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Okumura A, Aoshima K, Tanimizu N. Generation of in vivo-like multicellular liver organoids by mimicking developmental processes: A review. Regen Ther 2024; 26:219-234. [PMID: 38903867 PMCID: PMC11186971 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver is involved in metabolic reactions, ammonia detoxification, and immunity. Multicellular liver tissue cultures are more desirable for drug screening, disease modeling, and researching transplantation therapy, than hepatocytes monocultures. Hepatocytes monocultures are not stable for long. Further, hepatocyte-like cells induced from pluripotent stem cells and in vivo hepatocytes are functionally dissimilar. Organoid technology circumvents these issues by generating functional ex vivo liver tissue from intrinsic liver progenitor cells and extrinsic stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells. To function as in vivo liver tissue, the liver organoid cells must be arranged precisely in the 3-dimensional space, closely mimicking in vivo liver tissue. Moreover, for long term functioning, liver organoids must be appropriately vascularized and in contact with neighboring epithelial tissues (e.g., bile canaliculi and intrahepatic bile duct, or intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts). Recent discoveries in liver developmental biology allows one to successfully induce liver component cells and generate organoids. Thus, here, in this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on liver development with a focus on its application in generating different liver organoids. We also cover the future prospects in creating (functionally and structurally) in vivo-like liver organoids using the current knowledge on liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Okumura
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Kenji Aoshima
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
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2
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Lianos GD, Bali CD, Vlachos K, Drosou P, Rausei S, Mitsis M, Schizas D. Complete mesogastric excision for gastric cancer: is it the future of gastric cancer surgery? Per Med 2023; 20:461-466. [PMID: 37811582 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2023-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains undoubtedly one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. The global incidence shows wide geographic variation with a high prevalence in Asia. Besides that, there are evident differences in epidemiology, histopathology, tumor location, diagnosis and treatment strategy between east and west countries. Gastric cancer represents an aggressive disease, with many factors influencing its development and also recurrence after surgical resection. New knowledge of disease spread and new routes of metastases are now emerging and the 'novel' concept of complete mesogastric excision for gastric cancer is under consideration and debate. This article aims to analyze and highlight this new concept after a careful literature review, offering also a view toward the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios D Lianos
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45500, Greece
| | - Christina D Bali
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45500, Greece
| | | | - Panagiota Drosou
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45500, Greece
| | - Stefano Rausei
- Department of Surgery, Cittiglio-Angera Hospital, ASST Settelaghi, Cittiglio, 21033, Italy
| | - Michail Mitsis
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45500, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, 11527, Greece
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Şerboiu CS, Aliuș C, Dumitru A, Țăpoi D, Costache M, Nica AE, Alexandra-Ana M, Antoniac I, Grădinaru S. Gallbladder Pancreatic Heterotopia-The Importance of Diagnostic Imaging in Managing Intraoperative Findings. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1407. [PMID: 37629697 PMCID: PMC10456474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic heterotopy is a rare entity defined as the presence of abnormally located pancreatic tissue without any anatomical or vascular connection to the normal pancreas. Heterotopic pancreatic tissue can be found in various regions of the digestive system, such as the stomach, duodenum, and upper jejunum, with the less commonly reported location being the gallbladder. Gallbladder pancreatic heterotopia can be either an incidental finding or diagnosed in association with cholecystitis. Pancreatitis of the ectopic tissue has also been described. In this context, we report three cases of heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the gallbladder with different types of pancreatic tissue according to the Heinrich classification. One patient was a 24-year-old male who presented with acute pancreatitis symptoms and an ultrasonographical detected mass in the gallbladder, which proved to be heterotopic pancreatic tissue. The other two cases were female patients aged 24 and 32, respectively, incidentally diagnosed on histopathological examination after cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Both cases displayed chronic cholecystitis lesions; one of them was also associated with low grade dysplasia of the gallbladder. Although a rare occurrence in general, pancreatic heterotopia should be acknowledged as a possible incidental finding in asymptomatic patients as well as a cause for acute cholecystitis or pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crenguţa Sorina Şerboiu
- Department of Cellular, Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cătălin Aliuș
- Surgical Department IV, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adrian Dumitru
- Pathology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Țăpoi
- Pathology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Costache
- Pathology Department, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Elena Nica
- Intensive Care Unit, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Iulian Antoniac
- Department of Metallic Materials Sciense and Physical Metallurgy, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sebastian Grădinaru
- Department of General Surgery, County Hospital Ilfov, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Titu Maiorescu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
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Han DW, Xu K, Jin ZL, Xu YN, Li YH, Wang L, Cao Q, Kim KP, Ryu D, Hong K, Kim NH. Customized liver organoids as an advanced in vitro modeling and drug discovery platform for non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3595-3613. [PMID: 37497008 PMCID: PMC10367556 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progressive form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have presented a major and common health concern worldwide due to their increasing prevalence and progressive development of severe pathological conditions such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Although a large number of drug candidates for the treatment of NASH have entered clinical trial testing, all have not been released to market due to their limited efficacy, and there remains no approved treatment for NASH available to this day. Recently, organoid technology that produces 3D multicellular aggregates with a liver tissue-like cytoarchitecture and improved functionality has been suggested as a novel platform for modeling the human-specific complex pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH. In this review, we describe the cellular crosstalk between each cellular compartment in the liver during the pathogenesis of NAFLD and NASH. We also summarize the current state of liver organoid technology, describing the cellular diversity that could be recapitulated in liver organoids and proposing a future direction for liver organoid technology as an in vitro platform for disease modeling and drug discovery for NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong ORGANOID Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Jiangmen, China
| | - KangHe Xu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe-Long Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong ORGANOID Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yong-Nan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Hua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Qilong Cao
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - DongHee Ryu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, The institute of advanced regenerative science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
- International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jianghai, Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, China
- Research and Development, Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong ORGANOID Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Jiangmen, China
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Chen M, Tanaka T, Igawa T, Han Y, Peng F, Jin Z, Yoshino T. Expression and clinicopathological characteristics of PDX1, PTF1A, and SALL4 in large and small ducts of ectopic pancreas located in gastro-duodenum and jejunum. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18241. [PMID: 37519669 PMCID: PMC10372316 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An ectopic pancreas is defined as pancreatic tissue outside its normal location, anatomically separated from the pancreas. The transcription factor pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (PDX1) is involved in maintaining the pancreas and functions in early pancreatic development, beta cell differentiation, and endocrine non beta cells. Pancreatic transcription factor 1 subunit alpha (PTF1A) affects exocrine cell formation and regulation of acinar cell identity, and is expressed in exocrine cells as a transcription factor. The depletion of SALL4 disrupts self-renewal and induces differentiation. To clarify which of PDX1, PTF1A, or SALL4 determines the difference in Heinrich's classification, we examined the localization and number of positive cells. We analyzed the differential expression of PDX1, PTF1A, and SALL4 in large and small ducts in ectopic pancreas by immunohistochemistry. Results showed that the number of PTF1A-positive cells in large ducts was more widespread in type I than in type II in the gastro-duodenum, and more SALL4-positive cells were noticed in large ducts than in small ducts in the gastro-duodenum of type II. Our results revealed that PTF1A might promote exocrine differentiation in developing the pancreatic tissues, and that those with widespread expression differentiate into exocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takehiro Tanaka
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takuro Igawa
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yanyan Han
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fangli Peng
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Zaishun Jin
- Department of Pathology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157001, China
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Kurokawa M, Kurokawa R, Tamura K, Baba A, Ota Y, Nakaya M, Yokoyama K, Kim J, Moritani T, Abe O. Imaging Features of Ectopic Tissues and Their Complications: Embryologic and Anatomic Approach. Radiographics 2023; 43:e220111. [PMID: 37141139 DOI: 10.1148/rg.220111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic tissue is an anatomic abnormality in which tissue develops in an area outside its normal location. It is primarily caused by abnormalities during the process of embryologic development. Although the majority of individuals with ectopic tissues remain asymptomatic, various symptoms and associated complications can occur. Failure in normal embryologic development leads to loss of normal physiologic function or may result in harmful functions such as ectopic hormonal secretion in the ectopic pituitary adenoma. Ectopic tissues may also frequently mimic tumors. For example, developmental abnormalities in the pharyngeal pouches may result in an ectopic parathyroid gland and ectopic thymus, both of which are frequently misdiagnosed as tumors. Adequate knowledge of embryology is essential for understanding the differential diagnoses of ectopic tissues and facilitating appropriate management. The authors summarize the embryologic development and pathogenesis of ectopic tissues by using illustrations to facilitate a deeper understanding of embryologic development and anatomy. Characteristic imaging findings (US, CT, MRI, and scintigraphy) are described for ectopic tissues of the brain, head, neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis by focusing on common conditions that radiologists may encounter in daily practice and their differential diagnoses. ©RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available through the Online Learning Center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kurokawa
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Ryo Kurokawa
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Kentaro Tamura
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Akira Baba
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Yoshiaki Ota
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Moto Nakaya
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Kota Yokoyama
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - John Kim
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Toshio Moritani
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Osamu Abe
- From the Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, UH B2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (M.K., R.K., A.B., Y.O., J.K., T.M.); Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (M.K., R.K., M.N., O.A.); Department of Radiology, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan (K.T.); and Department of Radiology and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (K.Y.)
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Xu X, Seymour PA, Sneppen K, Trusina A, Egeskov-Madsen ALR, Jørgensen MC, Jensen MH, Serup P. Jag1-Notch cis-interaction determines cell fate segregation in pancreatic development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:348. [PMID: 36681690 PMCID: PMC9867774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch ligands Jag1 and Dll1 guide differentiation of multipotent pancreatic progenitor cells (MPCs) into unipotent pro-acinar cells (PACs) and bipotent duct/endocrine progenitors (BPs). Ligand-mediated trans-activation of Notch receptors induces oscillating expression of the transcription factor Hes1, while ligand-receptor cis-interaction indirectly represses Hes1 activation. Despite Dll1 and Jag1 both displaying cis- and trans-interactions, the two mutants have different phenotypes for reasons not fully understood. Here, we present a mathematical model that recapitulates the spatiotemporal differentiation of MPCs into PACs and BPs. The model correctly captures cell fate changes in Notch pathway knockout mice and small molecule inhibitor studies, and a requirement for oscillatory Hes1 expression to maintain the multipotent state. Crucially, the model entails cell-autonomous attenuation of Notch signaling by Jag1-mediated cis-inhibition in MPC differentiation. The model sheds light on the underlying mechanisms, suggesting that cis-interaction is crucial for exiting the multipotent state, while trans-interaction is required for adopting the bipotent fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochan Xu
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Philip Allan Seymour
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kim Sneppen
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ala Trusina
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anuska la Rosa Egeskov-Madsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mette Christine Jørgensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mogens Høgh Jensen
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Palle Serup
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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8
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Tomita H, Hara A. Development of extrahepatic bile ducts and mechanisms of tumorigenesis: Lessons from mouse models. Pathol Int 2022; 72:589-605. [PMID: 36349994 PMCID: PMC10098476 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The biliary system is a highly branched tubular network consisting of intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs) and extrahepatic bile ducts (EHBDs). IHBDs are derived from hepatic progenitor cells, while EHBDs originate directly from the endoderm through a separate branching morphogenetic process. Traits that are important for cancer are often found to overlap in developmental and other processes. Therefore, it has been suggested that intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (iCCAs) and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (eCCAs) have different developmental mechanisms. While much evidence is being gathered on the mechanism of iCCAs, the evidence for eCCA is still very limited. The main reason for this is that there are very few appropriate animal models for eCCA. We can gain important insights from these animal models, particularly genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). GEMMs are immunocompetent and mimic human CCA subtypes with a specific mutational pattern, allowing the development of precancerous lesions, that is, biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN) and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB). This review provides a summary of the pathogenesis and mechanisms of eCCA that can be revealed by GEMMs. Furthermore, we discuss several clinical questions, such as whether BilIN and IPNB really become malignant, whether the peribiliary gland is the origin of eCCAs, and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Tumor Pathology Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan
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9
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Hu Y, Zeng N, Ge Y, Wang D, Qin X, Zhang W, Jiang F, Liu Y. Identification of the Shared Gene Signatures and Biological Mechanism in Type 2 Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:847760. [PMID: 35432196 PMCID: PMC9010232 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.847760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between pancreatic cancer (PC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has long been widely recognized, but the interaction mechanisms are still unknown. This study was aimed to investigate the shared gene signatures and molecular processes between PC and T2DM. Methods The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was used to retrieve the RNA sequence and patient information of PC and T2DM. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to discover a co-expression network associated with PC and T2DM. Enrichment analysis of shared genes present in PC and T2DM was performed by ClueGO software. These results were validated in the other four cohorts based on differential gene analysis. The predictive significance of S100A6 in PC was evaluated using univariate and multivariate Cox analyses, as well as Kaplan-Meier plots. The biological process of S100A6 enrichment in PC was detected using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The involvement of S100A6 in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) was assessed by CIBERSORT. In vitro assays were used to further confirm the function of S100A6 in PC. Results WGCNA recognized three major modules for T2DM and two major modules for PC. There were 44 shared genes identified for PC and T2DM, and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that regulation of endodermal cell fate specification was primarily enriched. In addition, a key shared gene S100A6 was derived in the validation tests. S100A6 was shown to be highly expressed in PC compared to non-tumor tissues. PC patients with high S100A6 expression had worse overall survival (OS) than those with low expression. GSEA revealed that S100A6 is involved in cancer-related pathways and glycometabolism-related pathways. There is a strong relationship between S100A6 and TIME. In vitro functional assays showed that S100A6 helped to induce the PC cells' proliferation and migration. We also proposed a diagram of common mechanisms of PC and T2DM. Conclusions This study firstly revealed that the regulation of endodermal cell fate specification may be common pathogenesis of PC and T2DM and identified S100A6 as a possible biomarker and therapeutic target for PC and T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Hu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yaoqi Ge
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wensong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Geriatric Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Girnyi S, Ekman M, Marano L, Roviello F, Połom K. Complete Mesogastric Excisions Involving Anatomically Based Concepts and Embryological-Based Surgeries: Current Knowledge and Future Challenges. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4929-4937. [PMID: 34898586 PMCID: PMC8628739 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgeries for gastrointestinal tract malignancies are based on the paradigm that we should remove the tumour together with its lymphatic drainage in one block. This concept was initially proposed in rectal surgery and called a total mesorectal excision. This procedure gained much interest and has improved oncological results in rectal cancer surgery. The same idea for mesogastric and complete mesogastric excisions was proposed but, because of the complexity of the gastric mesentery, it has not become a standard technique. In this review, we analysed anatomical and embryological factors, proposed technical aspects of this operation and incorporated the available initial results of this concept. We also discussed analogies to other gastrointestinal organs, as well as challenges to this concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergii Girnyi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-070 Gdansk, Poland; (S.G.); (M.E.); (K.P.)
| | - Marcin Ekman
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-070 Gdansk, Poland; (S.G.); (M.E.); (K.P.)
| | - Luigi Marano
- Unit of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Franco Roviello
- Unit of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Karol Połom
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-070 Gdansk, Poland; (S.G.); (M.E.); (K.P.)
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11
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Liu KC, Villasenor A, Bertuzzi M, Schmitner N, Radros N, Rautio L, Mattonet K, Matsuoka RL, Reischauer S, Stainier DY, Andersson O. Insulin-producing β-cells regenerate ectopically from a mesodermal origin under the perturbation of hemato-endothelial specification. eLife 2021; 10:65758. [PMID: 34403334 PMCID: PMC8370765 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of the vasculature in pancreatic β-cell regeneration, we crossed a zebrafish β-cell ablation model into the avascular npas4l mutant (i.e. cloche). Surprisingly, β-cell regeneration increased markedly in npas4l mutants owing to the ectopic differentiation of β-cells in the mesenchyme, a phenotype not previously reported in any models. The ectopic β-cells expressed endocrine markers of pancreatic β-cells, and also responded to glucose with increased calcium influx. Through lineage tracing, we determined that the vast majority of these ectopic β-cells has a mesodermal origin. Notably, ectopic β-cells were found in npas4l mutants as well as following knockdown of the endothelial/myeloid determinant Etsrp. Together, these data indicate that under the perturbation of endothelial/myeloid specification, mesodermal cells possess a remarkable plasticity enabling them to form β-cells, which are normally endodermal in origin. Understanding the restriction of this differentiation plasticity will help exploit an alternative source for β-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Cheuk Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alethia Villasenor
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Maria Bertuzzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Schmitner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niki Radros
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linn Rautio
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenny Mattonet
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States
| | - Sven Reischauer
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Frankfurt, Germany; Medical Clinic I, (Cardiology/Angiology) and Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Didier Yr Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Olov Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Kuriyama K, Kodama Y, Shiokawa M, Nishikawa Y, Marui S, Kuwada T, Sogabe Y, Kakiuchi N, Tomono T, Matsumori T, Mima A, Morita T, Ueda T, Tsuda M, Yamauchi Y, Sakuma Y, Ota Y, Maruno T, Uza N, Kageyama R, Chiba T, Seno H. Essential role of Notch/Hes1 signaling in postnatal pancreatic exocrine development. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:673-687. [PMID: 34128109 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch/Hes1 signaling has been shown to play a role in determining the fate of pancreatic progenitor cells. However, its function in postnatal pancreatic maturation is not fully elucidated. METHODS We generated conditional Hes1 knockout and/or Notch intracellular domain (NICD) overexpression mice in Ptf1a- or Pdx1-positive pancreatic progenitor cells and analyzed pancreatic tissues. RESULTS Both Ptf1acre/+; Hes1f/f and Ptf1acre/+; Rosa26NICD mice showed normal pancreatic development at P0. However, exocrine tissue of the pancreatic tail in Ptf1acre/+; Hes1f/f mice atrophied and was replaced by fat tissue by 4 weeks of age, with increased apoptotic cells and fewer centroacinar cells. This impaired exocrine development was completely rescued by NICD overexpression in Ptf1acre/+; Hes1f/f; Rosa26NICD mice, suggesting compensation by a Notch signaling pathway other than Hes1. Conversely, Pdx1-Cre; Hes1f/f mice showed impaired postnatal exocrine development in both the pancreatic head and tail, revealing that the timing and distribution of embryonic Hes1 expression affects postnatal exocrine tissue development. CONCLUSIONS Notch signaling has an essential role in pancreatic progenitor cells for the postnatal maturation of exocrine tissue, partly through the formation of centroacinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Kuriyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kodama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Shiokawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Saiko Marui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuko Sogabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kakiuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Teruko Tomono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsumori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Morita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Ueda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Tsuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamauchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yojiro Sakuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yuji Ota
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takahisa Maruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Uza
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Kansai Electric Power Hospital, 2-1-7 Fukushima, Fukushima-ku, Osaka, 553-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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13
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Hrudka J, Prouzová Z, Mydlíková K, Jedličková K, Holešta M, Whitley A, Havlůj L. FOXF1 as an Immunohistochemical Marker of Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma or Metastatic Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Single Institution Experience. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609756. [PMID: 34257615 PMCID: PMC8262193 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a liver malignancy associated with a poor prognosis. Its main subtypes are peripheral/intrahepatic and hilar/extrahepatic CCA. Several molecular, morphological and clinical similarities between hilar/extrahepatic CCA and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have been described. FOXF1 is a transcription factor which has been described to have prognostic significance in various tumors and it is involved in the development of bile ducts. The aim of this study is to determine occurrence of nuclear expression of FOXF1 in both subtypes of CCA and metastatic PDAC and assess its potential usefulness as a diagnostic marker. Secondary aims were to investigate the use of C-reactive protein (CRP) immunohistochemistry for diagnosing intrahepatic peripheral CCA and the significance of histological features in CCA subtypes. 32 archive specimens of CCA, combined hepatocellular carcinoma-CCA (HCC-CCA) and liver metastasis of PDAC were stained by FOXF1 and CRP immunohistochemistry and evaluated to determine histological pattern. The CCAs were classified radiologically into peripheral/intrahepatic and hilar subtype. Using Fisher exact test, we identified nuclear FOXF1 as a fairly specific (87%) but insensitive (65%) marker of hilar and extrahepatic CCA and metastatic PDAC (p = 0.005). CRP immunohistochemistry was characterized by a high sensitivity and specificity, of 79% and 88%, respectively (p = 0.001). We did not identify any histomorphological features associated with either types of CCA or metastatic PDAC. As a conclusion of novel finding, FOXF1 immunohistochemistry may be regarded as a specific but insensitive marker of hilar/extrahepatic CCA and metastatic PDAC and it may help distinguish them from peripheral CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hrudka
- Department of Pathology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Prouzová
- Department of Pathology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Mydlíková
- Department of Pathology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Jedličková
- Clinical and Transplant Pathology Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holešta
- Department of Radiodiagnostics, Charles University, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Královské Vinohrady University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Whitley
- Department of General Surgery, Charles University, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Havlůj
- Department of General Surgery, Charles University, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Ruzittu S, Willnow D, Spagnoli FM. Direct Lineage Reprogramming: Harnessing Cell Plasticity between Liver and Pancreas. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035626. [PMID: 31767653 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming of abundant and accessible cells into therapeutically useful cell types holds tremendous potential in regenerative medicine. To date, a number of different cell types have been generated by lineage reprogramming methods, including cells from the neural, cardiac, hepatic, and pancreatic lineages. The success of this strategy relies on developmental biology and the knowledge of cell-fate-defining transcriptional networks. Hepatocytes represent a prime target for β cell conversion for numerous reasons, including close developmental origin, accessibility, and regenerative potential. We present here an overview of pancreatic and hepatic development, with a particular focus on the mechanisms underlying the divergence between the two cell lineages. Additionally, we discuss to what extent this lineage relationship can be exploited in efforts to reprogram one cell type into the other and whether such an approach may provide a suitable strategy for regenerative therapies of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ruzittu
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Willnow
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
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15
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Rodríguez-Seguel E, Villamayor L, Arroyo N, De Andrés MP, Real FX, Martín F, Cano DA, Rojas A. Loss of GATA4 causes ectopic pancreas in the stomach. J Pathol 2020; 250:362-373. [PMID: 31875961 DOI: 10.1002/path.5378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic heterotopia is defined as pancreatic tissue outside its normal location in the body and anatomically separated from the pancreas. In this work we have analyzed the stomach glandular epithelium of Gata4 flox/flox ; Pdx1-Cre mice (Gata4KO mice). We found that Gata4KO glandular epithelium displays an atypical morphology similar to the cornified squamous epithelium and exhibits upregulation of forestomach markers. The developing gastric units fail to form properly, and the glandular epithelial cells do not express markers of gastric gland in the absence of GATA4. Of interest, the developing glands of the Gata4KO stomach express pancreatic cell markers. Furthermore, a mass of pancreatic tissue located in the subserosa of the Gata4KO stomach is observed at adult stages. Heterotopic pancreas found in Gata4-deficient mice contains all three pancreatic cell lineages: ductal, acinar, and endocrine. Moreover, Gata4 expression is downregulated in ectopic pancreatic tissue of some human biopsy samples. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rodríguez-Seguel
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Villamayor
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Noelia Arroyo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Francisco X Real
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franz Martín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David A Cano
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Anabel Rojas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Ectopic pancreatitis in the antral stomach causing gastric outlet obstruction: a case of successful resection. Clin J Gastroenterol 2019; 13:465-471. [PMID: 31758484 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-019-01073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic pancreas is a congenital developmental anomaly that may be caused by embryologic errors. The pathogenetic details of ectopic pancreas remain unclear, but it has gradually been determined to originate at the gene level. DNA errors during embryological development cause ectopic pancreas. Ectopic pancreas is generally asymptomatic and harmless throughout the patient's entire life; in very rare cases, however, it can be symptomatic and harmful, causing pain, fever, bleeding, and other adverse effects. We herein report an unusual case involving a 52-year-old Japanese woman who presented with nausea and vomiting due to inflammation of an ectopic pancreas in the gastric antrum. Ectopic pancreatitis caused severe pyloric stenosis, and she was unable to ingest food or water even after admission to the internal medicine ward. Ectopic pancreatitis is a very rare clinical condition, but clinicians should be cautious of this uncommon disease in patients who develop gastric outlet obstruction without cancer or ulcers. The present case report is clinically significant because surgical treatment (distal partial gastrectomy) relieved the patient's serious distress rapidly and successfully after unsuccessful conservative treatments for acute ectopic pancreatitis. Antrectomy (distal partial gastrectomy) might be useful for ectopic pancreas, especially in case of gastric outlet obstruction due to the ectopic pancreatitis.
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17
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A morphogenetic EphB/EphrinB code controls hepatopancreatic duct formation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5220. [PMID: 31745086 PMCID: PMC6864101 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatopancreatic ductal (HPD) system connects the intrahepatic and intrapancreatic ducts to the intestine and ensures the afferent transport of the bile and pancreatic enzymes. Yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling their differentiation and morphogenesis into a functional ductal system are poorly understood. Here, we characterize HPD system morphogenesis by high-resolution microscopy in zebrafish. The HPD system differentiates from a rod of unpolarized cells into mature ducts by de novo lumen formation in a dynamic multi-step process. The remodeling step from multiple nascent lumina into a single lumen requires active cell intercalation and myosin contractility. We identify key functions for EphB/EphrinB signaling in this dynamic remodeling step. Two EphrinB ligands, EphrinB1 and EphrinB2a, and two EphB receptors, EphB3b and EphB4a, control HPD morphogenesis by remodeling individual ductal compartments, and thereby coordinate the morphogenesis of this multi-compartment ductal system.
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18
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Koike H, Iwasawa K, Ouchi R, Maezawa M, Giesbrecht K, Saiki N, Ferguson A, Kimura M, Thompson WL, Wells JM, Zorn AM, Takebe T. Modelling human hepato-biliary-pancreatic organogenesis from the foregut-midgut boundary. Nature 2019; 574:112-116. [PMID: 31554966 PMCID: PMC7643931 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis is a complex and interconnected process that is orchestrated by multiple boundary tissue interactions1-7. However, it remains unclear how individual, neighbouring components coordinate to establish an integral multi-organ structure. Here we report the continuous patterning and dynamic morphogenesis of hepatic, biliary and pancreatic structures, invaginating from a three-dimensional culture of human pluripotent stem cells. The boundary interactions between anterior and posterior gut spheroids differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells enables retinoic acid-dependent emergence of hepato-biliary-pancreatic organ domains specified at the foregut-midgut boundary organoids in the absence of extrinsic factors. Whereas transplant-derived tissues are dominated by midgut derivatives, long-term-cultured microdissected hepato-biliary-pancreatic organoids develop into segregated multi-organ anlages, which then recapitulate early morphogenetic events including the invagination and branching of three different and interconnected organ structures, reminiscent of tissues derived from mouse explanted foregut-midgut culture. Mis-segregation of multi-organ domains caused by a genetic mutation in HES1 abolishes the biliary specification potential in culture, as seen in vivo8,9. In sum, we demonstrate that the experimental multi-organ integrated model can be established by the juxtapositioning of foregut and midgut tissues, and potentially serves as a tractable, manipulatable and easily accessible model for the study of complex human endoderm organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kentaro Iwasawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rie Ouchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mari Maezawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kirsten Giesbrecht
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Norikazu Saiki
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Autumn Ferguson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Masaki Kimura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Wendy L Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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19
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Lemaigre FP. Development of the Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Biliary Tract: A Framework for Understanding Congenital Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 15:1-22. [PMID: 31299162 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the biliary tract in the pathophysiology of liver diseases and the increased attention paid to bile ducts in the bioconstruction of liver tissue for regenerative therapy have fueled intense research into the fundamental mechanisms of biliary development. Here, I review the molecular, cellular and tissular mechanisms driving differentiation and morphogenesis of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. This review focuses on the dynamics of the transcriptional and signaling modules that promote biliary development in human and mouse liver and discusses studies in which the use of zebrafish uncovered unexplored processes in mammalian biliary development. The review concludes by providing a framework for interpreting the mechanisms that may help us understand the origin of congenital biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric P Lemaigre
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
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20
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DiNicolantonio JJ, McCarty M. Autophagy-induced degradation of Notch1, achieved through intermittent fasting, may promote beta cell neogenesis: implications for reversal of type 2 diabetes. Open Heart 2019; 6:e001028. [PMID: 31218007 PMCID: PMC6546199 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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21
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Aydin S, Sağraç D, Şahin F. Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Pancreatic β-Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1247:135-156. [PMID: 32002800 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells having the capability to differentiate into other type of cells and renewing themselves, gained so much importance in recent years. Investigations in stem cells revealed that mesenchymal stem cells can successfully differentiate into other type of cells like adipocytes, hepatocytes, osteocytes, neurocytes and chondrocytes. In addition, these cells can also differentiate into insulin-producing beta cells. Insulin is a crucial hormone for glucose balance of the body. Insufficiency or unavailability of insulin is called diabetes. External insulin intake, as well as pancreas or islet transplantation, is the most basic treatment of diabetes. In vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that stem cell therapy is also used in the cure of diabetes. Differentiation process of stem cells into beta cells releasing insulin is quite complicated. There are many different reports for the differentiation of stem cells in the literature. The success of differentiation of stem cells into beta cells depends on several factors like the source of stem cells, chemicals added into the differentiation medium and the duration of differentiation protocol. Distinct studies for the differentiation of stem cells into insulin-secreting cells are available in the literature. Moreover, thanks to the superior differentiation capacity of stem cells, they are being preferred in clinical studies. Stem cells were clinically used to heal diabetic ulcer, to increase c-peptide level and insulin secretion in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Mesenchymal stem cells having high differentiation potential to insulin-secreting cells are encouraging vehicles for both in vivo and in vitro studies together with clinical trials for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Aydin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Derya Sağraç
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Şahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
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22
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Jørgensen MC, de Lichtenberg KH, Collin CA, Klinck R, Ekberg JH, Engelstoft MS, Lickert H, Serup P. Neurog3-dependent pancreas dysgenesis causes ectopic pancreas in Hes1 mutant mice. Development 2018; 145:dev.163568. [PMID: 30093553 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Hes1, a target gene of the Notch signalling pathway, lead to ectopic pancreas by a poorly described mechanism. Here, we use genetic inactivation of Hes1 combined with lineage tracing and live imaging to reveal an endodermal requirement for Hes1, and show that ectopic pancreas tissue is derived from the dorsal pancreas primordium. RNA-seq analysis of sorted E10.5 Hes1+/+ and Hes1-/- Pdx1-GFP+ cells suggested that upregulation of endocrine lineage genes in Hes1-/- embryos was the major defect and, accordingly, early pancreas morphogenesis was normalized, and the ectopic pancreas phenotype suppressed, in Hes1-/-Neurog3-/- embryos. In Mib1 mutants, we found a near total depletion of dorsal progenitors, which was replaced by an anterior Gcg+ extension. Together, our results demonstrate that aberrant morphogenesis is the cause of ectopic pancreas and that a part of the endocrine differentiation program is mechanistically involved in the dysgenesis. Our results suggest that the ratio of endocrine lineage to progenitor cells is important for morphogenesis and that a strong endocrinogenic phenotype without complete progenitor depletion, as seen in Hes1 mutants, provokes an extreme dysgenesis that causes ectopic pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette C Jørgensen
- NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian H de Lichtenberg
- NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Caitlin A Collin
- NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Klinck
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Department of User Research and Communication, Brennum Park 1, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Jeppe H Ekberg
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maja S Engelstoft
- NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology, Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heiko Lickert
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Palle Serup
- NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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23
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The role of the Notch signaling pathway in liver injury and repair. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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24
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Ober EA, Lemaigre FP. Development of the liver: Insights into organ and tissue morphogenesis. J Hepatol 2018; 68:1049-1062. [PMID: 29339113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent development of improved tools and methods to analyse tissues at the three-dimensional level has expanded our capacity to investigate morphogenesis of foetal liver. Here, we review the key morphogenetic steps during liver development, from the prehepatic endoderm stage to the postnatal period, and consider several model organisms while focussing on the mammalian liver. We first discuss how the liver buds out of the endoderm and gives rise to an asymmetric liver. We next outline the mechanisms driving liver and lobe growth, and review morphogenesis of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts; morphogenetic responses of the biliary tract to liver injury are discussed. Finally, we describe the mechanisms driving formation of the vasculature, namely venous and arterial vessels, as well as sinusoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke A Ober
- Novo Nordisk Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Marelli F, Persani L. Role of Jagged1-Notch pathway in thyroid development. J Endocrinol Invest 2018; 41:75-81. [PMID: 28653287 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish thyroid gland shows a unique pattern of growth. Despite the lack of a compact gland, the zebrafish thyroid tissue originates from the pharyngeal endoderm and the main genes involved in its patterning and early development are conserved between zebrafish and mammals. In recent years, the research has been focused to the search of novel candidate genes and environmental factors underlying congenital hypothyroidism. Among these, it has been demonstrated that the Notch signalling plays a central role during zebrafish thyroid development. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current knowledge of the distinct roles of the Notch signalling and of the jag1a and jag1b ligands during the different phases of thyroid organogenesis. Furthermore, we will discuss the role of JAG1 variants in congenital thyroid defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Marelli
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - L Persani
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
- Laboratorio di Ricerche Endocrino-Metaboliche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.
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26
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Shinohara H, Kurahashi Y, Haruta S, Ishida Y, Sasako M. Universalization of the operative strategy by systematic mesogastric excision for stomach cancer with that for total mesorectal excision and complete mesocolic excision colorectal counterparts. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 2017; 2:28-36. [PMID: 29863126 PMCID: PMC5881305 DOI: 10.1002/ags3.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer surgery aims at en bloc removal of the primary tumor with its lymphatic drainage by excising organ-specific mesentery as an "intact package". This concept was advocated in colorectal cancer surgery as total mesorectal excision (TME) or complete mesocolic excision (CME) procedures, but is not directly applicable to stomach cancer as a result of the morphological complexities of the gastric mesentery. In this review, we discuss the unique anatomical features of the mesogastrium by introducing its embryology, disclose its similarity to the mesosigmoid, and then propose a theoretical concept to mesentery-based D2 gastrectomy, namely systematic mesogastric excision, which can universalize the operative strategy of stomach cancer with that of TME and CME colorectal counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shusuke Haruta
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery Toranomon Hospital Minato-ku Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ishida
- Department of Surgery Hyogo College of Medicine Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sasako
- Department of Surgery Hyogo College of Medicine Nishinomiya Japan
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27
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Siebel C, Lendahl U. Notch Signaling in Development, Tissue Homeostasis, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1235-1294. [PMID: 28794168 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily highly conserved signaling mechanism, but in contrast to signaling pathways such as Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, and BMP/TGF-β, Notch signaling occurs via cell-cell communication, where transmembrane ligands on one cell activate transmembrane receptors on a juxtaposed cell. Originally discovered through mutations in Drosophila more than 100 yr ago, and with the first Notch gene cloned more than 30 yr ago, we are still gaining new insights into the broad effects of Notch signaling in organisms across the metazoan spectrum and its requirement for normal development of most organs in the body. In this review, we provide an overview of the Notch signaling mechanism at the molecular level and discuss how the pathway, which is architecturally quite simple, is able to engage in the control of cell fates in a broad variety of cell types. We discuss the current understanding of how Notch signaling can become derailed, either by direct mutations or by aberrant regulation, and the expanding spectrum of diseases and cancers that is a consequence of Notch dysregulation. Finally, we explore the emerging field of Notch in the control of tissue homeostasis, with examples from skin, liver, lung, intestine, and the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, California; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, California; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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McCracken KW, Wells JM. Mechanisms of embryonic stomach development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:36-42. [PMID: 28238948 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The stomach is a digestive organ that has important roles in human physiology and pathophysiology. The developmental origin of the stomach is the embryonic foregut, which also gives rise a number of other structures. There are several signaling pathways and transcription factors that are known to regulate stomach development at different stages, including foregut patterning, stomach specification, and gastric regionalization. These developmental events have important implications in later homeostasis and disease in the adult stomach. Here we will review the literature that has shaped our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that coordinate gastric organogenesis. Further we will discuss how developmental paradigms have guided recent efforts to differentiate stomach tissue from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W McCracken
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA; Division of Endocrinology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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29
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Yin C. Molecular mechanisms of Sox transcription factors during the development of liver, bile duct, and pancreas. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:68-78. [PMID: 27552918 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The liver and pancreas are the prime digestive and metabolic organs in the body. After emerging from the neighboring domains of the foregut endoderm, they turn on distinct differentiation and morphogenesis programs that are regulated by hierarchies of transcription factors. Members of SOX family of transcription factors are expressed in the liver and pancreas throughout development and act upstream of other organ-specific transcription factors. They play key roles in maintaining stem cells and progenitors. They are also master regulators of cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of SOX transcription factors in mediating liver and pancreas development. We discuss their contribution to adult organ function, homeostasis and injury responses. We also speculate how the knowledge of SOX transcription factors can be applied to improve therapies for liver diseases and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Yin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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30
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Abstract
The stomach, an organ derived from foregut endoderm, secretes acid and enzymes and plays a key role in digestion. During development, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions drive stomach specification, patterning, differentiation and growth through selected signaling pathways and transcription factors. After birth, the gastric epithelium is maintained by the activity of stem cells. Developmental signals are aberrantly activated and stem cell functions are disrupted in gastric cancer and other disorders. Therefore, a better understanding of stomach development and stem cells can inform approaches to treating these conditions. This Review highlights the molecular mechanisms of stomach development and discusses recent findings regarding stomach stem cells and organoid cultures, and their roles in investigating disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hee Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4 Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Ramesh A Shivdasani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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31
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Carpino G, Puca R, Cardinale V, Renzi A, Scafetta G, Nevi L, Rossi M, Berloco PB, Ginanni Corradini S, Reid LM, Maroder M, Gaudio E, Alvaro D. Peribiliary Glands as a Niche of Extrapancreatic Precursors Yielding Insulin-Producing Cells in Experimental and Human Diabetes. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1332-42. [PMID: 26850087 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peribiliary glands (PBGs) are niches in the biliary tree and containing heterogeneous endodermal stem/progenitors cells that can differentiate, in vitro and in vivo, toward pancreatic islets. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in experimental and human diabetes, proliferation of cells in PBGs and differentiation of the biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (BTSCs) toward insulin-producing cells. Diabetes was generated in mice by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of 200 mg/kg (N = 12) or 120 mg/kg (N = 12) of streptozotocin. Liver, pancreas, and extrahepatic biliary trees were en bloc dissected and examined. Cells in PBGs proliferated in experimental diabetes, and their proliferation was greatest in the PBGs of the hepatopancreatic ampulla, and inversely correlated with the pancreatic islet area. In rodents, the cell proliferation in PBGs was characterized by the expansion of Sox9-positive stem/progenitor cells that gave rise to insulin-producing cells. Insulin-producing cells were located mostly in PBGs in the portion of the biliary tree closest to the duodenum, and their appearance was associated with upregulation of MafA and Gli1 gene expression. In patients with type 2 diabetes, PBGs at the level of the hepatopancreatic ampulla contained cells showing signs of proliferation and pancreatic fate commitment. In vitro, high glucose concentrations induced the differentiation of human BTSCs cultures toward pancreatic beta cell fates. The cells in PBGs respond to diabetes with proliferation and differentiation towards insulin-producing cells indicating that PBG niches may rescue pancreatic islet impairment in diabetes. These findings offer important implications for the pathophysiology and complications of this disease. Stem Cells 2016;34:1332-1342.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico,", Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Puca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Scafetta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Rossi
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale B Berloco
- Department of General Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Ginanni Corradini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lola M Reid
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marella Maroder
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
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32
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Nolte T, Brander-Weber P, Dangler C, Deschl U, Elwell MR, Greaves P, Hailey R, Leach MW, Pandiri AR, Rogers A, Shackelford CC, Spencer A, Tanaka T, Ward JM. Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract, Pancreas and Salivary Glands of the Rat and Mouse. J Toxicol Pathol 2016; 29:1S-125S. [PMID: 26973378 PMCID: PMC4765498 DOI: 10.1293/tox.29.1s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) project is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for nonproliferative and proliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for classifying lesions in the digestive system including the salivary glands and the exocrine pancreas of laboratory rats and mice. Most lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature, the diagnostic criteria, and the photomicrographs are also available electronically on the Internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and age related lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test items. Relevant infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for the digestive system will decrease misunderstandings among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nolte
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an
der Riss, 88397, Germany
- Chairman of the Digestive Tract INHAND Committee
| | - Patricia Brander-Weber
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma
AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles Dangler
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA.
Present: Sanofi5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, Massachusetts 01740,
USA
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an
der Riss, 88397, Germany
| | - Michael R. Elwell
- Covance Laboratories, Inc. 14500 Avion Parkway, Ste 125,
Chantilly, Virginia 20151, USA
| | - Peter Greaves
- University of Leicester, Department of Cancer Studies and
Molecular Medicine, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Science Building, Leicester Royal
Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Hailey
- GlaxoSmithKline PO Box 14164 Durham, North Carolina 27709,
USA
| | | | - Arun R. Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology
Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709, USA
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc. PO Box 12766,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Arlin Rogers
- Tufts University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 274
Tremont Street, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Cynthia C. Shackelford
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology
Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Andrew Spencer
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Alnwick Research Centre,
Willowburn Avenue, Alnwick, Northumberland NE66 2JH United Kingdom
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Masjkur J, Poser SW, Nikolakopoulou P, Chrousos G, McKay RD, Bornstein SR, Jones PM, Androutsellis-Theotokis A. Endocrine Pancreas Development and Regeneration: Noncanonical Ideas From Neural Stem Cell Biology. Diabetes 2016; 65:314-30. [PMID: 26798118 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Loss of insulin-producing pancreatic islet β-cells is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes. Several experimental paradigms demonstrate that these cells can, in principle, be regenerated from multiple endogenous sources using signaling pathways that are also used during pancreas development. A thorough understanding of these pathways will provide improved opportunities for therapeutic intervention. It is now appreciated that signaling pathways should not be seen as "on" or "off" but that the degree of activity may result in wildly different cellular outcomes. In addition to the degree of operation of a signaling pathway, noncanonical branches also play important roles. Thus, a pathway, once considered as "off" or "low" may actually be highly operational but may be using noncanonical branches. Such branches are only now revealing themselves as new tools to assay them are being generated. A formidable source of noncanonical signal transduction concepts is neural stem cells because these cells appear to have acquired unusual signaling interpretations to allow them to maintain their unique dual properties (self-renewal and multipotency). We discuss how such findings from the neural field can provide a blueprint for the identification of new molecular mechanisms regulating pancreatic biology, with a focus on Notch, Hes/Hey, and hedgehog pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Masjkur
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Steven W Poser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - George Chrousos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School and Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter M Jones
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Andreas Androutsellis-Theotokis
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany Department of Stem Cell Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.
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Murakami T, Yamazaki M, Yamazaki K, Matsuo K, Hirano A, Hiroshima Y, Kawaguchi D, Ishida Y, Suzuki Y, Sugiyama M, Koda K, Tanaka K. A distinctive myoepithelial hamartoma of the pancreas histologically confirmed in the mother of a previously reported patient. Pancreatology 2016; 16:464-8. [PMID: 26804004 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We encountered a 62-year-old female patient with a distinctive pancreatic myoepithelial hamartoma characterized by dilated loops formed by pancreatic branch ducts. The patient, who experienced recurrent acute pancreatitis caused by pancreatic juice stasis, underwent subtotal stomach-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy, achieving remission of pancreatitis. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) demonstrated a honeycomb appearance of the pancreatic head, consisting largely of loop-forming dilated pancreatic branch ducts. Radiography of resected specimens demonstrated a tortuous main pancreatic duct that narrowed in the head, but communicated with the pancreatic branch ducts forming intricate loops within the lesion. Histologic examination showed dilated pancreatic ducts embedded in thick layers of smooth muscle, leading to a diagnosis of myoepithelial hamartoma. Her son shared a similar clinical course, radiologic findings, and histopathologic findings with his mother. MRCP demonstrated a honeycomb appearance of the pancreatic head in her daughter, who complained of persistent diarrhea. To our knowledge, this is the first English-language reports of such a myoepithelial hamartoma of the pancreas showing familial occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Murakami
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan.
| | - Masato Yamazaki
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuo
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirano
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ishida
- Department of Pathology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, Kyorin University Hospital, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Masanori Sugiyama
- Department of Surgery, Kyorin University Hospital, 6-20-2, Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
| | - Keiji Koda
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan
| | - Kuniya Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3, Anesaki, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0011, Japan
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Li XY, Zhai WJ, Teng CB. Notch Signaling in Pancreatic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 17:ijms17010048. [PMID: 26729103 PMCID: PMC4730293 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway plays a significant role in embryonic cell fate determination and adult tissue homeostasis. Various studies have demonstrated the deep involvement of Notch signaling in the development of the pancreas and the lateral inhibition of Notch signaling in pancreatic progenitor differentiation and maintenance. The targeted inactivation of the Notch pathway components promotes premature differentiation of the endocrine pancreas. However, there is still the contrary opinion that Notch signaling specifies the endocrine lineage. Here, we review the current knowledge of the Notch signaling pathway in pancreatic development and its crosstalk with the Wingless and INT-1 (Wnt) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yan Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Zhai
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Chun-Bo Teng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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A Gene Regulatory Network Cooperatively Controlled by Pdx1 and Sox9 Governs Lineage Allocation of Foregut Progenitor Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 13:326-36. [PMID: 26440894 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of pancreas, liver, and intestine from a common pool of progenitors in the foregut endoderm requires the establishment of organ boundaries. How dorsal foregut progenitors activate pancreatic genes and evade the intestinal lineage choice remains unclear. Here, we identify Pdx1 and Sox9 as cooperative inducers of a gene regulatory network that distinguishes the pancreatic from the intestinal lineage. Genetic studies demonstrate dual and cooperative functions for Pdx1 and Sox9 in pancreatic lineage induction and repression of the intestinal lineage choice. Pdx1 and Sox9 bind to regulatory sequences near pancreatic and intestinal differentiation genes and jointly regulate their expression, revealing direct cooperative roles for Pdx1 and Sox9 in gene activation and repression. Our study identifies Pdx1 and Sox9 as important regulators of a transcription factor network that initiates pancreatic fate and sheds light on the gene regulatory circuitry that governs the development of distinct organs from multi-lineage-competent foregut progenitors.
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Gomez DL, O’Driscoll M, Sheets TP, Hruban RH, Oberholzer J, McGarrigle JJ, Shamblott MJ. Neurogenin 3 Expressing Cells in the Human Exocrine Pancreas Have the Capacity for Endocrine Cell Fate. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133862. [PMID: 26288179 PMCID: PMC4545947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenin 3 (NGN3) is necessary and sufficient for endocrine differentiation during pancreatic development and is expressed by a population of progenitor cells that give rise exclusively to hormone-secreting cells within islets. NGN3 protein can be detected in the adult rodent pancreas only following certain types of injury, when it is transiently expressed by exocrine cells undergoing reprogramming to an endocrine cell fate. Here, NGN3 protein can be detected in 2% of acinar and duct cells in living biopsies of histologically normal adult human pancreata and 10% in cadaveric biopsies of organ donor pancreata. The percentage and total number of NGN3+ cells increase during culture without evidence of proliferation or selective cell death. Isolation of highly purified and viable NGN3+ cell populations can be achieved based on coexpression of the cell surface glycoprotein CD133. Transcriptome and targeted expression analyses of isolated CD133+ / NGN3+ cells indicate that they are distinct from surrounding exocrine tissue with respect to expression phenotype and Notch signaling activity, but retain high level mRNA expression of genes indicative of acinar and duct cell function. NGN3+ cells have an mRNA expression profile that resembles that of mouse early endocrine progenitor cells. During in vitro differentiation, NGN3+ cells express genes in a pattern characteristic of endocrine development and result in cells that resemble beta cells on the basis of coexpression of insulin C-peptide, chromogranin A and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1. NGN3 expression in the adult human exocrine pancreas marks a dedifferentiating cell population with the capacity to take on an endocrine cell fate. These cells represent a potential source for the treatment of diabetes either through ex vivo manipulation, or in vivo by targeting mechanisms controlling their population size and endocrine cell fate commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. Gomez
- Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Marci O’Driscoll
- Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Sheets
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jose Oberholzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - James J. McGarrigle
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Shamblott
- Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cardinale V, Puca R, Carpino G, Scafetta G, Renzi A, De Canio M, Sicilia F, Nevi L, Casa D, Panetta R, Berloco PB, Reid LM, Federici G, Gaudio E, Maroder M, Alvaro D. Adult Human Biliary Tree Stem Cells Differentiate to β-Pancreatic Islet Cells by Treatment with a Recombinant Human Pdx1 Peptide. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134677. [PMID: 26252949 PMCID: PMC4529196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of β-pancreatic cells represents a major goal in research. The aim of this study was to explore a protein-based strategy to induce differentiation of human biliary tree stem cells (hBTSCs) towards β-pancreatic cells. A plasmid containing the sequence of the human pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) has been expressed in E. coli. Epithelial-Cell-Adhesion-Molecule positive hBTSCs or mature human hepatocyte cell line, HepG2, were grown in medium to which Pdx1 peptide was added. Differentiation toward pancreatic islet cells were evaluated by the expression of the β-cell transcription factors, Pdx1 and musculoapo-neurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A, and of the pancreatic hormones, insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, investigated by real time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, light microscopy and immunofluorescence. C-peptide secretion in response to high glucose was also measured. Results indicated how purified Pdx1 protein corresponding to the primary structure of the human Pdx1 by mass spectroscopy was efficiently produced in bacteria, and transduced into hBTSCs. Pdx1 exposure triggered the expression of both intermediate and mature stage β-cell differentiation markers only in hBTSCs but not in HepG2 cell line. Furthermore, hBTSCs exposed to Pdx1 showed up-regulation of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin genes and formation of 3-dimensional islet-like structures intensely positive for insulin and glucagon. Finally, Pdx1-induced islet-like structures exhibited glucose-regulated C-peptide secretion. In conclusion, the human Pdx1 is highly effective in triggering hBTSC differentiation toward functional β-pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Puca
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Scafetta
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia Renzi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele De Canio
- Departments of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sicilia
- Departments of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Casa
- Italian Federation of Juvenile Diabetes (FDG), Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Panetta
- Italian Federation of Juvenile Diabetes (FDG), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Lola M. Reid
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Giorgio Federici
- Departments of Science and Chemical Technologies, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marella Maroder
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Eleonora Lorillard Spencer-Cenci Foundation, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Cakouros D, Isenmann S, Hemming SE, Menicanin D, Camp E, Zannetinno ACW, Gronthos S. Novel Basic Helix–Loop–Helix Transcription Factor Hes4 Antagonizes the Function of Twist-1 to Regulate Lineage Commitment of Bone Marrow Stromal/Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1297-308. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Cakouros
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sandra Isenmann
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Hemming
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Danijela Menicanin
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Esther Camp
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Christopher William Zannetinno
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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40
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Nakano Y, Negishi N, Gocho S, Mine T, Sakurai Y, Yazawa M, Abe K, Yagita H, Habu S, Kageyama R, Kawaguchi Y, Hozumi K. Disappearance of centroacinar cells in the Notch ligand-deficient pancreas. Genes Cells 2015; 20:500-11. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakano
- Department of Immunology and Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya Isehara 259-1193 Japan
- Department of Clinical Application; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application; Kyoto University; 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Naoko Negishi
- Department of Immunology and Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya Isehara 259-1193 Japan
- Department of Immunology; Juntendo University School of Medicine; 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-0033 Japan
| | - Seiho Gocho
- Department of Internal Medicine; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya Isehara Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mine
- Department of Internal Medicine; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya Isehara Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yuri Sakurai
- Department of Immunology and Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya Isehara 259-1193 Japan
| | - Masaki Yazawa
- Department of Immunology and Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya Isehara 259-1193 Japan
| | - Koichiro Abe
- Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya Isehara 259-1193 Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology; Juntendo University School of Medicine; 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-0033 Japan
| | - Sonoko Habu
- Department of Immunology; Juntendo University School of Medicine; 2-1-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute of Virus Research; Kyoto University; 53 Kawahara-cho Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Yoshiya Kawaguchi
- Department of Clinical Application; Center for iPS Cell Research and Application; Kyoto University; 53 Kawahara-cho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Katsuto Hozumi
- Department of Immunology and Research Center for Regenerative Medicine; Tokai University School of Medicine; 143 Shimokasuya Isehara 259-1193 Japan
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41
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Impact of Sox9 dosage and Hes1-mediated Notch signaling in controlling the plasticity of adult pancreatic duct cells in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8518. [PMID: 25687338 PMCID: PMC4330537 DOI: 10.1038/srep08518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult pancreas, there has been a long-standing dispute as to whether stem/precursor populations that retain plasticity to differentiate into endocrine or acinar cell types exist in ducts. We previously reported that adult Sox9-expressing duct cells are sufficiently plastic to supply new acinar cells in Sox9-IRES-CreERT2 knock-in mice. In the present study, using Sox9-IRES-CreERT2 knock-in mice as a model, we aimed to analyze how plasticity is controlled in adult ducts. Adult duct cells in these mice express less Sox9 than do wild-type mice but Hes1 equally. Acinar cell differentiation was accelerated by Hes1 inactivation, but suppressed by NICD induction in adult Sox9-expressing cells. Quantitative analyses showed that Sox9 expression increased with the induction of NICD but did not change with Hes1 inactivation, suggesting that Notch regulates Hes1 and Sox9 in parallel. Taken together, these findings suggest that Hes1-mediated Notch activity determines the plasticity of adult pancreatic duct cells and that there may exist a dosage requirement of Sox9 for keeping the duct cell identity in the adult pancreas. In contrast to the extended capability of acinar cell differentiation by Hes1 inactivation, we obtained no evidence of islet neogenesis from Hes1-depleted duct cells in physiological or PDL-induced injured conditions.
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42
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Cavelti-Weder C, Li W, Zumsteg A, Stemann M, Yamada T, Bonner-Weir S, Weir G, Zhou Q. Direct Reprogramming for Pancreatic Beta-Cells Using Key Developmental Genes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 3:57-65. [PMID: 26998407 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-015-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Direct reprogramming is a promising approach for regenerative medicine whereby one cell type is directly converted into another without going through a multipotent or pluripotent stage. This reprogramming approach has been extensively explored for the generation of functional insulin-secreting cells from non-beta-cells with the aim of developing novel cell therapies for the treatment of people with diabetes lacking sufficient endogenous beta-cells. A common approach for such conversion studies is the introduction of key regulators that are important in controlling beta-cell development and maintenance. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in the field of beta-cell reprogramming and discuss the challenges of creating functional and long-lasting beta-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cavelti-Weder
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weida Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adrian Zumsteg
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marianne Stemann
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Takatsugu Yamada
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon Weir
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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43
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Schiesser JV, Wells JM. Generation of β cells from human pluripotent stem cells: are we there yet? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1311:124-37. [PMID: 24611778 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1998, the landmark paper describing the isolation and culture of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) was published. Since that time, the main goal of many diabetes researchers has been to derive β cells from ESCs as a renewable cell-based therapy for the treatment of patients with diabetes. In working toward this goal, numerous protocols that attempt to recapitulate normal pancreatic development have been published that result in the formation of pancreatic cell types from human pluripotent cells. This review examines stem cell differentiation methods and places them within the context of pancreatic development. We additionally compare strategies that are currently being used to generate pancreatic cell types and contrast them with approaches that have been used to generate functional cell types in different lineages. In doing this, we aim to identify how new approaches might be used to improve yield and functionality of in vitro-derived pancreatic β cells as an eventual cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline V Schiesser
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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44
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Etiology of biliary atresia as a developmental anomaly: recent advances. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2014; 20:459-64. [PMID: 23567964 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-013-0604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-obliterative cholangiopathy affecting the extra- and intrahepatic biliary tree to various degrees and resulting in obstructive bile flow, cholestasis and icterus in neonates. It is the most common cause of pediatric liver transplantation. The etiology of BA is still unclear, although there is some evidence pointing to viral, toxic, and multiple genetic factors. For new therapeutic options other than liver transplantation to be developed, a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of BA is indispensable. The fact that the pathology of BA develops during a period of biliary growth and remodeling suggests an involvement of developmental anomalies. Recent studies indicate an association of the etiology of BA with some genetic factors such as laterality genes, epigenetic regulation and/or microRNA function. In this paper, we present an overview of recent advances in the understanding of the disease focusing on bile duct developmental anomaly.
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45
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Nakanuma Y, Sato Y. Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is pathologically similar to pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma: suggestions of similar background and development. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2014; 21:441-7. [PMID: 24446421 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Routine experiences suggest that cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) show different clinicopathological behaviors along the biliary tree, and hilar CCA apparently resembles pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Herein, the backgrounds for these similarities were reviewed. While all cases of PDAC, hilar CCA, intrahepatic CCA (ICCA) and CCA components of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHC-CCA) were adenocarcinomas, micropapillary patterns and columnar carcinoma cells were common in PDAC and hilar CCA, and trabecular components and cuboidal carcinoma cells were common in ICCA and CCA components of cHC-CCA. Anterior gradient protein-2 and S100P were frequently expressed in perihilar CCA and PDAC, while neural cell adhesion molecule and luminal epithelial membrane antigen were common in CCA components of c-HC-CCA. Pdx1 and Hes1 were frequently and markedly expressed aberrantly in PDAC and perihilar CCA, although their expression was rare and mild in CCA components in cHC-CCA and ICCA. Hilar CCA showed a similar postoperative prognosis to PDAC but differed from ICCA and cHC-CCA. Taken together, hilar CCA may differ from ICCA and CCA components of cHC-CCA but have a similar development to PDAC. These similarities may be explained by the unique anatomical, embryological and reactive nature of the pancreatobiliary tract. Further studies of these intractable malignancies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuni Nakanuma
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
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46
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Kobayashi T, Kageyama R. Expression Dynamics and Functions of Hes Factors in Development and Diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 110:263-83. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405943-6.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Igarashi S, Sato Y, Ren XS, Harada K, Sasaki M, Nakanuma Y. Participation of peribiliary glands in biliary tract pathophysiologies. World J Hepatol 2013; 5:425-432. [PMID: 24023981 PMCID: PMC3767841 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v5.i8.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the roles of peribiliary glands around the bile ducts in the pathophysiology of the biliary tract.
METHODS: The expression of fetal pancreatic markers, pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor 1 (PDX1) and hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES1) and endodermal stem/progenitor (S/P) cell markers [CD44s, chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), SOX9 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)] were examined immunohistochemically in 32 normal adult livers (autopsy livers) and 22 hepatolithiatic livers (surgically resected livers). The latter was characterized by the proliferation of the peribiliary glands. Immunohistochemistry was performed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections after deparaffinization. Although PDX1 and HES1 were expressed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells, only nuclear staining was evaluated. SOX9 was expressed in the nucleus, while CD44s, CXCR4 and EpCAM were expressed in the cell membranes. The frequency and extent of the expression of these molecules in the lining epithelia and peribiliary glands were evaluated semi-quantitatively based on the percentage of positive cells: 0, 1+ (focal), 2+ (moderate) and 3+ (extensive).
RESULTS: In normal livers, PDX1 was infrequently expressed in the lining epithelia, but was frequently expressed in the peribiliary glands. In contrast, HES1 was frequently expressed in the lining epithelia, but its expression in the peribiliary glands was focal, suggesting that the peribiliary glands retain the potential of differentiation toward the pancreas and the lining epithelia exhibit properties to inhibit such differentiation. This unique combination was also seen in hepatolithiatic livers. The expression of endodermal S/P cell markers varied in the peribiliary glands in normal livers: SOX9 and EpCAM were frequently expressed, CD44s infrequently, and CXCR4 almost not at all. The expression of these markers, particularly CD44s and CXCR4, increased in the peribiliary glands and lining epithelia in hepatolithiatic livers. This increased expression of endodermal S/P cell markers may be related to the increased production of intestinal and gastric mucin and also to the biliary neoplasia associated with the gastric and intestinal phenotypes reported in hepatolithiasis.
CONCLUSION: The unique expression pattern of PDX1 and HES1 and increased expression of endodermal S/P cell markers in the peribiliary glands may be involved in biliary pathophysiologies.
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Lancman JJ, Zvenigorodsky N, Gates KP, Zhang D, Solomon K, Humphrey RK, Kuo T, Setiawan L, Verkade H, Chi YI, Jhala US, Wright CVE, Stainier DYR, Dong PDS. Specification of hepatopancreas progenitors in zebrafish by hnf1ba and wnt2bb. Development 2013; 140:2669-79. [PMID: 23720049 PMCID: PMC3678338 DOI: 10.1242/dev.090993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the liver and ventral pancreas are thought to arise from a common multipotent progenitor pool, it is unclear whether these progenitors of the hepatopancreas system are specified by a common genetic mechanism. Efforts to determine the role of Hnf1b and Wnt signaling in this crucial process have been confounded by a combination of factors, including a narrow time frame for hepatopancreas specification, functional redundancy among Wnt ligands, and pleiotropic defects caused by either severe loss of Wnt signaling or Hnf1b function. Using a novel hypomorphic hnf1ba zebrafish mutant that exhibits pancreas hypoplasia, as observed in HNF1B monogenic diabetes, we show that hnf1ba plays essential roles in regulating β-cell number and pancreas specification, distinct from its function in regulating pancreas size and liver specification, respectively. By combining Hnf1ba partial loss of function with conditional loss of Wnt signaling, we uncover a crucial developmental window when these pathways synergize to specify the entire ventrally derived hepatopancreas progenitor population. Furthermore, our in vivo genetic studies demonstrate that hnf1ba generates a permissive domain for Wnt signaling activity in the foregut endoderm. Collectively, our findings provide a new model for HNF1B function, yield insight into pancreas and β-cell development, and suggest a new mechanism for hepatopancreatic specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Lancman
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Natasha Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Keith P. Gates
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Keely Solomon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rohan K. Humphrey
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Taiyi Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Linda Setiawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Heather Verkade
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Young-In Chi
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ulupi S. Jhala
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher V. E. Wright
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, and the Diabetes Center and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - P. Duc Si Dong
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Programs in Genetic Disease, Development and Aging, and Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
Recent advances in developmental biology have greatly expanded our understanding of progenitor cell programming and the fundamental roles that Sox9 plays in liver and pancreas organogenesis. In the last 2 years, several studies have dissected the behavior of the Sox9+ duct cells in adult organs, but conflicting results have left unanswered the long-standing question of whether physiologically functioning progenitors exist in adult liver and pancreas. On the other hand, increasing evidence suggests that duct cells function as progenitors in the tissue restoration process after injury, during which embryonic programs are sometimes reactivated. This article discusses the role of Sox9 in programming liver and pancreatic progenitors as well as controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Kawaguchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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50
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A retrotransposon insertion in the 5' regulatory domain of Ptf1a results in ectopic gene expression and multiple congenital defects in Danforth's short tail mouse. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003206. [PMID: 23437001 PMCID: PMC3578747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Danforth's short tail mutant (Sd) mouse, first described in 1930, is a classic spontaneous mutant exhibiting defects of the axial skeleton, hindgut, and urogenital system. We used meiotic mapping in 1,497 segregants to localize the mutation to a 42.8-kb intergenic segment on chromosome 2. Resequencing of this region identified an 8.5-kb early retrotransposon (ETn) insertion within the highly conserved regulatory sequences upstream of Pancreas Specific Transcription Factor, 1a (Ptf1a). This mutation resulted in up to tenfold increased expression of Ptf1a as compared to wild-type embryos at E9.5 but no detectable changes in the expression levels of other neighboring genes. At E9.5, Sd mutants exhibit ectopic Ptf1a expression in embryonic progenitors of every organ that will manifest a developmental defect: the notochord, the hindgut, and the mesonephric ducts. Moreover, at E 8.5, Sd mutant mice exhibit ectopic Ptf1a expression in the lateral plate mesoderm, tail bud mesenchyme, and in the notochord, preceding the onset of visible defects such as notochord degeneration. The Sd heterozygote phenotype was not ameliorated by Ptf1a haploinsufficiency, further suggesting that the developmental defects result from ectopic expression of Ptf1a. These data identify disruption of the spatio-temporal pattern of Ptf1a expression as the unifying mechanism underlying the multiple congenital defects in Danforth's short tail mouse. This striking example of an enhancer mutation resulting in profound developmental defects suggests that disruption of conserved regulatory elements may also contribute to human malformation syndromes. Birth defects are a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. We studied the Danforth's short tail mouse, a classic mouse model of birth defects involving the skeleton, gut, and urinary system. We precisely localized the mutation responsible for these birth defects to a 42.8-kb segment on chromosome 2 and identified the mutation as an 8.5-kb transposon that disrupts highly conserved regulatory sequences upstream of the Pancreas Specific Transcription Factor, 1a (Ptf1a). The insertion disrupts a Ptf1a regulatory domain that is highly conserved across evolution and results in spatiotemporal defects in Ptf1a expression: we detected increased expression, temporally premature expression, and (most important for elucidating the mutant phenotype) the ectopic expression of Ptf1a in the notochord, hindgut, and mesonephros—the three sites that will give rise to organ defects in Danforth's short tail mouse. Our data also provide a striking example of how a noncoding, regulatory mutation can produce transient spatio-temporal dsyregulation of gene expression and result in profound developmental defects, highlighting the critical role of noncoding elements for coordinated gene expression in the vertebrate genome. Finally, these data provide novel insight into the role of Ptf1a in embryogenesis and lay the groundwork for elucidation of novel mechanisms underlying birth defects in humans.
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