studied. Methods and Results Fasting blood samples were taken before treatment start and at the end (just before surgery). Bile samples and liver biopsies were collected during surgery. Hepatic gene expression levels were assessed with qPCR. Lipoprotein, apolipoprotein levels, and content of cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, and triglycerides were measured after lipoprotein fractionation. Lipoprotein subclasses were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Apolipoprotein affinity for human arterial proteoglycans (PG) was measured. Biomarkers of cholesterol biosynthesis and intestinal absorption and bile lipid composition were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Combined treatment caused a statistically significant decrease in plasma remnant particles and apolipoprotein B (ApoB)/lipoprotein content of cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, and triglycerides. All treatments reduced ApoB‐lipoprotein PG binding. Simvastatin and combined treatment modified the composition of lipoproteins. Changes in biomarkers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption and bile acid synthesis were as expected. No adverse events were found. Conclusions Combined treatment caused atheroprotective changes on ApoB‐lipoproteins, remnant particles, bile components, and in ApoB‐lipoprotein affinity for arterial PG. These effects might explain the decrease of cardiovascular events seen in the SHARP and IMPROVE‐IT trials. Clinical Trial Registration URL: www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu. Unique identifier: 2006‐004839‐30).
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Ahmed
- 1 Division of Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden.,2 Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine Khartoum University Khartoum Sudan
| | - Karin Littmann
- 1 Division of Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden.,3 Function Area Clinical Chemistry Karolinska University Laboratory Function Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Ulf Gustafsson
- 5 Department of Surgery Karolinska Institutet at Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Camilla Pramfalk
- 1 Division of Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Lilian Larsson
- 1 Division of Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mirko E Minniti
- 1 Division of Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Staffan Sahlin
- 5 Department of Surgery Karolinska Institutet at Danderyd Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - German Camejo
- 1 Division of Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- 1 Division of Clinical Chemistry Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden.,4 Patient Area Endocrinology and Nephrology, Inflammation and Infection Theme Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,7 Metabolism Unit Department of Medicine Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mats Eriksson
- 4 Patient Area Endocrinology and Nephrology, Inflammation and Infection Theme Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,7 Metabolism Unit Department of Medicine Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Stockholm Sweden
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Herrero-Fernandez B, Gomez-Bris R, Somovilla-Crespo B, Gonzalez-Granado JM. Immunobiology of Atherosclerosis: A Complex Net of Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5293. [PMID: 31653058 PMCID: PMC6862594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and atherosclerosis the principal factor underlying cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, intimal lipid deposition, smooth muscle cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and necrosis, and local and systemic inflammation, involving key contributions to from innate and adaptive immunity. The balance between proatherogenic inflammatory and atheroprotective anti-inflammatory responses is modulated by a complex network of interactions among vascular components and immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T, B, and foam cells; these interactions modulate the further progression and stability of the atherosclerotic lesion. In this review, we take a global perspective on existing knowledge about the pathogenesis of immune responses in the atherosclerotic microenvironment and the interplay between the major innate and adaptive immune factors in atherosclerosis. Studies such as this are the basis for the development of new therapies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Herrero-Fernandez
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Gomez-Bris
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Jose Maria Gonzalez-Granado
- LamImSys Lab. Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Singh RK, Haka AS, Asmal A, Barbosa-Lorenzi VC, Grosheva I, Chin HF, Xiong Y, Hla T, Maxfield FR. TLR4 (Toll-Like Receptor 4)-Dependent Signaling Drives Extracellular Catabolism of LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Aggregates. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:86-102. [PMID: 31597445 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggregation and modification of LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) promote their retention and accumulation in the arteries. This is a critical initiating factor during atherosclerosis. Macrophage catabolism of agLDL (aggregated LDL) occurs using a specialized extracellular, hydrolytic compartment, the lysosomal synapse. Compartment formation by local actin polymerization and delivery of lysosomal contents by exocytosis promotes acidification of the compartment and degradation of agLDL. Internalization of metabolites, such as cholesterol, promotes foam cell formation, a process that drives atherogenesis. Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence for the involvement of TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) and its adaptor protein MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response 88) in atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated the role of TLR4 in catabolism of agLDL using the lysosomal synapse and foam cell formation. Approach and Results: Using bone marrow-derived macrophages from knockout mice, we find that TLR4 and MyD88 regulate compartment formation, lysosome exocytosis, acidification of the compartment, and foam cell formation. Using siRNA (small interfering RNA), pharmacological inhibition and knockout bone marrow-derived macrophages, we implicate SYK (spleen tyrosine kinase), PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase), and Akt in agLDL catabolism using the lysosomal synapse. Using bone marrow transplantation of LDL receptor knockout mice with TLR4 knockout bone marrow, we show that deficiency of TLR4 protects macrophages from lipid accumulation during atherosclerosis. Finally, we demonstrate that macrophages in vivo form an extracellular compartment and exocytose lysosome contents similar to that observed in vitro for degradation of agLDL. CONCLUSIONS We present a mechanism in which interaction of macrophages with agLDL initiates a TLR4 signaling pathway, resulting in formation of the lysosomal synapse, catabolism of agLDL, and lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Singh
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Abigail S Haka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Arky Asmal
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Valéria C Barbosa-Lorenzi
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Inna Grosheva
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Harvey F Chin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
| | - Yuquan Xiong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.X., T.H.).,Current address: Thoracic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY (Y.X.)
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (Y.X., T.H.)
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (R.K.S., A.S.H., A.A., V.C.B.-L., I.G., H.F.C., F.R.M.)
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Interaction of arterial proteoglycans with low density lipoproteins (LDLs): From theory to promising therapeutic approaches. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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46
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Abdolmaleki F, Gheibi Hayat SM, Bianconi V, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Atherosclerosis and immunity: A perspective. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 29:363-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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47
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Schnitzler JG, Dallinga-Thie GM, Kroon J. The Role of (Modified) Lipoproteins in Vascular Function: A Duet Between Monocytes and the Endothelium. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1594-1609. [PMID: 29546830 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180316121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last century, many studies have demonstrated that low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a key risk factor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) related to atherosclerosis. Thus, for these CVD patients, LDL lowering agents are commonly used in the clinic to reduce the risk for CVD. LDL, upon modification, will develop distinct inflammatory and proatherogenic potential, leading to impaired endothelial integrity, influx of immune cells and subsequent increased foam cell formation. LDL can also directly affect peripheral monocyte composition, rendering them in a more favorable position to migrate and accumulate in the subendothelial space. It has become apparent that other lipoprotein particles, such as triglyceride- rich lipoproteins or remnants (TRL) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] may also impact on atherogenic pathways. Evidence is accumulating that Lp(a) can promote peripheral monocyte activation, eventually leading to increased transmigration through the endothelium. Similarly, remnant cholesterol has been identified to play a key role in endothelial dysfunction and monocyte behavior. In this review, we will discuss recent developments in understanding the role of different lipoproteins in the context of inflammation at both the level of the monocyte and the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan G Schnitzler
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Geesje M Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Updates in understanding the hypocholesterolemia effect of probiotics on atherosclerosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5993-6006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09927-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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49
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Bång-Rudenstam A, Cerezo-Magaña M, Belting M. Pro-metastatic functions of lipoproteins and extracellular vesicles in the acidic tumor microenvironment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2019; 38:79-92. [PMID: 30767150 PMCID: PMC6647379 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09786-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the overall mortality in cancer is steadily decreasing, major groups of patients still respond poorly to available treatments. The key clinical challenge discussed here relates to the inherent capacity of cancer cells to metabolically adapt to hypoxic and acidic stress, resulting in treatment resistance and a pro-metastatic behavior. Hence, a detailed understanding of stress adaptive responses is critical for the design of more rational therapeutic strategies for cancer. We will focus on the emerging role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and lipoprotein particles in cancer cell metabolic stress adaptation and how these pathways may constitute potential Achilles' heels of the cancer cell machinery and alternative treatment targets of metastasis. In this context, common extracellular lipid uptake mechanisms, involving specific cell-surface receptors and endocytic pathways, may operate during remodeling of acidic atherosclerotic plaques as well as the tumor microenvironment. The role of endocytosis in regulating the cellular response to hypoxic and acidic stress through spatial coordination of receptor proteins may be exploited for therapeutic purposes. As a consequence, molecular mechanisms of endocytosis have attracted increasing attention as potential targets for tumor specific delivery of therapeutic substances, such as antibody-drug conjugates. The identification of internalizing surface proteins specific to the acidic tumor niche remains an unmet need of high clinical relevance. Among the currently explored, acidosis-related, internalizing target proteins, we will focus on the cell-surface proteoglycan carbonic anhydrase 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bång-Rudenstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Myriam Cerezo-Magaña
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Belting
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Section of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Barngatan 4, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden.
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50
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Sandesara PB, Virani SS, Fazio S, Shapiro MD. The Forgotten Lipids: Triglycerides, Remnant Cholesterol, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:537-557. [PMID: 30312399 PMCID: PMC6416708 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established mediator of atherosclerosis and a key target for intervention for the primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. However, despite substantial reduction in LDL-C, patients continue to have recurrent ASCVD events. Hypertriglyceridemia may be an important contributor of this residual risk. Observational and genetic epidemiological data strongly support a causal role of triglycerides (TGs) and the cholesterol content within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) and/or remnant cholesterol (RC) in the development of ASCVD. TGRLs are composed of hepatically derived very low-density lipoprotein and intestinally derived chylomicrons. RC is the cholesterol content of all TGRLs and plasma TGs serve as a surrogate measure of TGRLs and RC. Although lifestyle modification remains the cornerstone for management of hypertriglyceridemia, many novel drugs are in development and have shown impressive efficacy in lowering TG levels. Several ongoing, randomized controlled trials are underway to examine the impact of these novel agents on ASCVD outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of the biology, epidemiology, and genetics of TGs and ASCVD; we discuss current and novel TG-lowering therapies under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik B Sandesara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Salim S Virani
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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