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Huang J, Yue M, Yang Y, Liu Y, Zeng J. Protopine-Type Alkaloids Alleviate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Inflammation and Modulate the Gut Microbiota in Mice. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2273. [PMID: 39123799 PMCID: PMC11311078 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the therapeutic effects of Macleaya cordata (Willd). R. Br.-derived protopine-type alkaloids (MPTAs) in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal inflammation. The experimental design involved the allocation of mice into distinct groups, including a control group, a model group treated with 6 mg/kg LPS, a berberine group treated with 50 mg/kg berberine hydrochloride and low-, medium- and high-dose MPTA groups treated with 6, 12 and 24 mg/kg MPTAs, respectively. Histological analysis of the ileum, jejunum and duodenum was performed using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Moreover, the quantification of intestinal goblet cells (GCs) was performed based on PAS staining. The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while the mRNA levels of TLR4, NF-κB p65, NLRP3, IL-6 and IL-1β were assessed using quantitative PCR (qPCR). The protein levels of TLR4, Md-2, MyD88, NF-κB p65 and NLRP3 were determined using Western blotting. Furthermore, the 16S rDNA sequences of bacterial taxa were amplified and analysed to determine alterations in the gut microbiota of the mice following MPTA treatment. Different doses of MPTAs were found to elicit distinct therapeutic effects, leading to enhanced intestinal morphology and an increased abundance of intestinal GCs. A significant decrease was noted in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α). Additionally, the protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, NLRP3 and p-p65/p65 were markedly reduced by MPTA treatment. Furthermore, 16S rDNA sequencing analysis revealed that the administration of 24 mg/kg MPTAs facilitated the restoration of microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.H.); (M.Y.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Meishan Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.H.); (M.Y.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yisong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (J.H.); (M.Y.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
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Rana A, Misra AK. Convergent synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit corresponding to the cell wall O-polysaccharide of Salmonella milwaukee (group U) O:43 strain. Carbohydr Res 2024; 542:109176. [PMID: 38851144 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Synthesis of the pentasaccharide repeating unit of the cell O-polysaccharide produced by Salmonella milwaukee O:43 strain (group U) has been achieved in very good yield adopting a convergent stereoselective [3 + 2] block glycosylation strategy. Thioglycosides and glycosyl trichloroacetimidate derivative were used as glycosyl donors in the presence of a combination of N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) as thiophilic activator and TMSOTf as trichloroacetimidate activator respectively. The stereochemical outcome of all glycosylation reactions was excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Rana
- Bose Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, Block EN-80, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Anup Kumar Misra
- Bose Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, Block EN-80, Sector-V, Salt Lake, Kolkata, 700091, India.
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Sharmin Z, Jin K, Gong AY, Deng S, Pok C, Graham ML, Wang S, Mathy NW, Shibata A, Chen XM. LncRNA Nostrill promotes interferon-γ-stimulated gene transcription and facilitates intestinal epithelial cell-intrinsic anti- Cryptosporidium defense. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397117. [PMID: 39040107 PMCID: PMC11260782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells possess the requisite molecular machinery to initiate cell-intrinsic defensive responses against intracellular pathogens, including intracellular parasites. Interferons(IFNs) have been identified as cornerstones of epithelial cell-intrinsic defense against such pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts (>200 nt) not translated into protein and represent a critical regulatory component of mucosal defense. We report here that lncRNA Nostrill facilitates IFN-γ-stimulated intestinal epithelial cell-intrinsic defense against infection by Cryptosporidium, an important opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and a common cause of diarrhea in young children. Nostrill promotes transcription of a panel of genes controlled by IFN-γ through facilitating Stat1 chromatin recruitment and thus, enhances expression of several genes associated with cell-intrinsic defense in intestinal epithelial cells in response to IFN-γ stimulation, including Igtp, iNos, and Gadd45g. Induction of Nostrill enhances IFN-γ-stimulated intestinal epithelial defense against Cryptosporidium infection, which is associated with an enhanced autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. Our findings reveal that Nostrill enhances the transcription of a set of genes regulated by IFN-γ in intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, induction of Nostrill facilitates the IFN-γ-mediated epithelial cell-intrinsic defense against cryptosporidial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinat Sharmin
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kehua Jin
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chansorena Pok
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Marion L. Graham
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas W. Mathy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Annemarie Shibata
- Department of Biology, Creighton University College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Luke N, Acharya Y, Faytong-Haro M, Yang D, Xu H, Oommen AM, Rose W. Open Defecation, Livestock Ownership, and Child Nutritional Status in India. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:1263-1269. [PMID: 38688272 PMCID: PMC11154043 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
South Asian children are among the most severely malnourished worldwide. One prominent hypothesis is that open defecation in the local area exposes children to human fecal pathogens that can cause diarrhea and malnutrition. Much of the existing research uses district-level measures of open defecation, which could mask important local-area variation. A second hypothesis is that animal fecal matter is a major source of exposure. This analysis tested these dual hypotheses using census data collected from 949 villages in Tamil Nadu, India, and a survey conducted in a random sample of 5,000 households in the same area. The final analytic sample consisted of 2,561 children aged 0-10 years. We estimated the association between the measures of village- and household-level open defecation, household livestock ownership, and child height-for-age Z-scores in a regression framework, controlling for potential confounders. Results revealed that village- and household-level open defecations are negatively associated with child height. There was an estimated difference of approximately 0.5 height-for-age Z-score between children living in villages with no open defecation and children in villages where all households practiced open defecation (P = 0.001) and a 0.2 Z-score difference between children living in households that practiced open defecation and those living in households that did not (P = 0.001). Livestock ownership was not associated with child height. Overall, the findings provide evidence on the centrality of open defecation in explaining persistent child malnutrition in India and the higher risk of exposure to human fecal pathogens compared with animal feces in the south Indian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Luke
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Yubraj Acharya
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Marco Faytong-Haro
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Sociology, Queens College-CUNY, New York, New York
| | - Anu Mary Oommen
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Winsley Rose
- Department of Paediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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Njifon HLM, Kenmoe S, Ahmed SM, Roussel Takuissu G, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Njile DK, Bowo-Ngandji A, Mbaga DS, Kengne-Nde C, Mouiche MMM, Njouom R, Perraut R, Leung DT. Epidemiology of Rotavirus in Humans, Animals, and the Environment in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1470-1480. [PMID: 37962924 PMCID: PMC11095554 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, rotavirus infections are the most common cause of diarrhea-related deaths, especially among children under 5 years of age. This virus can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, although zoonotic and environmental contributions to transmission are poorly defined. The purpose of this study is to determine the epidemiology of rotavirus in humans, animals, and the environment in Africa, as well as the impact of vaccination. METHODS We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Africa Index Medicus, and African Journal Online, identifying 240 prevalence data points from 224 articles between 2009 and 2022. RESULTS Human rotavirus prevalence among patients with gastroenteritis was 29.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 28.1%-31.5%; 238 710 participants), with similar estimates in children under 5 years of age, and an estimated case fatality rate of 1.2% (95% CI, .7%-2.0%; 10 440 participants). Prevalence was estimated to be 15.4% and 6.1% in patients with nongastroenteritis illnesses and apparently healthy individuals, respectively. Among animals, prevalence was 9.3% (95% CI, 5.7%-13.7%; 6115 animals), and in the environmental water sources, prevalence was 31.4% (95% CI, 17.7%-46.9%; 2530 samples). DISCUSSION Our findings highlight the significant burden of rotavirus infection in Africa, and underscore the need for a One Health approach to limiting the spread of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastien Kenmoe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Sharia M Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Guy Roussel Takuissu
- Centre for Food, Food Security, and Nutrition Research, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jean Thierry Ebogo-Belobo
- Center for Research in Health and Priority Pathologies, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Arnol Bowo-Ngandji
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Cyprien Kengne-Nde
- Epidemiological Surveillance, Evaluation and Research Unit, National AIDS Control Committee, Douala, Cameroon
| | | | - Richard Njouom
- Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ronald Perraut
- Annex of Garoua, Centre Pasteur du Cameroon, Garoua, Cameroon
| | - Daniel T Leung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Wells J, Abugo DG, Angong J, Lamwaka NG, Gallandat K, Hassan JL, Deng L, Save D, Braun L, Gose M, Amanya J, Ayoub K, King S, Stobaugh H, Cumming O, D'Mello‐Guyett L. Risk factors for food contamination among children discharged from community management of acute malnutrition programmes in South Sudan: A cross-sectional study and hazard analysis critical control point approach. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024; 20:e13612. [PMID: 38143422 PMCID: PMC10981483 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Children under-5 years of age are particularly vulnerable to severe acute malnutrition (SAM), and the risk factors associated with relapse to SAM are poorly understood. Possible causes are asymptomatic or symptomatic infection with enteric pathogens, with contaminated food as a critical transmission route. This cross-sectional study comprised a household survey with samples of child food (n = 382) and structured observations of food preparation (n = 197) among children aged 6-59 months that were discharged from treatment in community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) programmes in South Sudan. We quantified Escherichia coli and total coliforms (TCs), measured in colony forming units per g of food (CFU/g), as indicators of microbial contamination of child food. A modified hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) approach was utilised to determine critical control points (CCPs) followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis to understand the risk factors associated with contamination. Over 40% (n = 164) of samples were contaminated with E. coli (43% >0 E. coli CFU/g, 95% CI 38%-48%), and 90% (n = 343) had >10 TCs (CFU/g) (>10 TC CFU/g, 95% CI 87%-93%). Risk factors associated (p < 0.05) with child food contamination included if the child fed themselves (9.05 RR, 95% CI [3.18, 31.16]) and exposure to animals (2.63 RR, 95% CI [1.33, 5.34]). This study highlights the risk factors and potential control strategies that can support interventions that reduce food contamination exposure in young children and help further protect those that are highly vulnerable to recurrent exposure to enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wells
- Department of Disease ControlLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - David Gama Abugo
- Department of Disease ControlLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
- Action Against Hunger (ACF)JubaSouth Sudan
| | | | | | - Karin Gallandat
- Department of Disease ControlLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | | | - Lino Deng
- Action Against Hunger (ACF)JubaSouth Sudan
| | | | - Laura Braun
- Department of Disease ControlLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Mesfin Gose
- Action Against Hunger (ACF)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | - Sarah King
- Action Against Hunger (ACF)New YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Heather Stobaugh
- Action Against Hunger (ACF)New YorkNew YorkUSA
- Tufts UniversityMedfordMassachusettsUSA
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease ControlLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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Tao S, Fan J, Li J, Wu Z, Yao Y, Wang Z, Wu Y, Liu X, Xiao Y, Wei H. Extracellular vesicles derived from Lactobacillus johnsonii promote gut barrier homeostasis by enhancing M2 macrophage polarization. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00111-5. [PMID: 38508446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diarrheic disease is a common intestinal health problem worldwide, causing great suffering to humans and animals. Precise manipulation strategies based on probiotics to combat diarrheic diseases have not been fully developed. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which probiotics manipulate macrophage against diarrheic disease. METHODS Metagenome reveals gut microbiome profiles of healthy and diarrheic piglets. Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) was employed to explore the causal relationship between gut microbes and diarrhea. The protective role of probiotics and their derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) was investigated in ETEC K88-infected mice. Macrophage depletion was performed to assess the role of macrophages in EVs against diarrhea. Execution of in vitro cell co-culture and transcriptome analyses elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which EVs modulate the macrophage and intestinal epithelial barrier. RESULTS Escherichia coli was enriched in weaned diarrheic piglets, while Lactobacillus johnsonii (L. john) showed a negative correlation with Escherichia coli. The transmission of diarrheic illness symptoms was achieved by transferring fecal microbiota, but not metabolites, from diarrheic pigs to germ-free (GF) mice. L. john's intervention prevented the transmission of disease phenotypes from diarrheic piglets to GF mice. L. john also reduces the gut inflammation induced by ETEC K88. The EVs secreted by L. john demonstrated enhanced efficacy in mitigating the adverse impacts induced by ETEC K88 through the modulation of macrophage phenotype. In vitro experiments have revealed that EVs activate M2 macrophages in a manner that shuts down ERK, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 activation in intestinal epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that intestinal microbiota drives the onset of diarrheic disease and that probiotic-derived EVs ameliorate diarrheic disease symptoms by modulating macrophage phenotypes. These findings can enhance the advancement of innovative therapeutic approaches for diarrheic conditions based on probiotic-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Tao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinping Fan
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhifeng Wu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong Yao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yingping Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Hong Wei
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Knoth C, Humphries R, Johnson JK, Patel A, Lima A, Silbert S, Vinjé J. Multicenter evaluation of BioCode GPP for syndromic molecular detection of gastrointestinal pathogens from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0154523. [PMID: 38329337 PMCID: PMC10935640 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01545-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide across all age groups that disproportionally affects young children in low- and middle-income countries and immunocompromised patients in high-income countries. Regional outbreaks of AGE are typically detected by traditional microbiological detection methods that target limited organisms and are associated with low sensitivity and lengthy time-to-results. Combined, these may result in repeat testing, imprecise or delayed treatment, and delayed recognition of outbreaks. We conducted a multi-site prospective study comparing the BioCode Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel (BioCode GPP) for the detection of 17 common bacterial, viral, and protozoan causes of gastroenteritis with reference methods, including stool culture, enzyme immunoassays, pathogen-specific PCR assays, and sequencing. One thousand five hundred fifty-eight residual, de-identified stool samples (unpreserved stool and stool in Cary-Blair transport medium) were enrolled and tested for 11 bacterial, 3 viral, and 3 protozoan pathogens. BioCode GPP and reference methods were positive for 392 (25.2%) and 283 (18.2%) samples, respectively (P < 0.0001). In this study, the BioCode GPP and reference methods detected 69 and 65 specimens positive for Clostridioides difficile, 51 and 48 for enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, 33 and 27 for enterotoxigenic E. coli, 50 and 47 for norovirus GI/GII, and 30 and 22 for rotavirus A, respectively. The BioCode GPP showed good positive and negative agreements for each pathogen ranging from 89.5% to 100%, with overall sensitivity and specificity of 96.1% and 99.7%, post adjudication. The BioCode GPP detected >1 pathogens in 49 samples, representing 12.5% of the total 392 positive specimens. IMPORTANCE This study highlights performance of a novel technology for timely and accurate detection and differentiation of 17 common bacterial, viral, and protozoan causes of gastroenteritis. Utilizing molecular tests such as the BioCode Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel may improve the detection of gastrointestinal pathogens and provide actionable results, particularly for patient populations at most risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romney Humphries
- University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - J. Kristie Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anami Patel
- Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Cribb DM, Sarmento N, Moniz A, Fancourt NSS, Glass K, Draper ADK, Francis JR, Lay dos Santos MM, Soares da Silva E, Polkinghorne BG, de Lourdes da Conceiҫão V, da Conceiҫão F, da Silva P, Jong J, Kirk MD, Colquhoun S. A pilot study using hospital surveillance and a birth cohort to investigate enteric pathogens and malnutrition in children, Dili, Timor-Leste. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296774. [PMID: 38300944 PMCID: PMC10833528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs), enteric pathogens contribute to child malnutrition, affecting nutrient absorption, inducing inflammation, and causing diarrhoea. This is a substantial problem in LMICs due to high disease burden, poor sanitation and nutritional status, and the cyclical nature of pathogen infection and malnutrition. This relationship remains understudied in Timor-Leste. In our pilot study of enteric pathogens and malnutrition in Dili, Timor-Leste (July 2019-October 2020), we recruited 60 infants in a birth cohort from Hospital Nacional Guido Valadares (HNGV) with up to four home visits. We collected faecal samples and details of demographics, anthropometrics, diet and food practices, and animal husbandry. Additionally, we collected faecal samples, diagnostics, and anthropometrics from 160 children admitted to HNGV with a clinical diagnosis of severe diarrhoea or severe acute malnutrition (SAM). We tested faeces using the BioFire® FilmArray® Gastrointestinal Panel. We detected high prevalence of enteric pathogens in 68.8% (95%CI 60.4-76.2%) of infants at home, 88.6% of SAM cases (95%CI 81.7-93.3%) and 93.8% of severe diarrhoea cases (95%CI 67.7-99.7%). Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and Campylobacter spp. were most frequently detected. Pathogen presence did not significantly differ in birth cohort diarrhoeal stool, but hospital data indicated associations between Salmonella and Shigella and diarrhoea. We observed wasting in 18.4% (95%CI 9.2-32.5%) to 30.8% (95%CI 17.5-47.7%) of infants across home visits, 57.9% (95%CI 34.0-78.9%) of severe diarrhoea cases, and 92.5% (95%CI 86.4-96.2%) of SAM cases. We associated bottle feeding with increased odds of pathogen detection when compared with exclusive breastfeeding at home (OR 8.3, 95%CI 1.1-62.7). We detected high prevalence of enteric pathogens and signs of malnutrition in children in Dili. Our pilot is proof of concept for a study to fully explore the risk factors and associations between enteric pathogens and malnutrition in Timor-Leste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Cribb
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nevio Sarmento
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Timor-Leste Ministry of Health, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Almerio Moniz
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Nicholas S. S. Fancourt
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Anthony D. K. Draper
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Northern Territory Centre for Disease Control, Northern Territory Government Department of Health, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Joshua R. Francis
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | | | | | - Benjamin G. Polkinghorne
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Virginia de Lourdes da Conceiҫão
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Timor-Leste Ministry of Health, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | | | - Paulino da Silva
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Joanita Jong
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Martyn D. Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Samantha Colquhoun
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Kim HB, Go EJ, Baek JS. Effect of hot-melt extruded Morus alba leaves on intestinal microflora and epithelial cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23954. [PMID: 38332870 PMCID: PMC10851307 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Although rutin and isoquercitrin have many effects, they are insoluble substances, making it difficult to obtain pure substances. This study was to investigate whether Morus alba leaves containing rutin and isoquercitrin could improve intestinal health by making a sustained-release formulation through a hot-melt extrusion (HME) process with improved stability and solubility and determine whether it could upregulate the balance of intestinal microorganisms and intestinal epithelial cells. A sustained-release formulation was prepared by the HME process using Morus alba leaves and a hydrophilic polymer matrix. Antibacterial activities of pathogenic microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Streptococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis) and proliferative effect of probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Pediococcus pentosaceus) were tested against intestinal microorganisms. Regarding intestinal epithelial cells, a co-culture model of Caco-2 cells and RAW 264.7 cells was used. It was confirmed that the extrudate exhibited high antibacterial activities against pathogenic microorganisms and affected the proliferation of probiotics. Furthermore, after inducing inflammation through LPS, it recovered transepithelial electrical resistance-increased levels of tight junction proteins and decreased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. HME of Morus alba leaves containing rutin and isoquercitrin can upregulate intestinal microbial balance and intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Bok Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, South Korea
| | - Eun Ji Go
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jong-Suep Baek
- Department of Bio-Health Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Functional Materials, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949. South Korea
- BeNatureBioLab, Chuncheon 24206, South Korea
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11
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Valle-Noguera A, Sancho-Temiño L, Castillo-González R, Villa-Gómez C, Gomez-Sánchez MJ, Ochoa-Ramos A, Yagüe-Fernández P, Soler Palacios B, Zorita V, Raposo-Ponce B, González-Granado JM, Aragonés J, Cruz-Adalia A. IL-18-induced HIF-1α in ILC3s ameliorates the inflammation of C. rodentium-induced colitis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113508. [PMID: 38019650 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are vital for defending tissue barriers from invading pathogens. Hypoxia influences the production of intestinal ILC3-derived cytokines by activating HIF. Yet, the mechanisms governing HIF-1α in ILC3s and other innate RORγt+ cells during in vivo infections are poorly understood. In our study, transgenic mice with specific Hif-1a gene inactivation in innate RORγt+ cells (RAG1KO HIF-1α▵Rorc) exhibit more severe colitis following Citrobacter rodentium infection, primarily due to the inability to upregulate IL-22. We find that HIF-1α▵Rorc mice have impaired IL-22 production in ILC3s, while non-ILC3 innate RORγt+ cells, also capable of producing IL-22, remain unaffected. Furthermore, we show that IL-18, induced by Toll-like receptor 2, selectively triggers IL-22 in ILC3s by transcriptionally upregulating HIF-1α, revealing an oxygen-independent regulatory pathway. Our results highlight that, during late-stage C. rodentium infection, IL-18 induction in the colon promotes IL-22 through HIF-1α in ILC3s, which is crucial for protection against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valle-Noguera
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Sancho-Temiño
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Castillo-González
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Villa-Gómez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Gomez-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anne Ochoa-Ramos
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Blanca Soler Palacios
- Department of Immunology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Zorita
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José María González-Granado
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Aragonés
- Hospital Santa Cristina, Fundación de Investigación Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Robalo A, Brandão J, Shibata T, Solo-Gabriele H, Santos R, Monteiro S. Detection of enteric viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in beach sand. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165836. [PMID: 37517729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Beach sand harbors a diverse group of microbial organisms that may be of public health concern. Nonetheless, little is known about the presence and distribution of viruses in beach sand. In this study, the first objective was to evaluate the presence of seven viruses (Aichi virus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, human adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) in sands collected at public beaches. The second objective was to assess the spatial distribution of enteric viruses in beach sand. To that end, 27 beach sand samples from different beaches in Portugal were collected between November 2018 and August 2020 and analyzed for the presence of viruses. At seven beaches, samples were collected in the supratidal and intertidal zones. Results show that viruses were detected in 89 % (24/27) of the sand samples. Aichi virus was the most prevalent (74 %). Noroviruses were present in 19 % of the samples (norovirus GI - 15 %, norovirus GII - 4 %). Human adenovirus and enterovirus were detected in 48 % and 22 % of the samples, respectively. Hepatitis A virus and rotavirus were not detected. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 in beach sand collected during the initial stages of the pandemic was also not detected. The detection of three or more viruses occurred in 15 % of the samples. Concentrations of viruses were as high as 7.2 log copies (cp)/g of sand. Enteric viruses were found in higher prevalence in sand collected from the supratidal zone compared to the intertidal zone. Human adenovirus was detected in 43 % of the supratidal and 14 % in the intertidal samples and Aichi virus in 57 % and 86 % of the intertidal and supratidal areas, respectively. Our findings suggest that beach sand can be a reservoir of enteric viruses, suggesting that it might be a vehicle for disease transmission, particularly for children, the elderly, and immunocompromised users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robalo
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Shibata
- Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA; Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - H Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - R Santos
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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13
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Baker KK, Simiyu S, Busienei P, Gutema FD, Okoth B, Agira J, Amondi CS, Ziraba A, Kapanka AG, Osinuga A, Ouma C, Sewell DK, Gaire S, Tumwebaze IK, Mberu B. Protocol for the PATHOME study: a cohort study on urban societal development and the ecology of enteric disease transmission among infants, domestic animals and the environment. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e076067. [PMID: 38000826 PMCID: PMC10680014 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Global morbidity from enteric infections and diarrhoea remains high in children in low-income and middle-income countries, despite significant investment over recent decades in health systems and water and sanitation infrastructure. Other types of societal development may be required to reduce disease burden. Ecological research on the influence of household and neighbourhood societal development on pathogen transmission dynamics between humans, animals and the environment could identify more effective strategies for preventing enteric infections. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The 'enteric pathome'-that is, the communities of viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens transmitted from human and animal faeces through the environment is taxonomically complex in high burden settings. This integrated cohort-exposure assessment study leverages natural socioeconomic spectrums of development to study how pathome complexity is influenced by household and neighbourhood infrastructure and hygiene conditions. We are enrolling under 12-month-old children in low-income and middle-income neighbourhoods of two Kenyan cities (Nairobi and Kisumu) into a 'short-cohort' study involving repeat testing of child faeces for enteric pathogens. A mid-study exposure assessment documenting infrastructural, behavioural, spatial, climate, environmental and zoonotic factors characterises pathogen exposure pathways in household and neighbourhood settings. These data will be used to inform and validate statistical and agent-based models (ABM) that identify individual or combined intervention strategies for reducing multipathogen transmission between humans, animals and environment in urban Kenya. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocols for human subjects' research were approved by Institutional Review Boards at the University of Iowa (ID-202004606) and AMREF Health Africa (ID-ESRC P887/2020), and a national permit was obtained from the Kenya National Commission for Science Technology and Innovation (ID# P/21/8441). The study was registered on Clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT05322655) and is in pre-results stage. Protocols for research on animals were approved by the University of Iowa Animal Care and Use Committee (ID 0042302).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Baker
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sheillah Simiyu
- Division of Population Dynamics and Urbanization, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Phylis Busienei
- Division of Population Dynamics and Urbanization, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fanta D Gutema
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bonphace Okoth
- Division of Population Dynamics and Urbanization, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Agira
- Division of Population Dynamics and Urbanization, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine S Amondi
- Division of Population Dynamics and Urbanization, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdhalah Ziraba
- Division of Health and Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alexis G Kapanka
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Abisola Osinuga
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Daniel K Sewell
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sabin Gaire
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Innocent K Tumwebaze
- Division of Population Dynamics and Urbanization, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Blessing Mberu
- Division of Population Dynamics and Urbanization, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
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14
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Li C, Hassan A, Palmai M, Xie Y, Snee PT, Powell BA, Murdoch LC, Darnault CJG. Experimental measurements and numerical simulations of the transport and retention of nanocrystal CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in saturated porous media: Effects of electrolytes, organic ligand, and natural organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:165387. [PMID: 37423289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the transport and retention of CdSe/ZnS quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles in water-saturated sand columns as a function of electrolytes (Na+ and Ca2+), ionic strength, organic ligand citrate, and Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM). Numerical simulations were carried out to understand the mechanisms that govern the transport and interactions of QDs in porous media and to assess how environmental parameters impact these mechanisms. An increase in the ionic strength of NaCl and CaCl2 increased QDs retention in porous media. The reduction of the electrostatic interactions screened by dissolved electrolyte ions and the increase of divalent bridging effect are the causes for this enhanced retention behavior. Citrate or SRNOM enhanced QDs transport in NaCl and CaCl2 systems by either increasing the repulsion energy barrier or inducing the steric interactions between QDs and the quartz sand collectors. A non-exponential decay characterized the retention profiles of QDs along the distance to the inlet. The modeling results indicated the four models containing the attachment, detachment, and straining terms - Model 1: M1-attachment, Model 2: M2-attachment and detachment, Model 3: M3-straining, and Model 4: M4-attachment, detachment, and straining - closely simulated the observed breakthrough curves (BTCs) but inadequately described the retention profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Asra Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Marcell Palmai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Preston T Snee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Brian A Powell
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Lawrence C Murdoch
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Christophe J G Darnault
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Court, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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15
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Prasad RS, Chikhale RV, Rai N, Akojwar NS, Purohit RA, Sharma P, Kulkarni O, Laloo D, Gurav SS, Itankar PR, Prasad SK. Rutin from Begonia roxburghii modulates iNOS and Sep A activity in treatment of Shigella flexneri induced diarrhoea in rats: An in vitro, in vivo and computational analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106380. [PMID: 37821049 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, diarrhoea is a major issue of concern, where consistent use of antibiotics has resulted in several side effects along with development of resistance among pathogens against these antibiotics. Since natural products are becoming the treatment of choice, therefore present investigation involves mechanistic evaluation of antidiarrhoeal potential of Begonia roxburghii and its marker rutin against Shigella flexneri (SF) induced diarrhoea in rats following in vitro, in vivo and in silico protocols. The roots of the plant are used as vegetable in the North East India and are also used traditionally in treating diarrhoea. Phytochemically standardized ethanolic extract of B. roxburghii (EBR) roots and its marker rutin were first subjected to in vitro antibacterial evaluation against SF. Diarrhoea was induced in rats using suspension of SF and various diarrhoeagenic parameters were examined after first, third and fifth day of treatment at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, p.o. with EBR and 50 mg/kg, p.o. with rutin respectively. Additionally, density of SF in stools, stool water content, haematological and biochemical parameters, cytokine profiling, ion concentration, histopathology and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were also performed. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies of ligand rutin was studied against secreted extracellular protein A (Sep A, PDB: 5J44) from SF and Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, PDB: 1DD7) followed by network pharmacology. EBR and rutin demonstrated a potent antibacterial activity against SF and also showed significant recovery from diarrhoea (EBR: 81.29 ± 0.91% and rutin: 75.27 ± 0.89%) in rats after five days of treatment. EBR and rutin also showed significant decline in SF density in stools, decreased cytokine expression, potential antioxidant activity, cellular proliferative nature and recovered ion loss due to enhanced Na+/K+-ATPase activity, which was also supported by histopathology. Rutin showed a very high docking score of -11.61 and -9.98 kcal/mol against iNOS and Sep A respectively and their stable complex was also confirmed through dynamics, while network pharmacology suggested that, rutin is quite capable of modulating the pathways of iNOS and Sep A. Thus, we may presume that rutin played a key role in the observed antidiarrhoeal activity of B. roxburghii against SF induced diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali S Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Rupesh V Chikhale
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India
| | - Natasha S Akojwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Raksha A Purohit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India
| | - Pravesh Sharma
- Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpth, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Onkar Kulkarni
- Birla Institute of Technology & Sciences, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Shameerpth, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Damiki Laloo
- Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Shailendra S Gurav
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa University, Panji, Goa, India
| | - Prakash R Itankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.
| | - Satyendra K Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.
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16
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Pennock E, Slack EL, Grebby JA, Forster LN, Pearce MS. Associations between early infections and childhood cognition in the Newcastle Thousand Families Study birth cohort. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:648-657. [PMID: 38017690 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174423000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Childhood infections have been shown to stunt growth, contribute to malnutrition and reduce cognition in early adulthood. This study aimed to assess relationships between early life infections and childhood cognition at age 11 years in the Newcastle Thousand Families Study (NTFS). The analysis included 741 members from the NTFS who had complete data for infections between birth and 5 years, and the 11-plus examinations. School records from the 11-plus examinations showed cognitive (IQ), English (EQ) and arithmetic (AQ) abilities. Housing conditions, overcrowding, birth order and social class were recorded at birth. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity was measured at age 49-51 years. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine relationships between infections and cognition. The total number of infections in the first 5 years of life was not significantly associated with IQ, EQ or AQ, nor were there significant relationships between cognitive outcomes and most infections. Tonsillitis did display a positive, significant association with IQ after adjustment for confounders (b = 6.43, 95% CI 0.92, 11.94, p = 0.022). Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) showed significant negative relationships with all cognitive outcomes. H. pylori seropositivity at age 50 exhibited negative, significant relationships with EQ (p = 0.014) and AQ (p = 0.024) after adjustment for confounders. Although no significant relationship between overall infections and cognition were found, there were indications that LRTIs and gastrointestinal system infections may limit cognitive development. Given these infections remain prevalent, further research regarding severity and recurrence of infections and how they affect childhood cognition is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Pennock
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma L Slack
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jess A Grebby
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lara N Forster
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark S Pearce
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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17
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Scharf RJ, McQuade ETR, Svensen E, Huggins A, Maphula A, Bayo E, Blacy L, Pamplona E. de Souza P, Costa H, Houpt ER, Bessong PO, Mduma E, Lima AAM, Guerrant RL. Early-Life Enteric Pathogen Exposure, Socioeconomic Status, and School-Age Cognitive Outcomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 109:436-442. [PMID: 37536666 PMCID: PMC10397442 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-life experiences of enteric infections and diarrheal illness are common in low-resource settings and are hypothesized to affect child development. However, longer-term associations of enteric infections with school-age cognitive outcomes are difficult to estimate due to lack of long-term studies. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between enteropathogen exposure in the first 2 years of life with school-age cognitive skills in a cohort of children followed from birth until 6 to 8 years in low-resource settings in Brazil, Tanzania, and South Africa. The study included participants from three sites from the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health Study who were enrolled just after birth and followed for enteric infections, diarrheal illness, and cognitive development until 2 years of age. When the children were school-age, further data were collected on reasoning skills and semantic/phonemic fluency. We estimated associations between the burden of specific enteric pathogens and etiology-specific diarrhea from 0 to 2 years with cognitive test scores at 6 to 8 years using linear regression and adjusting for confounding variables. In this study, children who carried more enteric pathogens in the first 2 years of life showed overall decreases in school-age cognitive abilities, particularly children who carried protozoa, although this was not statistically significant in this sample. Socioeconomic factors such as maternal education and income were more closely associated with school-age cognitive abilities. Early-life enteric pathogens may have a small, lasting influence on school-age cognitive outcomes, although other socioeconomic factors likely contribute more significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Scharf
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology and Public Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Erling Svensen
- Department of Organizational Psychology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Amber Huggins
- Department of Public Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Angelina Maphula
- Department of Psychology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Hilda Costa
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Eric R. Houpt
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Pascal O. Bessong
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Aldo A. M. Lima
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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18
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Karpe AV, Beale DJ, Tran CD. Intelligent Biological Networks: Improving Anti-Microbial Resistance Resilience through Nutritional Interventions to Understand Protozoal Gut Infections. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1800. [PMID: 37512972 PMCID: PMC10383877 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric protozoan pathogenic infections significantly contribute to the global burden of gastrointestinal illnesses. Their occurrence is considerable within remote and indigenous communities and regions due to reduced access to clean water and adequate sanitation. The robustness of these pathogens leads to a requirement of harsh treatment methods, such as medicinal drugs or antibiotics. However, in addition to protozoal infection itself, these treatments impact the gut microbiome and create dysbiosis. This often leads to opportunistic pathogen invasion, anti-microbial resistance, or functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome. Moreover, these impacts do not remain confined to the gut and are reflected across the gut-brain, gut-liver, and gut-lung axes, among others. Therefore, apart from medicinal treatment, nutritional supplementation is also a key aspect of providing recovery from this dysbiosis. Future proteins, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and food formulations offer a good solution to remedy this dysbiosis. Furthermore, nutritional supplementation also helps to build resilience against opportunistic pathogens and potential future infections and disorders that may arise due to the dysbiosis. Systems biology techniques have shown to be highly effective tools to understand the biochemistry of these processes. Systems biology techniques characterize the fundamental host-pathogen interaction biochemical pathways at various infection and recovery stages. This same mechanism also allows the impact of the abovementioned treatment methods of gut microbiome remediation to be tracked. This manuscript discusses system biology approaches, analytical techniques, and interaction and association networks, to understand (1) infection mechanisms and current global status; (2) cross-organ impacts of dysbiosis, particularly within the gut-liver and gut-lung axes; and (3) nutritional interventions. This study highlights the impact of anti-microbial resistance and multi-drug resistance from the perspective of protozoal infections. It also highlights the role of nutritional interventions to add resilience against the chronic problems caused by these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash V Karpe
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
- Socio-Eternal Thinking for Unity (SETU), Melbourne, VIC 3805, Australia
| | - David J Beale
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Cuong D Tran
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Gate 13 Kintore Ave., Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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19
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Hoffman DJ, Baratto PS. Human Milk Consumption and Motor Development: Can the Use of Stable Isotopes Improve the Evidence? J Nutr 2023; 153:1843-1845. [PMID: 37019384 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hoffman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
| | - Paola Seffrin Baratto
- Graduate Program in Pediatrics, Child and Adolescent Health, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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20
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Aziz I, Noreen Z, Ijaz UZ, Gundogdu O, Hamid MH, Muhammad N, Khan A, Bokhari H. A prospective study on linking diarrheagenic E. coli with stunted childhood growth in relation to gut microbiome. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6802. [PMID: 37185286 PMCID: PMC10133260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32491-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stunted growth is an emerging global challenge affecting children under the age of 5 years in low- and middle-income countries. Despite such a high global prevalence of stunting, the mechanism of pathogenesis and the role of associated gut microbiota is poorly understood. The present study was designed to investigate the association of pathogenic strains of E. coli with the residential gut microbiota of stunted growth children. A total of 64 stool sample were collected from children aged ≤ 5 years, and were processed for isolation and molecular characterization of diarrheagenic E. coli. Selected stool samples (n = 39 including three normal controls) were then analysed for microbial community profiling using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. Furthermore, associations between changes in the microbiota in the presence of different E. coli strains was explored. Pathotyping of the isolated E. coli (n = 64) has shown that 39.68% belonged to one of the five pathotypes of E. coli whilst the remaining ones were non-typeable. Amongst the different pathotypes, EPEC was found to be the most prevalent (52%; n = 13), followed by EAEC (20%; n = 5), EIEC (12%; n = 3), EHEC (8%; n = 2) and ETEC 2 (8%; n = 2). Phylogrouping analysis has shown that majority of the strains belonged to B2 (28.12%). Microbial diversity is shown to be significant and varied when the samples are organized under the recovered phylogroups. Moreover, based on predictive metabolism, the colonization of these strains were found to be significantly associated with energy utilization pathways such as Denovoprine-2 and glyoxylate-by. Differential analysis has shown that Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus were altered for the children with stunted growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Aziz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zobia Noreen
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Muhammad Haroon Hamid
- Department of Pediatrics/Department of Preventive Pediatrics, Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nazir Muhammad
- Department of Pediatrics/Department of Preventive Pediatrics, Mayo Hospital, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Khan
- Paediatric Unit, Saidu Teaching Hospitals, Swat, Saidu Sharif, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Biosciences, Kohsar University, Murree, Pakistan.
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21
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Mogaji HO, Adekunle ON, Omitola OO, Yaro CA, Babalola AS, Odoemene SN, Adeaga DO, Adubi TO, Ekpo UF. Understanding the relationship between WASH and malnutrition: Analysis of anthropometric data of children attending WASH-supported schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. Nutr Health 2023:2601060231168007. [PMID: 37093799 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231168007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a growing interest in better understanding the association between water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and malnutrition. AIM We analysed anthropometric data of children attending WASH intervention schools and those from non-intervention schools in Ogun State, Nigeria. METHODS A total of 353 children across six schools (three interventions and three non-interventions) participated in this study. WASH conditions were assessed using WHO standardized tools and anthropometric data of children were analysed in WHO AnthroPlus and R Software. RESULTS The prevalence of stunting was 26.2% in the intervention group, and 29.4% in the control group (p = 0.045). Underweight was lower in the intervention group (3.9% vs. 10.1%) (p = 0.45). However, wasting was higher in the intervention group (32.3% vs. 8.2%) (p = 0.001). Of the variables included in our multivariate model (age, gender, and school category, i.e. intervention/control and class grade), only age was selected, and negatively associated with underweight, stunting and wasting (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION Regardless of WASH programming status, nutritional outcomes were significantly influenced by age of the children. Children are more likely to have lower z-scores as they grow older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammed Oladeji Mogaji
- Parasitology and Epidemiology Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Oladunni Nimota Adekunle
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun, Nigeria
| | - Olaitan Olamide Omitola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Clement Ameh Yaro
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Ayodele Samuel Babalola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Uwem Friday Ekpo
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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22
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Lee GA, Chang YW, Lin WL, Yang YCSH, Chen WJ, Huang FH, Liu YR. Modulatory Effects of Heat-Inactivated Streptococcus Thermophilus Strain 7 on the Inflammatory Response: A Study on an Animal Model with TLR3-Induced Intestinal Injury. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020278. [PMID: 36838243 PMCID: PMC9959611 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infections result in severe gastroenteritis with a detrimental inflammatory response in the intestine. Because probiotics have an anti-inflammatory effect and can modulate the gut microbiota profile, they can be used as a biotherapy for inflammatory intestinal diseases. In this study, we isolated Streptococcus thermophilus strain 7 (ST7) from cow milk and examined the effect of heat-inactivated ST7 on the intestinal histopathological score, inflammatory cytokine levels, T-cell activation and effector function, and microbiome profile in a mouse model with intestinal injury induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a Toll-like receptor 3 agonist. The results indicated that ST7 treatment prevented weight loss and intestinal injury and prevented the upregulation of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-15 levels in intestinal epithelial cells; prevented the upregulation of inflammation-associated Gammaproteobacteria and Alistipes; and increased the levels of Firmicutes in fecal microbiota after poly I:C stimulation. ST7 treatment also increased the serum interferon-γ (IFN-γ) level and promoted the expression of IFN-γ in both CD8 and CD4 T cells. In summary, ST7 prevented the inflammatory response, promoted the T-cell effector function, and modulated the microbiota profile of mice with poly I:C-induced small intestine injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Aaron Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Child Development Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Li Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S. H. Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jen Chen
- Syngen Biotech International, Shah Alam 40460, Malaysia
| | - Fu-Huan Huang
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ru Liu
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
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23
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Jaswal K, Todd OA, Behnsen J. Neglected gut microbiome: interactions of the non-bacterial gut microbiota with enteric pathogens. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2226916. [PMID: 37365731 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2226916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of commensal microorganisms inhabits the human intestinal tract. The most abundant and most studied members of this microbial community are undoubtedly bacteria. Their important role in gut physiology, defense against pathogens, and immune system education has been well documented over the last decades. However, the gut microbiome is not restricted to bacteria. It encompasses the entire breadth of microbial life: viruses, archaea, fungi, protists, and parasitic worms can also be found in the gut. While less studied than bacteria, their divergent but important roles during health and disease have become increasingly more appreciated. This review focuses on these understudied members of the gut microbiome. We will detail the composition and development of these microbial communities and will specifically highlight their functional interactions with enteric pathogens, such as species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The interactions can be direct through physical interactions, or indirect through secreted metabolites or modulation of the immune response. We will present general concepts and specific examples of how non-bacterial gut communities modulate bacterial pathogenesis and present an outlook for future gut microbiome research that includes these communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Jaswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Olivia A Todd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judith Behnsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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24
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Oka D, Changkwanyeun R, Yamaguchi T, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto M. In vitro antibacterial activity of OPS-2071 against Gram-positive and Gram-negative enteropathogenic bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:3248-3255. [PMID: 36101508 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric infections are a major public health issue in developing countries. Antimicrobial resistance is also a problem for enteric infection. OPS-2071 is a novel quinolone antibiotic with low oral absorption and potent antibacterial activity against Clostridioides difficile. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to confirm the antimicrobial activity of OPS-2071 against major enteropathogenic bacteria and to evaluate the risk of emergence of drug resistance. METHODS The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the agar dilution method. The inhibitory activity against DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV was determined by supercoiling assay and decatenation assay, respectively. The mutant prevention concentration and frequency of spontaneous resistance were determined by inoculation on drug-containing agar. RESULTS Compared with the reference drugs, the antibacterial activity of OPS-2071 was more potent against Gram-positive bacteria and Campylobacter jejuni, including quinolone-resistant strains. Against other Gram-negative bacteria, OPS-2071 was comparable to existing quinolones. The inhibitory activities against DNA gyrase with quinolone-resistant mutations closely correlated with the antibacterial activity. Spontaneous resistance to OPS-2071 was not observed in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and was lower than that of existing quinolones and higher than that of azithromycin in C. jejuni. The mutant prevention concentration of OPS-2071 was lower than that of tested compounds in S. aureus and C. jejuni and slightly higher than that of existing quinolones in E. coli. CONCLUSIONS The broad and potent in vitro antibacterial activity and lower risk of drug resistance suggested that OPS-2071 may be useful for enteric infections caused by major pathogens including quinolone-resistant Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Oka
- Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ruchirada Changkwanyeun
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsumoto
- Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Gizaw Z, Yalew AW, Bitew BD, Lee J, Bisesi M. Stunting among children aged 24-59 months and associations with sanitation, enteric infections, and environmental enteric dysfunction in rural northwest Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19293. [PMID: 36369357 PMCID: PMC9652362 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23981-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stunting is a public health issue of global concern. Despite, poor sanitation, diarrhea, parasitic infections, and environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) are associated with stunting, their link is poorly understood and has not been investigated in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to assess the associations of stunting with sanitation, enteric infections, and EED among children aged 24-59 months in rural northwest Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 224 randomly selected children aged 24-59 months in rural areas of the east Dembiya district. We collected information on household food insecurity and dietary diversity using pre-tested questionnaires adopted from the food and nutrition technical assistance (FANTA) project. We used height-for-age-z score (HAZ) to define stunting. We also used the data collected to measure the environmental exposures of children to intestinal parasitic infections and fecal biomarkers of EED. A multivariable binary logistic regression model was used to assess the association of stunting with sanitation, enteric infections, and EED. Of the 224 children, 33% (95% CI 27, 39%) were stunted. Stunting in children was significantly associated with poor dietary intake (AOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2, 7.3), open defecation practice (AOR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2, 7.9), presence of animal excreta in the living environment (AOR 3.4, 95% CI 1.2, 9.9), E. coli contamination of drinking water (AOR 4.2, 95% CI 1.1, 15.3), diarrheal disease incidence (AOR 3.4, 95% CI 1.5, 7.7), intestinal parasites in children (AOR 3.3, 95% CI 1.3, 8.8), and higher EED disease activity scores (AOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2, 6.7). One-third of the children in the study area were stunted and this high prevalence of stunting was associated with poor dietary intake, poor hygiene and sanitation conditions, enteric infections, and EED. Thus, stunting can be prevented by improving sanitation and hygienic conditions to prevent repeated enteric infections in children and by promoting dietary diversity of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemichael Gizaw
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia ,grid.458355.a0000 0004 9341 7904Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Global One Health Initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Alemayehu Worku Yalew
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bikes Destaw Bitew
- grid.59547.3a0000 0000 8539 4635Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Michael Bisesi
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Fusco A, Savio V, Perfetto B, Mattina R, Donnarumma G. Antimicrobial peptide human β-defensin-2 improves in vitro cellular viability and reduces pro-inflammatory effects induced by enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in Caco-2 cells by inhibiting invasion and virulence factors’ expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1009415. [PMID: 36310877 PMCID: PMC9606569 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1009415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the commensal species most represented in the intestinal microbiota. However, there are some strains that can acquire new virulence factors that enable them to adapt to new intestinal niches. These include enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) that is responsible for the bacillary dysentery that causes severe diarrheal symptoms in both children and adults. Due to the increasing onset of antibiotic resistance phenomena, scientific research is focused on the study of other therapeutic approaches for the treatment of bacterial infections. A promising alternative could be represented by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), that have received widespread attention due to their broad antimicrobial spectrum and low incidence of bacterial resistance. AMPs modulate the immune defenses of the host and regulate the composition of microbiota and the renewal of the intestinal epithelium. With the aim to investigate an alternative therapeutic approach, especially in the case of antibiotic resistance, in this work we created a line of intestinal epithelial cells able to express high concentrations of AMP human β-defensin-2 (HBD-2) in order to test its ability to interfere with the pathogenicity mechanisms of EIEC. The results showed that HBD-2 is able to significantly reduce the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines by intestinal epithelial cells, the invasiveness ability of EIEC and the expression of invasion-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fusco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittoria Savio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Perfetto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Mattina
- Department of Biomedical Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giovanna Donnarumma,
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Prolonged diarrhea among under-five children in Bangladesh: Burden and risk factors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273148. [PMID: 36190936 PMCID: PMC9529139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction & background Prolonged (duration >7 to 13 days) diarrhea (ProD) in under-five children is a universal health problem including Bangladesh. Data on epidemiology and associated or risk factors of ProD are limited, particularly in Bangladesh where a high burden of ProD is reported. This study intended to assess the case load of ProD and its associated or risk factors compared to acute diarrhea (AD, duration ≤7 days). Methods We analyzed the data collected between 1996–2014 from a hospital-based Diarrheal-Disease-Surveillance-System (DDSS) in the ‘Dhaka Hospital’ of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases, Bangladesh (icddr,b). The DDSS enrolled a 2% systematic sample, regardless of age, sex, and diarrhea severity. The data included information on socio-demographic factors, environmental history, clinical characteristics, nutritional status, and diarrhea-pathogens. After cleaning of data, relevant information of 21,566 under-five children were available who reported with ≤13 days diarrhea (including AD and ProD), and their data were analyzed. Variables found significantly associated with ProD compared to AD in bi-variate analysis were used in logistic regression model after checking the multicollinearity between independent variables. Results The mean±SD age of the children was 14.9±11.7 months and 40.4% were female; 7.6% had ProD and 92.4% had AD. Age <12 months, mucoid- or bloody-stool, warmer months (April-September), drug used at home before seeking care from hospital, and history of diarrhea within last one month were found associated with ProD (p<0.05); however, rotavirus infection was less common in children with ProD (p<0.05). ProD children more often needed inpatient admission than AD children (14.4 vs. 6.3, p<0.001). Case fatality rate of ProD vs. AD was 0.3% (n = 5) vs. 0.1% (n- = 22) respectively (p = 0.051). Conclusion A considerable proportion (7.6%) of under-five children reporting to icddr,b hospital suffered from ProD. Understanding the above-mentioned associated or risk factors is likely to help policy makers formulating appropriate strategies for alleviating the burden and effectively managing ProD in under-five children.
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Bernardazzi C, Sheikh IA, Xu H, Ghishan FK. The Physiological Function and Potential Role of the Ubiquitous Na +/H + Exchanger Isoform 8 (NHE8): An Overview Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810857. [PMID: 36142772 PMCID: PMC9501935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+/H+ exchanger transporters (NHE) play an important role in various biologic processes including Na+ absorption, intracellular pH homeostasis, cell volume regulation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The wide expression pattern and cellular localization of NHEs make these proteins pivotal players in virtually all human tissues and organs. In addition, recent studies suggest that NHEs may be one of the primeval transport protein forms in the history of life. Among the different isoforms, the most well-characterized NHEs are the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) and Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3). However, Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 8 (NHE8) has been receiving attention based on its recent discoveries in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we will discuss what is known about the physiological function and potential role of NHE8 in the main organ systems, including useful overviews that could inspire new studies on this multifaceted protein.
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29
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Xia B, Zhong R, Wu W, Luo C, Meng Q, Gao Q, Zhao Y, Chen L, Zhang S, Zhao X, Zhang H. Mucin O-glycan-microbiota axis orchestrates gut homeostasis in a diarrheal pig model. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:139. [PMID: 36045454 PMCID: PMC9429786 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-weaning diarrhea in piglets reduces growth performance and increases mortality, thereby causing serious economic losses. The intestinal epithelial cells and microbiota reciprocally regulate each other in order to maintain intestinal homeostasis and control inflammation. However, a relative paucity of research has been focused on the host-derived regulatory network that controls mucin O-glycans and thereby changes gut microbiota during diarrhea in infancy. At the development stage just after birth, the ontogeny of intestinal epithelium, immune system, and gut microbiota appear similar in piglets and human infants. Here, we investigated the changes of mucin O-glycans associated with gut microbiota using a diarrheal post-weaned piglet model. RESULTS We found that diarrhea disrupted the colonic mucus layer and caused aberrant mucin O-glycans, including reduced acidic glycans and truncated glycans, leading to an impaired gut microenvironment. Subsequently, the onset of diarrhea, changes in microbiota and bacterial translocation, resulting in compromised epithelial barrier integrity, enhanced susceptibility to inflammation, and mild growth faltering. Furthermore, we found the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome complexes in the diarrheal piglets when compared to the healthy counterparts, triggered the release of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and diminished autophagosome formation, specifically the defective conversion of LC3A/B I into LC3A/B II and the accumulation of p62. Additionally, selective blocking of the autophagy pathway by 3-MA led to the reduction in goblet cell-specific gene transcript levels in vitro. CONCLUSIONS We observed that diarrheal piglets exhibited colonic microbiota dysbiosis and mucosal barrier dysfunction. Our data demonstrated that diarrhea resulted in the activation of inflammasomes and autophagy restriction along with aberrant mucin O-glycans including reduced acidic glycans and truncated glycans. The results suggested the mucin O-glycans-microbiota axis is likely associated with diarrheal pathogenesis. Our study provides novel insights into the pathophysiology of early-weaning-induced diarrheal disease in piglets and potentially understanding of disease mechanisms of diarrhea for human infants. Understanding the molecular pathology and pathogenesis of diarrhea is a prerequisite for the development of novel and effective therapies. Our data suggest that facilitating O-glycan elongation, modifying the microbiota, and developing specific inhibitors to some key inflammasomes could be the options for therapy of diarrhea including human infants. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Weida Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chengzeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qingshi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qingtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H9X3V9 Canada
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
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Mucosal Immune Profiles Associated with Diarrheal Disease Severity in Shigella- and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-Infected Children Enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study. mBio 2022; 13:e0053822. [PMID: 35924851 PMCID: PMC9426439 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00538-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shigella are etiologic agents of diarrhea in children <5 years old living in resource-poor countries. Repeated bouts of infection lead to lifelong morbidity and even death. The goal of this study was to characterize local mucosal immune responses in Shigella- and EPEC-infected children <5 years of age with moderate to severe diarrhea (MSD) enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). We hypothesized that infection with each of these pathogens would induce distinct gut mucosal immune profiles indicative of disease etiology and severity. To test this hypothesis, innate and adaptive immune markers were measured in stools from children with diarrhea due to EPEC, Shigella, or other organisms and in children who had no diarrhea. Shigella-positive diarrhea evoked robust proinflammatory and TH1/TH2 cytokine responses compared to diarrhea caused by EPEC or other organisms, with the exception of interleukin 5 (IL-5), which was associated with EPEC infection. The presence of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-16, and tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β) was associated with the absence of dysentery. EPEC-positive diarrhea evoked high levels of IL-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and IL-10. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) had opposing roles in disease severity, being associated with absence of diarrhea in EPEC-infected children and with dysenteric Shigella infection. High levels of antigen-specific antibodies were detected in the controls and children with Shigella without dysentery, which suggests a protective role against severe disease. In summary, this study identified distinct local immune responses associated with two clinically relevant diarrheagenic pathogens, Shigella and EPEC, in children and identified protective immune phenotypes that can inform the development of preventive measures.
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Müller-Hauser AA, Sobhan S, Huda TMN, Waid JL, Wendt AS, Islam MA, Rahman M, Gabrysch S. Key Food Hygiene Behaviors to Reduce Microbial Contamination of Complementary Foods in Rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:tpmd210269. [PMID: 35895343 PMCID: PMC9490651 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial contamination of complementary foods puts young children at risk of developing intestinal infections and could be reduced by improved handwashing and food hygiene practices. We aimed to identify which promoted food hygiene practices are associated with reduced complementary food contamination in a rural population in Bangladesh. We collected cross-sectional data on reported and observed maternal food hygiene behaviors and measured Escherichia coli counts as an indicator of microbial contamination in complementary food samples from 342 children of women enrolled in the Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition trial in Sylhet, Bangladesh. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine associations of food hygiene behaviors with food contamination. Approximately 46% of complementary food samples had detectable levels of E. coli. Handwashing with soap at critical times and fresh preparation of food before feeding were strongly associated with reduced odds of food sample contamination (odds ratio [OR]: 0.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6-0.9 and OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.1-0.7, respectively); in contrast, there was no or only weak evidence that reheating of stored food, safe food storage, and cleanliness of feeding utensils reduced contamination. Reduction in food contamination could be more than halved only when several food hygiene behaviors were practiced in combination. In conclusion, single food hygiene practices showed limited potential and a combined practice of multiple food hygiene behaviors may be needed to achieve a substantial reduction of complementary food contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Müller-Hauser
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shafinaz Sobhan
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tarique Md. Nurul Huda
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jillian L. Waid
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amanda S. Wendt
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammad Aminul Islam
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
- Food Microbiology Laboratory, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabine Gabrysch
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Public Health, Berlin, Germany
- Research Department 2, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ghosh S, Kumar M, Santiana M, Mishra A, Zhang M, Labayo H, Chibly AM, Nakamura H, Tanaka T, Henderson W, Lewis E, Voss O, Su Y, Belkaid Y, Chiorini JA, Hoffman MP, Altan-Bonnet N. Enteric viruses replicate in salivary glands and infect through saliva. Nature 2022; 607:345-350. [PMID: 35768512 PMCID: PMC9243862 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04895-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses like norovirus, rotavirus and astrovirus have long been accepted as spreading in the population through fecal-oral transmission: viruses are shed into feces from one host and enter the oral cavity of another, bypassing salivary glands (SGs) and reaching the intestines to replicate, be shed in feces and repeat the transmission cycle1. Yet there are viruses (for example, rabies) that infect the SGs2,3, making the oral cavity one site of replication and saliva one conduit of transmission. Here we report that enteric viruses productively and persistently infect SGs, reaching titres comparable to those in the intestines. We demonstrate that enteric viruses get released into the saliva, identifying a second route of viral transmission. This is particularly significant for infected infants, whose saliva directly transmits enteric viruses to their mothers' mammary glands through backflow during suckling. This sidesteps the conventional gut-mammary axis route4 and leads to a rapid surge in maternal milk secretory IgA antibodies5,6. Lastly, we show that SG-derived spheroids7 and cell lines8 can replicate and propagate enteric viruses, generating a scalable and manageable system of production. Collectively, our research uncovers a new transmission route for enteric viruses with implications for therapeutics, diagnostics and importantly sanitation measures to prevent spread through saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Kumar
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Santiana
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Mishra
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M Zhang
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Labayo
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A M Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Nakamura
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T Tanaka
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W Henderson
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - E Lewis
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - O Voss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Y Su
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Y Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J A Chiorini
- AAV Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Elucidating the Role of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in the Pathogenesis of Canine Chronic Inflammatory Enteropathy-A Search for Potential Biomarkers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131645. [PMID: 35804545 PMCID: PMC9264988 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is a chronic disease affecting the small or large intestine and, in some cases, the stomach of dogs. This gastrointestinal disorder is common and is characterized by recurrent vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss in affected dogs. The pathogenesis of IBD is not completely understood. Similar to human IBD, potential disease factors include genetics, environmental exposures, and dysregulation of the microbiota and the immune response. Some important components of the innate and adaptive immune response involved in CIE pathogenesis have been described. However, the immunopathogenesis of the disease has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we summarized the literature associated with the different cell types and molecules involved in the immunopathogenesis of CIE, with the aim of advancing the search for biomarkers with possible diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility. Abstract Canine chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) is one of the most common chronic gastrointestinal diseases affecting dogs worldwide. Genetic and environmental factors, as well as intestinal microbiota and dysregulated host immune responses, participate in this multifactorial disease. Despite advances explaining the immunological and molecular mechanisms involved in CIE development, the exact pathogenesis is still unknown. This review compiles the latest reports and advances that describe the main molecular and cellular mechanisms of both the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in canine CIE pathogenesis. Future studies should focus research on the characterization of the immunopathogenesis of canine CIE in order to advance the establishment of biomarkers and molecular targets of diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic utility.
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Oyejobi GK, Sule WF, Akinde SB, Khan FM, Ogolla F. Multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria in Nigeria and potential use of bacteriophages as biocontrol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153842. [PMID: 35183626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enteric bacterial pathogens have been implicated in many cases of gastroenteritis in Nigeria, a West African country. This situation is worsened by some reports of the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria. To better prepare for situations in which even antibiotics of last resort would fail to treat infections caused by these pathogens, attention should be paid to alternative antimicrobial strategies. Here, we summarize existing reports of multidrug-resistant enteric bacterial infections in Nigeria, and importantly present the use of bacteriophages (viruses of bacteria) as an attractive antimicrobial alternative to combat these pathogens. It is hoped that this review will encourage research into the use of lytic bacteriophages against multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greater Kayode Oyejobi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo 230212, Osun State, Nigeria; Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Organization of African Academic Doctors, Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Waidi Folorunso Sule
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo 230212, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Babatunde Akinde
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo 230212, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Fazal Mehmood Khan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Faith Ogolla
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China; International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Organization of African Academic Doctors, Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305-00100, Nairobi, Kenya; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
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35
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Das R, Palit P, Haque MA, Ahmed T, Faruque ASG. Association between Pathogenic Variants of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Growth in Children under 5 Years of Age in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:72-81. [PMID: 35895372 PMCID: PMC9294710 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of information highlighting associations between different pathogenic variants of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and childhood growth. Pathogenic variants of E. coli from stool samples, collected from 22,567 children enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study from December 2007 to March 2011, were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We estimated the associations of different pathogenic variants of diarrheagenic E. coli with child growth. The association between an explanatory variable and the outcome variable was assessed using multiple linear regression, where the dependent variables were height-for-age, weight-for-age, and weight-for-height z-scores, and the independent variable was the presence of different pathogenic variants of diarrheagenic E. coli. After adjusting for potential covariates, such as age, gender, diarrhea, breastfeeding status, mother’s education, number of under-5 children, handwashing practice, handwashing material, source of drinking water, wealth index, available toilet facility, copathogens, comorbidity, time, and study site, the multivariable model identified a negative association between different pathogenic variants of diarrheagenic E. coli and child growth. Our analyses may provide the cornerstone for prospective epidemiologic investigation for the development of preventive measures for diarrheagenic E. coli and combat childhood undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Das
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Parag Palit
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahshanul Haque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A. S. G Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Shaaban FL, Kabatereine NB, Chami GF. Diarrhoeal outcomes in young children depend on diarrhoeal cases of other household members: a cross-sectional study of 16,025 people in rural Uganda. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:484. [PMID: 35597899 PMCID: PMC9123767 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a limited understanding of how diarrhoeal cases across other household members influence the likelihood of diarrhoea in young children (aged 1-4 years). METHODS We surveyed 16,025 individuals from 3421 households in 17 villages in Uganda. Using logistic regressions with standard errors clustered by household, diarrhoeal cases within households were used to predict diarrhoeal outcomes in young children. Regressions were adjusted for socio-demographic, water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), and ecological covariates. Selection bias for households with (1632/3421) and without (1789/3421) young children was examined. RESULTS Diarrhoeal prevalence was 13.7% (2118/16,025) across all study participants and 18.5% (439/2368) in young children. Young children in households with any other diarrhoeal cases were 5.71 times more likely to have diarrhoea than young children in households without any other diarrhoeal cases (95% CI: 4.48-7.26), increasing to over 29 times more likely when the other diarrhoeal case was in another young child (95% CI: 16.29-54.80). Diarrhoeal cases in older household members (aged ≥ 5 years) and their influence on the likelihood of diarrhoea in young children attenuated with age. School-aged children (5-14 years) had a greater influence on diarrhoeal cases in young children (Odds Ratio 2.70, 95% CI: 2.03-3.56) than adults of reproductive age (15-49 years; Odds Ratio 1.96, 95% CI: 1.47-2.59). Diarrhoeal cases in individuals aged ≥ 50 years were not significantly associated with diarrhoeal outcomes in young children (P > 0.05). These age-related differences in diarrhoeal exposures were not driven by sex. The magnitude and significance of the odds ratios remained similar when odds ratios were compared by sex within each age group. WASH factors did not influence the likelihood of diarrhoea in young children, despite influencing the likelihood of diarrhoea in school-aged children and adults. Households with young children differed from households without young children by diarrhoeal prevalence, household size, and village WASH infrastructure and ecology. CONCLUSIONS Other diarrhoeal cases within households strongly influence the likelihood of diarrhoea in young children, and when controlled, removed the influence of WASH factors. Future research on childhood diarrhoea should consider effects of diarrhoeal cases within households and explore pathogen transmission between household members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina L Shaaban
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Narcis B Kabatereine
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Goylette F Chami
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Das R, Kabir MF, Ashorn P, Simon J, Chisti MJ, Ahmed T. Maternal Underweight and Its Association with Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure among Children under Two Years of Age with Diarrhea in Bangladesh. Nutrients 2022; 14:1935. [PMID: 35565901 PMCID: PMC9105738 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition in women has been a long-standing public health concern, with serious effects on child survival and development. Maternal body mass index (BMI) is an important maternal nutritional indicator. There are few published studies although child anthropometric failures do not occur in isolation and identifying children with single versus several co-occurring failures can better capture cases of growth failure in combination: stunting, wasting, and underweight. In the context of multiple anthropometric failures, traditional markers used to assess children's nutritional status tend to underestimate overall undernutrition. Using the composite index of anthropometric failure (CIAF), we aimed to assess the association between maternal undernutrition and child undernutrition among children with diarrhea under the age of two and to investigate the correlates. Using 1431 mother-child dyads from the Antibiotic for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial, we extracted children's data at enrollment and on day 90 and day 180 follow-ups. ABCD was a randomized, multi-country, multi-site, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The Bangladesh site collected data from July 2017 to July 2019. The outcome variable, CIAF, allows combinations of height-for-age, height-for-weight, and weight-for-age to determine the overall prevalence of undernutrition. The generalized estimating equation was used to explore the correlates of CIAF. After adjusting all the potential covariates, maternal undernutrition status was found to be strongly associated with child undernutrition using the CIAF [aOR: 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0, 1.9), p-value = 0.043] among the children with diarrhea under 2 years old. Maternal higher education had a protective effect on CIAF [aOR: 0.7 (95% CI: 0.5, 0.9), p-value = 0.033]. Our study findings highlight the importance of an integrated approach focusing on maternal nutrition and maternal education could affect a reduction in child undernutrition based on CIAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Das
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (M.F.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Md Farhad Kabir
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (M.F.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Per Ashorn
- World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (P.A.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33240 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jonathon Simon
- World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (P.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Mohammod Jobayer Chisti
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (M.F.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (M.F.K.); (T.A.)
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Fu Q, Lin Q, Chen D, Yu B, Luo Y, Zheng P, Mao X, Huang Z, Yu J, Luo J, Yan H, He J. β-defensin 118 attenuates inflammation and injury of intestinal epithelial cells upon enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:142. [PMID: 35440001 PMCID: PMC9017018 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial peptides including various defensins have been attracting considerable research interest worldwide, as they have potential to substitute for antibiotics. Moreover, AMPs also have immunomodulatory activity. In this study, we explored the role and its potential mechanisms of β-defensin 118 (DEFB118) in alleviating inflammation and injury of IPEC-J2 cells (porcine jejunum epithelial cell line) upon the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) challenge. Results The porcine jejunum epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2) pretreated with or without DEFB118 (25 μg/mL) were challenged by ETEC (1×106 CFU) or culture medium. We showed that DEFB118 pretreatment significantly increased the cell viability (P<0.05) and decreased the expressions of inflammatory cytokines such as the interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in IPEC-J2 cells exposure to ETEC (P<0.05). Interestingly, DEFB118 pretreatment significantly elevated the abundance of the major tight-junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), but decreased the number of apoptotic cells upon ETEC challenge (P<0.05). The expression of caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9 were downregulated by DEFB118 in the IPEC-J2 cells exposure to ETEC (P<0.05). Importantly, DEFB118 suppressed two critical inflammation-associated signaling proteins, nuclear factor-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in the ETEC-challenged IPEC-J2 cells. Conclusions DEFB118 can alleviate ETEC-induced inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines and decreased cell apoptosis. Therefore, DEFB118 can act as a novel anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Fu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Qian Lin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, P. R. China.
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Transcriptional Profiling of the Small Intestine and the Colon Reveals Modulation of Gut Infection with Citrobacter rodentium According to the Vitamin A Status. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081563. [PMID: 35458125 PMCID: PMC9026425 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) deficiency and diarrheal diseases are both serious public health issues worldwide. VA deficiency is associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and increased risk of mucosal infection-related mortality. The bioactive form of VA, retinoic acid, is a well-known regulator of mucosal integrity. Using Citrobacter rodentium-infected mice as a model for diarrheal diseases in humans, previous studies showed that VA-deficient (VAD) mice failed to clear C. rodentium as compared to their VA-sufficient (VAS) counterparts. However, the distinct intestinal gene responses that are dependent on the host’s VA status still need to be discovered. The mRNAs extracted from the small intestine (SI) and the colon were sequenced and analyzed on three levels: differential gene expression, enrichment, and co-expression. C. rodentium infection interacted differentially with VA status to alter colon gene expression. Novel functional categories downregulated by this pathogen were identified, highlighted by genes related to the metabolism of VA, vitamin D, and ion transport, including improper upregulation of Cl− secretion and disrupted HCO3− metabolism. Our results suggest that derangement of micronutrient metabolism and ion transport, together with the compromised immune responses in VAD hosts, may be responsible for the higher mortality to C. rodentium under conditions of inadequate VA.
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Samie A, Moropeng RC, Tanih NF, Dillingham R, Guerrant R, Bessong PO. Epidemiology of Campylobacter infections among children of 0–24 months of age in South Africa. Arch Public Health 2022; 80:107. [PMID: 35366935 PMCID: PMC8976392 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-022-00850-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter spp. are one of the most frequent causes of diarrhoeal disease in humans throughout the world. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and the genotypic distribution of Campylobacter spp. and their association with diarrhoea and child growth in children of less than the age of two in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Methods A total of 4280 diarrheal and non-diarrheal stool samples were collected on a monthly basis from children recruited at birth and followed up to 24 months. All stool samples were screened for the presence Campylobacter antigen using ELISA technique after which CAH 16S primer was used on the positive samples to confirm the presence of Campylobacter. Subsequently, the PCR positive samples were further characterised using species specific primers for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Results Campylobacter antigen was detected in 564/4280 (13.2%). Campylobacter was more commonly found in diarrheal stools (20.4%) compared to non-diarrheal stools (12.4%) with a statistically significant difference (χ2 = 7.345; p = 0.006). Throughout the year there were two main peaks of Campylobacter infection one in December- January and the second peak in June. The prevalence of Campylobacter increased with the age of the children up to 11 months after which the prevalence decreased. Out of 564 positive ELISA samples, 257 (45.6%) were confirmed to have 16S rRNA gene for Campylobacter spp. Furthermore, C. jejuni was found to be more prevalent (232/257) than C. coli (25/257) with a prevalence of 90.3% and 9.7%, respectively. Both C. jejuni and C. coli were significantly associated with diarrhea with statistical values of (χ2 = 22.224; p < 0.001) and (χ2 = 81.682; p < 0.001) respectively. Sequences generated from the analysis of hip gene confirmed the PCR positives samples were C. jejuni positive. Conclusions This study has delineated a high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in the study cohort. Moreover, C. jejuni was found to be more prevalent than C. coli both of which were associated with diarrhea. These findings are of clinical and epidemiological significance.
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Chua PLC, Ng CFS, Tobias A, Seposo XT, Hashizume M. Associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections by pathogen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2022; 6:e202-e218. [PMID: 35278387 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have quantified the associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections, particularly all-cause enteric infections. However, the temperature sensitivity of enteric infections might be pathogen dependent. Here, we sought to identify pathogen-specific associations between ambient temperature and enteric infections. METHODS We did a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for peer-reviewed research articles published from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2019, and also hand searched reference lists of included articles and excluded reviews. We included studies that quantified the effects of ambient temperature increases on common pathogen-specific enteric infections in humans. We excluded studies that expressed ambient temperature as a categorical or diurnal range, or in a standardised format. Two authors screened the search results, one author extracted data from eligible studies, and four authors verified the data. We obtained the overall risks by pooling the relative risks of enteric infection by pathogen for each 1°C temperature rise using random-effects modelling and robust variance estimation for the correlated effect estimates. Between-study heterogeneity was measured using I2, τ2, and Q-statistic. Publication bias was determined using funnel plot asymmetry and the trim-and-fill method. Differences among pathogen-specific pooled estimates were determined using subgroup analysis of taxa-specific meta-analysis. The study protocol was not registered but followed the PRISMA guidelines. FINDINGS We identified 2981 articles via database searches and 57 articles from scanning reference lists of excluded reviews and included articles, of which 40 were eligible for pathogen-specific meta-analyses. The overall increased risks of incidence per 1°C temperature rise, expressed as relative risks, were 1·05 (95% CI 1·04-1·07; I2 97%) for salmonellosis, 1·07 (1·04-1·10; I2 99%) for shigellosis, 1·02 (1·01-1·04; I2 98%) for campylobacteriosis, 1·05 (1·04-1·07; I2 36%) for cholera, 1·04 (1·01-1·07; I2 98%) for Escherichia coli enteritis, and 1·15 (1·07-1·24; I2 0%) for typhoid. Reduced risks per 1°C temperature increase were 0·96 (95% CI 0·90-1·02; I2 97%) for rotaviral enteritis and 0·89 (0·81-0·99; I2 96%) for noroviral enteritis. There was evidence of between-pathogen differences in risk for bacterial infections but not for viral infections. INTERPRETATION Temperature sensitivity of enteric infections can vary according to the enteropathogen causing the infection, particularly for bacteria. Thus, we encourage a pathogen-specific health adaptation approach, such as vaccination, given the possibility of increasingly warm temperatures in the future. FUNDING Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Kakenhi) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L C Chua
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Chris Fook Sheng Ng
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Aurelio Tobias
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xerxes T Seposo
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Chua PL, Ng CFS, Madaniyazi L, Seposo X, Salazar MA, Huber V, Hashizume M. Projecting Temperature-Attributable Mortality and Hospital Admissions due to Enteric Infections in the Philippines. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:27011. [PMID: 35188405 PMCID: PMC8860302 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric infections cause significant deaths, and global projection studies suggest that mortality from enteric infections will increase in the future with warmer climate. However, a major limitation of these projection studies is the use of risk estimates derived from nonmortality data to project excess enteric infection mortality associated with temperature because of the lack of studies that used actual deaths. OBJECTIVE We quantified the associations of daily temperature with both mortality and hospital admissions due to enteric infections in the Philippines. These associations were applied to projections under various climate and population change scenarios. METHODS We modeled nonlinear temperature associations of mortality and hospital admissions due to enteric infections in 17 administrative regions of the Philippines using a two-stage time-series approach. First, we quantified nonlinear temperature associations of enteric infections by fitting generalized linear models with distributed lag nonlinear models. Second, we combined regional estimates using a meta-regression model. We projected the excess future enteric infections due to nonoptimal temperatures using regional temperature-enteric infection associations under various combinations of climate change scenarios according to representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and population change scenarios according to shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) for 2010-2099. RESULTS Regional estimates for mortality and hospital admissions were significantly heterogeneous and had varying shapes in association with temperature. Generally, mortality risks were greater in high temperatures, whereas hospital admission risks were greater in low temperatures. Temperature-attributable excess deaths in 2090-2099 were projected to increase over 2010-2019 by as little as 1.3% [95% empirical confidence intervals (eCI): -3.1%, 6.5%] under a low greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP 2.6) or as much as 25.5% (95% eCI: -3.5%, 48.2%) under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP 8.5). A moderate increase was projected for temperature-attributable excess hospital admissions, from 0.02% (95% eCI: -2.0%, 1.9%) under RCP 2.6 to 5.2% (95% eCI: -12.7%, 21.8%) under RCP 8.5 in the same period. High temperature-attributable deaths and hospital admissions due to enteric infections may occur under scenarios with high population growth in 2090-2099. DISCUSSION In the Philippines, futures with hotter temperatures and high population growth may lead to a greater increase in temperature-related excess deaths than hospital admissions due to enteric infections. Our results highlight the need to strengthen existing primary health care interventions for diarrhea and support health adaptation policies to help reduce future enteric infections. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9324.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L.C. Chua
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Chris Fook Sheng Ng
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Lina Madaniyazi
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Xerxes Seposo
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Miguel Antonio Salazar
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
- Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Huber
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Zhou A, Yuan Y, Yang M, Huang Y, Li X, Li S, Yang S, Tang B. Crosstalk Between the Gut Microbiota and Epithelial Cells Under Physiological and Infectious Conditions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:832672. [PMID: 35155283 PMCID: PMC8829037 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.832672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is considered the largest immunological organ, with a diverse gut microbiota, that contributes to combatting pathogens and maintaining human health. Under physiological conditions, the crosstalk between gut microbiota and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) plays a crucial role in GIT homeostasis. Gut microbiota and derived metabolites can compromise gut barrier integrity by activating some signaling pathways in IECs. Conversely, IECs can separate the gut microbiota from the host immune cells to avoid an excessive immune response and regulate the composition of the gut microbiota by providing an alternative energy source and releasing some molecules, such as hormones and mucus. Infections by various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, can disturb the diversity of the gut microbiota and influence the structure and metabolism of IECs. However, the interaction between gut microbiota and IECs during infection is still not clear. In this review, we will focus on the existing evidence to elucidate the crosstalk between gut microbiota and IECs during infection and discuss some potential therapeutic methods, including probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and dietary fiber. Understanding the role of crosstalk during infection may help us to establish novel strategies for prevention and treatment in patients with infectious diseases, such as C. difficile infection, HIV, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Institution of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujiao Huang
- The First Clinical College, ChongQing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengpeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shiming Yang, ; Bo Tang,
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Shiming Yang, ; Bo Tang,
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Characterization of Escherichia coli from Water and Food Sold on the Streets of Maputo: Molecular Typing, Virulence Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pathogenic potential and antibiotic resistance of 59 Escherichia coli isolates from ready-to-eat (RTE) street food (n = 31) and drinking water (n = 28) sold in the city of Maputo, Mozambique. The isolates were characterized by XbaI subtyping analysis via pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Multiplex PCRs were performed targeting five virulence genes (stx, lt, st, astA, and eae) and three groups of antibiotic-resistant genes, namely ß-lactamases (extended-spectrum ß-lactamase and AmpC), tetracycline (tetA, tetB, and tetM) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sul1, sul2, and sul3). The stx virulence gene, encoding the Shiga/Vero (VT) toxin produced by the verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), was identified with similar frequency in isolates from food (5/31) and water (6/28). The highest percentages of resistant isolates from food and water were found for ß-lactams imipenem (35.5 and 39.3%, respectively) and ampicillin (39.3 and 46.4%, respectively). Multidrug resistance was observed in 31.3% of the isolates, being higher in E. coli isolates from water (45.5%) compared to RTE street food isolates (19.2%). Virulence genes were detected in 73% of the multidrug-resistant isolates. Concerning antibiotic-resistant genes, ESBL was the most frequent (57.7%) among β-lactamases while tetA was the most frequent (50%) among non-β-lactamases.
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Antidiarrheal and Antibacterial Activities of Monterey Cypress Phytochemicals: In Vivo and In Vitro Approach. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020346. [PMID: 35056664 PMCID: PMC8780600 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) is a decorative plant; however, it possesses various pharmacological activities. Therefore, we explored the phytochemical profile of C. macrocarpa root methanol extract (CRME) for the first time. Moreover, we investigated its antidiarrheal (in vivo), antibacterial, and antibiofilm (in vitro) activities against Salmonella enterica clinical isolates. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of CRME detected the presence of 39 compounds, besides isolation of 2,3,2″,3″-tetrahydro-4'-O-methyl amentoflavone, amentoflavone, and dihydrokaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside for the first time. Dihydrokaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside presented the highest antimicrobial activity and the range of values of MICs against S. enterica isolates was from 64 to 256 µg/mL. The antidiarrheal activity of CRME was investigated by induction of diarrhea using castor oil, and exhibited a significant reduction in diarrhea and defecation frequency at all doses, enteropooling (at 400 mg/kg), and gastrointestinal motility (at 200, 400 mg/kg) in mice. The antidiarrheal index of CRME increased in a dose-dependent manner. The effect of CRME on various membrane characters of S. enterica was studied after typing the isolates by ERIC-PCR. Its impact on efflux and its antibiofilm activity were inspected. The biofilm morphology was observed using light and scanning electron microscopes. The effect on efflux activity and biofilm formation was further elucidated using qRT-PCR. A significant increase in inner and outer membrane permeability and a significant decrease in integrity and depolarization (using flow cytometry) were detected with variable percentages. Furthermore, a significant reduction in efflux and biofilm formation was observed. Therefore, CRME could be a promising source for treatment of gastrointestinal tract diseases.
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Tsai K, Hoffmann V, Simiyu S, Cumming O, Borsay G, Baker KK. Bacteroides Microbial Source Tracking Markers Perform Poorly in Predicting Enterobacteriaceae and Enteric Pathogen Contamination of Cow Milk Products and Milk-Containing Infant Food. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:778921. [PMID: 35058897 PMCID: PMC8764403 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.778921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of microbiologically contaminated food is one of the leading causes of diarrheal diseases. Understanding the source of enteric pathogens in food is important to guide effective interventions. Enterobacteriaceae bacterial assays typically used to assess food safety do not shed light on the source. Source-specific Bacteroides microbial source tracking (MST) markers have been proposed as alternative indicators for water fecal contamination assessment but have not been evaluated as an alternative fecal indicator in animal-derived foods. This study tested various milk products collected from vendors in urban Kenyan communities and infant foods made with the milk (n = 394 pairs) using conventional culture methods and TaqMan qPCR for enteric pathogens and human and bovine-sourced MST markers. Detection profiles of various enteric pathogens and Bacteroides MST markers in milk products differed from that of milk-containing infant foods. MST markers were more frequently detected in infant food prepared by caregivers, indicating recent contamination events were more likely to occur during food preparation at home. However, Bacteroides MST markers had lower sensitivity in detecting enteric pathogens in food than traditional Enterobacteriaceae indicators. Bacteroides MST markers tested in this study were not associated with the detection of culturable Salmonella enterica and Shigella sonnei in milk products or milk-containing infant food. The findings show that while Bacteroides MST markers could provide valuable information about how foods become contaminated, they may not be suitable for predicting the origin of the enteric pathogen contamination sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tsai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vivian Hoffmann
- International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sheillah Simiyu
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Glorie Borsay
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Kelly K. Baker
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Gut AM, Vasiljevic T, Yeager T, Donkor ON. Antimicrobial properties of traditional kefir: An in vitro screening for antagonistic effect on Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Arizonae. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Patlán‐Hernández AR, Stobaugh HC, Cumming O, Angioletti A, Pantchova D, Lapègue J, Stern S, N'Diaye DS. Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions and the prevention and treatment of childhood acute malnutrition: A systematic review. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2022; 18:e13257. [PMID: 34612592 PMCID: PMC8710129 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Undernutrition is more prevalent among children living in unsanitary environments with inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Despite good evidence for the effect of WASH on multiple infectious diseases, evidence for the effect of WASH interventions on childhood undernutrition is less well established, particularly for acute malnutrition. To assess the effectiveness of WASH interventions in preventing and treating acute childhood malnutrition, we performed electronic searches to identify relevant studies published between 1 January 2000 and 13 May 2019. We included studies assessing the effect of WASH on prevention and treatment of acute malnutrition in children under 5 years of age. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers. We included 26 articles of 599 identified references with a total of 43,083 participants. Twenty-five studies reported on the effect of WASH on prevention, and two studies reported its effect on treatment of acute malnutrition. Current evidence does not show consistent associations of WASH conditions and interventions with prevention of acute malnutrition or with the improvement of its treatment outcomes. Only two high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrated that improved water quality during severe acute malnutrition treatment improved recovery outcomes but did not prevent relapse. Many of the interventions consisted of a package of WASH services, making impossible to attribute the effect to one specific component. This highlights the need for high-quality, rigorous intervention studies assessing the effects of WASH interventions specifically designed to prevent acute malnutrition or improve its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather C. Stobaugh
- Action Against HungerNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Tufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | | | - Danka Pantchova
- Action Contre la FaimParisFrance
- Global Nutrition ClusterUnited Nations Children's FundNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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49
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Saaka M, Saapiire FN, Dogoli RN. Independent and joint contribution of inappropriate complementary feeding and poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices to stunted child growth. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e109. [PMID: 35059190 PMCID: PMC8727702 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The causes of undernutrition are often linked to inappropriate complementary feeding practices and poor households' access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), but limited evidence exists on the combined effect of poor WASH and inappropriate complementary feeding practices on stunted child growth. We assessed the independent and joint contribution of inappropriate complementary feeding and poor WASH practices to stunted growth among children aged 6-23 months in the Jirapa Municipality of Ghana. A community-based cross-sectional analytical study design was used with a sample of 301 mothers/caregivers having children aged 6-23 months. The results indicate that in a multivariable logistic regression model that adjusted for confounders, children receiving both unimproved water and inappropriate complementary feeding had a higher and significant odd of becoming stunted (adjusted odds ratio = 33. 92; 95 % confidence interval 3⋅04, 37⋅17; P = 0⋅004) compared to households having both improved water sources and appropriate complementary feeding practices. Except for unimproved drinking water sources, poor sanitation and hygiene, which comprised the use of unimproved household toilet facilities, washing hands without soap and improper disposal of child faeces were not associated with the risks of stunting among children aged 6-23 months. The combined effect of unimproved water and inappropriate complementary feeding on stunting was greater than either unimproved water only or inappropriate complementary feeding only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahama Saaka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box 1883, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ferguson N Saapiire
- St. Joseph Nursing Training College, Ministry of Health, P. O. BOX 24, Jirapa, Wa, Ghana
| | - Richard N Dogoli
- Jhpiego Ghana, 14 Ollenu Street, East Legon, PMB 18, Legon Accra, Ghana
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Site specific incidence rate of virulence related genes of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and association with enteric inflammation and growth in children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23178. [PMID: 34848801 PMCID: PMC8632913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of information highlighting the possible association between strain carrying genes of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) and environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and on linear growth during childhood. Strain carrying genes of EAEC from stool samples collected from 1705 children enrolled in the MAL-ED birth cohort were detected by TaqMan Array Cards. We measured site-specific incidence rate by using Poisson regression models, identified the risk factors and estimated the associations of strain carrying genes of EAEC with the composite EED score and linear growth at 24 months of age. Overall highest incidence rate (43.3%) was found among children having infection with the aggR gene, which was the greatest in Tanzania (56.7%). Low maternal education, lack of improved floor, and ownership of domestic cattle were found to be risk factors for EAEC infection. In the multivariate models, after adjusting the potential covariates, strain carrying genes of EAEC showed strong positive associations with the EED scores and with poor linear growth at 24 months of age. Our analyses may lay the cornerstone for a prospective epidemiologic investigation for a potential vaccine development aimed at reducing the burden of EAEC infections and combat childhood malnutrition.
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