1
|
Kao C, Wang SW, Chen PC, Huang CY, Wei YF, Ho CH, Hong YH. Rice Husk Silica Liquid Enhances Autophagy and Reduces Overactive Immune Responses via TLR-7 Signaling in Lupus-Prone Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10133. [PMID: 39337618 PMCID: PMC11432151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251810133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by widespread inflammation and multi-organ damage. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and autophagy have been implicated in SLE pathogenesis. Rice husk silica liquid (RHSL) has shown potential for modulating inflammatory responses, but its effects on SLE have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to evaluate the impact of RHSL on immune responses and autophagy in cell culture experiments, focusing on its effects on TLR-7 signaling, cytokine production, and autophagy modulation. RAW264.7 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and SLE patients were used. Cells were stimulated with LPS or TLR-7 agonists and treated with RHSL. Cell viability was assessed, and cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-6) were measured by ELISA. Autophagy-related proteins (LC3II, ATG5-ATG12) were analyzed by Western blotting. The effect of autophagy inhibition was studied using 3-methyladenine (3-MA). A concentration of 100 μg/mL RHSL did not affect cell viability but significantly reduced the TNF-α production in TLR-7 agonist-stimulated RAW264.7 cells (compared to TLR-7 alone, 3.41 ± 0.54 vs. 6.72 ± 0.07 folds) and PBMCs (compared to TLR-7 alone, 0.97 ± 0.19 vs. 1.40 ± 0.33 folds). RHSL enhanced autophagy, as evidenced by increased LC3II (4.35 ± 1.08 folds) and ATG5-ATG12 (7.07 ± 1.30 folds) conjugation in both RAW264.7 cells and SLE patient-derived PBMCs. The reduction in TNF-α production by RHSL was attenuated by 3-MA, indicating that autophagy plays a role in this process. RHSL also inhibited the translocation of phosphorylated NF-κB into the nucleus, suggesting a mechanism for its anti-inflammatory effects. RHSL exhibits potential as an immunomodulatory agent in SLE by enhancing autophagy and modulating TLR-7 signaling pathways. These findings suggest that RHSL could offer therapeutic benefits for managing inflammatory responses in SLE and warrant further investigation into its clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh Kao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116059, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yung Huang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Wei
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Ho
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Han Hong
- Graduate Programs of Nutrition Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116059, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao W, Li W, Wang Z, Li Y, Liu M. The Novel Fusion Protein Melittin-MIL-2 Exhibits Strong Antitumor Immune Effect in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell A549. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2024; 18:e13805. [PMID: 39003635 PMCID: PMC11246609 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
In previous studies, we developed a novel fusion protein named "melittin-MIL-2" which exhibited more anti-tumor activity. However, it remains unclear whether melittin-MIL-2 possesses antitumor immune effect on lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, the immune effect and mechanism of melittin-MIL-2 inhibiting the growth and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma will be investigated, in order to provide novel perspectives for the immunotherapy of lung cancer. The results indicated that melittin-MIL-2 promoted T cell proliferation, enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity, and boosted IFN-γ secretion in PBMCs. After melittin-MIL-2 stimulation, perforin expression and LAK/NK-like killing activities of human PBMCs and NK cells were significantly enhanced. Melittin-MIL-2 is capable of hampering the development and proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cell A549. ICAM-1 and Fas expression in A549 cells exposed to melittin-MIL-2 rose significantly. The expression levels of TLR8 and VEGF in A549 cells decreased significantly after melittin-MIL-2 stimulation. In vivo, melittin-MIL-2 substantially impeded the growth of lung adenocarcinoma and formed an immune-stimulating microenvironment locally in tumor tissues. In conclusion, the novel fusion protein melittin-MIL-2 exhibits strong anti-tumor immune effect in lung adenocarcinoma cell A549 via activating the LFA-1/ICAM-1 and Fas/FasL pathways to enhance cytolytic activity, upregulating the secretion of IFN-γ and perforin, and boosting LAK/NK-like killing activities. Immuno-effector cells and their secreted cytokines can form immune stimulation microenvironment locally in lung adenocarcinoma Lewis mice tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weize Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yongxin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Mingjun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hiltunen N, Kemi N, Väyrynen JP, Böhm J, Kauppila JH, Huhta H, Helminen O. Toll-like receptors 1-9 in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors-Clinical significance and prognosis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302813. [PMID: 38709790 PMCID: PMC11073674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immunity. TLRs are known to mediate both antitumor effects and tumorigenesis. TLRs are abundant in many cancers, but their expression in small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SB-NETs) is unknown. We aimed to characterize the expression of TLRs 1-9 in SB-NETs and lymph node metastases and evaluate their prognostic relevance. The present study included 125 patients with SB-NETs, of whom 95 had lymph node metastases, from two Finnish hospitals. Tissue samples were stained immunohistochemically for TLR expression, assessed based on cytoplasmic and nucleic staining intensity and percentage of positively stained cells. Statistical methods for survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression adjusted for confounding factors. Disease-specific survival (DSS) was the primary outcome. TLRs 1-2 and 4-9 were expressed in SB-NETs and lymph node metastases. TLR3 showed no positive staining. In primary SB-NETs, TLRs 1-9 were not associated with survival. For lymph node metastases, high cytoplasmic TLR7 intensity associated with worse DSS compared to low cytoplasmic intensity (26.4% vs. 84.9%, p = 0.028). Adjusted mortality hazard (HR) was 3.90 (95% CI 1.07-14.3). The expression of TLRs 1-6 and 8-9 in lymph node metastases were not associated with survival. SB-NETs and their lymph node metastases express cytoplasmic TLR 1-2 and 4-9 and nucleic TLR5. High TLR7 expression in SB-NET lymph node metastases was associated with worse prognosis. The current research has future perspective, as it can help create base for clinical drug trials to target specific TLRs with agonists or antagonists to treat neuroendocrine tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hiltunen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niko Kemi
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha P. Väyrynen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jan Böhm
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Joonas H. Kauppila
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heikki Huhta
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Helminen
- Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gupta KH, Giurini EF, Zloza A. Seasonal influenza vaccines differentially activate and modulate toll-like receptor expression within the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1308651. [PMID: 38476365 PMCID: PMC10928891 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1308651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known for their role in cancer development as well as in directing anti-tumor immunity. Because TLRs have also been implicated in the innate recognition of the influenza virus, it was of great interest to investigate the potential TLRs' contribution to the reduction in tumor growth following intratumoral injection of an unadjuvanted influenza vaccine and the lack of antitumor response from an adjuvanted vaccine. In our previous publication, we showed that the unadjuvanted flu vaccine modulates TLR7 expression leading to anti-tumor response in a murine model of melanoma. Here, we show that the unadjuvanted and adjuvanted flu vaccines robustly stimulate different sets of TLRs, TLR3 and TLR7, and TLR4 and TLR9, respectively. In addition, the reduction in tumor growth and improved survival from intratumoral administration of the unadjuvanted vaccine was found to be diminished in TLR7-deficient mice. Finally, we observed that both vaccines have the capacity to modulate TLR expression on both innate and adaptive immune cells. Our findings add to the mechanistic understanding of the parameters that influence tumor outcomes in unadjuvanted and adjuvanted influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kajal H. Gupta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eileena F. Giurini
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Division of Translational and Precision Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Giriyappagoudar M, Vastrad B, Horakeri R, Vastrad C. Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3109. [PMID: 38137330 PMCID: PMC10740779 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with reduced quality of life and earlier mortality, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In this investigation, bioinformatics was used to deeply analyze the pathogenesis of IPF and related key genes, so as to investigate the potential molecular pathogenesis of IPF and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Next-generation sequencing dataset GSE213001 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IPF and normal control group. The DEGs between IPF and normal control group were screened with the DESeq2 package of R language. The Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Using the g:Profiler, the function and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via the Integrated Interactions Database (IID) database. Cytoscape with Network Analyzer was used to identify the hub genes. miRNet and NetworkAnalyst databaseswereused to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and small drug molecules. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to validate the hub genes. A total of 958 DEGs were screened out in this study, including 479 up regulated genes and 479 down regulated genes. Most of the DEGs were significantly enriched in response to stimulus, GPCR ligand binding, microtubule-based process, and defective GALNT3 causes HFTC. In combination with the results of the PPI network, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, hub genes including LRRK2, BMI1, EBP, MNDA, KBTBD7, KRT15, OTX1, TEKT4, SPAG8, and EFHC2 were selected. Cyclothiazide and rotigotinethe are predicted small drug molecules for IPF treatment. Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for the treatment of IPF, and provide a novel strategy for clinical therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muttanagouda Giriyappagoudar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hubballi 580022, Karnataka, India;
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. Socitey’s College of Pharmacy, Gadag 582101, Karnataka, India;
| | - Rajeshwari Horakeri
- Department of Computer Science, Govt First Grade College, Hubballi 580032, Karnataka, India;
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mukherjee S, Patra R, Behzadi P, Masotti A, Paolini A, Sarshar M. Toll-like receptor-guided therapeutic intervention of human cancers: molecular and immunological perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244345. [PMID: 37822929 PMCID: PMC10562563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) serve as the body's first line of defense, recognizing both pathogen-expressed molecules and host-derived molecules released from damaged or dying cells. The wide distribution of different cell types, ranging from epithelial to immune cells, highlights the crucial roles of TLRs in linking innate and adaptive immunity. Upon stimulation, TLRs binding mediates the expression of several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, that lead to the induction of several other signaling molecules such as key pro-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, extraordinary progress in immunobiological research has suggested that TLRs could represent promising targets for the therapeutic intervention of inflammation-associated diseases, autoimmune diseases, microbial infections as well as human cancers. So far, for the prevention and possible treatment of inflammatory diseases, various TLR antagonists/inhibitors have shown to be efficacious at several stages from pre-clinical evaluation to clinical trials. Therefore, the fascinating role of TLRs in modulating the human immune responses at innate as well as adaptive levels directed the scientists to opt for these immune sensor proteins as suitable targets for developing chemotherapeutics and immunotherapeutics against cancer. Hitherto, several TLR-targeting small molecules (e.g., Pam3CSK4, Poly (I:C), Poly (A:U)), chemical compounds, phytocompounds (e.g., Curcumin), peptides, and antibodies have been found to confer protection against several types of cancers. However, administration of inappropriate doses of such TLR-modulating therapeutics or a wrong infusion administration is reported to induce detrimental outcomes. This review summarizes the current findings on the molecular and structural biology of TLRs and gives an overview of the potency and promises of TLR-directed therapeutic strategies against cancers by discussing the findings from established and pipeline discoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suprabhat Mukherjee
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritwik Patra
- Integrative Biochemistry & Immunology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, India
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolini
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ying J, Hong H, Yu C, Jiang M, Ding D. Identification of TLRs as potential prognostic biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34954. [PMID: 37746997 PMCID: PMC10519552 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the most common tumors with the highest cancer-related death rate worldwide. Early diagnosis of LUAD can improve survival. Abnormal expression of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is related to tumorigenesis and development, inflammation and immune infiltration. However, the role of TLRs as an immunotherapy target and prognostic marker in lung adenocarcinoma is not well understood and needs to be analyzed. Relevant data obtained from databases such as ONCOMINE, UALCAN, GEPIA, and the Kaplan-Meier plotter, GSCALite, GeneMANIA, DAVID 6.8, Metascape, LinkedOmics and TIMER, to compare transcriptional TLRs and survival data of patients with LUAD. The expression levels of TLR1/2/3/4/5/7/8 in LUAD tissues were significantly reduced while the expression levels of TLR6/9/10 were significantly elevated. LUAD patients having low expression of TLR1/2/3/5/8 and high expression of TLR9 had a poor overall survival while patients with low expression of TLR2/3/7 presented with worse first progress. TLR4, TLR7 and TLR8 are the 3 most frequently mutated genes in the TLR family. Correlation suggested a low to moderate correlation among TLR family. TLR family was also involved in the activation or inhibition of the famous cancer related pathways. Analysis of immune infiltrates analysis suggested that TLR1/2/7/8 levels significantly correlated with immune infiltration level. Enrichment analysis revealed that TLRs were involved in TLR signaling pathway, immune response, inflammatory response, primary immunodeficiency, regulation of IL-8 production and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Our results provided information on TLRs expression and potential regulatory networks in LUAD. Moreover, our results suggested TLR2/7/8 as a potential prognostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Ying
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Beilun District, Ningbo, China
| | - Haihua Hong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Beilun District, Ningbo, China
| | - Chaoqun Yu
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Maofen Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The People’s Hospital of Beilun District, Ningbo, China
| | - Dongxiao Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Beilun District, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chandrasekar SA, Palaniyandi T, Parthasarathy U, Surendran H, Viswanathan S, Wahab MRA, Baskar G, Natarajan S, Ranjan K. Implications of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signaling mechanisms in human cancers. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154673. [PMID: 37453359 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Most essential pattern-recognition receptors regulating innate immune functions are toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are characterized by lack of concurrent epithelial markers and are typically identified by their gene expressions. One major mechanism by which TLRs generate their effector functions is by triggering inflammatory responses. Activation of TLRs can impact initiation, advancement, and control of cancers by regulating the inflammatory microenvironment. Several TLRs have been implicated in human cancers and some of them are identified as cancer biomarkers as well; for example, TLRs 2, 3, 5 are expressed more frequently in most cancers. Knowing the upregulation and downregulation of the TLR genes in human cancers will be useful for the development of newer therapeutic targets which can disrupt the pathways associated with such deregulation. We present here the various TLRs and their functions in human lung, gastric, breast, prostate, oral, ovarian, colorectal, cervical, esophageal, bladder and hepatic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saran Aravinda Chandrasekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biomedical, School of Electronics Engineering (SENSE), VIT(Vellore Institute of Technology), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Palaniyandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Udhayakumar Parthasarathy
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hemapreethi Surendran
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandhiya Viswanathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mugip Rahaman Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gomathy Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr.MGR Educational and Research Institute, Maduravoyal, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudhakar Natarajan
- Department of virology and Biotechnology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chetpet, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kishu Ranjan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim JY, Shin JH, Kim MJ, Kang Y, Lee JS, Son J, Jeong SK, Kim D, Kim DH, Chun E, Lee KY. β-arrestin 2 negatively regulates lung cancer progression by inhibiting the TRAF6 signaling axis for NF-κB activation and autophagy induced by TLR3 and TLR4. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:422. [PMID: 37443143 PMCID: PMC10344878 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
β-arrestin 2 (ARRB2) is functionally implicated in cancer progression via various signaling pathways. However, its role in lung cancer remains unclear. To obtain clinical insight on its function in lung cancer, microarray data from lung tumor tissues (LTTs) and matched lung normal tissues (mLNTs) of primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (n = 37) were utilized. ARRB2 expression levels were markedly decreased in all 37 LTTs compared to those in matched LNTs of NSCLC patients. They were significantly co-related to enrichment gene sets associated with oncogenic and cancer genes. Importantly, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) between three LTTs with highly down-regulated ARRB2 and three LTTs with lowly down-regulated ARRB2 revealed significant enrichments related to toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and autophagy genes in three LTTs with highly down-regulated ARRB2, suggesting that ARRB2 was negatively involved in TLR-mediated signals for autophagy induction in lung cancer. Biochemical studies for elucidating the molecular mechanism revealed that ARRB2 interacted with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and Beclin 1 (BECN1), thereby inhibiting the ubiquitination of TRAF6-TAB2 to activate NF-κB and TRAF6-BECN1 for autophagy stimulated by TLR3 and TLR4, suggesting that ARRB2 could inhibit the TRAF6-TAB2 signaling axis for NF-κB activation and TRAF6-BECN1 signaling axis for autophagy in response to TLR3 and TLR4. Notably, ARRB2-knockout (ARRB2KO) lung cancer cells exhibited marked enhancements of cancer migration, invasion, colony formation, and proliferation in response to TLR3 and TLR4 stimulation. Altogether, our current data suggest that ARRB2 can negatively regulate lung cancer progression by inhibiting TLR3- and TLR4-induced autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Immunology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Shin
- Department of Immunology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Immunology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Kang
- Department of Immunology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Lee
- Department of Immunology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Son
- Department of Immunology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Jeong
- R&D Center, CHA Vaccine Institute, Seongnam-si, 13493, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesik Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Chun
- R&D Center, CHA Vaccine Institute, Seongnam-si, 13493, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Immunology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang J, Zhang J, Wang J, Hu X, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Small-Molecule Modulators Targeting Toll-like Receptors for Potential Anticancer Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6437-6462. [PMID: 37163340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system and serve as a crucial link between innate and acquired immunity. In addition to immune function, TLRs are involved in other important pathological processes, including tumorigenesis. TLRs have dual regulatory effects on tumor immunity by activating nuclear factor κ-B signaling pathways, which induce tumor immune evasion or enhance the antitumor immune response. Therefore, TLRs have become a popular target for cancer prevention and treatment, and TLR agonists and antagonists offer considerable potential for drug development. The TLR7 agonist imiquimod (1) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for malignant skin cancer. Herein, the structure, signaling pathways, and function of the TLR family are summarized, and the structure-activity relationships associated with TLR selective and multitarget modulators and their potential application in tumor therapy are systematically discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, United States
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mantovani S, Oliviero B, Varchetta S, Renieri A, Mondelli MU. TLRs: Innate Immune Sentries against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8065. [PMID: 37175768 PMCID: PMC10178469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been responsible for a devastating pandemic since March 2020. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), crucial components in the initiation of innate immune responses to different pathogens, trigger the downstream production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interferons, and other mediators. It has been demonstrated that they contribute to the dysregulated immune response observed in patients with severe COVID-19. TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR7 have been associated with COVID-19 severity. Here, we review the role of TLRs in the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19, including TLR7 and TLR3 rare variants, the L412F polymorphism in TLR3 that negatively regulates anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, the TLR3-related cellular senescence, the interaction of TLR2 and TLR4 with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and implication of TLR2 in NET formation by SARS-CoV-2. The activation of TLRs contributes to viral clearance and disease resolution. However, TLRs may represent a double-edged sword which may elicit dysregulated immune signaling, leading to the production of proinflammatory mediators, resulting in severe disease. TLR-dependent excessive inflammation and TLR-dependent antiviral response may tip the balance towards the former or the latter, altering the equilibrium that drives the severity of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Mantovani
- Department of Research, Division of Clinical Immunology—Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.O.); (S.V.)
| | - Barbara Oliviero
- Department of Research, Division of Clinical Immunology—Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.O.); (S.V.)
| | - Stefania Varchetta
- Department of Research, Division of Clinical Immunology—Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.O.); (S.V.)
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
- Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mario U. Mondelli
- Department of Research, Division of Clinical Immunology—Infectious Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (B.O.); (S.V.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Haroun R, Naasri S, Oweida AJ. Toll-Like Receptors and the Response to Radiotherapy in Solid Tumors: Challenges and Opportunities. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040818. [PMID: 37112730 PMCID: PMC10146579 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are indispensable for the activation, maintenance and halting of immune responses. TLRs can mediate inflammation by recognizing molecular patterns in microbes (pathogen-associated molecular patterns: PAMPs) and endogenous ligands (danger-associated molecular patterns: DAMPs) released by injured or dead cells. For this reason, TLR ligands have attracted much attention in recent years in many cancer vaccines, alone or in combination with immunotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). TLRs have been shown to play controversial roles in cancer, depending on various factors that can mediate tumor progression or apoptosis. Several TLR agonists have reached clinical trials and are being evaluated in combination with standard of care therapies, including RT. Despite their prolific and central role in mediating immune responses, the role of TLRs in cancer, particularly in response to radiation, remains poorly understood. Radiation is recognized as either a direct stimulant of TLR pathways, or indirectly through the damage it causes to target cells that subsequently activate TLRs. These effects can mediate pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral effects depending on various factors such as radiation dose and fractionation, as well as host genomic features. In this review, we examine how TLR signaling affects tumor response to RT, and we provide a framework for the design of TLR-based therapies with RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryma Haroun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1N 0Y8, Canada
| | - Sahar Naasri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1N 0Y8, Canada
| | - Ayman J Oweida
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1N 0Y8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Han S, Jiang D, Zhang F, Li K, Jiao K, Hu J, Song H, Ma QY, Wang J. A new immune signature for survival prediction and immune checkpoint molecules in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1095313. [PMID: 36793597 PMCID: PMC9924230 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1095313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has brought remarkable clinical benefits to patients with advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, the prognosis remains largely variable. Methods The profiles of immune-related genes for patients with NSCLC were extracted from TCGA database, ImmPort dataset, and IMGT/GENE-DB database. Coexpression modules were constructed using WGCNA and 4 modules were identified. The hub genes of the module with the highest correlations with tumor samples were identified. Then integrative bioinformatics analyses were performed to unveil the hub genes participating in tumor progression and cancer-associated immunology of NSCLC. Cox regression and Lasso regression analyses were conducted to screen prognostic signature and to develop a risk model. Results Functional analysis showed that immune-related hub genes were involved in the migration, activation, response, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction of immune cells. Most of the hub genes had a high frequency of gene amplifications. MASP1 and SEMA5A presented the highest mutation rate. The ratio of M2 macrophages and naïve B cells revealed a strong negative association while the ratio of CD8 T cells and activated CD4 memory T cells showed a strong positive association. Resting mast cells predicted superior overall survival. Interactions including protein-protein, lncRNA and transcription factor interactions were analyzed and 9 genes were selected by LASSO regression analysis to construct and verify a prognostic signature. Unsupervised hub genes clustering resulted in 2 distinct NSCLC subgroups. The TIDE score and the drug sensitivity of gemcitabine, cisplatin, docetaxel, erlotinib and paclitaxel were significantly different between the 2 immune-related hub gene subgroups. Conclusions These findings suggested that our immune-related genes can provide clinical guidance for the diagnosis and prognosis of different immunophenotypes and facilitate the management of immunotherapy in NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongjie Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Central Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi Medical Testing, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Yun Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, North Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kocic G, Hadzi-Djokic J, Colic M, Veljkovic A, Tomovic K, Roumeliotis S, Smelcerovic A, Liakopoulos V. The Role of Nucleases Cleaving TLR3, TLR7/8 and TLR9 Ligands, Dicer RNase and miRNA/piRNA Proteins in Functional Adaptation to the Immune Escape and Xenophagy of Prostate Cancer Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010509. [PMID: 36613950 PMCID: PMC9820234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prototypic sensors for the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Unusually high expression of TLRs in prostate carcinoma (PC), associated with less differentiated, more aggressive and more propagating forms of PC, changed the previous paradigm about the role of TLRs strictly in immune defense system. Our data reveal an entirely novel role of nucleic acids-sensing Toll-like receptors (NA-TLRs) in functional adaptation of malignant cells for supply and digestion of surrounding metabolic substrates from dead cells as specific mechanism of cancer cells survival, by corresponding ligands accelerated degradation and purine/pyrimidine salvage pathway. The spectrophotometric measurement protocols used for the determination of the activity of RNases and DNase II have been optimized in our laboratory as well as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent method for the determination of NF-κB p65 in prostate tissue samples. The protocols used to determine Dicer RNase, AGO2, TARBP2 and PIWIL4 were based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The amount of pre-existing acid-soluble oligonucleotides was measured and expressed as coefficient of absorbance. The activities of acid DNase II and RNase T2, and the activities of nucleases cleaving TLR3, TLR7/8 and TLR9 ligands (Poly I:C, poly U and unmethylated CpG), increased several times in PC, compared to the corresponding tumor adjacent and control tissue, exerting very high sensitivity and specificity of above 90%. Consequently higher levels of hypoxanthine and NF-κB p65 were reported in PC, whereas the opposite results were observed for miRNA biogenesis enzyme (Dicer RNase), miRNA processing protein (TARB2), miRNA-induced silencing complex protein (Argonaute-AGO) and PIWI-interacting RNAs silence transposon. Considering the crucial role of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides as energy carriers, subunits of nucleic acids and nucleotide cofactors, future explorations will be aimed to design novel anti-cancer immune strategies based on a specific acid endolysosomal nuclease inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Kocic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +381-63-8122522
| | | | - Miodrag Colic
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrej Veljkovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Katarina Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Stefanos Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andrija Smelcerovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
| | - Vassilios Liakopoulos
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The role of transcription factors in the acquisition of the four latest proposed hallmarks of cancer and corresponding enabling characteristics. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1203-1215. [PMID: 36244529 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With the recent description of the molecular and cellular characteristics that enable acquisition of both core and new hallmarks of cancer, the consequences of transcription factor dysregulation in the hallmarks scheme has become increasingly evident. Dysregulation or mutation of transcription factors has long been recognized in the development of cancer where alterations in these key regulatory molecules can result in aberrant gene expression and consequential blockade of normal cellular differentiation. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of involvement of dysregulated transcription factor networks with the most recently reported cancer hallmarks and enabling characteristic properties. We present some illustrative examples of the impact of dysregulated transcription factors, specifically focusing on the characteristics of phenotypic plasticity, non-mutational epigenetic reprogramming, polymorphic microbiomes, and senescence. We also discuss how new insights into transcription factor dysregulation in cancer is contributing to addressing current therapeutic challenges.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hoden B, DeRubeis D, Martinez-Moczygemba M, Ramos KS, Zhang D. Understanding the role of Toll-like receptors in lung cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033483. [PMID: 36389785 PMCID: PMC9659925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Significant improvements in lung cancer therapeutics have relied on a better understanding of lung cancer immunity and the development of novel immunotherapies, as best exemplified by the introduction of PD-1/PD-L1-based therapies. However, this improvement is limited to lung cancer patients who respond to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Further improvements in immunotherapy may benefit from a better understanding of innate immune response mechanisms in the lung. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a key component of the innate immune response and mediate the early recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). TLR signaling modulates the tumor microenvironment from "cold" to "hot" leading to immune sensitization of tumor cells to treatments and improved patient prognosis. In addition, TLR signaling activates the adaptive immune response to improve the response to cancer immunotherapy through the regulation of anti-tumor T cell activity. This review will highlight recent progress in our understanding of the role of TLRs in lung cancer immunity and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hoden
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David DeRubeis
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Margarita Martinez-Moczygemba
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Ramos
- Center for Genomic and Precision Medicine, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dekai Zhang
- Center for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Otero AM, Antonson AM. At the crux of maternal immune activation: Viruses, microglia, microbes, and IL-17A. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:205-223. [PMID: 35979731 PMCID: PMC9804202 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation during prenatal development can be detrimental to neurodevelopmental processes, increasing the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. Prenatal exposure to maternal viral infection during pregnancy is a leading environmental risk factor for manifestation of these disorders. Preclinical animal models of maternal immune activation (MIA), established to investigate this link, have revealed common immune and microbial signaling pathways that link mother and fetus and set the tone for prenatal neurodevelopment. In particular, maternal intestinal T helper 17 cells, educated by endogenous microbes, appear to be key drivers of effector IL-17A signals capable of reaching the fetal brain and causing neuropathologies. Fetal microglial cells are particularly sensitive to maternally derived inflammatory and microbial signals, and they shift their functional phenotype in response to MIA. Resulting cortical malformations and miswired interneuron circuits cause aberrant offspring behaviors that recapitulate core symptoms of human neurodevelopmental disorders. Still, the popular use of "sterile" immunostimulants to initiate MIA has limited translation to the clinic, as these stimulants fail to capture biologically relevant innate and adaptive inflammatory sequelae induced by live pathogen infection. Thus, there is a need for more translatable MIA models, with a focus on relevant pathogens like seasonal influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Otero
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Adrienne M. Antonson
- Department of Animal SciencesUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Andón FT, Leon S, Ummarino A, Redin E, Allavena P, Serrano D, Anfray C, Calvo A. Innate and Adaptive Responses of Intratumoral Immunotherapy with Endosomal Toll-Like Receptor Agonists. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1590. [PMID: 35884895 PMCID: PMC9313389 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are natural initial triggers of innate and adaptive immune responses. With the advent of cancer immunotherapy, nucleic acids engineered as ligands of endosomal TLRs have been investigated for the treatment of solid tumors. Despite promising results, their systemic administration, similarly to other immunotherapies, raises safety issues. To overcome these problems, recent studies have applied the direct injection of endosomal TLR agonists in the tumor and/or draining lymph nodes, achieving high local drug exposure and strong antitumor response. Importantly, intratumoral delivery of TLR agonists showed powerful effects not only against the injected tumors but also often against uninjected lesions (abscopal effects), resulting in some cases in cure and antitumoral immunological memory. Herein, we describe the structure and function of TLRs and their role in the tumor microenvironment. Then, we provide our vision on the potential of intratumor versus systemic delivery or vaccination approaches using TLR agonists, also considering the use of nanoparticles to improve their targeting properties. Finally, we collect the preclinical and clinical studies applying intratumoral injection of TLR agonists as monotherapies or in combination with: (a) other TLR or STING agonists; (b) other immunotherapies; (c) radiotherapy or chemotherapy; (d) targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Torres Andón
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Sergio Leon
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Pathology and Histology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.); (E.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Aldo Ummarino
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Humanitas University, 20089 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (A.U.); (C.A.)
| | - Esther Redin
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Pathology and Histology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.); (E.R.); (D.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paola Allavena
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Humanitas University, 20089 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (A.U.); (C.A.)
| | - Diego Serrano
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Pathology and Histology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.); (E.R.); (D.S.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Clément Anfray
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Humanitas University, 20089 Pieve Emanuele, Italy; (A.U.); (C.A.)
| | - Alfonso Calvo
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Department of Pathology and Histology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (S.L.); (E.R.); (D.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou J, Xu Y, Wang G, Mei T, Yang H, Liu Y. The TLR7/8 agonist R848 optimizes host and tumor immunity to improve therapeutic efficacy in murine lung cancer. Int J Oncol 2022; 61:81. [PMID: 35552764 PMCID: PMC9162053 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with the Toll‑like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, resiquimod (R848), is effective in various types of cancer, such as breast, pancreatic and colorectal cancer. The reported antitumor effect of R848 in lung cancer is considered to be achieved by targeting macrophages. In the present study, it was demonstrated that TLR7 expression on various immune cell types initially rises, then declines in the late stage of lung cancer. Intraperitoneal injection of R848 resulted in a reduction in tumor burden and prolonged survival in both subcutaneous and metastatic lung cancer models in C57BL/6 mice. Initial treatment with R848 at an early stage was found to be the optimal choice. Systemic injection of R848 promoted the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Systemic administration of R848 upregulated TLR7 expression in dendritic cells (DCs) and enhanced the activation of DCs and natural killer (NK) cells. Moreover, this treatment also resulted in increased production of T helper cell‑associated cytokines in serum, including IFN‑γ, TNF‑α and IL‑2. In addition, continuous treatment with R848 increased the proportion of DCs, NK and CD8+ T cells, and reduced that of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment. These findings supported the use of R848 treatment for lung cancer via TLR7 targeting and provided insight into the underlying therapeutic mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianchun Zhou
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Guansong Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Tonghua Mei
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Hao Yang
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Respiratory Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Microbial-Derived Toll-like Receptor Agonism in Cancer Treatment and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122923. [PMID: 35740589 PMCID: PMC9221178 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a group of transmembrane receptors belonging to the class of pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which are involved in recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inducing immune response. During the past decade, a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR agonists has immerged in cancer research and some of these agents have performed exceptionally well in clinical trials. Based on evidence from scientific studies, we draw attention to several microbial based TLR agonists and discuss their relevance in various cancer and explore various microbial based TLR agonists for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer. Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are typical transmembrane proteins, which are essential pattern recognition receptors in mediating the effects of innate immunity. TLRs recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that play an important role in inflammation. Since the first discovery of the Toll receptor by the team of J. Hoffmann in 1996, in Drosophila melanogaster, numerous TLRs have been identified across a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species. TLR stimulation leads to NF-κB activation and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, growth factors and anti-apoptotic proteins. The expression of TLRs has also been observed in many tumors, and their stimulation results in tumor progression or regression, depending on the TLR and tumor type. The anti-tumoral effects can result from the activation of anti-tumoral immune responses and/or the direct induction of tumor cell death. The pro-tumoral effects may be due to inducing tumor cell survival and proliferation or by acting on suppressive or inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. The aim of this review is to draw attention to the effects of TLR stimulation in cancer, the activation of various TLRs by microbes in different types of tumors, and, finally, the role of TLRs in anti-cancer immunity and tumor rejection.
Collapse
|
21
|
Martín-Medina A, Cerón-Pisa N, Martinez-Font E, Shafiek H, Obrador-Hevia A, Sauleda J, Iglesias A. TLR/WNT: A Novel Relationship in Immunomodulation of Lung Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6539. [PMID: 35742983 PMCID: PMC9224119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The most frequent cause of death by cancer worldwide is lung cancer, and the 5-year survival rate is still very poor for patients with advanced stage. Understanding the crosstalk between the signaling pathways that are involved in disease, especially in metastasis, is crucial to developing new targeted therapies. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are master regulators of the immune responses, and their dysregulation in lung cancer is linked to immune escape and promotes tumor malignancy by facilitating angiogenesis and proliferation. On the other hand, over-activation of the WNT signaling pathway has been reported in lung cancer and is also associated with tumor metastasis via induction of Epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-like processes. An interaction between both TLRs and the WNT pathway was discovered recently as it was found that the TLR pathway can be activated by WNT ligands in the tumor microenvironment; however, the implications of such interactions in the context of lung cancer have not been discussed yet. Here, we offer an overview of the interaction of TLR-WNT in the lung and its potential implications and role in the oncogenic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aina Martín-Medina
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Noemi Cerón-Pisa
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Esther Martinez-Font
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Hanaa Shafiek
- Chest Diseases Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Antònia Obrador-Hevia
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Molecular Diagnosis Unit, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Jaume Sauleda
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amanda Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de les Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Targeting toll-like receptors on T cells as a therapeutic strategy against tumors. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
23
|
Gurudas Shivji G, Dhar R, Devi A. Role of Exosomes and its emerging therapeutic applications in the pathophysiology of Non-Infectious disease. Biomarkers 2022; 27:534-548. [PMID: 35451890 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2067233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of small Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and play crucial roles in cancer and other diseases. Exosomes role in various diseases has been studied as they regulate intercellular communication and are obtained from almost any part of the body. Exosomes use is complicated in diseases as they promote pathogenesis but also act as a very good therapeutic agent in most diseases. The presence of a complex molecular cargo consisting of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, miRNA, siRNA, etc.,) makes it a very good delivery agent and acts as a biomarker for many cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. They can be used to selectively target cells and activate immune cell responses depending on the source obtained. Exosomes based immunotherapy is an area of gaining importance due to the proteins present in them and their specificity to the targeted cells. The role of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of non-infectious diseases is discussed in detail in this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauresh Gurudas Shivji
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamilnadu 603203, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamilnadu 603203, India
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Potheri, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, Tamilnadu 603203, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8 Imidazoquinoline-Based Agonist/Antagonist Pairs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 59:128548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
25
|
A Combined TLR7/TLR9/GATA3 Score Can Predict Prognosis in Biliary Tract Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091597. [PMID: 34573939 PMCID: PMC8469358 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancer (BTC) refers to a heterogenous group of epithelial malignancies arising along the biliary tree. The highly aggressive nature combined with its silent presentation contribute to the dismal prognosis of this tumor. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) are frequently present in BTC and there is growing evidence regarding their role as therapeutic targets. In this study, we analyzed the immune cell infiltration in BTC and developed a promising immune signature score to predict prognosis in BTC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out on tissue microarray sections from 45 patients with resectable cholangiocarcinoma for the detection of 6-sulfoLacNAc+ monocytes (slanMo), BDCA-2+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), CD8+ or CD4+T-lymphocytes, CD103+ cells, GATA3+ cells, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3, 7 and 9-expressing cells as well as programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 positive cells. Data from the IHC staining were analyzed and correlated with clinicopathological and survival data. High expression of TLR7, TLR9, and GATA3 was associated with improved overall survival (OS, Log-rank p < 0.05). In addition, TLR9 was associated with better disease-free survival (Log-rank p < 0.05). In the multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model for OS, the TLR/TLR9/GATA3 score was found to be an independent prognostic factor for OS (“Score 2” vs. “Score 0”: HR 11.17 95% CI 2.27–54.95, p < 0.01).
Collapse
|
26
|
Higher TLR7 Gene Expression Predicts Poor Clinical Outcome in Advanced NSCLC Patients Treated with Immunotherapy. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070992. [PMID: 34209514 PMCID: PMC8303258 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of lung cancer. However, their clinical benefit is limited to a minority of patients. To unravel immune-related factors that are predictive of sensitivity or resistance to immunotherapy, we performed a gene expression analysis by RNA-Seq using the Oncomine Immuno Response Assay (OIRRA) on a total of 33 advanced NSCLC patients treated with ICI evaluating the expression levels of 365 immune-related genes. We found four genes (CD1C, HLA-DPA1, MMP2, and TLR7) downregulated (p < 0.05) and two genes (IFNB1 and MKI67) upregulated (p < 0.05) in ICI-Responders compared to ICI-Non-Responders. The Bayesian enrichment computational analysis showed a more complex interaction network that involved 10 other genes (IFNA1, TLR4, CD40, TLR2, IL12A, IL12B, TLR9, CD1E, IFNG, and HLA-DPB1) correlated with different functional groups. Five main pathways were identified (FDR < 0.0001). High TLR7 expression levels were significantly associated with a lack of response to immunotherapy (p < 0.0001) and worse outcome in terms of both PFS (p < 0.001) and OS (p = 0.03). The multivariate analysis confirmed TLR7 RNA expression as an independent predictor for both poor PFS (HR = 2.97, 95% CI, 1.16–7.6, p = 0.023) and OS (HR = 2.2, 95% CI, 1–5.08, p = 0.049). In conclusion, a high TLR7 gene expression level was identified as an independent predictor for poor clinical benefits from ICI. These data could have important implications for the development of novel single/combinatorial strategies TLR-mediated for an efficient selection of “individualized” treatments for NSCLC in the era of immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
27
|
Shah D, Comba A, Faisal SM, Kadiyala P, Baker GJ, Alghamri MS, Doherty R, Zamler D, Nuñez G, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. A novel miR1983-TLR7-IFNβ circuit licenses NK cells to kill glioma cells, and is under the control of galectin-1. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1939601. [PMID: 34249474 PMCID: PMC8244780 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1939601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although pharmacological stimulation of TLRs has anti-tumor effects, it has not been determined whether endogenous stimulation of TLRs can lead to tumor rejection. Herein, we demonstrate the existence of an innate anti-glioma NK-mediated circuit initiated by glioma-released miR-1983 within exosomes, and which is under the regulation of galectin-1 (Gal-1). We demonstrate that miR-1983 is an endogenous TLR7 ligand that activates TLR7 in pDCs and cDCs through a 5'-UGUUU-3' motif at its 3' end. TLR7 activation and downstream signaling through MyD88-IRF5/IRF7 stimulates secretion of IFN-β. IFN-β then stimulates NK cells resulting in the eradication of gliomas. We propose that successful immunotherapy for glioma could exploit this endogenous innate immune circuit to activate TLR7 signaling and stimulate powerful anti-glioma NK activity, at least 10-14 days before the activation of anti-tumor adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea Comba
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Syed M. Faisal
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Padma Kadiyala
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J. Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mahmoud S. Alghamri
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Doherty
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Zamler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria G. Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MIUSA
- Cancer Biology Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kairaluoma V, Kemi N, Huhta H, Pohjanen VM, Helminen O. Toll-like receptor 5 and 8 in hepatocellular carcinoma. APMIS 2021; 129:470-479. [PMID: 33950532 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of innate immunity, but also have a role in carcinogenesis. The prognostic value of TLR5 and TLR8 tumor expression was examined in contrast with known risk markers Ki67 and p53. All HCC patients from Oulu University Hospital with available representative tumor sample were included in this study (n = 182). TLR5, TLR8, Ki67, and p53 expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The relation between patient survival and TLR, Ki67, and p53 expression was calculated with Cox regression adjusted for confounding factors. TLR5 cytoplasm intensity was associated with 5-year overall (strong 0.0% vs weak 23.4%, p < 0.001) and disease-specific (strong 0.0% vs weak 34.9%, p < 0.001) survival. TLR5 nuclei percentage was associated with poor 5-year disease-specific survival (high 16.3% vs low 31.5%, p = 0.022). In adjusted analysis, strong TLR5 cytoplasm intensity was an independent risk factor for poor 5-year overall (adjusted HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.26-2.81) and disease-specific (adjusted HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.27-3.15) survival. High Ki67 and p53 expression associated with 5-year overall- and disease-specific survival. TLR8 was not associated with patient survival. This study suggests that TLR5 expression is independently prognostic in HCC with similar point estimate as previously known p53.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Kairaluoma
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Niko Kemi
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Huhta
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vesa-Matti Pohjanen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Olli Helminen
- Surgery Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lin LL, Liu ZZ, Tian JZ, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yang M, Zhong HC, Fang W, Wei RX, Hu C. Integrated Analysis of Nine Prognostic RNA-Binding Proteins in Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:633024. [PMID: 34026613 PMCID: PMC8138553 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.633024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have been shown to be dysregulated in cancer transcription and translation, but few studies have investigated their mechanism of action in soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Here, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases were used to identify differentially expressed RBPs in STS and normal tissues. Through a series of biological information analyses, 329 differentially expressed RBPs were identified. Functional enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed RBPs were mainly involved in RNA transport, RNA splicing, mRNA monitoring pathways, ribosome biogenesis and translation regulation. Through Cox regression analyses, 9 RBPs (BYSL, IGF2BP3, DNMT3B, TERT, CD3EAP, SRSF12, TLR7, TRIM21 and MEX3A) were all up-regulated in STS as prognosis-related genes, and a prognostic model was established. The model calculated a risk score based on the expression of 9 hub RBPs. The risk score could be used for risk stratification of patients and had a high prognostic value based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We also established a nomogram containing risk scores and 9 key RBPs to predict the 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of patients in STS. Afterwards, methylation analysis showed significant changes in the methylation degree of BYSL, CD3EAP and MEX2A. Furthermore, the expression of 9 hub RBPs was closely related to immune infiltration rather than tumor purity. Based on the above studies, these findings may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of STS and will provide candidate biomarkers for the prognosis of STS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Lin
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zi-Zhen Liu
- The Third Clinical School, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jing-Zhuo Tian
- The Third Clinical School, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Third Clinical School, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Spine and Orthopedic Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou-Cheng Zhong
- Department of Spine and Orthopedic Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ren-Xiong Wei
- Department of Spine and Orthopedic Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Spine and Orthopedic Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ionizing radiation and toll like receptors: A systematic review article. Hum Immunol 2021; 82:446-454. [PMID: 33812705 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation, including X and gamma rays, are used for various purposes such as; medicine, nuclear power, research, manufacturing, food preservation and construction. Furthermore, people are also exposed to ionizing radiation from their workplace or the environment. Apart from DNA fragmentation resulting in apoptosis, several additional mechanisms have been proposed to describe how radiation can alter human cell functions. Ionizing radiation may alter immune responses, which are the main cause of human disorders. Toll like receptors (TLRs) are important human innate immunity receptors which participate in several immune and non-immune cell functions including, induction of appropriate immune responses and immune related disorders. Based on the role played by ionizing radiation on human cell systems, it has been hypothesized that radiation may affect immune responses. Therefore, the main aim of this review article is to discuss recent information regarding the effects of ionizing radiation on TLRs and their related disorders.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cuzzubbo S, Mangsbo S, Nagarajan D, Habra K, Pockley AG, McArdle SEB. Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615240. [PMID: 33679703 PMCID: PMC7927599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the discovery and characterization of multiple tumor antigens have sparked the development of many antigen/derived cancer vaccines, many are poorly immunogenic and thus, lack clinical efficacy. Adjuvants are therefore incorporated into vaccine formulations to trigger strong and long-lasting immune responses. Adjuvants have generally been classified into two categories: those that ‘depot’ antigens (e.g. mineral salts such as aluminum hydroxide, emulsions, liposomes) and those that act as immunostimulants (Toll Like Receptor agonists, saponins, cytokines). In addition, several novel technologies using vector-based delivery of antigens have been used. Unfortunately, the immune system declines with age, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence, and this is characterized by functional changes in both innate and adaptive cellular immunity systems as well as in lymph node architecture. While many of the immune functions decline over time, others paradoxically increase. Indeed, aging is known to be associated with a low level of chronic inflammation—inflamm-aging. Given that the median age of cancer diagnosis is 66 years and that immunotherapeutic interventions such as cancer vaccines are currently given in combination with or after other forms of treatments which themselves have immune-modulating potential such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the choice of adjuvants requires careful consideration in order to achieve the maximum immune response in a compromised environment. In addition, more clinical trials need to be performed to carefully assess how less conventional form of immune adjuvants, such as exercise, diet and psychological care which have all be shown to influence immune responses can be incorporated to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines. In this review, adjuvants will be discussed with respect to the above-mentioned important elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cuzzubbo
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM U970, 75015, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Recherches Biochirurgicales (Fondation Carpentier), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Sara Mangsbo
- Ultimovacs AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Divya Nagarajan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Clinical pathology Rudbeck laboratories, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kinana Habra
- The School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E B McArdle
- The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stathopoulos A, Pretto C, Devillers L, Pierre D, Hofman FM, Kruse C, Jadus M, Chen TC, Schijns VEJC. Development of immune memory to glial brain tumors after tumor regression induced by immunotherapeutic Toll-like receptor 7/8 activation. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:298-305. [PMID: 22737605 PMCID: PMC3382858 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of immunotherapeutic TLR7/8 activation by resiquimod (R848) was evaluated in vivo, in the CNS-1 rat glioma model syngeneic to Lewis rats. The immune treatment was compared with cytotoxic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, and as well, was compared with the combination cytotoxic and immunotherapeutic treatments. We found that parenteral treatment with the TLR7/8 agonist, resiquimod, eventually induced complete tumor regression of CNS-1 glioblastoma tumors in Lewis rats. Cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment also resulted in dramatic CNS-1 remission, while the combined treatment showed similar antitumor effects. The resiquimod efficacy appeared not to be associated with direct injury to CNS-1 growth, while CY proved to exert tumoricidal cytotoxicity to the tumor cells. Rats that were cured by treatment with the innate immune response modifier resiquimod proved to be fully immune to secondary CNS-1 tumor rechallenge. They all remained tumor-free and survived. In contrast, rats that controlled CNS-1 tumor growth as a result of CY treatment did not develop immune memory, as demonstrated by their failure to reject a secondary CNS-1 tumor challenge; they showed a concomittant outgrowth of the primary tumor upon secondary tumor exposure. Rechallenge of rats that initially contained tumor growth by combination chemo-immunotherapy also failed to reject secondary tumor challenge, indicating that the cytotoxic effect of the CY likely extended to the endogenous memory immune cells as well as to the tumor. These data demonstrate strong therapeutic antitumor efficacy for the immune response modifier resiquimod leading to immunological memory, and suggest that CY treatment, although effective as chemotherapeutic agent, may be deleterious to maintenance of long-term antitumor immune memory. These data also highlight the importance of the sequence in which a multi-modal therapy is administered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolis Stathopoulos
- Department of Neurosurgery; Arlon Hospital; Arlon, Belgium ; Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC); Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pere H, Tanchot C, Bayry J, Terme M, Taieb J, Badoual C, Adotevi O, Merillon N, Marcheteau E, Quillien VR, Banissi C, Carpentier A, Sandoval F, Nizard M, Quintin-Colonna F, Kroemer G, Fridman WH, Zitvogel L, Oudard SP, Tartour E. Comprehensive analysis of current approaches to inhibit regulatory T cells in cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:326-333. [PMID: 22737608 PMCID: PMC3382865 DOI: 10.4161/onci.18852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) have emerged as a dominant T cell population inhibiting anti-tumor effector T cells. Initial strategies used for Treg-depletion (cyclophosphamide, anti-CD25 mAb…) also targeted activated T cells, as they share many phenotypic markers. Current, ameliorated approaches to inhibit Treg aim to either block their function or their migration to lymph nodes and the tumor microenvironment. Various drugs originally developed for other therapeutic indications (anti-angiogenic molecules, tyrosine kinase inhibitors,etc) have recently been discovered to inhibit Treg. These approaches are expected to be rapidly translated to clinical applications for therapeutic use in combination with immunomodulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Pere
- INSERM U970 PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center); Université Paris Descartes; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; Service de Microbiologie; Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Toll-Like Receptor 7 Mediates Inflammation Resolution and Inhibition of Angiogenesis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040740. [PMID: 33578955 PMCID: PMC7916730 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The progression of cancer is strictly linked to the formation of new blood vessels responsible for nutrition supply of the tumor. We identified TLR7 as an inhibitor of lung cancer vascularization. TLR7 is part of a large family of immune receptors that function as “sensors” of pathogen- and damage-derived signals. We found that TLR7 exerts antitumor functions in non-small cell lung cancer by inducing the production of specific molecules with inhibitory properties against new blood vessel formation. These molecules are known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) and are derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids. We believe that the results obtained suggest novel potential targets and strategies to treat lung cancer. Abstract Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) promote inflammation but also its resolution. We demonstrated that a specific PRR—formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1)—sustains an inflammation resolution response with anti-angiogenic and antitumor potential in gastric cancer. Since toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is crucial in the physiologic resolution of airway inflammation, we asked whether it could be responsible for pro-resolving and anti-angiogenic responses in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). TLR7 correlated directly with pro-resolving and inversely with angiogenic mediators in NSCLC patients, as revealed by a publicly available RNAseq analysis. In NSCLC cells, depletion of TLR7 caused an upregulation of angiogenic mediators and a stronger vasculogenic response of endothelial cells compared to controls, assessed by qPCR, ELISA, protein array, and endothelial cell responses. TLR7 activation induced the opposite effects. TLR7 silencing reduced, while its activation increased, the pro-resolving potential of NSCLC cells, evaluated by qPCR, flow cytometry, and EIA. The increased angiogenic potential of TLR7-silenced NSCLC cells is due to the lack of pro-resolving mediators. MAPK and STAT3 signaling are responsible for these activities, as demonstrated through Western blotting and inhibitors. Our data indicate that TLR7 sustains a pro-resolving signaling in lung cancer that inhibits angiogenesis. This opens new possibilities to be exploited for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
35
|
Galluzzi L, Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Trial Watch: Experimental Toll-like receptor agonists for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:699-716. [PMID: 22934262 PMCID: PMC3429574 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are prototypic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) best known for their ability to activate the innate immune system in response to conserved microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide and double-stranded RNA. Accumulating evidence indicates that the function of TLRs is not restricted to the elicitation of innate immune responses against invading pathogens. TLRs have indeed been shown to participate in tissue repair and injury-induced regeneration as well as in adaptive immune responses against cancer. In particular, TLR4 signaling appears to be required for the efficient processing and cross-presentation of cell-associated tumor antigens by dendritic cells, which de facto underlie optimal therapeutic responses to some anticancer drugs. Thus, TLRs constitute prominent therapeutic targets for the activation/intensification of anticancer immune responses. In line with this notion, long-used preparations such as the Coley toxin (a mixture of killed Streptococcus pyogenes and Serratia marcescens bacteria) and the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis originally developed as a vaccine against tuberculosis), both of which have been associated with consistent anticancer responses, potently activate TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Today, besides BCG, only one TLR agonist is FDA-approved for therapeutic use in cancer patients: imiquimod. In this Trial Watch, we will briefly present the role of TLRs in innate and cognate immunity and discuss the progress of clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of experimental TLR agonists as immunostimulatory agents for oncological indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shahbaz MA, Martikainen MV, Rönkkö TJ, Komppula M, Jalava PI, Roponen M. Urban air PM modifies differently immune defense responses against bacterial and viral infections in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110244. [PMID: 32980306 PMCID: PMC7516585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence has shown the association between exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM) and increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral respiratory infections. However, to date, the underlying mechanisms of immunomodulatory effects of PM remain unclear. Our objective was to explore how exposure to relatively low doses of urban air PM alters innate responses to bacterial and viral stimuli in vitro. We used secondary alveolar epithelial cell line along with monocyte-derived macrophages to replicate innate lung barrier in vitro. Co-cultured cells were first exposed for 24 h to PM2.5-1 (particle aerodynamic diameter between 1 and 2.5 μm) and subsequently for an additional 24 h to lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (TLR3), and synthetic single-stranded RNA oligoribonucleotides (TLR7/8) to mimic bacterial or viral stimulation. Toxicological endpoints included pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α), cellular metabolic activity, and cell cycle phase distribution. We show that cells exposed to PM2.5-1 produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines following stimulation with bacterial TLR4 ligand than cells exposed to PM2.5-1 or bacterial ligand alone. On the contrary, PM2.5-1 exposure reduced pro-inflammatory responses to viral ligands TLR3 and TLR7/8. Cell cycle analysis indicated that viral ligands induced cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase. In PM-primed co-cultures, however, they failed to induce the G2-M phase arrest. Contrarily, bacterial stimulation caused a slight increase in cells in the sub-G1 phase but in PM2.5-1 primed co-cultures the effect of bacterial stimulation was masked by PM2.5-1. These findings indicate that PM2.5-1 may alter responses of immune defense differently against bacterial and viral infections. Further studies are required to explain the mechanism of immune modulation caused by PM in altering the susceptibility to respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1F, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mokhtari Y, Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi A, Zafari P, Bagheri N, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Toll-like receptors (TLRs): An old family of immune receptors with a new face in cancer pathogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:639-651. [PMID: 33336901 PMCID: PMC7812258 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the dark path of tumorigenesis, the more carefully the cancer biology is studied, the more brilliant answers could be given to the countless questions about its orchestrating derivers. The identification of the correlation between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and different processes involved in carcinogenesis was one of the single points of blinding light highlighting the interconnection between the immune system and cancer. TLRs are a wide family of single-pass membrane-spanning receptors that have developed through the evolution to recognize the structurally conserved molecules derived from microorganisms or damaged cells. But this is not everything about these receptors as they could orchestrate several downstream signalling pathways leading to the formation or suppression of cancer cells. The present review is tempted to provide a concise schematic about the biology and the characters of TLRs and also summarize the major findings of the regulatory role of TLRs and their associated signalling in the pathogenesis of human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Mokhtari
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
- Student Research CommitteeFaculty of MedicineMazandaran University of Medical SciencesSariIran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterBasic Health Sciences InstituteShahrekord University of Medical SciencesShahrekordIran
| | - Seyed H. Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research CenterShariati HospitalSchool of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood BankingSchool of Allied Medical SciencesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu X, Xu Q, Li Z, Xiong B. Integrated analysis identifies AQP9 correlates with immune infiltration and acts as a prognosticator in multiple cancers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20795. [PMID: 33247170 PMCID: PMC7699650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77657-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 9 (AQP9), as an aquaglyceroporin, is expressed in many immune cells and plays important role in tumor initiation and progression. However, the relationship between AQP9 and tumor-infiltrating cells, and its prognostic value in cancers still require comprehensive understanding. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the correlations of AQP9 with prognosis and immune infiltration levels in diverse cancers. We detected the expression and survival data of AQP9 through Oncomine, TIMER, Kaplan–Meier Plotter and PrognoScan databases. The correlations between AQP9 and immune infiltrates were analyzed in TIMER database. Our results found that high AQP9 expression was significantly correlated with worse prognosis in breast, colon and lung cancers, while predicted better prognosis in gastric cancer. Moreover, AQP9 had significant association with various immune infiltrating cells including CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), and diverse immune gene markers in BRCA, COAD, LUAD, LUSC and STAD. AQP9 was also significantly correlated with the regulation of tumor associated macrophages (TAM). These results indicate that AQP9 can play as a significant biomarker to determine the prognosis and the immune infiltrating levels in different cancers. It might also contribute to the development of the immunotherapy in breast, colon, lung and gastric cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijing Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xiong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Gastric and Colorectal Surgical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Xu J, Ong HX, Traini D, Williamson J, Byrom M, Gomes Dos Reis L, Young PM. Paclitaxel-eluting silicone airway stent for preventing granulation tissue growth and lung cancer relapse in central airway pathologies. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1631-1645. [PMID: 32815403 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1811224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway stents are used to treat obstructive central airway pathologies including palliation of lung cancer, but face challenges with granulation tissue growth. Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy drug that also suppresses growth of granulation tissue. Yet, side effects arise from administration with toxic solubilizers. By incorporating paclitaxel in silicone stents, delivery of paclitaxel can be localized, and side effects minimized. METHODS Paclitaxel was incorporated into Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) containing polydimethylsiloxane, either as a powder or solution, prior to curing. Drug release study was compared in vitro at 37°C over 10 days. Drug release was quantified using HPLC, and bronchial cell lines were grown on LSR to investigate drug cytotoxicity, and expression of inflammatory markers, specifically interleukin-6 and interleukin-8. RESULTS Release rate of paclitaxel incorporated into silicone rubber was consistent with the Korsmeyer and Weibull models (R2 > 0.96). Paclitaxel exposure reduced IL-8 levels in cancer cell lines, whilst no cytotoxic effect was observed in all cell lines at treatment concentration levels (≤ 0.1% (w/v) paclitaxel in silicone). CONCLUSIONS Incorporating paclitaxel into a silicone matrix for future use in a tracheobronchial stent was investigated. Drug release from silicone was observed and is a promising avenue for future treatments of central airway pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Xu
- Respiratory Technology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Hui Xin Ong
- Respiratory Technology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan Williamson
- South West Clinical School, The University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia.,MQ Health, Respiratory and Sleep, Macquarie University , Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Byrom
- RPA Institute of Academic Surgery , Sydney, Australia
| | - Larissa Gomes Dos Reis
- Respiratory Technology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul M Young
- Respiratory Technology Group, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bidirectional interaction between intestinal microbiome and cancer: opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Biomark Res 2020; 8:31. [PMID: 32817793 PMCID: PMC7424681 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition influences the balance between human health and disease. Increasing evidence suggests the involvement of microbial factors in regulating cancer development, progression, and therapeutic response. Distinct microbial species have been implicated in modulating gut environment and architecture that affects cancer therapy outcomes. While some microbial species offer enhanced cancer therapy response, others diminish cancer treatment efficacy. In addition, use of antibiotics, often to minimize infection risks in cancer, causes intestinal dysbiosis and proves detrimental. In this review we discuss the role of gut microbiota in cancer development and therapy. We also provide insights into future strategies to manipulate the microbiome and gut epithelial barrier to augment therapeutic responses while minimizing toxicity or infection risks.
Collapse
|
41
|
Angrini M, Varthaman A, Cremer I. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in the Tumor Microenvironment (TME): A Dragon-Like Weapon in a Non-fantasy Game of Thrones. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1263:145-173. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-44518-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Impact of Genetic Variation in TLR4 3'UTR on NSCLC Genetic Susceptibility. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:7593143. [PMID: 32351566 PMCID: PMC7171665 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7593143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed not only in immune cells but also in a variety of tumor cells. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the TLRs' promoter or the 3′ untranslated region may affect gene expression by affecting the activity of the promoter or regulating the binding of mRNA to miRNA. This study aimed to investigate the association of the SNPs in TLR genes with the susceptibility to NSCLC. This case-control study involved 700 lung cancer patients and 700 healthy controls. All individuals were genotyped for all selected SNPs in TLR genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. The association of genetic variations in TLRs with the susceptibility to NSCLC was evaluated by unconditional logistic regression with OR (95% CI). After evaluating transcriptional factor or miRNA binding capability by bioinformatics methods, six TLRs were identified for further analysis. We did not find that TLR3 rs5743303, TLR4 rs1927914, TLR4 rs11536891, TLR5 rs1640816, and TLR7 rs3853839 were associated with NSCLC risk (P > 0.05). Our data showed that TLR4 rs7869402 C > T polymorphism reduced the risk of NSCLC with OR (95% CI) of 0.63 (0.45–0.89). When stratified by gender and age, the individuals carrying at least one rs7869402T allele significantly decreased the NSCLC risk among males (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38–0.87) and among youngsters (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.27–0.69). Smoking stratification analysis showed that the rs7869402T allele-containing genotype reduced the risk of NSCLC with OR (95% CI) of 0.50 (0.29–0.87) among smokers but not among nonsmokers (P > 0.05). When the individuals were classed by the pathological type, we found that the rs7869402T-containing genotype was associated with the risk of adenocarcinoma (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.41–0.92) but not with that of squamous cell carcinoma (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.44–1.13) and other types (OR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.03–1.70). Compared with the TLR4 Ars1927914-Crs7869402-Trs11536891 haplotype, the Grs1927914-Trs7869402-Trs11536891 haplotype was associated with a decreased risk for developing NSCLC with OR (95% CI) of 0.57 (0.41–0.80). These results indicated that the TLR4 rs7869402 variation affects the genetic susceptibility to NSCLC.
Collapse
|
44
|
LncRNA TLR8-AS1 promotes metastasis and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer through enhancing TLR8 mRNA stability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 526:857-864. [PMID: 32278547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is diagnosed as the most deadly gynecological tumor. Ovarian cancer metastasis affects chemoresistance and confers poor patient prognosis. In present work, we intended to elucidate whether long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) TLR8-AS1 regulated cell metastasis and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer, and uncover the molecular mechanism of TLR8-AS1 in the modulation of ovarian cancer progression. Firstly, bioinformatics analyses identified TLR8-AS1 as a cancer-associated fibroblasts regulated lncRNA in ovarian cancer. Further experiments revealed that TLR8-AS1 augmented cell metastasis and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, TLR8-AS1 upregulates TLR8 by stabilizing TLR8 mRNA, thus activating NF-κB signaling and promoting ovarian cancer metastasis and chemoresistance. Besides, TCGA data analysis suggested that TLR8-AS1 is elevated in ovarian cancer in comparison to adjacent non-cancerous tissues. High TLR8-AS1 expression levels were measured in metastatic ovarian cancer and correlated with poor patient prognosis. The clinical data supported the mechanism and biological significance of TLR8-AS1 dysregulation in ovarian cancer development. Our work demonstrates that TLR8-AS1 can be applied as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator for ovarian cancer, and maybe an alternative target for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
45
|
Patinote C, Karroum NB, Moarbess G, Cirnat N, Kassab I, Bonnet PA, Deleuze-Masquéfa C. Agonist and antagonist ligands of toll-like receptors 7 and 8: Ingenious tools for therapeutic purposes. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112238. [PMID: 32203790 PMCID: PMC7173040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the TLRs family and more precisely its functions opened a variety of gates to modulate immunological host responses. TLRs 7/8 are located in the endosomal compartment and activate a specific signaling pathway in a MyD88-dependant manner. According to their involvement into various autoimmune, inflammatory and malignant diseases, researchers have designed diverse TLRs 7/8 ligands able to boost or block the inherent signal transduction. These modulators are often small synthetic compounds and most act as agonists and to a much lesser extent as antagonists. Some of them have reached preclinical and clinical trials, and only one has been approved by the FDA and EMA, imiquimod. The key to the success of these modulators probably lies in their combination with other therapies as recently demonstrated. We gather in this review more than 360 scientific publications, reviews and patents, relating the extensive work carried out by researchers on the design of TLRs 7/8 modulators, which are classified firstly by their biological activities (agonist or antagonist) and then by their chemical structures, which total syntheses are not discussed here. This review also reports about 90 clinical cases, thereby showing the biological interest of these modulators in multiple pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Patinote
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nour Bou Karroum
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Georges Moarbess
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Natalina Cirnat
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Issam Kassab
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li W, Gao LN, Song PP, You CG. Development and validation of a RNA binding protein-associated prognostic model for lung adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3558-3573. [PMID: 32087603 PMCID: PMC7066909 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins (RBPs) dysregulation have been reported in various malignant tumors and associated with the occurrence and development of cancer. However, the role of RBPs in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is poorly understood. We downloaded the RNA sequencing data of LUAD from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and determined the differently expressed RBPs between normal and cancer tissues. The study then systemically investigated the expression and prognostic value of these RBPs by a series of bioinformatics analysis. A total of 223 differently expressed RBPs were identified, including 101 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated RBPs. Eight RBPs (IGF2BP1, IFIT1B, PABPC1, TLR8, GAPDH, PIWIL4, RNPC3, and ZC3H12C) were identified as prognosis related hub gene and used to construct a prognostic model. Further analysis indicated that the patients in the high-risk subgroup had poor overall survival(OS) compared to those in low-risk subgroup based on the model. The area under the curve of the time-dependent receiver operator characteristic curve of the prognostic model are 0.775 in TCGA cohort and 0.814 in GSE31210 cohort, confirming a good prognostic model. We also established a nomogram based on eight RBPs mRNA and internal validation in the TCGA cohort, which displayed a favorable discriminating ability for lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Li-Na Gao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Pei-Pei Song
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Chong-Ge You
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Javaid N, Choi S. Toll-like Receptors from the Perspective of Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E297. [PMID: 32012718 PMCID: PMC7072551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a family of pattern recognition receptors that recognize certain pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. TLRs are highly interesting to researchers including immunologists because of the involvement in various diseases including cancers, allergies, autoimmunity, infections, and inflammation. After ligand engagement, TLRs trigger multiple signaling pathways involving nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) for the production of various cytokines that play an important role in diseases like cancer. TLR activation in immune as well as cancer cells may prevent the formation and growth of a tumor. Nonetheless, under certain conditions, either hyperactivation or hypoactivation of TLRs supports the survival and metastasis of a tumor. Therefore, the design of TLR-targeting agonists as well as antagonists is a promising immunotherapeutic approach to cancer. In this review, we mainly describe TLRs, their involvement in cancer, and their promising properties for anticancer drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Gowing SD, Cool-Lartigue JJ, Spicer JD, Seely AJE, Ferri LE. Toll-like receptors: exploring their potential connection with post-operative infectious complications and cancer recurrence. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:225-239. [PMID: 31975313 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in North America. Despite modern advances in cancer therapy, many patients will ultimately develop cancer metastasis resulting in mortality. Surgery to resect early stage solid malignancies remains the cornerstone of cancer treatment. However, surgery places patients at risk of developing post-operative infectious complications that are linked to earlier cancer metastatic recurrence and cancer mortality. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily-conserved sentinel receptors of the innate immune system that are activated by microbial products present during infection, leading to activation of innate immunity. Numerous types of solid cancer cells also express TLRs, with their activation augmenting their ability to metastasize. Similarly, healthy host-tissue TLRs activated during infection induce a prometastatic environment in the host. Cancer cells additionally secrete TLR activating ligands that activate both cancer TLRs and host TLRs to promote metastasis. Consequently, TLRs are an attractive therapeutic candidate to target infection-induced cancer metastasis and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Gowing
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. .,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - J J Cool-Lartigue
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - J D Spicer
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - A J E Seely
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ottawa General Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L E Ferri
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ranjbar N, Saravani R, Faezizadeh Z. Silymarin inhibits Toll-like receptor 8 gene expression and apoptosis in Ramos cancer cell line. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2020; 10:161-169. [PMID: 32257888 PMCID: PMC7103436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Silymarin is a herbal extract containing flavonolignans, and it has inhibitory effects against the growth of different cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis. Toll-like receptors are suggested as a novel and attractive target to treat cancer. The current study aimed at examining the mechanism of silymarin-induced apoptosis in Ramos cells and investigating its effects on TLR8 expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of silymarin in Ramos cells was determined via MTT viability test while the type of cell death was tested by annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining method. The activity of caspase-3 and expression of TLR8 were measured in a time-dependent manner (in IC50) by colorimetric assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. RESULTS The results of MTT showed that IC50 of silymarin in Ramos cells was 100 μg/ml after 48 hr treatment (p<0.01). Flow cytometry by annexin V/PI, showed that silymarin induced early/late apoptosis in this cell line (p<0.05 to p<0.01). In addition, the caspase-3 colorimetric method showed that caspase-3 increased in the Ramos cell line after treatment (p<0.01). This treatment led to a reduction in TLR8 mRNA expression in a time-dependent manner (p<0.01). CONCLUSION The results indicated a new mechanism in the anticancer activity of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling after silymarin treatment in Ramos cancer cell line. This plant could be used to develop anticancer agents inhibiting TLRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Ranjbar
- Student Scientific Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran ,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran,Corresponding Author: Tel: +98-543329892, Fax: +98-543329892, ,
| | - Zohreh Faezizadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li L, Pan J, Cai X, Gong E, Xu C, Zheng H, Cao Z, Yin Z. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells suppress lung cancer via TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1712257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Respiratory Department, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Jiongwei Pan
- Respiratory Department, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Cai
- Respiratory Department, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Enhui Gong
- Respiratory Department, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Cunlai Xu
- Respiratory Department, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Respiratory Department, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo Cao
- Respiratory Department, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Zhangyong Yin
- Respiratory Department, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|