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Yokohara S, Hashiguchi M, Shiga T. Psychotherapeutic drug-induced life-threatening arrhythmias: A retrospective analysis using the Japanese adverse drug event report database. J Arrhythm 2023; 39:928-936. [PMID: 38045460 PMCID: PMC10692844 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug-induced life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias including torsade de pointes (TdP), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) are serious cardiac side effects. Psychotherapeutic drugs are known to be risk factors for arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychotherapeutic drugs associated with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Methods From the JADER database (April 2004 to September 2022), cases of TdP, VT, VF, and QT prolongation in patients taking psychotherapeutic drugs as 'suspected drugs' were extracted. The adjusted reported odds ratio (aROR) was calculated to identify potential drugs involved in combined TdP/VF/VT or combined QT prolongation/TdP. Results Of the 4,530,772 cases reported, life-threatening arrhythmia-related adverse events were reported in 1760 cases (QT prolongation 1261, TdP 192, VF 108, VT 199) among 909 patients; 58.9% of patients were female, and the highest incidence was among patients aged 80-89 years (18.6%), followed by patients aged 70-79 years (15.4%). The highest aROR for TdP/VF/VT was found for trazodone (17.1), followed by sulpiride (10.8), haloperidol (9.8), donepezil (9.1), and fluvoxamine (7.9). The highest aROR for QT prolongation/TdP was found for guanfacine (87.8), followed by sultopride (60.1), escitalopram (21.0), trazodone (12.8), and donepezil (9.3). Conclusions This study showed that typical antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antidementia drugs were associated with life-threatening arrhythmia-related adverse events in a Japanese clinical setting. These events were more frequent in women and elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masayuki Hashiguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shiga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and TherapeuticsThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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2
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Tsumoto K, Shimamoto T, Aoji Y, Himeno Y, Kuda Y, Tanida M, Amano A, Kurata Y. Theoretical prediction of early afterdepolarization-evoked triggered activity formation initiating ventricular reentrant arrhythmias. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 240:107722. [PMID: 37515880 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Excessive prolongation of QT interval on ECGs in patients with congenital/acquired long QT syndrome and heart failure is a sign suggesting the development of early afterdepolarization (EAD), an abnormal repolarization in the action potential of ventricular cardiomyocytes. The development of EAD has been believed to be a trigger for fatal tachyarrhythmia, which can be a risk for sudden cardiac death. The role of EAD in triggering ventricular tachycardia (VT) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of EAD-induced triggered activity formation that leads to the VT such as Torsades de Pointes. METHODS We investigated the relationship between EAD and tachyarrhythmia initiation by constructing homogeneous myocardial sheet models consisting of the mid-myocardial cell version of a human ventricular myocyte model and performing simulations of excitation propagation. RESULTS A solitary island-like (clustering) occurrence of EADs in the homogeneous myocardial sheet could induce a focal excitation wave. However, reentrant excitation, an entity of tachyarrhythmia, was not able to be triggered regardless of the EAD cluster size when the focal excitation wave formed a repolarization potential difference boundary consisting of only a convex surface. The discontinuous distribution of multiple EAD clusters in the ventricular tissue formed a specific repolarization heterogeneity due to the repolarization potential difference, the shape of which depended on EAD cluster size and placed intervals. We found that the triggered activity was formed in such a manner that the repolarization potential difference boundary included a concave surface. CONCLUSIONS The formation of triggered activity that led to tachyarrhythmia required not only the occurrence of EAD onset-mediated focal excitation wave but also a repolarization heterogeneity-based specific repolarization potential difference boundary shape formed within the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunichika Tsumoto
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Takao Shimamoto
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuma Aoji
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yukiko Himeno
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuhichi Kuda
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanida
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan
| | - Akira Amano
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kurata
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada 920-0293, Japan.
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Padmanabhan S, du Toit C, Dominiczak AF. Cardiovascular precision medicine - A pharmacogenomic perspective. CAMBRIDGE PRISMS. PRECISION MEDICINE 2023; 1:e28. [PMID: 38550953 PMCID: PMC10953758 DOI: 10.1017/pcm.2023.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Precision medicine envisages the integration of an individual's clinical and biological features obtained from laboratory tests, imaging, high-throughput omics and health records, to drive a personalised approach to diagnosis and treatment with a higher chance of success. As only up to half of patients respond to medication prescribed following the current one-size-fits-all treatment strategy, the need for a more personalised approach is evident. One of the routes to transforming healthcare through precision medicine is pharmacogenomics (PGx). Around 95% of the population is estimated to carry one or more actionable pharmacogenetic variants and over 75% of adults over 50 years old are on a prescription with a known PGx association. Whilst there are compelling examples of pharmacogenomic implementation in clinical practice, the case for cardiovascular PGx is still evolving. In this review, we shall summarise the current status of PGx in cardiovascular diseases and look at the key enablers and barriers to PGx implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandosh Padmanabhan
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clea du Toit
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna F. Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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4
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Simon ST, Trinkley KE, Malone DC, Rosenberg MA. Interpretable Machine Learning Prediction of Drug-Induced QT Prolongation: Electronic Health Record Analysis. J Med Internet Res 2022; 24:e42163. [PMID: 36454608 PMCID: PMC9756119 DOI: 10.2196/42163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug-induced long-QT syndrome (diLQTS) is a major concern among patients who are hospitalized, for whom prediction models capable of identifying individualized risk could be useful to guide monitoring. We have previously demonstrated the feasibility of machine learning to predict the risk of diLQTS, in which deep learning models provided superior accuracy for risk prediction, although these models were limited by a lack of interpretability. OBJECTIVE In this investigation, we sought to examine the potential trade-off between interpretability and predictive accuracy with the use of more complex models to identify patients at risk for diLQTS. We planned to compare a deep learning algorithm to predict diLQTS with a more interpretable algorithm based on cluster analysis that would allow medication- and subpopulation-specific evaluation of risk. METHODS We examined the risk of diLQTS among 35,639 inpatients treated between 2003 and 2018 with at least 1 of 39 medications associated with risk of diLQTS and who had an electrocardiogram in the system performed within 24 hours of medication administration. Predictors included over 22,000 diagnoses and medications at the time of medication administration, with cases of diLQTS defined as a corrected QT interval over 500 milliseconds after treatment with a culprit medication. The interpretable model was developed using cluster analysis (K=4 clusters), and risk was assessed for specific medications and classes of medications. The deep learning model was created using all predictors within a 6-layer neural network, based on previously identified hyperparameters. RESULTS Among the medications, we found that class III antiarrhythmic medications were associated with increased risk across all clusters, and that in patients who are noncritically ill without cardiovascular disease, propofol was associated with increased risk, whereas ondansetron was associated with decreased risk. Compared with deep learning, the interpretable approach was less accurate (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.65 vs 0.78), with comparable calibration. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we found that an interpretable modeling approach was less accurate, but more clinically applicable, than deep learning for the prediction of diLQTS. Future investigations should consider this trade-off in the development of methods for clinical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T Simon
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katy E Trinkley
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Daniel C Malone
- College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Michael Aaron Rosenberg
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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5
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Frequency of QTc Interval Prolongation in Children and Adults with Williams Syndrome. Pediatr Cardiol 2022; 43:1559-1567. [PMID: 35366065 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-022-02883-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
QTc prolongation (≥ 460 ms), according to Bazett formula (QTcB), has been identified to be increased in Williams syndrome (WS) and suggested as a potential cause of increased risk of sudden cardiac death. The Bazett formula tends to overestimate QTc in higher heart rates. We performed a retrospective chart review of WS patients with ≥ 1 electrocardiogram (EKG) with sinus rhythm, no evidence of bundle branch blocks, and measurable intervals. A total of 280 EKGs from 147 patients with WS were analyzed and 123 EKGs from 123 controls. The QTc was calculated using Bazett formula. The average QTcB for individuals with WS and controls was 444 ± 24 ms and 417 ± 26 ms, respectively (p < 0.001). In our WS cohort 34.4% had at least 1 EKG with a QTcB ≥ 460 ms. The mean heart rate (HR) from patients with WS was significantly higher than controls (96 bpm vs 76 bpm, p < 0.001). Linear regression showed that HR contributed 27% to QTcB prolongation in the patients with WS. Patients with WS have a mean QTcB in the normal range but higher than controls, and a higher than expected frequency of QTc ≥ 460 ms compared to the general population. HR is also higher in WS and contributes modestly to the WS QTcB prolongation. Future studies are needed to assess if these findings contribute risk to sudden cardiac death but in the interim we recommend routine EKG testing, especially when starting QTc prolonging medications.
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Uchikawa M, Hashiguchi M, Shiga T. Drug-Induced QT Prolongation and Torsade de Pointes in Spontaneous Adverse Event Reporting: A Retrospective Analysis Using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database (2004-2021). Drugs Real World Outcomes 2022; 9:551-559. [PMID: 35994235 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-022-00328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drugs with new mechanisms of action are continually being developed, but it is difficult to capture whether a drug induces QT prolongation/torsade de pointes (TdP) in preclinical and preapproval clinical trials. OBJECTIVE To evaluate drugs associated with drug-induced QT prolongation/TdP using a real-world database in Japan. PATIENTS AND METHODS A search was performed in the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database for QT prolongation and TdP. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) was calculated to identify potential drug-induced QT prolongation/TdP association. RESULTS Among the reported 4,326,484 data entries, 3410 patients exhibited QT prolongation/TdP (2707 with QT prolongation, 703 with TdP) with the suspected drugs. Of these patients, 53.9% were females. The highest occurrence was in the 70- to 79-year-old age group (24.7%). The most common types of drugs involved were cardiovascular drugs, central nervous system (CNS) drugs, anticancer drugs, and anti-infective drugs; the rate of overdose was reportedly very low at 1.6%. The highest adjusted RORs were observed for nifekalant (351.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 235.85-523.59), followed by vandetanib (182.55, 95% CI 108.11-308.24), evocalcet (181.59, 95% CI 132.96-248.01), bepridil (160.37, 95% CI 138.17-186.13), diarsenic trioxide (79.43, 95% CI 63.98-98.62), and guanfacine (78.29, 95% CI 58.51-104.74). Among the drugs launched in Japan during the last decade, vandetanib had the highest adjusted RORs. CONCLUSIONS This study using the JADER database showed that antiarrhythmic drugs, calcium-sensing receptor agonists, small-molecule targeted anticancer drugs, and CNS drugs are associated with QT prolongation/TdP. Further pharmacoepidemiological studies, such as cohort studies using large databases, are needed to prove these causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Uchikawa
- The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hashiguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shiga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
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Sunkak S, Argun M, Celik B, Tasci O, Ozturk AB, Inan DB, Dogan M. Effects of azithromycin on ventricular repolarization in children with COVID-19. Rev Port Cardiol 2022; 41:551-556. [PMID: 35221464 PMCID: PMC8858685 DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Azithromycin is used to treat pediatric COVID-19 patients. It can also prolong the QT interval in adults. This study assessed the effects of azithromycin on ventricular repolarization in children with COVID-19. Method The study prospectively enrolled children with COVID-19 who received azithromycin between July and August 2020. An electrocardiogram was performed before, one, three, and five days post-treatment. Using ImageJ®, the following parameters were measured: QT max, QT min, Tp-e max, and Tp-e min. The parameters QTc max, QTc min, Tp-ec max, Tp-ec min, QTcd, Tp-ecd, and the QTc/Tp-ec ratio were calculated using Bazett's formula. Results The study included 105 pediatric patients (mean age 9.8±5.3 years). The pretreatment heart rate was higher than after treatment (before 92 [79–108]/min vs. Day 1 82 [69–108)]/min vs. Day 3 80 [68–92.2]/min vs. Day 5 81 [70–92]/min; p=0.05). Conclusion Azithromycin does not affect the ventricular repolarization parameters on ECG in pediatric COVID-19 cases.
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8
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Metabolic and electrolyte abnormalities as risk factors in drug-induced long QT syndrome. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:353-367. [PMID: 35103080 PMCID: PMC8792523 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS) is the phenomenon by which the administration of drugs causes prolongation of cardiac repolarisation and leads to an increased risk of the ventricular tachycardia known as torsades de pointes (TdP). In most cases of diLQTS, the primary molecular target is the human ether-à-go-go-related gene protein (hERG) potassium channel, which carries the rapid delayed rectifier current (IKr) in the heart. However, the proarrhythmic risk associated with drugs that block hERG can be modified in patients by a range of environmental- and disease-related factors, such as febrile temperatures, alterations in pH, dyselectrolytaemias such as hypokalaemia and hypomagnesemia and coadministration with other drugs. In this review, we will discuss the clinical occurrence of drug-induced LQTS in the context of these modifying factors as well as the mechanisms by which they contribute to altered hERG potency and proarrhythmic risk.
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9
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Baracaldo-Santamaría D, Llinás-Caballero K, Corso-Ramirez JM, Restrepo CM, Dominguez-Dominguez CA, Fonseca-Mendoza DJ, Calderon-Ospina CA. Genetic and Molecular Aspects of Drug-Induced QT Interval Prolongation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8090. [PMID: 34360853 PMCID: PMC8347245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long QT syndromes can be either acquired or congenital. Drugs are one of the many etiologies that may induce acquired long QT syndrome. In fact, many drugs frequently used in the clinical setting are a known risk factor for a prolonged QT interval, thus increasing the chances of developing torsade de pointes. The molecular mechanisms involved in the prolongation of the QT interval are common to most medications. However, there is considerable inter-individual variability in drug response, thus making the application of personalized medicine a relevant aspect in long QT syndrome, in order to evaluate the risk of every individual from a pharmacogenetic standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Baracaldo-Santamaría
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (D.B.-S.); (J.M.C.-R.); (C.A.D.-D.)
| | - Kevin Llinás-Caballero
- GENIUROS Research Group, Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics (CIGGUR), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (K.L.-C.); (C.M.R.); (D.J.F.-M.)
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130014, Colombia
| | - Julián Miguel Corso-Ramirez
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (D.B.-S.); (J.M.C.-R.); (C.A.D.-D.)
| | - Carlos Martín Restrepo
- GENIUROS Research Group, Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics (CIGGUR), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (K.L.-C.); (C.M.R.); (D.J.F.-M.)
| | | | - Dora Janeth Fonseca-Mendoza
- GENIUROS Research Group, Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics (CIGGUR), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (K.L.-C.); (C.M.R.); (D.J.F.-M.)
| | - Carlos Alberto Calderon-Ospina
- GENIUROS Research Group, Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics (CIGGUR), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; (K.L.-C.); (C.M.R.); (D.J.F.-M.)
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10
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Montnach J, Baró I, Charpentier F, De Waard M, Loussouarn G. Modelling sudden cardiac death risks factors in patients with coronavirus disease of 2019: the hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin case. Europace 2021; 23:1124-1133. [PMID: 34009333 PMCID: PMC8135857 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly become a worldwide pandemic. Many clinical trials have been initiated to fight the disease. Among those, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin had initially been suggested to improve clinical outcomes. Despite any demonstrated beneficial effects, they are still in use in some countries but have been reported to prolong the QT interval and induce life-threatening arrhythmia. Since a significant proportion of the world population may be treated with such COVID-19 therapies, evaluation of the arrhythmogenic risk of any candidate drug is needed. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the O'Hara-Rudy computer model of human ventricular wedge, we evaluate the arrhythmogenic potential of clinical factors that can further alter repolarization in COVID-19 patients in addition to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and azithromycin (AZM) such as tachycardia, hypokalaemia, and subclinical to mild long QT syndrome. Hydroxychloroquine and AZM drugs have little impact on QT duration and do not induce any substrate prone to arrhythmia in COVID-19 patients with normal cardiac repolarization reserve. Nevertheless, in every tested condition in which this reserve is reduced, the model predicts larger electrocardiogram impairments, as with dofetilide. In subclinical conditions, the model suggests that mexiletine limits the deleterious effects of AZM and HCQ. CONCLUSION By studying the HCQ and AZM co-administration case, we show that the easy-to-use O'Hara-Rudy model can be applied to assess the QT-prolongation potential of off-label drugs, beyond HCQ and AZM, in different conditions representative of COVID-19 patients and to evaluate the potential impact of additional drug used to limit the arrhythmogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Montnach
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Isabelle Baró
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Flavien Charpentier
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Michel De Waard
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes F-44000, France
- Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics, Valbonne F-06560, France
| | - Gildas Loussouarn
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, Nantes F-44000, France
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11
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Magavern EF, Kaski JC, Turner RM, Drexel H, Janmohamed A, Scourfield A, Burrage D, Floyd CN, Adeyeye E, Tamargo J, Lewis BS, Kjeldsen KP, Niessner A, Wassmann S, Sulzgruber P, Borry P, Agewall S, Semb AG, Savarese G, Pirmohamed M, Caulfield MJ. The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Contemporary Cardiovascular Therapy: A position statement from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2021; 8:85-99. [PMID: 33638977 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong and ever-growing body of evidence regarding the use of pharmacogenomics to inform cardiovascular pharmacology. However, there is no common position taken by international cardiovascular societies to unite diverse availability, interpretation and application of such data, nor is there recognition of the challenges of variation in clinical practice between countries within Europe. Aside from the considerable barriers to implementing pharmacogenomic testing and the complexities of clinically actioning results, there are differences in the availability of resources and expertise internationally within Europe. Diverse legal and ethical approaches to genomic testing and clinical therapeutic application also require serious thought. As direct-to-consumer genomic testing becomes more common, it can be anticipated that data may be brought in by patients themselves, which will require critical assessment by the clinical cardiovascular prescriber. In a modern, pluralistic and multi-ethnic Europe, self-identified race/ethnicity may not be concordant with genetically detected ancestry and thus may not accurately convey polymorphism prevalence. Given the broad relevance of pharmacogenomics to areas such as thrombosis and coagulation, interventional cardiology, heart failure, arrhythmias, clinical trials, and policy/regulatory activity within cardiovascular medicine, as well as to genomic and pharmacology subspecialists, this position statement attempts to address these issues at a wide-ranging level.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Magavern
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J C Kaski
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - R M Turner
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Drexel
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation & Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, A Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, FL.,Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - A Janmohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - A Scourfield
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University College London Hospital Foundation Trust, UK
| | - D Burrage
- Whittington Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C N Floyd
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - E Adeyeye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - B S Lewis
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Institute, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center and the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Keld Per Kjeldsen
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Amager-Hvidovre), Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - A Niessner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna
| | - S Wassmann
- Cardiology Pasing, Munich, Germany and University of the Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - P Sulzgruber
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine II, Division of Cardiology
| | - P Borry
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Institute for Human Genetics and Society, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Agewall
- Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A G Semb
- Preventive Cardio-Rheuma clinic, department of rheumatology, innovation and research, Diakonhjemmet hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - G Savarese
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Heart and Vascular Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Pirmohamed
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, UK
| | - M J Caulfield
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Ozturk N, Uslu S, Ozdemir S. Diabetes-induced changes in cardiac voltage-gated ion channels. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1-18. [PMID: 33520105 PMCID: PMC7807254 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus affects the heart through various mechanisms such as microvascular defects, metabolic abnormalities, autonomic dysfunction and incompatible immune response. Furthermore, it can also cause functional and structural changes in the myocardium by a disease known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in the absence of coronary artery disease. As DCM progresses it causes electrical remodeling of the heart, left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Electrophysiological changes in the diabetic heart contribute significantly to the incidence of arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in diabetes mellitus patients. In recent studies, significant changes in repolarizing K+ currents, Na+ currents and L-type Ca2+ currents along with impaired Ca2+ homeostasis and defective contractile function have been identified in the diabetic heart. In addition, insulin levels and other trophic factors change significantly to maintain the ionic channel expression in diabetic patients. There are many diagnostic tools and management options for DCM, but it is difficult to detect its development and to effectively prevent its progress. In this review, diabetes-associated alterations in voltage-sensitive cardiac ion channels are comprehensively assessed to understand their potential role in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Ozturk
- Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Serkan Uslu
- Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya 07058, Turkey
| | - Semir Ozdemir
- Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine, Antalya 07058, Turkey
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13
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Niimi N, Yuki K, Zaleski K. Long QT Syndrome and Perioperative Torsades de Pointes: What the Anesthesiologist Should Know. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2020; 36:286-302. [PMID: 33495078 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Niimi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine Zaleski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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14
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Adamo D, Pecoraro G, Coppola N, Calabria E, Aria M, Mignogna M. Vortioxetine versus other antidepressants in the treatment of burning mouth syndrome: An open-label randomized trial. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1022-1041. [PMID: 32790904 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This randomized open-label trial compared the efficacy and tolerability of vortioxetine (15 mg/daily) with different antidepressants in the treatment of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). METHODS One and hundred fifty BMS patients were randomized into five groups and treated with either vortioxetine, paroxetine (20 mg/daily), sertraline (50 mg/daily), escitalopram (10 mg/daily) or duloxetine (60 mg/daily). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Total Pain Rating Index (T-PRI), Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression (HAM-D) and Anxiety (HAM-A), and Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI-I) and Efficacy scales (CGI-E) were performed at baseline and after 2, 4, 6, and 12 months of treatment. Any adverse events (AEs) were tabulated for each group. Descriptive statistics, including the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and the Friedman non-parametric test for median comparisons between different times, were used. RESULTS All the antidepressants (AD) were associated with a significant decrease in the VAS, T-PRI, HAM-A, HAM-D, CGI-I, and CGI-E scores in the long-term (p < .001). However, the response rate of the vortioxetine group showed a significant reduction after six months. The medians, after 6 months, were as follows: VAS 0.0; T-PRI 2.0; HAM-A 7.0; HAM-D 7.0; CGI-I 1.0; and CGI-E 1.0 with a lower incidence of AEs (p < .019). CONCLUSION Vortioxetine was efficacious with a shorter latency of action and fewer AEs compared with other ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Adamo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pecoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Noemi Coppola
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Calabria
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Aria
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Mignogna
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
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15
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Alahmadi A, Davies A, Vigo M, Jay C. Pseudo-colouring an ECG enables lay people to detect QT-interval prolongation regardless of heart rate. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237854. [PMID: 32853262 PMCID: PMC7451551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced long QT syndrome (diLQTS), characterized by a prolongation of the QT-interval on the electrocardiogram (ECG), is a serious adverse drug reaction that can cause the life-threatening arrhythmia Torsade de Points (TdP). Self-monitoring for diLQTS could therefore save lives, but detecting it on the ECG is difficult, particularly at high and low heart rates. In this paper, we evaluate whether using a pseudo-colouring visualisation technique and changing the coordinate system (Cartesian vs. Polar) can support lay people in identifying QT-prolongation at varying heart rates. Four visualisation techniques were evaluated using a counterbalanced repeated measures design including Cartesian no-colouring, Cartesian pseudo-colouring, Polar no-colouring and Polar pseudo-colouring. We used a multi-reader, multi-case (MRMC) receiver operating characteristic (ROC) study design within a psychophysical paradigm, along with eye-tracking technology. Forty-three lay participants read forty ECGs (TdP risk n = 20, no risk n = 20), classifying each QT-interval as normal/abnormal, and rating their confidence on a 6-point scale. The results show that introducing pseudo-colouring to the ECG significantly increased accurate detection of QT-interval prolongation regardless of heart rate, T-wave morphology and coordinate system. Pseudo-colour also helped to reduce reaction times and increased satisfaction when reading the ECGs. Eye movement analysis indicated that pseudo-colour helped to focus visual attention on the areas of the ECG crucial to detecting QT-prolongation. The study indicates that pseudo-colouring enables lay people to visually identify drug-induced QT-prolongation regardless of heart rate, with implications for the more rapid identification and management of diLQTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alahmadi
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Davies
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Markel Vigo
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Jay
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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16
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Ali Z, Ismail M, Nazar Z, Khan F, Khan Q, Noor S. Prevalence of QTc interval prolongation and its associated risk factors among psychiatric patients: a prospective observational study. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:277. [PMID: 32493330 PMCID: PMC7268705 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02687-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND QT interval prolongation is a growing concern worldwide, posing psychiatric patients to life-threatening fatal arrhythmias i.e., torsade de pointes. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of QT interval prolongation, its associated risk factors and prescribing patterns of QT prolonging drugs among psychiatric patients. METHOD A prospective observational study was conducted that included psychiatric patients from a tertiary care hospital and a psychiatry clinic in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Electrocardiogram was recorded of those patients who were using psychotropic medications for ≥7 days, aged 18 years or more, and of either gender, male or female. The Fredericia correction formula was used for measuring QTc values (corrected QT). Chi-square test was applied to estimate differences between patients with or without prolonged QTc interval whereas, logistic regression analysis was performed to identify various predictors of QT interval prolongation. RESULTS Out of 405 patients, the QTc interval was prolonged in 23 (5.7%) patients including 1 (0.2%) patient with highly abnormal prolonged QTc interval (> 500 ms). QT drugs (91.6%), female sex (38.7%) and hypertension (10.6%) were the most common QT prolonging risk factors. Prolonged QTc interval was significantly higher among male patients (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION In the present study, QT interval prolongation was observed in a considerable number of psychiatric patients. While, the high prevalence of QT prolonging risk factors among these patients warrants the increased risk of fatal arrhythmias. Therefore, risk assessment and electrocardiographic monitoring, and prescription of safer alternatives are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ismail
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Zahid Nazar
- Department of Psychiatry, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Fahadullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Qasim Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Sidra Noor
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
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17
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Gollob MH. COVID-19, Clinical Trials, and QT-Prolonging Prophylactic Therapy in Healthy Subjects: First, Do No Harm. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:3184-3186. [PMID: 32407770 PMCID: PMC7213956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Gollob
- Inherited Arrhythmia and Cardiomyopathy Program, Arrhythmia Service, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Llorach-Pares L, Rodriguez-Urgelles E, Nonell-Canals A, Alberch J, Avila C, Sanchez-Martinez M, Giralt A. Meridianins and Lignarenone B as Potential GSK3β Inhibitors and Inductors of Structural Neuronal Plasticity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E639. [PMID: 32326204 PMCID: PMC7226462 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (GSK3) is an essential protein, with a relevant role in many diseases such as diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Particularly, the isoform GSK3β is related to pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). This enzyme constitutes a very interesting target for the discovery and/or design of new therapeutic agents against AD due to its relation to the hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), and therefore, its contribution to neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) formation. An in silico target profiling study identified two marine molecular families, the indole alkaloids meridianins from the tunicate genus Aplidium, and lignarenones, the secondary metabolites of the shelled cephalaspidean mollusc Scaphander lignarius, as possible GSK3β inhibitors. The analysis of the surface of GSK3β, aimed to find possible binding regions, and the subsequent in silico binding studies revealed that both marine molecular families can act over the ATP and/or substrate binding regions. The predicted inhibitory potential of the molecules from these two chemical families was experimentally validated in vitro by showing a ~50% of increased Ser9 phosphorylation levels of the GSK3β protein. Furthermore, we determined that molecules from both molecular families potentiate structural neuronal plasticity in vitro. These results allow us to suggest that meridianins and lignarenone B could be used as possible therapeutic candidates for the treatment of GSK3β involved pathologies, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Llorach-Pares
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, (Spain); (L.L.-P.); (C.A.)
- Mind the Byte S.L., 08007 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Ened Rodriguez-Urgelles
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.R.-U.); (J.A.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.R.-U.); (J.A.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies (Creatio), Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, (Spain); (L.L.-P.); (C.A.)
| | | | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (E.R.-U.); (J.A.)
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Martinez-Matilla M, Blanco-Verea A, Santori M, Ansede-Bermejo J, Ramos-Luis E, Gil R, Bermejo AM, Lotufo-Neto F, Hirata MH, Brisighelli F, Paramo M, Carracedo A, Brion M. Genetic susceptibility in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic pathways underlying drug-induced arrhythmia and sudden unexplained deaths. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 42:203-212. [PMID: 31376648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced arrhythmia is an adverse drug reaction that can be potentially fatal since it is mostly related to drug-induced QT prolongation, a known risk factor for Torsade de Pointes and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Several risk factors have been described in association to these drug-induced events, such as preexistent cardiac disease and genetic variation. Our objective was to study the genetic susceptibility in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic pathways underlying suspected drug-induced arrhythmias and sudden unexplained deaths in 32 patients. The genetic component in the pharmacodynamic pathway was studied by analysing 96 genes associated with higher risk of SCD through massive parallel sequencing. Pharmacokinetic-mediated genetic susceptibility was investigated by studying the genes encoding cytochrome P450 enzymes using medium-throughput genotyping. Pharmacodynamic analysis showed three probably pathogenic variants and 45 variants of uncertain significance in 28 patients, several of them previously described in relation to mild or late onset cardiomyopathies. These results suggest that genetic variants in cardiomyopathy genes, in addition to those related with channelopathies, could be relevant to drug-induced cardiotoxicity and contribute to the arrhythmogenic phenotype. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed three patients that could have an altered metabolism of the drugs they received involving CYP2C19 and/or CYP2D6, probably contributing to the arrhythmogenic phenotype. The study of genetic variants in both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic pathways may be a useful strategy to understand the multifactorial mechanism of drug-induced events in both clinical practice and forensic field. However, it is necessary to comprehensively study and evaluate the contribution of the genetic susceptibility to drug-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez-Matilla
- Xenética Cardiovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - A Blanco-Verea
- Xenética Cardiovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Santori
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Ansede-Bermejo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro Nacional de Genotipado-CeGen-USC-PRB3-ISCIII, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - E Ramos-Luis
- Xenética Cardiovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Gil
- Xenética Cardiovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A M Bermejo
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses "Luis Concheiro" (INCIFOR), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - F Lotufo-Neto
- Psiquiatry Institute - Faculty of Medicine at University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M H Hirata
- Institute Dante Pazzanese of Cardiology, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Brisighelli
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - M Paramo
- Servizo de Psiquiatría, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro Nacional de Genotipado-CeGen-USC-PRB3-ISCIII, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Brion
- Xenética Cardiovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro Nacional de Genotipado-CeGen-USC-PRB3-ISCIII, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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20
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Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is among the first-line chemotherapeutic drugs used in oncological practice. It has shown substantial efficacy in treating patients with relapsed or refractory acute promyelocytic leukaemia. The clinical use of ATO is hampered due to cardiotoxicity and hence many patients are precluded from receiving this highly effective treatment. An alternative to this would be to use any drug that can ameliorate the cardiotoxic effects and allow exploiting the full therapeutic potential of ATO, with considerable impact on cancer therapy. Generation of reactive oxygen species is involved in a wide range of human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, pulmonary and neurological disorders. Hence, agents with the ability to protect against these reactive species may be therapeutically useful. The present review focuses on the beneficial as well as harmful effects of arsenic and ATO, the mechanisms underlying ATO toxicity and the possible ways that can be adopted to circumvent ATO-induced toxicity.
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21
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Alahmadi A, Davies A, Vigo M, Jay C. Can laypeople identify a drug-induced QT interval prolongation? A psychophysical and eye-tracking experiment examining the ability of nonexperts to interpret an ECG. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2019; 26:404-411. [PMID: 30848818 PMCID: PMC7787352 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocy183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The study sought to quantify a layperson’s ability to detect drug-induced QT interval prolongation on an electrocardiogram (ECG) and determine whether the presentation of the trace affects such detection. Materials and Methods Thirty layperson participants took part in a psychophysical and eye-tracking experiment. Following training, participants completed 21 experimental trials, in which each trial consisted of 2 ECGs (a baseline and a comparison stimulus, both with a heart rate of 60 beats/min). The experiment used a 1 alternative forced-choice paradigm, in which participants indicated whether or not they perceived a difference in the QT interval length between the 2 ECGs. The ECG trace was presented in 3 ways: a single complex with the signals aligned by the R wave, a single complex without alignment, and a 10-second rhythm strip. Performance was analyzed using the psychometric function to estimate the just noticeable difference threshold, along with eye-tracking metrics. Results The just noticeable difference 50% and 75% thresholds were 30 and 88 ms, respectively, showing that the majority of laypeople were able to detect a clinically significant QT-prolongation at a low normal heart rate. Eye movement data indicated that people were more likely to appraise the rhythm strip stimulus systematically and accurately. Conclusions People can quickly be trained to self-monitor, which may help with more rapid identification of drug-induced long QT syndrome and prevent the development of life-threatening complications. The rhythm strip is a better form of presentation than a single complex, as it is less likely to be misinterpreted due to artifacts in the signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alahmadi
- University of Manchester, School of Computer Science, Manchester, UK
| | - Alan Davies
- University of Manchester, School of Computer Science, Manchester, UK
| | - Markel Vigo
- University of Manchester, School of Computer Science, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline Jay
- University of Manchester, School of Computer Science, Manchester, UK
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22
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Gessner G, Runge S, Koenen M, Heinemann SH, Koenen M, Haas J, Meder B, Thomas D, Katus HA, Schweizer PA. ANK2 functionally interacts with KCNH2 aggravating long QT syndrome in a double mutation carrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:845-851. [PMID: 30929919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic long QT mutations often comprise high phenotypic variability and particularly variants in ANK2 (long QT syndrome 4) frequently lack QT prolongation. We sought to elucidate the genetic and functional background underlying the clinical diversity in a 3-generation family with different cardiac arrhythmias. Next-generation sequencing-based screening of patients with QT prolongation identified the index patient of the family carrying an ANK2-E1813K variant and a previously uncharacterized KCNH2-H562R mutation in a double heterozygous conformation. The patient presented with a severe clinical phenotype including a markedly prolonged QTc interval (544 ms), recurrent syncope due to Torsade de Pointes tachycardias, survived cardiopulmonary resuscitation, progressive cardiac conduction defect, and atrial fibrillation. Evaluation of other family members identified a sister and a niece solely carrying the ANK2-E1813K variant, who showed age-related conduction disease. An asymptomatic second sister solely carried the KCNH2-H562R mutation. Voltage-clamp recordings in Xenopus oocytes revealed that KCNH2-H562R subunits were non-functional but did not exert dominant-negative effects on wild-type subunits. Expression of KCNH2-H562R in HEK293 cells showed a trafficking deficiency. Co-expression of the C-terminal regulatory domain of ANK2 in Xenopus oocytes revealed that ANK2-E1813K diminished currents mediated by the combination of wild-type and H562R KCNH2 subunits. Our data suggest that ANK2 functionally interacts with KCNH2 leading to a stronger current suppression and marked aggravation of long QT syndrome in the patient carrying variants in both proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gessner
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-St. 2, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Runge
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Koenen
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstr. 29, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan H Heinemann
- Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena and Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-St. 2, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Institute for Comparative and Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 8/1, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Haas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Meder
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dierk Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick A Schweizer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, INF 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Zhang X, Liu T, Wang B, Gao Y, Liu P, Li M, Du L. Astemizole-based turn-on fluorescent probes for imaging hERG potassium channel. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:513-516. [PMID: 31057730 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the scaffold of astemizole, three novel turn-on fluorescent probes (N1-N3) for human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel were developed herein. These probes have reasonable fluorescence properties, acceptable cell toxicity, and potent inhibitory activity, all of which contribute to cell imaging at the nanomolar level. Overall, these probes have the potential for setting up a screening system for hERG channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE) , School of Pharmacy , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China .
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE) , School of Pharmacy , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China .
| | - Beilei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE) , School of Pharmacy , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China .
| | - Yuqi Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE) , School of Pharmacy , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China .
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE) , School of Pharmacy , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China .
| | - Minyong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE) , School of Pharmacy , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China .
| | - Lupei Du
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (MOE) , School of Pharmacy , Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong 250012 , China .
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Faridi R, Tona R, Brofferio A, Hoa M, Olszewski R, Schrauwen I, Assir MZ, Bandesha AA, Khan AA, Rehman AU, Brewer C, Ahmed W, Leal SM, Riazuddin S, Boyden SE, Friedman TB. Mutational and phenotypic spectra of KCNE1 deficiency in Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome and Romano-Ward Syndrome. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:162-176. [PMID: 30461122 PMCID: PMC6328321 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
KCNE1 encodes a regulatory subunit of the KCNQ1 potassium channel-complex. Both KCNE1 and KCNQ1 are necessary for normal hearing and cardiac ventricular repolarization. Recessive variants in these genes are associated with Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome (JLNS1 and JLNS2), a cardio-auditory syndrome characterized by congenital profound sensorineural deafness and a prolonged QT interval that can cause ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Some normal-hearing carriers of heterozygous missense variants of KCNE1 and KCNQ1 have prolonged QT intervals, a dominantly inherited phenotype designated Romano-Ward syndrome (RWS), which is also associated with arrhythmias and elevated risk of sudden death. Coassembly of certain mutant KCNE1 monomers with wild-type KCNQ1 subunits results in RWS by a dominant negative mechanism. This paper reviews variants of KCNE1 and their associated phenotypes, including biallelic truncating null variants of KCNE1 that have not been previously reported. We describe three homozygous nonsense mutations of KCNE1 segregating in families ascertained ostensibly for nonsyndromic deafness: c.50G>A (p.Trp17*), c.51G>A (p.Trp17*), and c.138C>A (p.Tyr46*). Some individuals carrying missense variants of KCNE1 have RWS. However, heterozygotes for loss-of-function variants of KCNE1 may have normal QT intervals while biallelic null alleles are associated with JLNS2, indicating a complex genotype-phenotype spectrum for KCNE1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Faridi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54550, Pakistan
| | - Risa Tona
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alessandra Brofferio
- Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Hoa
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafal Olszewski
- Auditory Development and Restoration Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabelle Schrauwen
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Muhammad Z.K. Assir
- Allama Iqbal Medical Research Centre, Jinnah Hospital Complex, Lahore 54550, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar A. Bandesha
- Cardiology Department, The Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma A. Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54550, Pakistan
| | - Atteeq U. Rehman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carmen Brewer
- Audiology Unit, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wasim Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Suzanne M. Leal
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- Allama Iqbal Medical Research Centre, Jinnah Hospital Complex, Lahore 54550, Pakistan
| | - Steven E. Boyden
- Section on Genetics of Communication Disorders, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B. Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Excitable biological cells, such as cardiac muscle cells, can exhibit complex patterns of oscillations such as spiking and bursting. Moreover, it is well known that an enhancement in calcium currents may yield certain kind of cardiac arrhythmia, so-called early afterdepolarisations (EADs). The presence of EADs strongly correlates with the onset of dangerous cardiac arrhythmia. In this paper we study mathematically and numerically the dynamics of a cardiac muscle cell with respect to the calcium current by investigating a simplistic system of differential equations. For the study of this phenomena, we use bifurcation theory, numerical bifurcation analysis, geometric singular perturbation theory and computational methods to investigate a nonlinear multiple time scales system. It will turn out that EADs related to an enhanced calcium current are canard–induced and that we have to combine these theories to derive a better understanding of the dynamics behind EADs. Moreover, a suitable time scale separation argument determines the important and sensitive system parameters which are related to the occurrence of EADs.
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Zolezzi M, Cheung L. A literature-based algorithm for the assessment, management, and monitoring of drug-induced QTc prolongation in the psychiatric population. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:105-114. [PMID: 30636876 PMCID: PMC6309020 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s186474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain psychotropics and a number of other medications used to treat medical conditions in psychiatric patients can increase the risk of prolonging the corrected QT (QTc) interval on the electrocardiogram, which puts patients at risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias such as torsades de pointes. Pharmacists are often consulted about medications which are known to prolong the QTc interval. Although this information is often accessible, advising how to identify, assess, manage, and refer psychiatric patients at risk for drug-induced QTc prolongation is more challenging. OBJECTIVES The objective of this project was first to review the literature, which describes guidelines and recommendations for the assessment and management of drug-induced QTc prolongation, and then to design an algorithm to be used by pharmacists working closely with mental health professionals or who provide care to psychiatric patients. METHODS A review of the literature was undertaken. Predefined keywords were used to perform the database search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts to identify reviews, reports and guidelines on the assessment, prevention and monitoring of drug-induced QTc prolongation with an emphasis on psychotropic medications and management in the psychiatric population. RESULTS The electronic database search retrieved 637 relevant citations. These were initially screened by title and all duplicates were removed. The abstracts were then reviewed for relevancy based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Additional citations were retrieved from the bibliography of the articles identified in the initial search. A total of 79 articles describing QTc prolongation in the psychiatric population were thoroughly examined, but only 31 articles were selected to guide the development of the algorithm. CONCLUSION The literature-based algorithm developed provides a stepped-based approach for the assessment, monitoring, and management of drug-induced QTc prolongation in the psychiatric population. The algorithm may assist mental health clinicians in the decision-making process when psychiatric patients are prescribed medications known to increase the QTc interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zolezzi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar,
| | - L Cheung
- Pharmacy Department, Grey Nuns Community Hospital, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Guess J, Hubel K, Wiggins A, Madigan CG, Bunin J. Recurrent Torsades with Refractory QT Prolongation in a 54-Year-Old Man. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2018; 19:1515-1518. [PMID: 30568157 PMCID: PMC6322060 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.912326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND QT prolongation is a common, easily overlooked clinical problem with potentially dire consequences. Drug-induced and congenital forms are not mutually exclusive, but are treated differently. Here, we present a case of cryptogenic underlying congenital long QT syndrome (cLQTS) successfully treated with isoproterenol, a drug contraindicated in most congenital forms of this condition. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 54-year-old man who experienced severe QT prolongation after drug administration followed by recurrent episodes of torsade de pointes (TdP) with subsequent ventricular fibrillation (VF) arrest unresponsive to typical therapy. After failing electrolyte repletion, magnesium, amiodarone, and lidocaine, the patient was started on an isoproterenol drip to achieve a heart rate of at least 90 beats per minute (bpm). Isoproterenol resulted in an immediate near-normalization of his QT interval and cessation of his recurrent TdP. The patient was subsequently found to have a mutation of undetermined significance in the KCNQ1 gene, which is implicated in long QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1). Although isoproterenol is contraindicated in LQT1, our patient had an astonishingly therapeutic benefit. CONCLUSIONS After reviewing the electrophysiology of the delayed rectifier potassium current as it relates to long QT syndrome, we propose a mechanism by which our patient's specific mutation may have allowed him to derive benefit from isoproterenol treatment. We believe that there are patients with variants of LQT1 who can be safely treated with isoproterenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Guess
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kinsley Hubel
- Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Amanda Wiggins
- Department of Medicine, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Cory G Madigan
- Department of Cradiology, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Bunin
- Critical Care Services, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Yuan C, Luo Z, Zhou Y, Lei S, Xu C, Peng C, Li S, Li X, Zhu X, Gao T. Removal of hERG potassium channel affinity through introduction of an oxygen atom: Molecular insights from structure-activity relationships of strychnine and its analogs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:109-119. [PMID: 30282042 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nux vomica has been effectively used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The processing of Nux vomica is necessary to reduce toxicity before it can be used in clinical practice. However, the mechanism for processing detoxification is unclear. hERG channels have been subjected to a routine test for compound cardiac toxicity in the drug development process. Therefore, we examined the effects and mechanisms of strychnine and brucine, two main ingredients of Nux vomica, and their N-oxides on hERG channels. Strychnine and brucine exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition of hERG channels with IC50 values of 25.9 μM and 44.18 μM, respectively. However, their nitrogen oxidative derivatives produced by processing of Nux vomica, strychnine N-oxide and brucine N-oxide, lost their activity on hERG channels. Compared to their parent compounds, only an oxygen atom was introduced in the nitrogen oxidative isoforms to compensate for the N+ - charge, suggesting that the protonated nitrogen is the key group for strychnine and brucine binding to hERG channel. Alanine-mutagenesis identified Y652 is the most important residue for strychnine and brucine binding to hERG channel. Y652A mutation increased the IC50 for strychnine and brucine by 21.64-fold and 29.78-fold that of WT IhERG, respectively. Docking simulations suggested that the protonated nitrogen of strychnine and brucine formed a cation-π interaction with the aromatic ring of Y652. This study suggests that introduction of an oxygen to compensate for the N+ - charge could be a useful strategy for reducing hERG potency and increasing the safety margin of alkaloid-type compounds in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhengyi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Sheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Changxi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuji Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xinhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Tianming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Behzadi M, Joukar S, Beik A. Opioids and Cardiac Arrhythmia: A Literature Review. Med Princ Pract 2018; 27:401-414. [PMID: 30071529 PMCID: PMC6244110 DOI: 10.1159/000492616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the most important side effects of opioids is their influence on the electrical activity of the heart. This review focusses on the effects of opioids on QT interval prolongation and their arrhythmogenic liability. METHODS By using various keywords, papers published up to 2018 in different databases were searched and identified. The search terms were opioids names, corrected QT interval, human-ether-a-go-go gene, torsades de pointes (TdP), cardiac arrhythmias, opioid dependence and other relevant terms. It emphasized the effects of each opioid agent alone on electrocardiogram (ECG) and some interactions. RESULTS Available data indicate that some opioids such as methadone are high-risk even at low doses, and have potential for prolongation of the QT interval and development of TdP, a dangerous ventricular tachycardia. A number of opioids such as tramadol and oxycodone are intermediate risk drugs and may develop long QT interval and TdP in high doses. Some other opioids such as morphine and buprenorphine are low-risk drugs and do not produce QT interval prolongation and TdP at least in routine doses. Opium-consumers are at higher risk of supra-ventricular arrhythmias, sinus bradycardia, cardiac block and atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSION The cardiac arrhythmogenicity of various opioids is different. Methadone has a higher capability to induce long QT interval and dangerous arrhythmias in conventional doses than others. To reduce of arrhythmogenic risk, high doses of opioids must be used cautiously with periodic monitoring of ECG in high-risk consumers such as patients under opioid maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Behzadi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Beik
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Bifurcation Analysis of a Certain Hodgkin-Huxley Model Depending on Multiple Bifurcation Parameters. MATHEMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/math6060103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nagasawa S, Saitoh H, Kasahara S, Chiba F, Torimitsu S, Abe H, Yajima D, Iwase H. Relationship between KCNQ1 (LQT1) and KCNH2 (LQT2) gene mutations and sudden death during illegal drug use. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8443. [PMID: 29855564 PMCID: PMC5981596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long QT syndrome (LQTS), a congenital genetic disorder, can cause torsades de pointes (TdP), and lethal cardiac arrhythmia may result from ingestion of cardiotoxic drugs. Methamphetamine (MP) and new psychoactive substances (NPSs) can trigger TdP due to QT prolongation, leading to sudden death. We therefore analysed variations in the LQTS-associated genes KCNQ1 (LQT1) and KCNH2 (LQT2) using cardiac blood and myocardial tissue from subjects having died suddenly during MP or NPS use to investigate the relationship between congenital genetic abnormalities and sudden death during illegal drug use. We amplified and sequenced all exons of these genes using samples from 20 subjects, half of whom had died taking MP and half after using NPSs. G643S, a KCNQ1 missense polymorphism, was significantly more common among sudden deaths involving NPSs (6 subjects) than those involving MP (1 subject) and healthy Japanese subjects (P = 0.001). Notably, synthetic cathinones were detected in 2 of 3 cases involving G643S carriers. Previous functional analyses have indicated that the G643S polymorphism in the KCNQ1 potassium channel gene causes mild IKs channel dysfunction. Our data suggest that use of NPSs, particularly synthetic cathinones, is associated with elevated risk of serious cardiac arrhythmia and sudden death for subjects carrying KCNQ1 G643S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Nagasawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Hisako Saitoh
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shiori Kasahara
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Fumiko Chiba
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Suguru Torimitsu
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroko Abe
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yajima
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita City, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
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Birda CL, Kumar S, Bhalla A, Sharma N, Kumari S. Prevalence and prognostic significance of prolonged QTc interval in emergency medical patients: A prospective observational study. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2018; 8:28-35. [PMID: 29619337 PMCID: PMC5869797 DOI: 10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_59_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: QTc interval is affected by many factors and prolongation of same may have prognostic significance. A significant number of patients admitted in medical emergency are acutely ill, have multiple comorbidities and are on medications, all of these factors might affect QTc interval and prognosis. Materials and Methods: Single-center, prospective, observational study was carried out on 279 patients of different illnesses recruited from emergency medical services attached to the Department of Internal Medicine at Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India, a tertiary care hospital. Results: Out of 279 patients, 95 were found to have prolonged QTc interval with the prevalence of 34.1%. Fifteen patients (5.4%) had markedly prolonged QTc interval (QTc >500 ms). Of various medical conditions, we found statistically significantly higher number of patients of chronic kidney disease (P = 0.047), chronic liver disease (P < 0.001), hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident (P = 0.026), and heart failure (P = 0.009) with prolonged QTc interval. Among laboratory abnormalities, patients with low hemoglobin (P = 0.032), with deranged renal functions (P = 0.033), and with hypokalemia (P = 0.026) had a greater share of patients with prolonged QTc interval. There was no difference in duration of hospital stay and frequency of hospital mortality between two groups, although, on subgroup analysis, patients with markedly prolonged QTc interval had significantly higher hospital mortality (P = 0.029). The frequency of ventricular tachycardia was also significantly higher in patients with prolonged QTc interval (P = 0.008). Conclusion: High prevalence of prolonged QTc interval was found in Indian emergency medical patients. There was no difference in hospital mortality though on subgroup analysis, patients with markedly prolonged QTc interval had significantly more episodes of in-hospital ventricular tachycardia and hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhagan Lal Birda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Susheel Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashish Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Savita Kumari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Arunachalam K, Lakshmanan S, Maan A, Kumar N, Dominic P. Impact of Drug Induced Long QT Syndrome: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med Res 2018; 10:384-390. [PMID: 29581800 PMCID: PMC5862085 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3338w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug induced long QT syndrome is quite common in daily clinical practice but its impact is unknown. Methods PubMed and EMBASE databases (until May 2, 2017) were searched to identify studies reporting drug induced long QT syndrome and followed the PRISMA guidelines. The main outcomes measured in these studies were QTc prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, torsade de pointes (TdP) and death. Results Out of 176 non-duplicate reports, 36 studies satisfied inclusion criteria and provided data on patients exposed to drugs that can potentially cause long QT. Totally, 14,756 patients were exposed and 930 patients (6.3%) were found to have QTc prolongation. The number of males was 6,400 and females were 5,723 patients. The mean age of the patients was 43.8 ± 9.36 years. Ventricular arrhythmias were found in 379 patients (2.6%), 26 patients were found to have premature atrial contractions (PACs) and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). TdP was found in 49 patients (0.33 %), sudden cardiac death (SCD) was found in five patients and 586 patients were found to have all-cause mortality. Conclusions Around 6% of patients have risk of QT prolongation when exposed but only 0.3% developed TdP and 2.6% developed ventricular arrhythmias. Risk of developing arrhythmias is higher with concomitant use of multiple QT prolonging drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seetha Lakshmanan
- Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Sungai Petani, Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Abhishek Maan
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Paari Dominic
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, LA, USA
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Van Nieuwenhuyse E, Seemann G, Panfilov AV, Vandersickel N. Effects of early afterdepolarizations on excitation patterns in an accurate model of the human ventricles. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188867. [PMID: 29216239 PMCID: PMC5720514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early Afterdepolarizations, EADs, are defined as the reversal of the action potential before completion of the repolarization phase, which can result in ectopic beats. However, the series of mechanisms of EADs leading to these ectopic beats and related cardiac arrhythmias are not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the influence of this single cell behavior on the whole heart level. For this study we used a modified version of the Ten Tusscher-Panfilov model of human ventricular cells (TP06) which we implemented in a 3D ventricle model including realistic fiber orientations. To increase the likelihood of EAD formation at the single cell level, we reduced the repolarization reserve (RR) by reducing the rapid delayed rectifier Potassium current and raising the L-type Calcium current. Varying these parameters defined a 2D parametric space where different excitation patterns could be classified. Depending on the initial conditions, by either exciting the ventricles with a spiral formation or burst pacing protocol, we found multiple different spatio-temporal excitation patterns. The spiral formation protocol resulted in the categorization of a stable spiral (S), a meandering spiral (MS), a spiral break-up regime (SB), spiral fibrillation type B (B), spiral fibrillation type A (A) and an oscillatory excitation type (O). The last three patterns are a 3D generalization of previously found patterns in 2D. First, the spiral fibrillation type B showed waves determined by a chaotic bi-excitable regime, i.e. mediated by both Sodium and Calcium waves at the same time and in same tissue settings. In the parameter region governed by the B pattern, single cells were able to repolarize completely and different (spiral) waves chaotically burst into each other without finishing a 360 degree rotation. Second, spiral fibrillation type A patterns consisted of multiple small rotating spirals. Single cells failed to repolarize to the resting membrane potential hence prohibiting the Sodium channel gates to recover. Accordingly, we found that Calcium waves mediated these patterns. Third, a further reduction of the RR resulted in a more exotic parameter regime whereby the individual cells behaved independently as oscillators. The patterns arose due to a phase-shift of different oscillators as disconnection of the cells resulted in continuation of the patterns. For all patterns, we computed realistic 9 lead ECGs by including a torso model. The B and A type pattern exposed the behavior of Ventricular Tachycardia (VT). We conclude that EADs at the single cell level can result in different types of cardiac fibrillation at the tissue and 3D ventricle level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Seemann
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nele Vandersickel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Chiu SN, Huang SC, Wang JK, Lu CW, Chang LY, Lin MT, Chen CA, Chen YS, Wu MH. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in repaired tetralogy of Fallot after pulmonary valve replacement: Implications for the mechanism of ventricular arrhythmia. Int J Cardiol 2017; 249:156-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Reduce the risk of QT interval prolongation associated with targeted cancer therapy by using arrhythmic risk stratification and prevention strategies. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-017-0428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pourmand A, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Chistov S, Sabha Y, Vukomanovic D, Almulhim M. Emergency department approach to QTc prolongation. Am J Emerg Med 2017; 35:1928-1933. [PMID: 28855066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
QTc prolongation has been associated with increased risk of developing ventricular tachydysrhythmias, particularly Torsades de Pointes (TdP). QTc prolongation is influenced by many factors including congenital causes, heart rate, metabolic imbalances, and pharmacotherapy. Several commonly used medications in the emergency department (ED), such as antipsychotics and antiemetics, are known to prolong the QT interval. In addition, ED patients may present with conditions that may predispose them to QTc prolongation, such as drug overdose or hypokalemia, which can further complicate management. ED providers should not only be aware of which medications have these effects, but must also thoroughly investigate any pertinent patient history that may contribute to QTc prolongation. This review discusses commonly encountered medications that are associated with QTc prolongation, the mechanisms by which they prolong the QTc interval, and other factors that may influence ED medication administration and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Pourmand
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Maryann Mazer-Amirshahi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sonya Chistov
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Youssef Sabha
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Damir Vukomanovic
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Mohammed Almulhim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
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Han J, Lee SH, Giebisch G, Wang T. Potassium Channelopathies and Gastrointestinal Ulceration. Gut Liver 2017; 10:881-889. [PMID: 27784845 PMCID: PMC5087926 DOI: 10.5009/gnl15414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium channels and transporters maintain potassium homeostasis and play significant roles in several different biological actions via potassium ion regulation. In previous decades, the key revelations that potassium channels and transporters are involved in the production of gastric acid and the regulation of secretion in the stomach have been recognized. Drugs used to treat peptic ulceration are often potassium transporter inhibitors. It has also been reported that potassium channels are involved in ulcerative colitis. Direct toxicity to the intestines from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been associated with altered potassium channel activities. Several reports have indicated that the long-term use of the antianginal drug Nicorandil, an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener, increases the chances of ulceration and perforation from the oral to anal regions throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Several of these drug features provide further insights into the role of potassium channels in the occurrence of ulceration in the GI tract. The purpose of this review is to investigate whether potassium channelopathies are involved in the mechanisms responsible for ulceration that occurs throughout the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyong Han
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerhard Giebisch
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Vandersickel N, Van Nieuwenhuyse E, Seemann G, Panfilov AV. Spatial Patterns of Excitation at Tissue and Whole Organ Level Due to Early Afterdepolarizations. Front Physiol 2017; 8:404. [PMID: 28690545 PMCID: PMC5479889 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early after depolarizations (EAD) occur in many pathological conditions, such as congenital or acquired channelopathies, drug induced arrhythmias, and several other situations that are associated with increased arrhythmogenicity. In this paper we present an overview of the relevant computational studies on spatial EAD dynamics in 1D, 2D, and in 3D anatomical models and discuss the relation of EADs to cardiac arrhythmias. We also discuss unsolved problems and highlight new lines of research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunnar Seemann
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg · Bad Krozingen, Medical Center, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburg, Germany
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Cuni R, Parrini I, Asteggiano R, Conte MR. Targeted Cancer Therapies and QT Interval Prolongation: Unveiling the Mechanisms Underlying Arrhythmic Complications and the Need for Risk Stratification Strategies. Clin Drug Investig 2017; 37:121-134. [PMID: 27638052 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-016-0460-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The care and treatment of cancer patients has significantly changed in the last decade with a remarkable shift towards novel targeted therapies. These promising new drugs may represent effective and potentially life-saving therapeutic options in cancer patients, but are also emerging in the cardiotoxicity scenario for their arrhythmogenic potential due to their QT-prolonging activity. In this article we review the mechanisms underlying drug-induced QT interval prolongation and the classes of anticancer-targeted therapies most frequently responsible for this adverse event, with a particular focus on tyrosine kinase-targeting molecules. Since up to 49 % of serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and 58 % of potentially fatal ADRs may not appear on initial drug safety labels, we also review and discuss data from the post-marketing VigiBase® safety reporting system, the World Health Organization's global database of ADRs. Finally, we discuss arrhythmic risk stratification and prevention strategies in the complex multiple-risk setting of cancer patients, paying particular attention to drug-drug interactions with common antimicrobial, psychotropic and antiemetic supportive care, and we also provide an electrocardiographic QT monitoring algorithm for patients who are candidates for targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezarta Cuni
- Department of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Ordine Mauriziano, Largo Filippo Turati nr. 62, 10128, Turin, Italy.
| | - Iris Parrini
- Department of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Ordine Mauriziano, Largo Filippo Turati nr. 62, 10128, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Asteggiano
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale Torino 2 and Torino 3, Out of Hospital Cardiology Service, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Conte
- Department of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Ordine Mauriziano, Largo Filippo Turati nr. 62, 10128, Turin, Italy
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Abstract
The QT interval on surface electrocardiograms provides a model of a multicomponent integrated readout of many biological systems, including ion channels, modulatory subunits, signaling systems that modulate their activity, and mechanisms that regulate the expression of their responsible genes. The problem of drug exposure causing exaggerated QT interval prolongation and torsades de pointes highlights the multicomponent nature of cardiac repolarization and the way in which simple perturbations can yield exaggerated responses. Future directions will involve cellular approaches coupled to evolving technologies that can interrogate multicellular systems and provide a sophisticated view of mechanisms in this previously idiosyncratic drug reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Roden
- Oates Institute for Experimental Therapeutics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1285 MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232-0575, USA.
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43
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Collins SL, Carr DF, Pirmohamed M. Advances in the Pharmacogenomics of Adverse Drug Reactions. Drug Saf 2016; 39:15-27. [PMID: 26650062 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-015-0367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid developments in pharmacogenomics have been noticeable in recent years, and much of this knowledge has improved understanding of adverse drug reactions. This improved knowledge has largely been the result of improved sequencing technologies and falling costs in this area, as well as improved statistical techniques to analyse the data derived from studies. While the genetic reasons behind adverse drug reactions are becoming better understood, translation of this knowledge, particularly in terms of biomarkers that might be clinically applicable at the bedside, has been more difficult. Understanding of the technologies and their application is limited among practising clinicians. The cost of some of the technologies available may also be prohibitive in stretched healthcare economies. As education about the potential for applying pharmacogenomics improves and costs fall, understanding of adverse drug reactions and application of this knowledge in a clinical setting should improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah L Collins
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel F Carr
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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44
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Gurbuz AS, Ozturk S, Acar E, Efe SÇ, Akgun T, Kilicgedik A, Guler A, Kirma C. Acquired long QT syndrome and Torsades de Pointes related to donepezil use in a patient with Alzheimer disease. Egypt Heart J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ehj.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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45
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Hill AP, Perry MD, Abi-Gerges N, Couderc JP, Fermini B, Hancox JC, Knollmann BC, Mirams GR, Skinner J, Zareba W, Vandenberg JI. Computational cardiology and risk stratification for sudden cardiac death: one of the grand challenges for cardiology in the 21st century. J Physiol 2016; 594:6893-6908. [PMID: 27060987 PMCID: PMC5134408 DOI: 10.1113/jp272015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk stratification in the context of sudden cardiac death has been acknowledged as one of the major challenges facing cardiology for the past four decades. In recent years, the advent of high performance computing has facilitated organ-level simulation of the heart, meaning we can now examine the causes, mechanisms and impact of cardiac dysfunction in silico. As a result, computational cardiology, largely driven by the Physiome project, now stands at the threshold of clinical utility in regards to risk stratification and treatment of patients at risk of sudden cardiac death. In this white paper, we outline a roadmap of what needs to be done to make this translational step, using the relatively well-developed case of acquired or drug-induced long QT syndrome as an exemplar case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Hill
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Matthew D Perry
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Najah Abi-Gerges
- AnaBios Corporation, 3030 Bunker Hill St., San Diego, CA, 92109, USA
| | | | - Bernard Fermini
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, MS8274-1347 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jules C Hancox
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 1285 Medical Research Building IV, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232, USA
| | - Gary R Mirams
- Computational Biology, Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Skinner
- Cardiac Inherited Disease Group, Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wojciech Zareba
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jamie I Vandenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 405 Liverpool Street, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Interleukin-1β gene variants are associated with QTc interval prolongation following cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study. Can J Anaesth 2016; 63:397-410. [PMID: 26858093 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-015-0576-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We characterized cardiac surgery-induced dynamic changes of the corrected QT (QTc) interval and tested the hypothesis that genetic factors are associated with perioperative QTc prolongation independent of clinical and procedural factors. METHODS All study subjects were ascertained from a prospective study of patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery during August 1999 to April 2002. We defined a prolonged QTc interval as > 440 msec, measured from 24-hr pre- and postoperative 12-lead electrocardiograms. The association of 37 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 21 candidate genes -involved in modulating arrhythmia susceptibility pathways with postoperative QTc changes- was investigated in a two-stage design with a stage I cohort (n = 497) nested within a stage II cohort (n = 957). Empirical P values (Pemp) were obtained by permutation tests with 10,000 repeats. RESULTS After adjusting for clinical and procedural risk factors, we selected four SNPs (P value range, 0.03-0.1) in stage I, which we then tested in the stage II cohort. Two functional SNPs in the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL1β), rs1143633 (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53 to 0.95; Pemp = 0.02) and rs16944 (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.70; Pemp = 0.04), remained independent predictors of postoperative QTc prolongation. The ability of a clinico-genetic model incorporating the two IL1B polymorphisms to classify patients at risk for developing prolonged postoperative QTc was superior to a clinical model alone, with a net reclassification improvement of 0.308 (P = 0.0003) and an integrated discrimination improvement of 0.02 (P = 0.000024). CONCLUSION The results suggest a contribution of IL1β in modulating susceptibility to postoperative QTc prolongation after cardiac surgery.
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Abstract
Ventricular repolarization is a complex electrical phenomenon which represents a crucial stage in electrical cardiac activity. It is expressed on the surface electrocardiogram by the interval between the start of the QRS complex and the end of the T wave or U wave (QT). Several physiological, pathological and iatrogenic factors can influence ventricular repolarization. It has been demonstrated that small perturbations in this process can be a potential trigger of malignant arrhythmias, therefore the analysis of ventricular repolarization represents an interesting tool to implement risk stratification of arrhythmic events in different clinical settings. The aim of this review is to critically revise the traditional methods of static analysis of ventricular repolarization as well as those for dynamic evaluation, their prognostic significance and the possible application in daily clinical practice.
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48
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Roden DM. Predicting drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. J Physiol 2016; 594:2459-68. [PMID: 26660066 DOI: 10.1113/jp270526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease as well as those used in the treatment of multiple other conditions can occasionally produce exaggerated prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram and the morphologically distinctive polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ('torsades de pointes'). This syndrome of drug-induced long QT syndrome has moved from an interesting academic exercise to become a key element in the development of any new drug entity. The prevailing view, which has driven both clinical care and drug regulation, holds that cardiac repolarization represents a balance between inward currents (primarily through calcium and sodium channels) and outward currents (primarily through rapid and slowed delayed rectifier potassium channels) and that block of the rapid delayed rectifier (IKr ) is the primary mechanism whereby drugs prolong individual action potentials, manifest on the surface electrocardiogram as QT interval prolongation. Such marked action potential prolongation in individual cardiac cells, in turn, is accompanied by arrhythmogenic afterdepolarizations thought to trigger torsades de pointes. This review describes the evidence in support of this construct, and describes the way in which clinical and whole heart experiments have informed molecular mechanisms and vice versa. New data that challenge these views and that may, as a result, lead to new clinical care and drug screening paradigms, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Roden
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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49
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Itoh H, Crotti L, Aiba T, Spazzolini C, Denjoy I, Fressart V, Hayashi K, Nakajima T, Ohno S, Makiyama T, Wu J, Hasegawa K, Mastantuono E, Dagradi F, Pedrazzini M, Yamagishi M, Berthet M, Murakami Y, Shimizu W, Guicheney P, Schwartz PJ, Horie M. The genetics underlying acquired long QT syndrome: impact for genetic screening. Eur Heart J 2015; 37:1456-64. [PMID: 26715165 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Acquired long QT syndrome (aLQTS) exhibits QT prolongation and Torsades de Pointes ventricular tachycardia triggered by drugs, hypokalaemia, or bradycardia. Sometimes, QTc remains prolonged despite elimination of triggers, suggesting the presence of an underlying genetic substrate. In aLQTS subjects, we assessed the prevalence of mutations in major LQTS genes and their probability of being carriers of a disease-causing genetic variant based on clinical factors. METHODS AND RESULTS We screened for the five major LQTS genes among 188 aLQTS probands (55 ± 20 years, 140 females) from Japan, France, and Italy. Based on control QTc (without triggers), subjects were designated 'true aLQTS' (QTc within normal limits) or 'unmasked cLQTS' (all others) and compared for QTc and genetics with 2379 members of 1010 genotyped congenital long QT syndrome (cLQTS) families. Cardiac symptoms were present in 86% of aLQTS subjects. Control QTc of aLQTS was 453 ± 39 ms, shorter than in cLQTS (478 ± 46 ms, P < 0.001) and longer than in non-carriers (406 ± 26 ms, P < 0.001). In 53 (28%) aLQTS subjects, 47 disease-causing mutations were identified. Compared with cLQTS, in 'true aLQTS', KCNQ1 mutations were much less frequent than KCNH2 (20% [95% CI 7-41%] vs. 64% [95% CI 43-82%], P < 0.01). A clinical score based on control QTc, age, and symptoms allowed identification of patients more likely to carry LQTS mutations. CONCLUSION A third of aLQTS patients carry cLQTS mutations, those on KCNH2 being more common. The probability of being a carrier of cLQTS disease-causing mutations can be predicted by simple clinical parameters, thus allowing possibly cost-effective genetic testing leading to cascade screening for identification of additional at-risk family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Itoh
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan Inserm, UMR_S1166, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1166, Institut de recherche sur les maladies cardiovasculaires, du métabolisme et de la nutrition, Paris, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Lia Crotti
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Takeshi Aiba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Carla Spazzolini
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabelle Denjoy
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Cardiologie, Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Université Denis Diderot, Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Fressart
- Inserm, UMR_S1166, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1166, Institut de recherche sur les maladies cardiovasculaires, du métabolisme et de la nutrition, Paris, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpétrière, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, UF Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Kenshi Hayashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakajima
- Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Seiko Ohno
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takeru Makiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kanae Hasegawa
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Elisa Mastantuono
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Federica Dagradi
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrazzini
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Masakazu Yamagishi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Myriam Berthet
- Inserm, UMR_S1166, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1166, Institut de recherche sur les maladies cardiovasculaires, du métabolisme et de la nutrition, Paris, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Yoshitaka Murakami
- Medical Statistics, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Wataru Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pascale Guicheney
- Inserm, UMR_S1166, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S1166, Institut de recherche sur les maladies cardiovasculaires, du métabolisme et de la nutrition, Paris, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - Peter J Schwartz
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Center for Cardiac Arrhythmias of Genetic Origin and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Minoru Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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Signore S, Sorrentino A, Borghetti G, Cannata A, Meo M, Zhou Y, Kannappan R, Pasqualini F, O'Malley H, Sundman M, Tsigkas N, Zhang E, Arranto C, Mangiaracina C, Isobe K, Sena BF, Kim J, Goichberg P, Nahrendorf M, Isom LL, Leri A, Anversa P, Rota M. Late Na(+) current and protracted electrical recovery are critical determinants of the aging myopathy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8803. [PMID: 26541940 PMCID: PMC4638135 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging myopathy manifests itself with diastolic dysfunction and preserved ejection fraction. We raised the possibility that, in a mouse model of physiological aging, defects in electromechanical properties of cardiomyocytes are important determinants of the diastolic characteristics of the myocardium, independently from changes in structural composition of the muscle and collagen framework. Here we show that an increase in the late Na(+) current (INaL) in aging cardiomyocytes prolongs the action potential (AP) and influences temporal kinetics of Ca(2+) cycling and contractility. These alterations increase force development and passive tension. Inhibition of INaL shortens the AP and corrects dynamics of Ca(2+) transient, cell contraction and relaxation. Similarly, repolarization and diastolic tension of the senescent myocardium are partly restored. Thus, INaL offers inotropic support, but negatively interferes with cellular and ventricular compliance, providing a new perspective of the biology of myocardial aging and the aetiology of the defective cardiac performance in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Signore
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giulia Borghetti
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Antonio Cannata
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marianna Meo
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ramaswamy Kannappan
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Francesco Pasqualini
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Heather O'Malley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mark Sundman
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nikolaos Tsigkas
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Eric Zhang
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Christian Arranto
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Chiara Mangiaracina
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kazuya Isobe
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Brena F Sena
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Polina Goichberg
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Annarosa Leri
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Piero Anversa
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Marcello Rota
- Departments of Anesthesia and Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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