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Calvanese AL, Cecconi V, Stäheli S, Schnepf D, Nater M, Pereira P, Gschwend J, Heikenwälder M, Schneider C, Ludewig B, Silina K, van den Broek M. Sustained innate interferon is an essential inducer of tertiary lymphoid structures. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451207. [PMID: 38980268 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) resemble follicles of secondary lymphoid organs and develop in nonlymphoid tissues during inflammation and cancer. Which cell types and signals drive the development of TLS is largely unknown. To investigate early events of TLS development in the lungs, we repeatedly instilled p(I:C) plus ovalbumin (Ova) intranasally. This induced TLS ranging from lymphocytic aggregates to organized and functional structures containing germinal centers. We found that TLS development is independent of FAP+ fibroblasts, alveolar macrophages, or CCL19 but crucially depends on type I interferon (IFN-I). Mechanistically, IFN-I initiates two synergistic pathways that culminate in the development of TLS. On the one hand, IFN-I induces lymphotoxin (LT)α in lymphoid cells, which stimulate stromal cells to produce the B-cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13 through LTβR-signaling. On the other hand, IFN-I is sensed by stromal cells that produce the T-cell-attracting chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10 as well as CCL19 and CCL21 independently of LTβR. Consequently, B-cell aggregates develop within a week, whereas follicular dendritic cells and germinal centers appear after 3 weeks. Thus, sustained production of IFN-I together with an antigen is essential for the induction of functional TLS in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virginia Cecconi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Severin Stäheli
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schnepf
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Marc Nater
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Gschwend
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- M3 Research Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Medical Research Center, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Karina Silina
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Hu Y, Geng Q, Wang L, Wang Y, Huang C, Fan Z, Kong D. Research progress and application of liver organoids for disease modeling and regenerative therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:859-874. [PMID: 38802517 PMCID: PMC11213763 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The liver is a major metabolic organ of the human body and has a high incidence of diseases. In recent years, the annual incidence of liver disease has increased, seriously endangering human life and health. The study of the occurrence and development mechanism of liver diseases, discovery of new therapeutic targets, and establishment of new methods of medical treatment are major issues related to the national economy and people's livelihood. The development of stable and effective research models is expected to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of liver diseases and the search for more effective treatment options. Organoid technology is a new in vitro culture system, and organoids constructed by human cells can simulate the morphological structure, gene expression, and glucose and lipid metabolism of organs in vivo, providing a new model for related research on liver diseases. This paper reviews the latest research progress on liver organoids from the establishment of cell sources and application of liver organoids and discusses their application potential in the field of liver disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Geng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Angioenterology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Daming Avenue, Nanjing, 210022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Angioenterology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Daming Avenue, Nanjing, 210022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chuyue Huang
- Department of Angioenterology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Daming Avenue, Nanjing, 210022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhimin Fan
- Department of Angioenterology, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 157 Daming Avenue, Nanjing, 210022, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Desong Kong
- Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210022, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Thangam T, Parthasarathy K, Supraja K, Haribalaji V, Sounderrajan V, Rao SS, Jayaraj S. Lung Organoids: Systematic Review of Recent Advancements and its Future Perspectives. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2024; 21:653-671. [PMID: 38466362 PMCID: PMC11187038 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-024-00628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Organoids are essentially an in vitro (lab-grown) three-dimensional tissue culture system model that meticulously replicates the structure and physiology of human organs. A few of the present applications of organoids are in the basic biological research area, molecular medicine and pharmaceutical drug testing. Organoids are crucial in connecting the gap between animal models and human clinical trials during the drug discovery process, which significantly lowers the time duration and cost associated with each stage of testing. Likewise, they can be used to understand cell-to-cell interactions, a crucial aspect of tissue biology and regeneration, and to model disease pathogenesis at various stages of the disease. Lung organoids can be utilized to explore numerous pathophysiological activities of a lung since they share similarities with its function. Researchers have been trying to recreate the complex nature of the lung by developing various "Lung organoids" models.This article is a systematic review of various developments of lung organoids and their potential progenitors. It also covers the in-depth applications of lung organoids for the advancement of translational research. The review discusses the methodologies to establish different types of lung organoids for studying the regenerative capability of the respiratory system and comprehending various respiratory diseases.Respiratory diseases are among the most common worldwide, and the growing burden must be addressed instantaneously. Lung organoids along with diverse bio-engineering tools and technologies will serve as a novel model for studying the pathophysiology of various respiratory diseases and for drug screening purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thangam
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - Krupakar Parthasarathy
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India.
| | - K Supraja
- Medway Hospitals, No 2/26, 1st Main Road, Kodambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600024, India
| | - V Haribalaji
- VivagenDx, No. 28, Venkateswara Nagar, 100 Feet Bypass Road, Velachery, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600042, India
| | - Vignesh Sounderrajan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - Sudhanarayani S Rao
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - Sakthivel Jayaraj
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
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Wang JY, Michki NS, Sitaraman S, Banaschewski BJ, Lin SM, Katzen JB, Basil MC, Cantu E, Zepp JA, Frank DB, Young LR. Dysregulated alveolar epithelial cell progenitor function and identity in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome pulmonary fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.17.545390. [PMID: 38496421 PMCID: PMC10942273 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.17.545390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a genetic disorder of endosomal protein trafficking associated with pulmonary fibrosis in specific subtypes, including HPS-1 and HPS-2. Single mutant HPS1 and HPS2 mice display increased fibrotic sensitivity while double mutant HPS1/2 mice exhibit spontaneous fibrosis with aging, which has been attributed to HPS mutations in alveolar epithelial type II (AT2) cells. We utilized HPS mouse models and human lung tissue to investigate mechanisms of AT2 cell dysfunction driving fibrotic remodeling in HPS. Starting at 8 weeks of age, HPS mice exhibited progressive loss of AT2 cell numbers. HPS AT2 cell was impaired ex vivo and in vivo. Incorporating AT2 cell lineage tracing in HPS mice, we observed aberrant differentiation with increased AT2-derived alveolar epithelial type I cells. Transcriptomic analysis of HPS AT2 cells revealed elevated expression of genes associated with aberrant differentiation and p53 activation. Lineage tracing and modeling studies demonstrated that HPS AT2 cells were primed to persist in a Krt8+ reprogrammed transitional state, mediated by p53 activity. Intrinsic AT2 progenitor cell dysfunction and p53 pathway dysregulation are novel mechanisms of disease in HPS-related pulmonary fibrosis, with the potential for early targeted intervention before the onset of fibrotic lung disease.
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Zabihi M, Khadim A, Schäfer TM, Alexopoulos I, Bartkuhn M, El Agha E, Vazquez-Armendariz AI, Herold S. An Optimized Protocol for the Generation of Alveolospheres from Wild-Type Mice. Cells 2024; 13:922. [PMID: 38891054 PMCID: PMC11171706 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Organoid models have become an integral part of the research methodology in the lung field. These systems allow for the study of progenitor and stem cell self-renewal, self-organization, and differentiation. Distinct models of lung organoids mimicking various anatomical regions of mature lungs have emerged in parallel to the increased gain of knowledge regarding epithelial stem and progenitor cell populations and the corresponding mesenchymal cells that populate the in vivo niche. In the distal lung, type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2s) represent a stem cell population that is engaged in regenerative mechanisms in response to various insults. These cells self-renew and give rise to AEC1s that carry out gas exchange. Multiple experimental protocols allowing the generation of alveolar organoids, or alveolospheres, from murine lungs have been described. Among the drawbacks have been the requirement of transgenic mice allowing the isolation of AEC2s with high viability and purity, and the occasional emergence of bronchiolar and bronchioalveolar organoids. Here, we provide a refined gating strategy and an optimized protocol for the generation of alveolospheres from wild-type mice. Our approach not only overcomes the need for transgenic mice to generate such organoids, but also yields a pure culture of alveolospheres that is devoid of bronchiolar and bronchioalveolar organoids. Our protocol contributes to the standardization of this important research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Zabihi
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen (JLU), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.Z.); (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (I.A.)
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ali Khadim
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen (JLU), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.Z.); (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (I.A.)
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Theresa M. Schäfer
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen (JLU), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.Z.); (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (I.A.)
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ioannis Alexopoulos
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen (JLU), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.Z.); (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (I.A.)
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marek Bartkuhn
- Biomedical Informatics and Systems Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen (JLU), 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Elie El Agha
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen (JLU), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.Z.); (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (I.A.)
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ana I. Vazquez-Armendariz
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen (JLU), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.Z.); (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (I.A.)
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Transdisciplinary Research Area Life and Health, Organoid Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Medicine V, Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig University Giessen (JLU), 35392 Giessen, Germany; (M.Z.); (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (I.A.)
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), 35392 Giessen, Germany
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6
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Hassan D, Chen J. CEBPA restricts alveolar type 2 cell plasticity during development and injury-repair. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4148. [PMID: 38755149 PMCID: PMC11099190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell plasticity theoretically extends to all possible cell types, but naturally decreases as cells differentiate, whereas injury-repair re-engages the developmental plasticity. Here we show that the lung alveolar type 2 (AT2)-specific transcription factor (TF), CEBPA, restricts AT2 cell plasticity in the mouse lung. AT2 cells undergo transcriptional and epigenetic maturation postnatally. Without CEBPA, both neonatal and mature AT2 cells reduce the AT2 program, but only the former reactivate the SOX9 progenitor program. Sendai virus infection bestows mature AT2 cells with neonatal plasticity where Cebpa mutant, but not wild type, AT2 cells express SOX9, as well as more readily proliferate and form KRT8/CLDN4+ transitional cells. CEBPA promotes the AT2 program by recruiting the lung lineage TF NKX2-1. The temporal change in CEBPA-dependent plasticity reflects AT2 cell developmental history. The ontogeny of AT2 cell plasticity and its transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms have implications in lung regeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Hassan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Perinatal Institute Division of Pulmonary Biology, University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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Warren R, Klinkhammer K, Lyu H, Yao C, Stripp B, De Langhe SP. Cell competition drives bronchiolization and pulmonary fibrosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4177351. [PMID: 38746309 PMCID: PMC11092845 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4177351/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive scarring disease arising from the maladaptive differentiation of lung stem cells into bronchial epithelial cells rather than into alveolar type 1 (AT1) cells, which are responsible for gas exchange. Here, we report that healthy lungs maintain their stem cells through tonic Hippo and β-catenin signaling, which promote Yap/Taz degradation and allow for low level expression of the Wnt target gene Myc. Inactivation of upstream activators of the Hippo pathway in lung stem cells inhibits this tonic β-catenin signaling and Myc expression and promotes their Taz mediated differentiation into AT1 cells. Vice versa, increased Myc in collaboration with Yap promotes the differentiation of lung stem cells along the basal and myoepithelial like lineages allowing them to invade and bronchiolize the lung parenchyma in a process reminiscent of submucosal gland development. Our findings indicate that stem cells exhibiting the highest Myc levels become supercompetitors that drive remodeling, whereas loser cells with lower Myc levels terminally differentiate into AT1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Warren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kylie Klinkhammer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Handeng Lyu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Changfu Yao
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Barry Stripp
- Women’s Guild Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Stijn P. De Langhe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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8
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Martins LR, Sieverling L, Michelhans M, Schiller C, Erkut C, Grünewald TGP, Triana S, Fröhling S, Velten L, Glimm H, Scholl C. Single-cell division tracing and transcriptomics reveal cell types and differentiation paths in the regenerating lung. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2246. [PMID: 38472236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in lung epithelial regeneration may fuel the development of therapeutic approaches for lung diseases. We combine mouse models allowing diphtheria toxin-mediated damage of specific epithelial cell types and parallel GFP-labeling of functionally dividing cells with single-cell transcriptomics to characterize the regeneration of the distal lung. We uncover cell types, including Krt13+ basal and Krt15+ club cells, detect an intermediate cell state between basal and goblet cells, reveal goblet cells as actively dividing progenitor cells, and provide evidence that adventitial fibroblasts act as supporting cells in epithelial regeneration. We also show that diphtheria toxin-expressing cells can persist in the lung, express specific inflammatory factors, and transcriptionally resemble a previously undescribed population in the lungs of COVID-19 patients. Our study provides a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the distal lung that characterizes early transcriptional and cellular responses to concise epithelial injury, encompassing proliferation, differentiation, and cell-to-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila R Martins
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Lina Sieverling
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michelle Michelhans
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chiara Schiller
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cihan Erkut
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas G P Grünewald
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp-Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sergio Triana
- Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences (IMES), and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Stefan Fröhling
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Translational Medical Oncology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Velten
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hanno Glimm
- Department for Translational Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden (NCT/UCC), a partnership between DKFZ, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TUD Dresden University of Technology, and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- Translational Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Translational Functional Cancer Genomics, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKTK, partner site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Scholl
- Division of Applied Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Callaway DA, Penkala IJ, Zhou S, Knowlton JJ, Cardenas-Diaz F, Babu A, Morley MP, Lopes M, Garcia BA, Morrisey EE. TGF-β controls alveolar type 1 epithelial cell plasticity and alveolar matrisome gene transcription in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172095. [PMID: 38488000 PMCID: PMC10947970 DOI: 10.1172/jci172095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Premature birth disrupts normal lung development and places infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease disrupting lung health throughout the life of an individual and that is increasing in incidence. The TGF-β superfamily has been implicated in BPD pathogenesis, however, what cell lineage it impacts remains unclear. We show that TGFbr2 is critical for alveolar epithelial (AT1) cell fate maintenance and function. Loss of TGFbr2 in AT1 cells during late lung development leads to AT1-AT2 cell reprogramming and altered pulmonary architecture, which persists into adulthood. Restriction of fetal lung stretch and associated AT1 cell spreading through a model of oligohydramnios enhances AT1-AT2 reprogramming. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal the necessity of TGFbr2 expression in AT1 cells for extracellular matrix production. Moreover, TGF-β signaling regulates integrin transcription to alter AT1 cell morphology, which further impacts ECM expression through changes in mechanotransduction. These data reveal the cell intrinsic necessity of TGF-β signaling in maintaining AT1 cell fate and reveal this cell lineage as a major orchestrator of the alveolar matrisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Callaway
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
| | - Ian J. Penkala
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
| | - Su Zhou
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Knowlton
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
| | - Fabian Cardenas-Diaz
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Apoorva Babu
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael P. Morley
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mariana Lopes
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Hutchison V, Lynch A, Gutierrez-Gamez AM, Chen J. Inducible tricolor reporter mouse for parallel imaging of lysosomes, mitochondria, and microtubules. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305086. [PMID: 37917008 PMCID: PMC10621751 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific use of the same DNA blueprint generates diverse cell types. Such diversity must also be executed via differential deployment of the same subcellular machinery. However, our understanding of the size, distribution, and dynamics of subcellular machinery in native tissues and their connection to cellular diversity remains limited. We generate and characterize an inducible tricolor reporter mouse, dubbed "Kaleidoscope," for simultaneous imaging of lysosomes, mitochondria, and microtubules in any cell type and at a single-cell resolution. The expected subcellular compartments are labeled in culture and in tissues with no impact on cellular and organismal viability. Quantitative and live imaging of the tricolor reporter captures cell type-specific organelle features and kinetics in the lung, as well as their changes after Sendai virus infection. Yap/Taz mutant lung epithelial cells undergo accelerated lamellar body maturation, a subcellular manifestation of their molecular defects. A comprehensive toolbox of reporters for all subcellular structures is expected to transform our understanding of cell biology in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hutchison
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne Lynch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Zhang K, Aung T, Yao E, Chuang PT. Lung patterning: Is a distal-to-proximal gradient of cell allocation and fate decision a general paradigm?: A gradient of distal-to-proximal distribution and differentiation of tip progenitors produces distinct compartments in the lung. Bioessays 2024; 46:e2300083. [PMID: 38010492 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies support a model in which the progeny of SOX9+ epithelial progenitors at the distal tip of lung branches undergo cell allocation and differentiation sequentially along the distal-to-proximal axis. Concomitant with the elongation and ramification of lung branches, the descendants of the distal SOX9+ progenitors are distributed proximally, express SOX2, and differentiate into cell types in the conducting airways. Amid subsequent sacculation, the distal SOX9+ progenitors generate alveolar epithelial cells to form alveoli. Sequential cell allocation and differentiation are integrated with the branching process to generate a functional branching organ. This review focuses on the roles of SOX9+ cells as precursors for new branches, as the source of various cell types in the conducting airways, and as progenitors of the alveolar epithelium. All of these processes are controlled by multiple signaling pathways. Many mouse mutants with defective lung branching contain underlying defects in one or more steps of cell allocation and differentiation of SOX9+ progenitors. This model provides a framework to understand the molecular basis of lung phenotypes and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of lung patterning. It builds a foundation on which comparing and contrasting the mechanisms employed by different branching organs in diverse species can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thin Aung
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Ma N, Zhang M, Xu G, Zhang L, Luo M, Luo M, Wang X, Tang H, Wang X, Liu L, Zhong X, Feng J, Li Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Type II Alveolar Epithelial Progenitor Cells Attenuate LPS-induced Acute Lung Injury and Reduce P63 Expression. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:245-256. [PMID: 37138488 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x18666230501234836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)/acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe clinical respiratory-failure disease mainly characterized by acute damage to the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a potential regenerative strategy for ARDS/ALI, however, the outcome is limited, and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. INTRODUCTION We established a differentiation system for bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cellderived (BM-MSC) type II alveolar epithelial progenitor cells (AECIIs) and assessed their regulatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. METHODS We induced BM-MSC differentiation into AECIIs using a specific conditioned medium. After 26 days of differentiation, 3×105 BM-MSC-AECIIs were used to treat mice with LPS-induced ALI through tracheal injection. RESULTS After tracheal injection, BM-MSC-AECIIs migrated to the perialveolar area and reduced LPSinduced lung inflammation and pathological injury. RNA-seq suggested that P63 protein was involved in the effects of BM-MSC-AECIIs on lung inflammation. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that BM-MSC-AECIIs may reduce LPS-induced acute lung injury by decreasing P63 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengwei Zhang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Min Luo
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Meihua Luo
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Inflammation & Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
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13
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Hassan D, Chen J. CEBPA restricts alveolar type 2 cell plasticity during development and injury-repair. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3521387. [PMID: 38168395 PMCID: PMC10760240 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3521387/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell plasticity theoretically extends to all possible cell types, but naturally decreases as cells differentiate, whereas injury-repair re-engages the developmental plasticity. Here we show that the lung alveolar type 2 (AT2)-specific transcription factor (TF), CEBPA, restricts AT2 cell plasticity in the mouse lung. AT2 cells undergo transcriptional and epigenetic maturation postnatally. Without CEBPA, both neonatal and mature AT2 cells reduce the AT2 program, but only the former reactivate the SOX9 progenitor program. Sendai virus infection bestows mature AT2 cells with neonatal plasticity where Cebpa mutant, but not wild type, AT2 cells express SOX9, as well as more readily proliferate and form KRT8/CLDN4+ transitional cells. CEBPA promotes the AT2 program by recruiting the lung lineage TF NKX2-1. The temporal change in CEBPA-dependent plasticity reflects AT2 cell developmental history. The ontogeny of AT2 cell plasticity and its transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms have implications in lung regeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Hassan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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14
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Kulhankova K, Traore S, Cheng X, Benk-Fortin H, Hallée S, Harvey M, Roberge J, Couture F, Kohli S, Gross TJ, Meyerholz DK, Rettig GR, Thommandru B, Kurgan G, Wohlford-Lenane C, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Yates BP, Newby GA, Liu DR, Tarantal AF, Guay D, McCray PB. Shuttle peptide delivers base editor RNPs to rhesus monkey airway epithelial cells in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8051. [PMID: 38052872 PMCID: PMC10698009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing strategies for cystic fibrosis are challenged by the complex barrier properties of airway epithelia. We previously reported that the amphiphilic S10 shuttle peptide non-covalently combined with CRISPR-associated (Cas) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) enabled editing of human and mouse airway epithelial cells. Here, we derive the S315 peptide as an improvement over S10 in delivering base editor RNP. Following intratracheal aerosol delivery of Cy5-labeled peptide in rhesus macaques, we confirm delivery throughout the respiratory tract. Subsequently, we target CCR5 with co-administration of ABE8e-Cas9 RNP and S315. We achieve editing efficiencies of up-to 5.3% in rhesus airway epithelia. Moreover, we document persistence of edited epithelia for up to 12 months in mice. Finally, delivery of ABE8e-Cas9 targeting the CFTR R553X mutation restores anion channel function in cultured human airway epithelia. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of base editor delivery with S315 to functionally correct the CFTR R553X mutation in respiratory epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumba Traore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sajeev Kohli
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gavin Kurgan
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, USA
| | | | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P Yates
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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15
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Guild J, Juul NH, Andalon A, Taenaka H, Coffey RJ, Matthay MA, Desai TJ. Evidence for lung barrier regeneration by differentiation prior to binucleated and stem cell division. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202212088. [PMID: 37843535 PMCID: PMC10579698 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202212088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
With each breath, oxygen diffuses across remarkably thin alveolar type I (AT1) cells into underlying capillaries. Interspersed cuboidal AT2 cells produce surfactant and act as stem cells. Even transient disruption of this delicate barrier can promote capillary leak. Here, we selectively ablated AT1 cells, which uncovered rapid AT2 cell flattening with near-continuous barrier preservation, culminating in AT1 differentiation. Proliferation subsequently restored depleted AT2 cells in two phases, mitosis of binucleated AT2 cells followed by replication of mononucleated AT2 cells. M phase entry of binucleated and S phase entry of mononucleated cells were both triggered by AT1-produced hbEGF signaling via EGFR to Wnt-active AT2 cells. Repeated AT1 cell killing elicited exuberant AT2 proliferation, generating aberrant daughter cells that ceased surfactant function yet failed to achieve AT1 differentiation. This hyperplasia eventually resolved, yielding normal-appearing alveoli. Overall, this specialized regenerative program confers a delicate simple epithelium with functional resiliency on par with the physical durability of thicker, pseudostratified, or stratified epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Guild
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Juul
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andres Andalon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hiroki Taenaka
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tushar J. Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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16
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Trempus CS, Papas BN, Sifre MI, Bortner CD, Scappini E, Tucker CJ, Xu X, Johnson KL, Deterding LJ, Williams JG, Johnson DJ, Li JL, Sutton D, Ganta C, Mahapatra D, Arif M, Basu A, Pommerolle L, Cinar R, Perl AK, Garantziotis S. Functional Pdgfra fibroblast heterogeneity in normal and fibrotic mouse lung. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164380. [PMID: 37824216 PMCID: PMC10721331 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant fibroblast function plays a key role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a devastating disease of unrelenting extracellular matrix deposition in response to lung injury. Platelet-derived growth factor α-positive (Pdgfra+) lipofibroblasts (LipoFBs) are essential for lung injury response and maintenance of a functional alveolar stem cell niche. Little is known about the effects of lung injury on LipoFB function. Here, we used single-cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) technology and PdgfraGFP lineage tracing to generate a transcriptomic profile of Pdgfra+ fibroblasts in normal and injured mouse lungs 14 days after bleomycin exposure, generating 11 unique transcriptomic clusters that segregated according to treatment. While normal and injured LipoFBs shared a common gene signature, injured LipoFBs acquired fibrogenic pathway activity with an attenuation of lipogenic pathways. In a 3D organoid model, injured Pdgfra+ fibroblast-supported organoids were morphologically distinct from those cultured with normal fibroblasts, and scRNA-Seq analysis suggested distinct transcriptomic changes in alveolar epithelia supported by injured Pdgfra+ fibroblasts. In summary, while LipoFBs in injured lung have not migrated from their niche and retain their lipogenic identity, they acquire a potentially reversible fibrogenic profile, which may alter the kinetics of epithelial regeneration and potentially contribute to dysregulated repair, leading to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Xu
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katina L. Johnson
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Leesa J. Deterding
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason G. Williams
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Deloris Sutton
- Comparative & Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Translational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charan Ganta
- Comparative & Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Translational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Inotiv, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Arif
- Section on Fibrotic Disorders, and
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anne K. Perl
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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17
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Zhang X, Ali M, Pantuck MA, Yang X, Lin CR, Bahmed K, Kosmider B, Tian Y. CD8 T cell response and its released cytokine IFN-γ are necessary for lung alveolar epithelial repair during bacterial pneumonia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268078. [PMID: 37954603 PMCID: PMC10639165 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alveolar epithelial regeneration depends on the activity of resident quiescent progenitor cells. Alveolar epithelial type II (AT2) cells are known as the alveolar epithelial progenitor cells. They exit quiescent state, proliferate rapidly in response to injury and differentiate into alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cells to regenerate the damaged alveolar epithelium. Although AT2 cell plasticity has been a very intense field of research, the role of CD8 T cell response and their released cytokine IFN-γ, in regulating AT2 cell plasticity and alveolar epithelial repair and regeneration after injury remains largely unknown. Methods We used flow cytometry to quantify the amount of CD8 T cells in mouse lungs after bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. To determine whether CD8 T cells and their released cytokine IFN-γ are necessary for AT2 cell activity during alveolar epithelial regeneration, we performed loss of function studies using anti-CD8 or anti-IFN-γ monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment in vivo. We assessed the effects of CD8 T cells and cytokine IFN-γ on AT2 cell differentiation capacity using the AT2- CD8 T cell co-culture system in vitro. Results We detected a transient wave of accumulation of CD8 T cells in mouse lungs, which coincided with the burst of AT2 cell proliferation during alveolar epithelial repair and regeneration in mice following bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Depletion of CD8 T cells or neutralization of cytokine IFN-γ using anti-CD8 or anti-IFN-γ monoclonal antibody significantly reduced AT2 cell proliferation and differentiation into AT1 cells in mice after bacterial pneumonia. Furthermore, co-culture of CD8 T cells or cytokine IFN-γ with AT2 cells promoted AT2-to-AT1 cell differentiation in both murine and human systems. Conversely, blockade of IFN-γ signaling abrogated the increase in AT2-to-AT1 cell differentiation in the AT2- CD8 T cell co-culture system. Discussion Our data demonstrate that CD8 T-cell response and cytokine IFN-γ are necessary for promoting AT2 cell activity during alveolar epithelial repair and regeneration after acute lung injury caused by bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Aging and Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mir Ali
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Aging and Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Morgan Alexandra Pantuck
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Aging and Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lemole Center for Integrated Lymphatics and Vascular Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Chih-Ru Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karim Bahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Beata Kosmider
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Inflammation and Lung Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Aging and Cardiovascular Discovery Center, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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18
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Hassan D, Chen J. CEBPA restricts alveolar type 2 cell plasticity during development and injury-repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.10.561625. [PMID: 37873326 PMCID: PMC10592726 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.10.561625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cell plasticity theoretically extends to all possible cell types, but naturally decreases as cells differentiate, whereas injury-repair re-engages the developmental plasticity. Here we show that the lung alveolar type 2 (AT2)-specific transcription factor (TF), CEBPA, restricts AT2 cell plasticity in the mouse lung. AT2 cells undergo transcriptional and epigenetic maturation postnatally. Without CEBPA, both neonatal and mature AT2 cells reduce the AT2 program, but only the former reactivate the SOX9 progenitor program. Sendai virus infection bestows mature AT2 cells with neonatal plasticity where Cebpa mutant, but not wild type, AT2 cells express SOX9, as well as more readily proliferate and form KRT8/CLDN4+ transitional cells. CEBPA promotes the AT2 program by recruiting the lung lineage TF NKX2-1. The temporal change in CEBPA-dependent plasticity reflects AT2 cell developmental history. The ontogeny of AT2 cell plasticity and its transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms have implications in lung regeneration and cancer.
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19
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Weckerle J, Mayr CH, Fundel-Clemens K, Lämmle B, Boryn L, Thomas MJ, Bretschneider T, Luippold AH, Huber HJ, Viollet C, Rist W, Veyel D, Ramirez F, Klee S, Kästle M. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Changes Driving Pulmonary Fibrosis Resolution in Young and Old Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:422-440. [PMID: 37411041 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0012oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice mimics major hallmarks of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Yet in this model, it spontaneously resolves over time. We studied molecular mechanisms of fibrosis resolution and lung repair, focusing on transcriptional and proteomic signatures and the effect of aging. Old mice showed incomplete and delayed lung function recovery 8 weeks after bleomycin instillation. This shift in structural and functional repair in old bleomycin-treated mice was reflected in a temporal shift in gene and protein expression. We reveal gene signatures and signaling pathways that underpin the lung repair process. Importantly, the downregulation of WNT, BMP, and TGFβ antagonists Frzb, Sfrp1, Dkk2, Grem1, Fst, Fstl1, and Inhba correlated with lung function improvement. Those genes constitute a network with functions in stem cell pathways, wound, and pulmonary healing. We suggest that insufficient and delayed downregulation of those antagonists during fibrosis resolution in old mice explains the impaired regenerative outcome. Together, we identified signaling pathway molecules with relevance to lung regeneration that should be tested in-depth experimentally as potential therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bärbel Lämmle
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, and
| | | | | | - Tom Bretschneider
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | - Andreas H Luippold
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Rist
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | - Daniel Veyel
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | - Fidel Ramirez
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, and
| | - Stephan Klee
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research
| | - Marc Kästle
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research
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20
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Li S, Liberti D, Zhou S, Ying Y, Kong J, Basil MC, Cardenas-Diaz FL, Shiraishi K, Morley MP, Morrisey EE. DOT1L regulates lung developmental epithelial cell fate and adult alveolar stem cell differentiation after acute injury. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1841-1853. [PMID: 37595582 PMCID: PMC10545485 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AT2 cells harbor alveolar stem cell activity in the lung and can self-renew and differentiate into AT1 cells during homeostasis and after injury. To identify epigenetic pathways that control the AT2-AT1 regenerative response in the lung, we performed an organoid screen using a library of pharmacological epigenetic inhibitors. This screen identified DOT1L as a regulator of AT2 cell growth and differentiation. In vivo inactivation of Dot1l leads to precocious activation of both AT1 and AT2 gene expression during lung development and accelerated AT1 cell differentiation after acute lung injury. Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals the presence of a new AT2 cell state upon loss of Dot1l, characterized by increased expression of oxidative phosphorylation genes and changes in expression of critical transcription and epigenetic factors. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Dot1l controls the rate of alveolar epithelial cell fate acquisition during development and regeneration after acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanru Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Derek Liberti
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yun Ying
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Kong
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria C Basil
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fabian L Cardenas-Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kazushige Shiraishi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Naik A, Forrest KM, Paul O, Issah Y, Valekunja UK, Tang SY, Reddy AB, Hennessy EJ, Brooks TG, Chaudhry F, Babu A, Morley M, Zepp JA, Grant GR, FitzGerald GA, Sehgal A, Worthen GS, Frank DB, Morrisey EE, Sengupta S. Circadian regulation of lung repair and regeneration. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164720. [PMID: 37463053 PMCID: PMC10543710 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal lung repair and regeneration are essential for recovery from viral infections, including influenza A virus (IAV). We have previously demonstrated that acute inflammation and mortality induced by IAV is under circadian control. However, it is not known whether the influence of the circadian clock persists beyond the acute outcomes. Here, we utilize the UK Biobank to demonstrate an association between poor circadian rhythms and morbidity from lower respiratory tract infections, including the need for hospitalization and mortality after discharge; this persists even after adjusting for common confounding factors. Furthermore, we use a combination of lung organoid assays, single-cell RNA sequencing, and IAV infection in different models of clock disruption to investigate the role of the circadian clock in lung repair and regeneration. We show that lung organoids have a functional circadian clock and the disruption of this clock impairs regenerative capacity. Finally, we find that the circadian clock acts through distinct pathways in mediating lung regeneration - in tracheal cells via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and through IL-1β in alveolar epithelial cells. We speculate that adding a circadian dimension to the critical process of lung repair and regeneration will lead to novel therapies and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Naik
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Oindrila Paul
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yasmine Issah
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Utham K. Valekunja
- Systems Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Soon Y. Tang
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), and
| | - Akhilesh B. Reddy
- Systems Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), and
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Thomas G. Brooks
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), and
| | - Fatima Chaudhry
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory R. Grant
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), and
- Department of Genetics
| | - Garret A. FitzGerald
- Systems Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), and
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics (ITMAT), and
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, and
| | - G. Scott Worthen
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Systems Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David B. Frank
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Systems Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shaon Sengupta
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Systems Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Pediatrics
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22
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Marega M, El-Merhie N, Gökyildirim MY, Orth V, Bellusci S, Chao CM. Stem/Progenitor Cells and Related Therapy in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11229. [PMID: 37446407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease commonly seen in preterm infants, and is triggered by infection, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen toxicity. Among other problems, lifelong limitations in lung function and impaired psychomotor development may result. Despite major advances in understanding the disease pathologies, successful interventions are still limited to only a few drug therapies with a restricted therapeutic benefit, and which sometimes have significant side effects. As a more promising therapeutic option, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been in focus for several years due to their anti-inflammatory effects and their secretion of growth and development promoting factors. Preclinical studies provide evidence in that MSCs have the potential to contribute to the repair of lung injuries. This review provides an overview of MSCs, and other stem/progenitor cells present in the lung, their identifying characteristics, and their differentiation potential, including cytokine/growth factor involvement. Furthermore, animal studies and clinical trials using stem cells or their secretome are reviewed. To bring MSC-based therapeutic options further to clinical use, standardized protocols are needed, and upcoming side effects must be critically evaluated. To fill these gaps of knowledge, the MSCs' behavior and the effects of their secretome have to be examined in more (pre-) clinical studies, from which only few have been designed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Marega
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Natalia El-Merhie
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Mira Y Gökyildirim
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Valerie Orth
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Cho-Ming Chao
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Clinical and Translational Research (CCTR), Helios University Hospital Wuppertal, Witten/Herdecke University, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
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23
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Juul NH, Yoon JK, Martinez MC, Rishi N, Kazadaeva YI, Morri M, Neff NF, Trope WL, Shrager JB, Sinha R, Desai TJ. KRAS(G12D) drives lepidic adenocarcinoma through stem-cell reprogramming. Nature 2023; 619:860-867. [PMID: 37468622 PMCID: PMC10423036 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers originate from stem or progenitor cells hijacked by somatic mutations that drive replication, exemplified by adenomatous transformation of pulmonary alveolar epithelial type II (AT2) cells1. Here we demonstrate a different scenario: expression of KRAS(G12D) in differentiated AT1 cells reprograms them slowly and asynchronously back into AT2 stem cells that go on to generate indolent tumours. Like human lepidic adenocarcinoma, the tumour cells slowly spread along alveolar walls in a non-destructive manner and have low ERK activity. We find that AT1 and AT2 cells act as distinct cells of origin and manifest divergent responses to concomitant WNT activation and KRAS(G12D) induction, which accelerates AT2-derived but inhibits AT1-derived adenoma proliferation. Augmentation of ERK activity in KRAS(G12D)-induced AT1 cells increases transformation efficiency, proliferation and progression from lepidic to mixed tumour histology. Overall, we have identified a new cell of origin for lung adenocarcinoma, the AT1 cell, which recapitulates features of human lepidic cancer. In so doing, we also uncover a capacity for oncogenic KRAS to reprogram a differentiated and quiescent cell back into its parent stem cell en route to adenomatous transformation. Our work further reveals that irrespective of a given cancer's current molecular profile and driver oncogene, the cell of origin exerts a pervasive and perduring influence on its subsequent behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H Juul
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Ki Yoon
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marina C Martinez
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neha Rishi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yana I Kazadaeva
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Winston L Trope
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph B Shrager
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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24
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Boo HJ, Min HY, Park CS, Park JS, Jeong JY, Lee SY, Kim WY, Lee JW, Oh SR, Park RW, Lee HY. Dual Impact of IGF2 on Alveolar Stem Cell Function during Tobacco-Induced Injury Repair and Development of Pulmonary Emphysema and Cancer. Cancer Res 2023; 83:1782-1799. [PMID: 36971490 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary emphysema is a destructive inflammatory disease primarily caused by cigarette smoking (CS). Recovery from CS-induced injury requires proper stem cell (SC) activities with a tightly controlled balance of proliferation and differentiation. Here we show that acute alveolar injury induced by two representative tobacco carcinogens, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and benzo[a]pyrene (N/B), increased IGF2 expression in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells to promote their SC function and facilitate alveolar regeneration. Autocrine IGF2 signaling upregulated Wnt genes, particularly Wnt3, to stimulate AT2 proliferation and alveolar barrier regeneration after N/B-induced acute injury. In contrast, repetitive N/B exposure provoked sustained IGF2-Wnt signaling through DNMT3A-mediated epigenetic control of IGF2 expression, causing a proliferation/differentiation imbalance in AT2s and development of emphysema and cancer. Hypermethylation of the IGF2 promoter and overexpression of DNMT3A, IGF2, and the Wnt target gene AXIN2 were seen in the lungs of patients with CS-associated emphysema and cancer. Pharmacologic or genetic approaches targeting IGF2-Wnt signaling or DNMT prevented the development of N/B-induced pulmonary diseases. These findings support dual roles of AT2 cells, which can either stimulate alveolar repair or promote emphysema and cancer depending on IGF2 expression levels. SIGNIFICANCE IGF2-Wnt signaling plays a key role in AT2-mediated alveolar repair after cigarette smoking-induced injury but also drives pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema and cancer when hyperactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Boo
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Min
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Park
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sook Park
- Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rang-Woon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, and Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Hutchison V, Lynch A, Gamez AMG, Chen J. An inducible tricolor reporter mouse for simultaneous imaging of lysosomes, mitochondria and microtubules. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541817. [PMID: 37293075 PMCID: PMC10245888 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-type-specific use of the same DNA blueprint generates diverse cell types. Such diversity must also be executed via differential deployment of the same subcellular machinery. However, our understanding of the size, distribution, and dynamics of subcellular machinery in native tissues, and their connection to cellular diversity, remain limited. We generate and characterize an inducible tricolor reporter mouse, dubbed "kaleidoscope", for simultaneous imaging of lysosomes, mitochondria and microtubules in any cell type and at a single cell resolution. The expected subcellular compartments are labeled in culture and in tissues with no impact on cellular and organismal viability. Quantitative and live imaging of the tricolor reporter captures cell-type-specific organelle features and kinetics in the lung, as well as their changes after Sendai virus infection. Yap/Taz mutant lung epithelial cells undergo accelerated lamellar body maturation, a subcellular manifestation of their molecular defects. A comprehensive toolbox of reporters for all subcellular structures is expected to transform our understanding of cell biology in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Hutchison
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anne Lynch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
- Graduate Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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26
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Damianos A, Kalinichenko VV. Hedgehog and Platelet-derived Growth Factor Collaborate to Guide Fibroblasts during Alveolarization. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:472-474. [PMID: 36796088 PMCID: PMC10174160 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0031ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Damianos
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Vladimir V Kalinichenko
- Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology Perinatal Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Center of Lung Regenerative Medicine Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio
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27
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Deguchi K, Zambaiti E, De Coppi P. Regenerative medicine: current research and perspective in pediatric surgery. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:167. [PMID: 37014468 PMCID: PMC10073065 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine, encompassing several disciplines including stem cell biology and tissue engineering, continues to advance with the accumulating research on cell manipulation technologies, gene therapy and new materials. Recent progress in preclinical and clinical studies may transcend the boundaries of regenerative medicine from laboratory research towards clinical reality. However, for the ultimate goal to construct bioengineered transplantable organs, a number of issues still need to be addressed. In particular, engineering of elaborate tissues and organs requires a fine combination of different relevant aspects; not only the repopulation of multiple cell phenotypes in an appropriate distribution but also the adjustment of the host environmental factors such as vascularisation, innervation and immunomodulation. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of the recent discoveries and development in stem cells and tissue engineering, which are inseparably interconnected. The current status of research on tissue stem cells and bioengineering, and the possibilities for application in specific organs relevant to paediatric surgery have been specifically focused and outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Deguchi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elisa Zambaiti
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- UOC Chirurgia Pediatrica, Ospedale Infantile Regina Margherita, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
- NIHR BRC SNAPS Great Ormond Street Hospitals, London, UK.
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Section, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
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28
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Shiraishi K, Shah PP, Morley MP, Loebel C, Santini GT, Katzen J, Basil MC, Lin SM, Planer JD, Cantu E, Jones DL, Nottingham AN, Li S, Cardenas-Diaz FL, Zhou S, Burdick JA, Jain R, Morrisey EE. Biophysical forces mediated by respiration maintain lung alveolar epithelial cell fate. Cell 2023; 186:1478-1492.e15. [PMID: 36870331 PMCID: PMC10065960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Lungs undergo mechanical strain during breathing, but how these biophysical forces affect cell fate and tissue homeostasis are unclear. We show that biophysical forces through normal respiratory motion actively maintain alveolar type 1 (AT1) cell identity and restrict these cells from reprogramming into AT2 cells in the adult lung. AT1 cell fate is maintained at homeostasis by Cdc42- and Ptk2-mediated actin remodeling and cytoskeletal strain, and inactivation of these pathways causes a rapid reprogramming into the AT2 cell fate. This plasticity induces chromatin reorganization and changes in nuclear lamina-chromatin interactions, which can discriminate AT1 and AT2 cell identity. Unloading the biophysical forces of breathing movements leads to AT1-AT2 cell reprogramming, revealing that normal respiration is essential to maintain alveolar epithelial cell fate. These data demonstrate the integral function of mechanotransduction in maintaining lung cell fate and identifies the AT1 cell as an important mechanosensor in the alveolar niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushige Shiraishi
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Parisha P Shah
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia Loebel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Garrett T Santini
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy Katzen
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria C Basil
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan M Lin
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph D Planer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Cantu
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dakota L Jones
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana N Nottingham
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shanru Li
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fabian L Cardenas-Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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29
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Wang C, Hyams B, Allen NC, Cautivo K, Monahan K, Zhou M, Dahlgren MW, Lizama CO, Matthay M, Wolters P, Molofsky AB, Peng T. Dysregulated lung stroma drives emphysema exacerbation by potentiating resident lymphocytes to suppress an epithelial stem cell reservoir. Immunity 2023; 56:576-591.e10. [PMID: 36822205 PMCID: PMC10578134 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant tissue-immune interactions are the hallmark of diverse chronic lung diseases. Here, we sought to define these interactions in emphysema, a progressive disease characterized by infectious exacerbations and loss of alveolar epithelium. Single-cell analysis of human emphysema lungs revealed the expansion of tissue-resident lymphocytes (TRLs). Murine studies identified a stromal niche for TRLs that expresses Hhip, a disease-variant gene downregulated in emphysema. Stromal-specific deletion of Hhip induced the topographic expansion of TRLs in the lung that was mediated by a hyperactive hedgehog-IL-7 axis. 3D immune-stem cell organoids and animal models of viral exacerbations demonstrated that expanded TRLs suppressed alveolar stem cell growth through interferon gamma (IFNγ). Finally, we uncovered an IFNγ-sensitive subset of human alveolar stem cells that was preferentially lost in emphysema. Thus, we delineate a stromal-lymphocyte-epithelial stem cell axis in the lung that is modified by a disease-variant gene and confers host susceptibility to emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Ben Hyams
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nancy C Allen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly Cautivo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kiara Monahan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Minqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Madelene W Dahlgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Carlos O Lizama
- Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Michael Matthay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Paul Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ari B Molofsky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Tien Peng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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30
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Dada LA, Welch LC, Magnani ND, Ren Z, Han H, Brazee PL, Celli D, Flozak AS, Weng A, Herrerias MM, Kryvenko V, Vadász I, Runyan CE, Abdala-Valencia H, Shigemura M, Casalino-Matsuda SM, Misharin AV, Budinger GS, Gottardi CJ, Sznajder JI. Hypercapnia alters stroma-derived Wnt production to limit β-catenin signaling and proliferation in AT2 cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e159331. [PMID: 36626234 PMCID: PMC9977495 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent symptoms and radiographic abnormalities suggestive of failed lung repair are among the most common symptoms in patients with COVID-19 after hospital discharge. In mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, low tidal volumes to reduce ventilator-induced lung injury necessarily elevate blood CO2 levels, often leading to hypercapnia. The role of hypercapnia on lung repair after injury is not completely understood. Here - using a mouse model of hypercapnia exposure, cell lineage tracing, spatial transcriptomics, and 3D cultures - we show that hypercapnia limits β-catenin signaling in alveolar type II (AT2) cells, leading to their reduced proliferative capacity. Hypercapnia alters expression of major Wnts in PDGFRα+ fibroblasts from those maintaining AT2 progenitor activity toward those that antagonize β-catenin signaling, thereby limiting progenitor function. Constitutive activation of β-catenin signaling in AT2 cells or treatment of organoid cultures with recombinant WNT3A protein bypasses the inhibitory effects of hypercapnia. Inhibition of AT2 proliferation in patients with hypercapnia may contribute to impaired lung repair after injury, preventing sealing of the epithelial barrier and increasing lung flooding, ventilator dependency, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Dada
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lynn C. Welch
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalia D. Magnani
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ziyou Ren
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hyebin Han
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Patricia L. Brazee
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Diego Celli
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Annette S. Flozak
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anthea Weng
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mariana Maciel Herrerias
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vitalii Kryvenko
- Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
| | - István Vadász
- Justus Liebig University, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Giessen, Germany
- The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
| | - Constance E. Runyan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Masahiko Shigemura
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Alexander V. Misharin
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - G.R. Scott Budinger
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cara J. Gottardi
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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31
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Kulhankova K, Traore S, Cheng X, Benk-Fortin H, Hallée S, Harvey M, Roberge J, Couture F, Gross T, Newby G, Liu D, Tarantal A, Guay D, McCray P. Shuttle Peptide Delivers Base Editor RNPs to Rhesus Monkey Airway Epithelial Cells In Vivo. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2540755. [PMID: 36824928 PMCID: PMC9949254 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2540755/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing strategies for cystic fibrosis are challenged by the complex barrier properties of airway epithelia. We previously reported that the amphiphilic S10 shuttle peptide non-covalently combined with CRISPR-associated (Cas) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) enabled editing of human and mouse airway epithelial cells. Here, to improve base editor RNP delivery, we optimized S10 to derive the S315 peptide. Following intratracheal aerosol of Cy5-labeled peptide cargo in rhesus macaques, we confirmed delivery throughout the respiratory tract. Subsequently, we targeted CCR5 with co-administration of ABE8e-Cas9 RNP and S315. We achieved editing efficiencies of up to 5.3% in rhesus airway epithelia. Moreover, we documented persistence of edited epithelia for up to 12 months in mice. Finally, delivery of ABE8e-Cas9 targeting the CFTR R553X mutation restored anion channel function in cultured human airway epithelial cells. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of base editor delivery with S315 to functionally correct the CFTR R553X mutation in respiratory epithelia.
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32
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Sierra I, Pyfrom S, Weiner A, Zhao G, Driscoll A, Yu X, Gregory BD, Vaughan AE, Anguera MC. Unusual X chromosome inactivation maintenance in female alveolar type 2 cells is correlated with increased numbers of X-linked escape genes and sex-biased gene expression. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:489-502. [PMID: 36638790 PMCID: PMC9968984 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex differences exist for many lung pathologies, including COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis, but the mechanistic basis for this remains unclear. Alveolar type 2 cells (AT2s), which play a key role in alveolar lung regeneration, express the X-linked Ace2 gene that has roles in lung repair and SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, suggesting that X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in AT2s might impact sex-biased lung pathology. Here we investigate XCI maintenance and sex-specific gene expression profiles using male and female AT2s. Remarkably, the inactive X chromosome (Xi) lacks robust canonical Xist RNA "clouds" and less enrichment of heterochromatic modifications in human and mouse AT2s. We demonstrate that about 68% of expressed X-linked genes in mouse AT2s, including Ace2, escape XCI. There are genome-wide expression differences between male and female AT2s, likely influencing both lung physiology and pathophysiologic responses. These studies support a renewed focus on AT2s as a potential contributor to sex-biased differences in lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Sierra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Pyfrom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron Weiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Driscoll
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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33
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Liu D, Xu C, Jiang L, Zhu X. Pulmonary endogenous progenitor stem cell subpopulation: Physiology, pathogenesis, and progress. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2023; 3:38-51. [PMID: 36789358 PMCID: PMC9924023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lungs are structurally and functionally complex organs consisting of diverse cell types from the proximal to distal axis. They have direct contact with the external environment and are constantly at risk of various injuries. Capable to proliferate and differentiate, pulmonary endogenous progenitor stem cells contribute to the maintenance of lung structure and function both under homeostasis and following injuries. Discovering candidate pulmonary endogenous progenitor stem cell types and underlying regenerative mechanisms provide insights into therapeutic strategy development for lung diseases. In this review, we reveal their compositions, roles in lung disease pathogenesis and injury repair, and the underlying mechanisms. We further underline the advanced progress in research approach and potential therapy for lung regeneration. We also demonstrate the feasibility and prospects of pulmonary endogenous stem cell transplantation for lung disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chufan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Navy Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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34
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Weiner AI, Zhao G, Zayas HM, Holcomb NP, Adams-Tzivelekidis S, Wong J, Gentile ME, Reddy D, Wei J, Palashikar G, Quansah KK, Vaughan AE. ΔNp63 drives dysplastic alveolar remodeling and restricts epithelial plasticity upon severe lung injury. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111805. [PMID: 36516758 PMCID: PMC9808897 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung exhibits a robust, multifaceted regenerative response to severe injuries such as influenza infection, during which quiescent lung-resident epithelial progenitors participate in two distinct reparative pathways: functionally beneficial regeneration via alveolar type 2 (AT2) cell proliferation and differentiation, and dysplastic tissue remodeling via intrapulmonary airway-resident basal p63+ progenitors. Here we show that the basal cell transcription factor ΔNp63 is required for intrapulmonary basal progenitors to participate in dysplastic alveolar remodeling following injury. We find that ΔNp63 restricts the plasticity of intrapulmonary basal progenitors by maintaining either active or repressive histone modifications at key differentiation gene loci. Following loss of ΔNp63, intrapulmonary basal progenitors are capable of either airway or alveolar differentiation depending on their surrounding environment both in vitro and in vivo. Uncovering these regulatory mechanisms of dysplastic repair and lung basal cell fate choice highlight potential therapeutic targets to promote functional alveolar regeneration following severe lung injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron I Weiner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hanna M Zayas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolas P Holcomb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Stephanie Adams-Tzivelekidis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joanna Wong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria E Gentile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dyuthi Reddy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joey Wei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gargi Palashikar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kwaku K Quansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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35
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Alsafadi HN, Stegmayr J, Ptasinski V, Silva I, Mittendorfer M, Murray LA, Wagner DE. Simultaneous isolation of proximal and distal lung progenitor cells from individual mice using a 3D printed guide reduces proximal cell contamination of distal lung epithelial cell isolations. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2718-2731. [PMID: 36460000 PMCID: PMC9768627 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium consists of multiple, functionally distinct cell types and is maintained by regionally specific progenitor populations that repair the epithelium following injury. Several in vitro methods exist for studying lung epithelial repair using primary murine lung cells, but isolation methods are hampered by a lack of surface markers distinguishing epithelial progenitors along the respiratory epithelium. Here, we developed a 3D printed lobe divider (3DLD) to aid in simultaneous isolation of proximal versus distal lung epithelial progenitors from individual mice that give rise to differentiated epithelia in multiple in vitro assays. In contrast to 3DLD-isolated distal progenitor cells, commonly used manual tracheal ligation methods followed by lobe removal resulted in co-isolation of rare proximal cells with distal cells, which altered the transcriptional landscape and size distribution of distal organoids. The 3DLD aids in reproducible isolation of distal versus proximal progenitor populations and minimizes the potential for contaminating populations to confound in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani N. Alsafadi
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - John Stegmayr
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Victoria Ptasinski
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iran Silva
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Mittendorfer
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lynne A. Murray
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden,Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Darcy E. Wagner
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Stem Cell Center, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Corresponding author
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36
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Chen H, Durinck S, Patel H, Foreman O, Mesh K, Eastham J, Caothien R, Newman RJ, Roose-Girma M, Darmanis S, Warming S, Lattanzi A, Liang Y, Haley B. Population-wide gene disruption in the murine lung epithelium via AAV-mediated delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 components. MOLECULAR THERAPY - METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2022; 27:431-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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37
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Wang H, Zeng C, Luo G, Sun Y, Zhang J, Xu Z, Guo Y, Ye H, Mao J, Chen S, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Vidal Melo MF, Fang X. Macrophage ferroportin serves as a therapeutic target against bacteria-induced acute lung injury by promoting barrier restoration. iScience 2022; 25:105698. [PMID: 36567719 PMCID: PMC9768356 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common lung disorder that involves severe inflammatory damage in the pulmonary barrier, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we demonstrated that pulmonary macrophages originating from ARDS patients and mice caused by bacteria were characterized by increased expression of ferroportin (FPN). Specifically deleting FPN in myeloid cells conferred significant resistance to bacterial infection with improved survival by decreasing extracellular bacterial growth and preserving pulmonary barrier integrity in mice. Mechanistically, macrophage FPN deficiency not only limited the availability of iron to bacteria, but also promoted tissue restoration via growth factor amphiregulin, which is regulated by cellular iron-activated Yes-associated protein signaling. Furthermore, pharmacological treatment with C-Hep, the self-assembled N-terminally cholesterylated minihepcidin that functions in the degradation of macrophage FPN, protected against bacteria-induced lung injury. Therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting the hepcidin-FPN axis in macrophages may be promising for the clinical treatment of acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Congli Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yaqi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuqian Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiali Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Marcos F. Vidal Melo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiangming Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China,Corresponding author
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38
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Brownfield DG, de Arce AD, Ghelfi E, Gillich A, Desai TJ, Krasnow MA. Alveolar cell fate selection and lifelong maintenance of AT2 cells by FGF signaling. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7137. [PMID: 36414616 PMCID: PMC9681748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung's gas exchange surface is comprised of alveolar AT1 and AT2 cells that are corrupted in several common and deadly diseases. They arise from a bipotent progenitor whose differentiation is thought to be dictated by differential mechanical forces. Here we show the critical determinant is FGF signaling. Fgfr2 is expressed in the developing progenitors in mouse then restricts to nascent AT2 cells and remains on throughout life. Its ligands are expressed in surrounding mesenchyme and can, in the absence of exogenous mechanical cues, induce progenitors to form alveolospheres with intermingled AT2 and AT1 cells. FGF signaling directly and cell autonomously specifies AT2 fate; progenitors lacking Fgfr2 in vitro and in vivo exclusively acquire AT1 fate. Fgfr2 loss in AT2 cells perinatally results in reprogramming to AT1 identity, whereas loss or inhibition later in life triggers AT2 apoptosis and compensatory regeneration. We propose that Fgfr2 signaling selects AT2 fate during development, induces a cell non-autonomous AT1 differentiation signal, then continuously maintains AT2 identity and survival throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Brownfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5307, USA.
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Alex Diaz de Arce
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5307, USA
| | - Elisa Ghelfi
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences Program, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Astrid Gillich
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5307, USA
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5307, USA.
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Ghosh B, Loube J, Thapa S, Ryan H, Capodanno E, Chen D, Swaby C, Chen S, Mahmud S, Girgis M, Nishida K, Ying L, Chengala PP, Tieng E, Burnim M, Wally A, Bhowmik D, Zaykaner M, Yeung-Luk B, Mitzner W, Biswal S, Sidhaye VK. Loss of E-cadherin is causal to pathologic changes in chronic lung disease. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1149. [PMID: 36309587 PMCID: PMC9617938 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04150-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line the lung mucosal surface and are the first line of defense against toxic exposures to environmental insults, and their integrity is critical to lung health. An early finding in the lung epithelium of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the loss of a key component of the adherens junction protein called E-cadherin. The cause of this decrease is not known and could be due to luminal insults or structural changes in the small airways. Irrespective, it is unknown whether the loss of E-cadherin is a marker or a driver of disease. Here we report that loss of E-cadherin is causal to the development of chronic lung disease. Using cell-type-specific promoters, we find that knockout of E-cadherin in alveolar epithelial type II but not type 1 cells in adult mouse models results in airspace enlargement. Furthermore, the knockout of E-cadherin in airway ciliated cells, but not club cells, increase airway hyperreactivity. We demonstrate that strategies to upregulate E-cadherin rescue monolayer integrity and serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishakhi Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Loube
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shreeti Thapa
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hurley Ryan
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Daniel Chen
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Si Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Saborny Mahmud
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Kristine Nishida
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linyan Ying
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Respiration, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pratulya Pragadaraju Chengala
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ethan Tieng
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Burnim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ara Wally
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debarshi Bhowmik
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Zaykaner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bonnie Yeung-Luk
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wayne Mitzner
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Venkataramana K Sidhaye
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Promises and Challenges of Cell-Based Therapies to Promote Lung Regeneration in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162595. [PMID: 36010671 PMCID: PMC9406501 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung epithelium is constantly exposed to harmful agents present in the air that we breathe making it highly susceptible to damage. However, in instances of injury to the lung, it exhibits a remarkable capacity to regenerate injured tissue thanks to the presence of distinct stem and progenitor cell populations along the airway and alveolar epithelium. Mechanisms of repair are affected in chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a progressive life-threatening disorder characterized by the loss of alveolar structures, wherein excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components cause the distortion of tissue architecture that limits lung function and impairs tissue repair. Here, we review the most recent findings of a study of epithelial cells with progenitor behavior that contribute to tissue repair as well as the mechanisms involved in mouse and human lung regeneration. In addition, we describe therapeutic strategies to promote or induce lung regeneration and the cell-based strategies tested in clinical trials for the treatment of IPF. Finally, we discuss the challenges, concerns and limitations of applying these therapies of cell transplantation in IPF patients. Further research is still required to develop successful strategies focused on cell-based therapies to promote lung regeneration to restore lung architecture and function.
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Ahmed AR, Aksoy M, Kinane TB. Pemphigoid of the pulmonary system (POPS): A review of a less recognized feature. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2022; 21:103180. [PMID: 35981700 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
This review of Pemphigoid of the Pulmonary System (POPS) is a comprehensive description of pulmonary involvement in patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP), which is an orphan autoimmune blistering disease. The objective of the review was to analyze clinical features of pulmonary involvement in MMP. This POPS review is a case series in which multiple search engines were utilized from inception to June 2022 for cases of MMP with biopsy and immunopathology proven tracheal and bronchial pemphigoid. Clinical profiles prior to pulmonary involvement, bronchoscopy findings, clinical course and therapy were recorded and cause of death was analyzed. Patients with documented MMP who developed tracheal, bronchial and pulmonary involvement were included in the POPS review. Histology and immunopathology documentation were essential diagnostic criteria. Comparison groups were not possible. Patients were treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Some required surgical interventions. Six of the 11 patients attained complete or partial remission on or off therapy. Five patients died from pulmonary complications. The POPS review had six females and five males. The mean age at onset was 20 years (range 4-76), while 80% of the patients were under 40 years. All had severe widespread MMP involving three to five mucosal tissues. 100% had oral, 82% had ocular and cutaneous involvement. Pulmonary involvement occurred at 24 mo (range 2-372) after the onset of MMP. Bronchoscopy revealed acute inflammation during active disease and scarring of the trachea and bronchi in the later stages. Systemic infections occurred in 45%, while pulmonary infection occurred in 36%. Mortality due to respiratory failure, at the median age of 20 years (range 18-76), occurred in 45% of the patients, and was considered disease related. In spite of the young age, while there are some similarities in the clinical profile and response to systemic therapy, there are definitive differences from other patients with MMP. Early diagnosis with appropriate management could produce better clinical outcomes and prevent mortality in this orphan disease. Consequently, there is a critical need for early identification and diagnosis of POPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Razzaque Ahmed
- Center for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Merve Aksoy
- Center for Blistering Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Bernard Kinane
- Chief Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Mass General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Chen Y, Toth R, Chocarro S, Weichenhan D, Hey J, Lutsik P, Sawall S, Stathopoulos GT, Plass C, Sotillo R. Club cells employ regeneration mechanisms during lung tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4557. [PMID: 35931677 PMCID: PMC9356049 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The high plasticity of lung epithelial cells, has for many years, confounded the correct identification of the cell-of-origin of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. Here, we employ lineage-tracing mouse models to investigate the cell of origin of Eml4-Alk LUAD, and show that Club and Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells give rise to tumours. We focus on Club cell originated tumours and find that Club cells experience an epigenetic switch by which they lose their lineage fidelity and gain an AT2-like phenotype after oncogenic transformation. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses identified two trajectories of Club cell evolution which are similar to the ones used during lung regeneration, suggesting that lung epithelial cells leverage on their plasticity and intrinsic regeneration mechanisms to give rise to a tumour. Together, this study highlights the role of Club cells in LUAD initiation, identifies the mechanism of Club cell lineage infidelity, confirms the presence of these features in human tumours, and unveils key mechanisms conferring LUAD heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chen
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reka Toth
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Bioinformatics Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Sara Chocarro
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Weichenhan
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joschka Hey
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavlo Lutsik
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Sawall
- X-Ray Imaging and CT, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease (iLBD), Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Plass
- Division of Cancer Epigenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TRLC), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rocio Sotillo
- Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TRLC), Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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43
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Liberti DC, Liberti Iii WA, Kremp MM, Penkala IJ, Cardenas-Diaz FL, Morley MP, Babu A, Zhou S, Fernandez Iii RJ, Morrisey EE. Klf5 defines alveolar epithelial type 1 cell lineage commitment during lung development and regeneration. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1742-1757.e5. [PMID: 35803279 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial cell fate decisions drive lung development and regeneration. Using transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling coupled with genetic mouse and organoid models, we identified the transcription factor Klf5 as an essential determinant of alveolar epithelial cell fate across the lifespan. We show that although dispensable for both adult alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) and alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cell homeostasis, Klf5 enforces AT1 cell lineage fidelity during development. Using infectious and non-infectious models of acute respiratory distress syndrome, we demonstrate that Klf5 represses AT2 cell proliferation and enhances AT2-AT1 cell differentiation in a spatially restricted manner during lung regeneration. Moreover, ex vivo organoid assays identify that Klf5 reduces AT2 cell sensitivity to inflammatory signaling to drive AT2-AT1 cell differentiation. These data define the roll of a major transcriptional regulator of AT1 cell lineage commitment and of the AT2 cell response to inflammatory crosstalk during lung regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C Liberti
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William A Liberti Iii
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Madison M Kremp
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian J Penkala
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fabian L Cardenas-Diaz
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Apoorva Babu
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Su Zhou
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rafael J Fernandez Iii
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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44
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Loebel C, Weiner AI, Eiken MK, Katzen JB, Morley MP, Bala V, Cardenas-Diaz FL, Davidson MD, Shiraishi K, Basil MC, Ferguson LT, Spence JR, Ochs M, Beers MF, Morrisey EE, Vaughan AE, Burdick JA. Microstructured Hydrogels to Guide Self-Assembly and Function of Lung Alveolospheres. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202992. [PMID: 35522531 PMCID: PMC9283320 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cell organoids have increased opportunities to probe questions on tissue development and disease in vitro and for therapeutic cell transplantation. Despite their potential, current protocols to grow these organoids almost exclusively depend on culture within 3D Matrigel, which limits defined culture conditions, introduces animal components, and results in heterogenous organoids (i.e., shape, size, composition). Here, a method is described that relies on hyaluronic acid hydrogels for the generation and expansion of lung alveolar organoids (alveolospheres). Using synthetic hydrogels with defined chemical and physical properties, human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived alveolar type 2 cells (iAT2s) self-assemble into alveolospheres and propagate in Matrigel-free conditions. By engineering predefined microcavities within these hydrogels, the heterogeneity of alveolosphere size and structure is reduced when compared to 3D culture, while maintaining the alveolar type 2 cell fate of human iAT2-derived progenitor cells. This hydrogel system is a facile and accessible system for the culture of iPSC-derived lung progenitors and the method can be expanded to the culture of primary mouse tissue derived AT2 and other epithelial progenitor and stem cell aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Loebel
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Aaron I Weiner
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Madeline K Eiken
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jeremy B Katzen
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vikram Bala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Fabian L Cardenas-Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matthew D Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Kazushige Shiraishi
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Maria C Basil
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Laura T Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Carl A. Gerstacker Building, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine - Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Philippstraße 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael F Beers
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Andrew E Vaughan
- Department of Medicine, Lung Biology Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jason A Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall 210 S. 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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45
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Wu M, Liang Y, Zhang X. Changes in Pulmonary Microenvironment Aids Lung Metastasis of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860932. [PMID: 35719975 PMCID: PMC9204317 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has become the most common malignant disease in the world according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the most critical cause of death is distant metastasis. The lung is the extremely common visceral site for breast cancer metastasis. Lung metastasis of breast cancer is not only dependent on the invasive ability of the tumor itself, but also closely relates to the pulmonary microenvironment. In the progression of breast cancer, the formation of specific microenvironment in lungs can provide suitable conditions for the metastasis of breast cancer. Pulmonary inflammatory response, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, some chemotherapeutic agents and so on all play important roles in the formation of the pulmonary microenvironment. This review highlights recent findings regarding the alterations of pulmonary microenvironment in lung metastasis of breast cancer, with a focus on various cells and acellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Wu
- Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Clinical Biobanks and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yanfang Liang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Clinical Experimental Center, Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Clinical Biobanks and Translational Research, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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46
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Liao CC, Chiu CJ, Yang YH, Chiang BL. Neonatal lung-derived SSEA-1 + cells exhibited distinct stem/progenitor characteristics and organoid developmental potential. iScience 2022; 25:104262. [PMID: 35521516 PMCID: PMC9062680 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells, because of their self-renewal and multiple cell type differentiation abilities, have good potential in regenerative medicine. We previously reported a lung epithelial cell population that expressed the stem cell marker SSEA-1 was abundant in neonatal but scarce in adult mice. In the current study, neonatal and adult mouse-derived pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells were isolated for further characterization. The results showed that neonatal-derived pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells highly expressed lung development-associated genes and had enhanced organoid generation ability compared with the adult cells. Neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells generated airway-like and alveolar-like organoids, suggesting multilineage cell differentiation ability. Organoid generation of neonatal but not adult pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells was enhanced by fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF 7). Furthermore, neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells colonized and developed in decellularized and injured lungs. These results suggest the potential of lung-derived neonatal-stage SSEA-1+ cells with enhanced stem/progenitor activity and shed light on future lung engineering applications. Pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells are abundant in neonatal and scarce in adult stages The stem/progenitor activity of pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells is enhanced in neonatal stage Neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells developed into airway- and alveolar-like organoids FGF7 regulates alveolar epithelium development of neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Liao
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Juno Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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47
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Cell-Surface Programmed Death Ligand-1 Expression Identifies a Sub-Population of Distal Epithelial Cells Enriched in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101593. [PMID: 35626630 PMCID: PMC9139571 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic lung fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease characterized by chronic epithelial injury and exhausted repair capacity of the alveolar compartment, associated with the expansion of cells with intermediate alveolar epithelial cell (AT2) characteristics. Using SftpcCreERT2/+: tdTomatoflox/flox mice, we previously identified a lung population of quiescent injury-activated alveolar epithelial progenitors (IAAPs), marked by low expression of the AT2 lineage trace marker tdTomato (Tomlow) and characterized by high levels of Pd-l1 (Cd274) expression. This led us to hypothesize that a population with similar properties exists in the human lung. To that end, we used flow cytometry to characterize the CD274 cell-surface expression in lung epithelial cells isolated from donor and end-stage IPF lungs. The identity and functional behavior of these cells were further characterized by qPCR analysis, in vitro organoid formation, and ex vivo precision-cut lung slices (PCLSs). Our analysis led to the identification of a population of CD274pos cells expressing intermediate levels of SFTPC, which was expanded in IPF lungs. While donor CD274pos cells initiated clone formation, they did not expand significantly in 3D organoids in AT2-supportive conditions. However, an increased number of CD274pos cells was found in cultured PCLS. In conclusion, we demonstrate that, similar to IAAPs in the mouse lung, a population of CD274-expressing cells exists in the normal human lung, and this population is expanded in the IPF lung and in an ex vivo PCLS assay, suggestive of progenitor cell behavior. CD274 function in these cells as a checkpoint inhibitor may be crucial for their progenitor function, suggesting that CD274 inhibition, unless specifically targeted, might further injure the already precarious lung epithelial compartment in IPF.
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Weng A, Maciel Herrerias M, Watanabe S, Welch LC, Flozak AS, Grant RA, Aillon RP, Dada LA, Han SH, Hinchcliff M, Misharin AV, Budinger GRS, Gottardi CJ. Lung Injury Induces Alveolar Type 2 Cell Hypertrophy and Polyploidy with Implications for Repair and Regeneration. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 66:564-576. [PMID: 35202558 PMCID: PMC9116356 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0356oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial polyploidization after injury is a conserved phenomenon recently shown to improve barrier restoration during wound healing. Whether lung injury can induce alveolar epithelial polyploidy is not known. We show that bleomycin injury induces alveolar type 2 cell (AT2) hypertrophy and polyploidy. AT2 polyploidization is also seen in short term ex vivo cultures, where AT2-to-AT1 transdifferentiation is associated with substantial binucleation due to failed cytokinesis. Both hypertrophic and polyploid features of AT2 cells can be attenuated by inhibiting the integrated stress response using the small molecule ISRIB. These data suggest that AT2 hypertrophic growth and polyploidization may be a feature of alveolar epithelial injury. Because AT2 cells serve as facultative progenitors for the distal lung epithelium, a propensity for injury-induced binucleation has implications for AT2 self-renewal and regenerative potential upon reinjury, which may benefit from targeting the integrated stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Monique Hinchcliff
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Cara J. Gottardi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Louie SM, Moye AL, Wong IG, Lu E, Shehaj A, Garcia-de-Alba C, Ararat E, Raby BA, Lu B, Paschini M, Bronson RT, Kim CF. Progenitor potential of lung epithelial organoid cells in a transplantation model. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110662. [PMID: 35417699 PMCID: PMC9063850 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung progenitor cells are crucial for regeneration following injury, yet it is unclear whether lung progenitor cells can be functionally engrafted after transplantation. We transplanted organoid cells derived from alveolar type II (AT2) cells enriched by SCA1-negative status (SNO) or multipotent SCA1-positive progenitor cells (SPO) into injured mouse lungs. Transplanted SNO cells are retained in the alveolar regions, whereas SPO cells incorporate into airway and alveolar regions. Single-cell transcriptomics demonstrate that transplanted SNO cells are comparable to native AT2 cells. Transplanted SPO cells exhibit transcriptional hallmarks of alveolar and airway cells, as well as transitional cell states identified in disease. Transplanted cells proliferate after re-injury of recipient mice and retain organoid-forming capacity. Thus, lung epithelial organoid cells exhibit progenitor cell functions after reintroduction to the lung. This study reveals methods to interrogate lung progenitor cell potential and model transitional cell states relevant to pathogenic features of lung disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Louie
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron L Moye
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Irene G Wong
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emery Lu
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Shehaj
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carolina Garcia-de-Alba
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erhan Ararat
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bao Lu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Margherita Paschini
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology Core, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carla F Kim
- Stem Cell Program and Divisions of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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50
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Seguin L, Durandy M, Feral CC. Lung Adenocarcinoma Tumor Origin: A Guide for Personalized Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071759. [PMID: 35406531 PMCID: PMC8996976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with an average 5-year survival rate of approximately 15%. Among the multiple histological type of lung cancer, adenocarcinoma is the most common. Adenocarcinoma is characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity at many levels, including histological, cellular, and molecular. Understanding the cell of origin of adenocarcinoma, and the molecular changes during tumor progression, will allow better therapeutic strategies. Abstract Lung adenocarcinoma, the major form of lung cancer, is the deadliest cancer worldwide, due to its late diagnosis and its high heterogeneity. Indeed, lung adenocarcinoma exhibits pronounced inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity cofounding precision medicine. Tumor heterogeneity is a clinical challenge driving tumor progression and drug resistance. Several key pieces of evidence demonstrated that lung adenocarcinoma results from the transformation of progenitor cells that accumulate genetic abnormalities. Thus, a better understanding of the cell of origin of lung adenocarcinoma represents an opportunity to unveil new therapeutic alternatives and stratify patient tumors. While the lung is remarkably quiescent during homeostasis, it presents an extensive ability to respond to injury and regenerate lost or damaged cells. As the lung is constantly exposed to potential insult, its regenerative potential is assured by several stem and progenitor cells. These can be induced to proliferate in response to injury as well as differentiate into multiple cell types. A better understanding of how genetic alterations and perturbed microenvironments impact progenitor-mediated tumorigenesis and treatment response is of the utmost importance to develop new therapeutic opportunities.
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