1
|
Higashi T, Saito AC, Chiba H. Damage control of epithelial barrier function in dynamic environments. Eur J Cell Biol 2024; 103:151410. [PMID: 38579602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2024.151410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues cover the surfaces and lumens of the internal organs of multicellular animals and crucially contribute to internal environment homeostasis by delineating distinct compartments within the body. This vital role is known as epithelial barrier function. Epithelial cells are arranged like cobblestones and intricately bind together to form an epithelial sheet that upholds this barrier function. Central to the restriction of solute and fluid diffusion through intercellular spaces are occluding junctions, tight junctions in vertebrates and septate junctions in invertebrates. As part of epithelial tissues, cells undergo constant renewal, with older cells being replaced by new ones. Simultaneously, the epithelial tissue undergoes relative rearrangement, elongating, and shifting directionally as a whole. The movement or shape changes within the epithelial sheet necessitate significant deformation and reconnection of occluding junctions. Recent advancements have shed light on the intricate mechanisms through which epithelial cells sustain their barrier function in dynamic environments. This review aims to introduce these noteworthy findings and discuss some of the questions that remain unanswered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
| | - Akira C Saito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Citi S, Fromm M, Furuse M, González-Mariscal L, Nusrat A, Tsukita S, Turner JR. A short guide to the tight junction. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261776. [PMID: 38712627 PMCID: PMC11128289 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are specialized regions of contact between cells of epithelial and endothelial tissues that form selective semipermeable paracellular barriers that establish and maintain body compartments with different fluid compositions. As such, the formation of TJs represents a critical step in metazoan evolution, allowing the formation of multicompartmental organisms and true, barrier-forming epithelia and endothelia. In the six decades that have passed since the first observations of TJs by transmission electron microscopy, much progress has been made in understanding the structure, function, molecular composition and regulation of TJs. The goal of this Perspective is to highlight the key concepts that have emerged through this research and the future challenges that lie ahead for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Citi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Fromm
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin,Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama Myodajii, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Mexico City 07360, México
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Mucosal Biology and Inflammation Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, 4057 Biomedical Science Research Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization (ACRO),Teikyo University, Kaga 2-21-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 01125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shadab M, Abbasi AA, Ejaz A, Ben-Mahmoud A, Gupta V, Kim HG, Vona B. Autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss genes in Pakistan during the previous three decades. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18119. [PMID: 38534090 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder, with over 148 genes and 170 loci associated with its pathogenesis. The spectrum and frequency of causal variants vary across different genetic ancestries and are more prevalent in populations that practice consanguineous marriages. Pakistan has a rich history of autosomal recessive gene discovery related to non-syndromic hearing loss. Since the first linkage analysis with a Pakistani family that led to the mapping of the DFNB1 locus on chromosome 13, 51 genes associated with this disorder have been identified in this population. Among these, 13 of the most prevalent genes, namely CDH23, CIB2, CLDN14, GJB2, HGF, MARVELD2, MYO7A, MYO15A, MSRB3, OTOF, SLC26A4, TMC1 and TMPRSS3, account for more than half of all cases of profound hearing loss, while the prevalence of other genes is less than 2% individually. In this review, we discuss the most common autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss genes in Pakistani individuals as well as the genetic mapping and sequencing approaches used to discover them. Furthermore, we identified enriched gene ontology terms and common pathways involved in these 51 autosomal recessive non-syndromic hearing loss genes to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Establishing a molecular understanding of the disorder may aid in reducing its future prevalence by enabling timely diagnostics and genetic counselling, leading to more effective clinical management and treatments of hearing loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Shadab
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Ansar Ahmed Abbasi
- Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Ejaz
- Department of Physics, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Kotli, Pakistan
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Afif Ben-Mahmoud
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health & Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and Inner Ear Lab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhu G, Huang Y, Zhang L, Yan K, Qiu C, He Y, Liu Q, Zhu C, Morín M, Moreno‐Pelayo MÁ, Zhu M, Cao X, Zhou H, Qian X, Xu Z, Chen J, Gao X, Wan G. Cingulin regulates hair cell cuticular plate morphology and is required for hearing in human and mouse. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e17611. [PMID: 37691516 PMCID: PMC10630877 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cingulin (CGN) is a cytoskeleton-associated protein localized at the apical junctions of epithelial cells. CGN interacts with major cytoskeletal filaments and regulates RhoA activity. However, physiological roles of CGN in development and human diseases are currently unknown. Here, we report a multi-generation family presenting with autosomal dominant non-syndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL) that co-segregates with a CGN heterozygous truncating variant, c.3330delG (p.Leu1110Leufs*17). CGN is normally expressed at the apical cell junctions of the organ of Corti, with enriched localization at hair cell cuticular plates and circumferential belts. In mice, the putative disease-causing mutation results in reduced expression and abnormal subcellular localization of the CGN protein, abolishes its actin polymerization activity, and impairs the normal morphology of hair cell cuticular plates and hair bundles. Hair cell-specific Cgn knockout leads to high-frequency hearing loss. Importantly, Cgn mutation knockin mice display noise-sensitive, progressive hearing loss and outer hair cell degeneration. In summary, we identify CGN c.3330delG as a pathogenic variant for ADNSHL and reveal essential roles of CGN in the maintenance of cochlear hair cell structures and auditory function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang‐Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of ChinaNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjingChina
| | - Yuhang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of ChinaNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Linqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of ChinaNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Keji Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Cui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of ChinaNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yihan He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of ChinaNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of ChinaNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjingChina
| | - Chengwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of ChinaNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjingChina
| | - Matías Morín
- Servicio de GenéticaHospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCISMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades RarasInstituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/07/0048; CIBERER‐ISCIII)MadridSpain
| | - Miguel Ángel Moreno‐Pelayo
- Servicio de GenéticaHospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCISMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades RarasInstituto de Salud Carlos III (CB06/07/0048; CIBERER‐ISCIII)MadridSpain
| | - Min‐Sheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of ChinaNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjingChina
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical ScienceNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Han Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjingChina
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjingChina
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjingChina
| | - Xia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjingChina
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice of ChinaNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
- Research Institute of OtolaryngologyNanjingChina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Isgrig K, Cartagena-Rivera AX, Wang HJ, Grati M, Fernandez KA, Friedman TB, Belyantseva IA, Chien W. Combined AAV-mediated gene replacement therapy improves auditory function in a mouse model of human DFNB42 deafness. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2783-2795. [PMID: 37481704 PMCID: PMC10492026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a common disorder affecting nearly 20% of the world's population. Recently, studies have shown that inner ear gene therapy can improve auditory function in several mouse models of hereditary hearing loss. In most of these studies, the underlying mutations affect only a small number of cell types of the inner ear (e.g., sensory hair cells). Here, we applied inner ear gene therapy to the Ildr1Gt(D178D03)Wrst (Ildr1w-/-) mouse, a model of human DFNB42, non-syndromic autosomal recessive hereditary hearing loss associated with ILDR1 variants. ILDR1 is an integral protein of the tricellular tight junction complex and is expressed by diverse inner ear cell types in the organ of Corti and the cochlear lateral wall. We simultaneously applied two synthetic adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) with different tropism to deliver Ildr1 cDNA to the Ildr1w-/- mouse inner ear: one targeting the organ of Corti (AAV2.7m8) and the other targeting the cochlear lateral wall (AAV8BP2). We showed that combined AAV2.7m8/AAV8BP2 gene therapy improves cochlear structural integrity and auditory function in Ildr1w-/- mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Isgrig
- Inner Ear Gene Therapy Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander X Cartagena-Rivera
- Section on Mechanobiology, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Jun Wang
- Inner Ear Gene Therapy Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mhamed Grati
- Inner Ear Gene Therapy Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katharine A Fernandez
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas B Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Inna A Belyantseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wade Chien
- Inner Ear Gene Therapy Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ebeid M, Kishimoto I, Roy P, Zaidi MAA, Cheng AG, Huh SH. β-Catenin transcriptional activity is required for establishment of inner pillar cell identity during cochlear development. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010925. [PMID: 37639482 PMCID: PMC10491406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cochlea is composed of sensory hair cells as well as multiple different types of non-sensory supporting cells. Pillar cells are one type of supporting cell that form the tunnel of Corti and include two morphologically and functionally distinct subtypes: inner pillar cells (IPCs) and outer pillar cells (OPCs). The processes of specification and differentiation of inner versus outer pillar cells are still unclear. Here, we show that β-Catenin is required for establishing IPC identity in the mammalian cochlea. To differentiate the transcriptional and adhesion roles of β-Catenin in establishing IPC identity, we examined two different models of β-Catenin deletion; one that deletes both transcriptional and structural functions and one which retains cell adhesion function but lacks transcriptional function. Here, we show that cochleae lacking β-Catenin transcriptional function lost IPCs and displayed extranumerary OPCs, indicating its requirement for establishing IPC identity. Overexpression of β-Catenin induced proliferation within IPCs but not ectopic IPCs. Single-cell transcriptomes of supporting cells lacking β-Catenin transcriptional function show a loss of the IPC and gain of OPC signatures. Finally, targeted deletion of β-Catenin in IPCs also led to the loss of IPC identity, indicating a cell autonomous role of β-Catenin in establishing IPC identity. As IPCs have the capacity to regenerate sensory hair cells in the postnatal cochlea, our results will aid in future IPC-based hair cell regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ebeid
- Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ippei Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Pooja Roy
- Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Mohd Ali Abbas Zaidi
- Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alan G. Cheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sung-Ho Huh
- Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao B, Yin Q, Fei Y, Zhu J, Qiu Y, Fang W, Li Y. Research progress of mechanisms for tight junction damage on blood-brain barrier inflammation. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1579-1590. [PMID: 32608276 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1784952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to disease pathologies by disrupting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tight junctions (TJ) are a key component of the BBB. Following hypoxic-ischaemic or mechanical injury to the brain, inflammatory mediators are released such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Simultaneously, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are released which can degrade TJ proteins. Subsequently, the function and morphology of the BBB are disrupted, which allows immune cells an opportunity to enter into the brain parenchyma. This review summarises the information on the role of TJ protein families in the BBB and provides a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms whereby inflammation breaks down the BBB by increasing degradation of TJ proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cui C, Wang D, Huang B, Wang F, Chen Y, Lv J, Zhang L, Han L, Liu D, Chen ZY, Li GL, Li H, Shu Y. Precise detection of CRISPR-Cas9 editing in hair cells in the treatment of autosomal dominant hearing loss. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:400-412. [PMID: 36035752 PMCID: PMC9386031 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy would benefit from the effective editing of targeted cells with CRISPR-Cas9 tools. However, it is difficult to precisely assess the editing performance in vivo because the tissues contain many non-targeted cells, which is one of the major barriers to clinical translation. Here, in the Atoh1-GFP;Kcnq4 +/G229D mice, recapitulating a novel mutation we identified in a hereditary hearing loss pedigree, the high-efficiency editing of CRISPR-Cas9 in hair cells (34.10% on average) was precisely detected by sorting out labeled cells compared with only 1.45% efficiency in the whole cochlear tissue. After injection of the developed AAV_SaCas9-KKH_sgRNA agents, the Kcnq4 +/G229D mice showed significantly lower auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) thresholds, shorter ABR wave I latencies, higher ABR wave I amplitudes, increased number of surviving outer hair cells (OHCs), and more hyperpolarized resting membrane potentials of OHCs. These findings provide an innovative approach to accurately assess the underestimated editing efficiency of CRISPR-Cas9 in vivo and offer a promising strategy for the treatment of KCNQ4-related deafness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Cui
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Daqi Wang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bowei Huang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fang Wang
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jun Lv
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Luping Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Lei Han
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Geng-Lin Li
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yilai Shu
- ENT Institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Corresponding author Yilai Shu, ENT institute and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Eye & ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saito AC, Endo C, Fukazawa Y, Higashi T, Chiba H. Effects of TAMP family on the tight junction strand network and barrier function in epithelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1517:234-250. [PMID: 36069127 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Occludin, tricellulin, and marvelD3 belong to the tight junction (TJ)-associated MARVEL protein family. Occludin and tricellulin jointly contribute to TJ strand branching point formation and epithelial barrier maintenance. However, whether marvelD3 has the same function remains unclear. Furthermore, the roles of the carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic tail, which is conserved in occludin and tricellulin, on the regulation of TJ strand morphology have not yet been explored in epithelial cells. We established tricellulin/occludin/marveld3 triple-gene knockout (tKO) MDCK II cells and evaluated the roles of marvelD3 in the TJ strand structure and barrier function using MDCK II cells and a mathematical model. The complexity of TJ strand networks and paracellular barrier did not change in tKO cells compared to that in tricellulin/occludin double-gene knockout (dKO) cells. Exogenous marvelD3 expression in dKO cells did not increase the complexity of TJ strand networks and epithelial barrier tightness. The expression of the carboxy-terminal truncation mutant of tricellulin restored the barrier function in the dKO cells, whereas occludin lacking the carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic tail was not expressed on the plasma membrane. These data suggest that marvelD3 does not affect the morphology of TJ strands and barrier function in MDCK II cells and that the carboxy-terminal cytoplasmic tail of tricellulin is dispensable for barrier improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira C Saito
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chisato Endo
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Science, Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dash S, Zuo J, Steyger PS. Local Delivery of Therapeutics to the Cochlea Using Nanoparticles and Other Biomaterials. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091115. [PMID: 36145336 PMCID: PMC9504900 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss negatively impacts the well-being of millions of people worldwide. Systemic delivery of ototherapeutics has limited efficacy due to severe systemic side effects and the presence of the blood–labyrinth barrier that selectively limits or enables transfer of molecules between plasma and inner ear tissues and fluids. Local drug delivery into the middle and inner ear would be preferable for many newly emerging classes of drugs. Although the cochlea is a challenging target for drug delivery, recent technologies could provide a safe and efficacious delivery of ototherapeutics. Local drug delivery routes include topical delivery via the external auditory meatus, retroauricular, transtympanic, and intracochlear delivery. Many new drug delivery systems specifically for the inner ear are under development or undergoing clinical studies. Future studies into these systems may provide a means for extended delivery of drugs to preserve or restore hearing in patients with hearing disorders. This review outlines the anatomy of the (inner) ear, describes the various local delivery systems and routes, and various quantification methodologies to determine the pharmacokinetics of the drugs in the inner ear.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rap1 controls epiblast morphogenesis in sync with the pluripotency states transition. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1937-1956.e8. [PMID: 35998584 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The complex architecture of the murine fetus originates from a simple ball of pluripotent epiblast cells, which initiate morphogenesis upon implantation. In turn, this establishes an intermediate state of tissue-scale organization of the embryonic lineage in the form of an epithelial monolayer, where patterning signals delineate the body plan. However, how this major morphogenetic process is orchestrated on a cellular level and synchronized with the developmental progression of the epiblast is still obscure. Here, we identified that the small GTPase Rap1 plays a critical role in reshaping the pluripotent lineage. We found that Rap1 activity is controlled via Oct4/Esrrb input and is required for the transmission of polarization cues, which enables the de novo epithelialization and formation of tricellular junctions in the epiblast. Thus, Rap1 acts as a molecular switch that coordinates the morphogenetic program in the embryonic lineage, in sync with the cellular states of pluripotency.
Collapse
|
12
|
Cho Y, Haraguchi D, Shigetomi K, Matsuzawa K, Uchida S, Ikenouchi J. Tricellulin secures the epithelial barrier at tricellular junctions by interacting with actomyosin. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213005. [PMID: 35148372 PMCID: PMC8847807 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202009037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell sheet functions as a barrier to prevent invasion of pathogens. It is necessary to eliminate intercellular gaps not only at bicellular junctions, but also at tricellular contacts, where three cells meet, to maintain epithelial barrier function. To that end, tight junctions between adjacent cells must associate as closely as possible, particularly at tricellular contacts. Tricellulin is an integral component of tricellular tight junctions (tTJs), but the molecular mechanism of its contribution to the epithelial barrier function remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that tricellulin contributes to barrier formation by regulating actomyosin organization at tricellular junctions. Furthermore, we identified α-catenin, which is thought to function only at adherens junctions, as a novel binding partner of tricellulin. α-catenin bridges tricellulin attachment to the bicellular actin cables that are anchored end-on at tricellular junctions. Thus, tricellulin mobilizes actomyosin contractility to close the lateral gap between the TJ strands of the three proximate cells that converge on tricellular junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Cho
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daichi Haraguchi
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenta Shigetomi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuzawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uchida
- Department of Advanced Information Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junichi Ikenouchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ray M, Rath SN, Sarkar S, Sable MN. Presentation of potential genes and deleterious variants associated with non-syndromic hearing loss: a computational approach. Genomics Inform 2022; 20:e5. [PMID: 35399004 PMCID: PMC9001992 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) is a common hereditary disorder. Both clinical and genetic heterogeneity has created many obstacles to understanding the causes of NSHL. The present study has attempted to ravel the genetic aetiology in NSHL progression and to screen out potential target genes using computational approaches. The reported NSHL target genes (2009-2020) have been studied by analyzing different biochemical and signaling pathways, interpretation of their functional association network, and discovery of important regulatory interactions with three previously established miRNAs in the human inner ear as well as in NSHL such as miR-183, miR-182, and miR-96. This study has identified SMAD4 and SNAI2 as the most putative target genes of NSHL. But pathogenic and deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms discovered within SMAD4 is anticipated to have an impact on NSHL progression. Additionally, the identified deleterious variants in the functional domains of SMAD4 added a supportive clue for further study. Thus, the identified deleterious variant i.e., rs377767367 (G491V) in SMAD4 needs further clinical validation. The present outcomes would provide insights into the genetics of NSHL progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Ray
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | - Surya Narayan Rath
- Department of Bioinformatics, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Saurav Sarkar
- Department of Ear Nose Throat, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| | - Mukund Namdev Sable
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751019, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sugawara T, Furuse K, Otani T, Wakayama T, Furuse M. Angulin-1 seals tricellular contacts independently of tricellulin and claudins. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202005062. [PMID: 34269802 PMCID: PMC8289698 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) are specialized tight junctions (TJs) that seal the intercellular space at tricellular contacts (TCs), where the vertices of three epithelial cells meet. Tricellulin and angulin family membrane proteins are known constituents of tTJs, but the molecular mechanism of tTJ formation remains elusive. Here, we investigated the roles of angulin-1 and tricellulin in tTJ formation in MDCK II cells by genome editing. Angulin-1-deficient cells lost the plasma membrane contact at TCs with impaired epithelial barrier function. The C terminus of angulin-1 bound to the TJ scaffold protein ZO-1, and disruption of their interaction influenced the localization of claudins at TCs, but not the tricellular sealing. Strikingly, the plasma membrane contact at TCs was formed in tricellulin- or claudin-deficient cells. These findings demonstrate that angulin-1 is responsible for the plasma membrane seal at TCs independently of tricellulin and claudins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Sugawara
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Wakayama
- Department of Histology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yeh WH, Shubina-Oleinik O, Levy JM, Pan B, Newby GA, Wornow M, Burt R, Chen JC, Holt JR, Liu DR. In vivo base editing restores sensory transduction and transiently improves auditory function in a mouse model of recessive deafness. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/546/eaay9101. [PMID: 32493795 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most genetic diseases arise from recessive point mutations that require correction, rather than disruption, of the pathogenic allele to benefit patients. Base editing has the potential to directly repair point mutations and provide therapeutic restoration of gene function. Mutations of transmembrane channel-like 1 gene (TMC1) can cause dominant or recessive deafness. We developed a base editing strategy to treat Baringo mice, which carry a recessive, loss-of-function point mutation (c.A545G; resulting in the substitution p.Y182C) in Tmc1 that causes deafness. Tmc1 encodes a protein that forms mechanosensitive ion channels in sensory hair cells of the inner ear and is required for normal auditory function. We found that sensory hair cells of Baringo mice have a complete loss of auditory sensory transduction. To repair the mutation, we tested several optimized cytosine base editors (CBEmax variants) and guide RNAs in Baringo mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We packaged the most promising CBE, derived from an activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), into dual adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) using a split-intein delivery system. The dual AID-CBEmax AAVs were injected into the inner ears of Baringo mice at postnatal day 1. Injected mice showed up to 51% reversion of the Tmc1 c.A545G point mutation to wild-type sequence (c.A545A) in Tmc1 transcripts. Repair of Tmc1 in vivo restored inner hair cell sensory transduction and hair cell morphology and transiently rescued low-frequency hearing 4 weeks after injection. These findings provide a foundation for a potential one-time treatment for recessive hearing loss and support further development of base editing to correct pathogenic point mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsi Yeh
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olga Shubina-Oleinik
- Department of Otolaryngology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levy
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bifeng Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael Wornow
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rachel Burt
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Chen
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Holt
- Department of Otolaryngology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Castro Dias M, Odriozola Quesada A, Soldati S, Bösch F, Gruber I, Hildbrand T, Sönmez D, Khire T, Witz G, McGrath JL, Piontek J, Kondoh M, Deutsch U, Zuber B, Engelhardt B. Brain endothelial tricellular junctions as novel sites for T cell diapedesis across the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:237782. [PMID: 33912914 PMCID: PMC8121105 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.253880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The migration of activated T cells across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in central nervous system (CNS) immune surveillance and inflammation. Whereas T cell diapedesis across the intact BBB seems to occur preferentially through the BBB cellular junctions, impaired BBB integrity during neuroinflammation is accompanied by increased transcellular T cell diapedesis. The underlying mechanisms directing T cells to paracellular versus transcellular sites of diapedesis across the BBB remain to be explored. By combining in vitro live-cell imaging of T cell migration across primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (pMBMECs) under physiological flow with serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM), we have identified BBB tricellular junctions as novel sites for T cell diapedesis across the BBB. Downregulated expression of tricellular junctional proteins or protein-based targeting of their interactions in pMBMEC monolayers correlated with enhanced transcellular T cell diapedesis, and abluminal presence of chemokines increased T cell diapedesis through tricellular junctions. Our observations assign an entirely novel role to BBB tricellular junctions in regulating T cell entry into the CNS. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Highlighted Article: Ultrastructural analysis of T cell migration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) under physiological flow identifies BBB tricellular junctions as sites of T cell diapedesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sasha Soldati
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Bösch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gruber
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Derya Sönmez
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tejas Khire
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 270168, USA
| | - Guillaume Witz
- Microscopy Imaging Center (MIC), University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland.,Science IT Support (ScITS), Mathematical Institute, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - James L McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 270168, USA
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Urban Deutsch
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Zuber
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ghim M, Mohamied Y, Weinberg PD. The Role of Tricellular Junctions in the Transport of Macromolecules Across Endothelium. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2021; 12:101-113. [PMID: 32820467 PMCID: PMC7904563 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-020-00483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transport of water and solutes across vascular endothelium is important in normal physiology and critical in the development of various diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, there is debate about the routes for such transport. We recently showed that an albumin-sized tracer crossed endothelium at bicellular and tricellular junctions, a tracer having the size of high density lipoprotein crossed only through tricellular junctions, and a tracer with the size of low density lipoprotein was unable to cross by either route and instead traversed the cells themselves. Here we review previous work on the structure and function of tricellular junctions. We then describe a study in which we assessed the role of such junctions in the transport of an albumin-sized tracer. METHODS We examined normal endothelial monolayers, the effect of agonists that modify their permeability, and the influence of different patterns of shear stress. RESULTS Under normal conditions, approximately 85% of transendothelial transport occurred through tricellular junctions. This fraction was unchanged when permeability was reduced by sphingosine-1-phosphate or increased by thrombin, and also did not differ between endothelium exposed to multidirectional as opposed to uniaxial shear stress despite a > 50% difference in permeability. CONCLUSION These data show that tricellular junctions dominate normal transport of this tracer and largely determine influences of agonists and shear. The effects were attributable to changes in both the number and conductivity of the junctions. Further investigation of these structures will lead to increased understanding of endothelial barrier function and may suggest new therapeutic strategies in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mean Ghim
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yumnah Mohamied
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Centre, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter D Weinberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Defourny J, Thiry M. Tricellular adherens junctions provide a cell surface delivery platform for connexin 26/30 oligomers in the cochlea. Hear Res 2020; 400:108137. [PMID: 33291008 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the cochlea, connexins 26 (Cx26) and 30 (Cx30) largely co-assemble into heteromeric gap junctions, which connect adjacent non-sensory epithelial cells. These channels are believed to ensure the rapid removal of K+ away from the base of sensory hair cells, resulting in K+ recycling back to the endolymph to maintain cochlear homeostasis. Many of the mutations in GJB2 and GJB6, which encode CX26 and CX30, impair the formation of membrane channels and cause autosomal hearing loss in humans. Although recent advances have been made, several important questions remain about connexin trafficking and gap junction biogenesis. Here we show that tricellular adherens junctions present at the crossroad between adjacent gap junction plaques, provide an unexpected cell surface delivery platform for Cx26/Cx30 oligomers. Using an in situ proximity ligation assay, we detected the presence of non-junctional Cx26/Cx30 oligomers within lipid raft-enriched tricellular junction sites. In addition, we observed that cadherin homophilic interactions are critically involved in microtubule-mediated trafficking of Cx26/Cx30 oligomers to the cell surface. Overall, our results unveil an unexpected role for tricellular junctions in the trafficking and assembly of membrane channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Defourny
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Unit of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of Liège, C.H.U B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Marc Thiry
- GIGA-Neurosciences, Unit of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of Liège, C.H.U B36, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang L, Wu X, Lin X. Gene therapy for genetic mutations affecting non-sensory cells in the cochlea. Hear Res 2020; 394:107858. [PMID: 31791650 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hearing loss (HL) affects about 1 in every 500 infants. Among those affected more than half are caused by genetic mutations. According to the cellular sites affected by mutations in the cochlea, deafness genes could be classified into three major groups: those affecting the function of hair cells and synapses, cochlear supporting cells, and cells in the stria vascularis (SV) as well as in the lateral wall. The second and third groups account for more than half of all sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) cases caused by genetic mutations. Current major treatment options for SNHL patients are hearing aids and cochlear implants (CIs). Hearing aids can only help patients with moderate to severe HL. Resolution of CIs is still improving and these devices are quite expensive especially when lifetime rehabilitation and maintenance costs are included. Tremendous efforts have been made to find novel treatments that are expected to restore hearing with higher-resolution and more natural quality, and to have a significantly lower cost over the lifetime of uses. Gene therapy studies have made impressive progresses in preclinical trials. This review focuses on deafness genes that affect supporting cells and cells in the SV of the cochlea. We will discuss recent progresses and remaining challenges for gene therapies targeting mutations in deafness genes belonging to this category.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322-3030, USA
| | - Xuewen Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322-3030, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322-3030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nadar-Ponniah PT, Taiber S, Caspi M, Koffler-Brill T, Dror AA, Siman-Tov R, Rubinstein M, Padmanabhan K, Luxenburg C, Lang RA, Avraham KB, Rosin-Arbesfeld R. Striatin Is Required for Hearing and Affects Inner Hair Cells and Ribbon Synapses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:615. [PMID: 32766247 PMCID: PMC7381154 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatin, a subunit of the serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A, is a core member of the conserved striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase (STRIPAK) complexes. The protein is expressed in the cell junctions between epithelial cells, which play a role in maintaining cell-cell adhesion. Since the cell junctions are crucial for the function of the mammalian inner ear, we examined the localization and function of striatin in the mouse cochlea. Our results show that in neonatal mice, striatin is specifically expressed in the cell-cell junctions of the inner hair cells, the receptor cells in the mammalian cochlea. Auditory brainstem response measurements of striatin-deficient mice indicated a progressive, high-frequency hearing loss, suggesting that striatin is essential for normal hearing. Moreover, scanning electron micrographs of the organ of Corti revealed a moderate degeneration of the outer hair cells in the middle and basal regions, concordant with the high-frequency hearing loss. Additionally, striatin-deficient mice show aberrant ribbon synapse maturation. Loss of the outer hair cells, combined with the aberrant ribbon synapse distribution, may lead to the observed auditory impairment. Together, these results suggest a novel function for striatin in the mammalian auditory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prathamesh T. Nadar-Ponniah
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Taiber
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Caspi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Koffler-Brill
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amiel A. Dror
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Ronen Siman-Tov
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moran Rubinstein
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Krishnanand Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chen Luxenburg
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Richard A. Lang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Karen B. Avraham
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rina Rosin-Arbesfeld
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Post-translational modifications of tight junction transmembrane proteins and their direct effect on barrier function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183330. [PMID: 32376223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination or glycosylation are processes affecting the conformation, stability, localization and function of proteins. There is clear evidence that PTMs can act upon tight junction (TJ) proteins, thus modulating epithelial barrier function. Compared to transcriptional or translational regulation, PTMs are rapid and more dynamic processes so in the context of barrier maintenance they might be essential for coping with changing environmental or external impacts. The aim of this review is to extract literature deciphering PTMs in TJ proteins directly contributing to epithelial barrier changes in permeability to ions and macromolecules. It is not intended to cover the entire scope of PTMs in TJ proteins and should rather be understood as a digest of TJ protein modifications directly resulting in the tightening or opening of the epithelial barrier.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tight Junctions as Targets and Effectors of Mucosal Immune Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:327-340. [PMID: 32304780 PMCID: PMC7326733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Defective epithelial barrier function is present in maladies including epidermal burn injury, environmental lung damage, renal tubular disease, and a range of immune-mediated and infectious intestinal disorders. When the epithelial surface is intact, the paracellular pathway between cells is sealed by the tight junction. However, permeability of tight junctions varies widely across tissues and can be markedly impacted by disease. For example, tight junctions within the skin and urinary bladder are largely impermeant and their permeability is not regulated. In contrast, tight junctions of the proximal renal tubule and intestine are selectively permeable to water and solutes on the basis of their biophysical characteristics and, in the gut, can be regulated by the immune system with remarkable specificity. Conversely, modulation of tight junction barrier conductance, especially within the gastrointestinal tract, can impact immune homeostasis and diverse pathologies. Thus, tight junctions are both effectors and targets of immune regulation. Using the gastrointestinal tract as an example, this review explores current understanding of this complex interplay between tight junctions and immunity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Oda Y, Sugawara T, Fukata Y, Izumi Y, Otani T, Higashi T, Fukata M, Furuse M. The extracellular domain of angulin-1 and palmitoylation of its cytoplasmic region are required for angulin-1 assembly at tricellular contacts. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4289-4302. [PMID: 32079676 PMCID: PMC7105312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) create paracellular barriers at tricellular contacts (TCs), where the vertices of three polygonal epithelial cells meet. tTJs are marked by the enrichment of two types of membrane proteins, tricellulin and angulin family proteins. However, how TC geometry is recognized for tTJ formation remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the molecular mechanism for the assembly of angulin-1 at the TCs. We found that clusters of cysteine residues in the juxtamembrane region within the cytoplasmic domain of angulin-1 are highly palmitoylated. Mutagenesis analyses of the cysteine residues in this region revealed that palmitoylation is essential for localization of angulin-1 at TCs. Consistently, suppression of Asp-His-His-Cys motif-containing palmitoyltransferases expressed in EpH4 cells significantly impaired the TC localization of angulin-1. Cholesterol depletion from the plasma membrane of cultured epithelial cells hampered the localization of angulin-1 at TCs, suggesting the existence of a lipid membrane microdomain at TCs that attracts highly palmitoylated angulin-1. Furthermore, the extracellular domain of angulin-1 was also required for its TC localization, irrespective of the intracellular palmitoylation. Taken together, our findings suggest that both angulin-1's extracellular domain and palmitoylation of its cytoplasmic region are required for its assembly at TCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Oda
- Division of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Taichi Sugawara
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Division of Membrane Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yasushi Izumi
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Otani
- Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tomohito Higashi
- Division of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; Division of Membrane Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Mikio Furuse
- Division of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Division of Cell Structure, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Epithelial cells form highly organized polarized sheets with characteristic cell morphologies and tissue architecture. Cell–cell adhesion and intercellular communication are prerequisites of such cohesive sheets of cells, and cell connectivity is mediated through several junctional assemblies, namely desmosomes, adherens, tight and gap junctions. These cell–cell junctions form signalling hubs that not only mediate cell–cell adhesion but impact on multiple aspects of cell behaviour, helping to coordinate epithelial cell shape, polarity and function. This review will focus on the tight and adherens junctions, constituents of the apical junctional complex, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the complex signalling that underlies junction assembly, integrity and plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D Rusu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Marios Georgiou
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Reinhold AK, Rittner HL. Characteristics of the nerve barrier and the blood dorsal root ganglion barrier in health and disease. Exp Neurol 2020; 327:113244. [PMID: 32057794 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A variety of barriers ensures the protection of the peripheral nervous system from noxious blood-borne or surrounding stimuli. In this review, anatomy and functioning of the blood nerve barrier (BNB) and the blood DRG barrier (BDB) will be presented and key tight junction proteins described: ZO-1, claudin-1, -3, -5, -11, -12, -19, occludin, and tricellulin. Different diseases can lead to or be accompanied by nerve barrier disruption; impairment of nerve barriers in turn worsens pathology. Peripheral nerve injury, diabetic neuropathy and inflammatory polyneuropathy cause an increased permeability of BNB and BDB. Knowledge and understanding of these mechanisms might ultimately lead to the invention of drugs to control barrier function and help ameliorating neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Reinhold
- Dept Anesthesiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, University Hospitals Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - H L Rittner
- Dept Anesthesiology, Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, University Hospitals Wuerzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Min S, Cong X, Zhang Y, Xiang R, Zhou Y, Yu G, Wu L. Tricellulin Modulates Transport of Macromolecules in the Salivary Gland. J Dent Res 2019; 99:302-310. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034519896749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Volume and composition of saliva are crucial for oral and systemic health. How substances, particularly macromolecules, are transported across the salivary gland epithelium has not been established in detail. Tricellulin is a component of tricellular tight junctions that form a central tube to serve as an important route for macromolecule transport. Whether tricellulin is expressed in the submandibular gland (SMG) and involved in salivation has been unknown. Here, by using Western blotting and immunofluorescence, tricellulin was found to be characteristically localized at tricellular contacts of human, rat, and mouse SMGs. Knockdown of tricellulin significantly increased, whereas overexpression of tricellulin decreased, paracellular permeability for 40-kDa but not for 4-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran, while transepithelial electrical resistance was unaffected. Conversely, claudin-4 knockdown and overexpression affected transepithelial electrical resistance but not 40-kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran transport, suggesting that tricellulin regulated transport of macromolecules but not ions, which were mainly regulated by bicellular tight junctions (bTJs). Moreover, tricellulin was dynamically redistributed from tri- to bicellular membranes in cholinergically stimulated SMG tissues and cells. Immunoglobulin-like domain-containing receptor 1 (ILDR1) recruits tricellulin to tricellular contacts. The proportion of macromolecules in the saliva was increased, whereas the amount of stimulated saliva was unchanged in Ildr1-/- mice, which displayed abnormal tricellulin distribution in SMGs. Furthermore, tricellulin interacted with bTJ proteins, such as occludin, claudin-1, claudin-3, claudin-4, and ZO-1, in rat SMG epithelial polarized cell line SMG-C6. Knockdown of tricellulin decreased occludin levels. Thus, we revealed a specific expression pattern of tricellulin in SMG epithelium. Tricellulin not only functioned as a barrier for macromolecules but also modulated the connection of bTJs to the tight junction complex. Alterations in tricellulin expression and distribution could thereby change salivary composition. Our study provided novel insights on salivary gland tight junction organization and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.N. Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X. Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - R.L. Xiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - G.Y. Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - L.L. Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tight Junctions in Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235972. [PMID: 31783547 PMCID: PMC6928848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) proteins form a continuous intercellular network creating a barrier with selective regulation of water, ion, and solutes across endothelial, epithelial, and glial tissues. TJ proteins include the claudin family that confers barrier properties, members of the MARVEL family that contribute to barrier regulation, and JAM molecules, which regulate junction organization and diapedesis. In addition, the membrane-associated proteins such as MAGUK family members, i.e., zonula occludens, form the scaffold linking the transmembrane proteins to both cell signaling molecules and the cytoskeleton. Most studies of TJ have focused on the contribution to cell-cell adhesion and tissue barrier properties. However, recent studies reveal that, similar to adherens junction proteins, TJ proteins contribute to the control of cell proliferation. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the specific role of TJ proteins in the control of epithelial and endothelial cell proliferation. In some cases, the TJ proteins act as a reservoir of critical cell cycle modulators, by binding and regulating their nuclear access, while in other cases, junctional proteins are located at cellular organelles, regulating transcription and proliferation. Collectively, these studies reveal that TJ proteins contribute to the control of cell proliferation and differentiation required for forming and maintaining a tissue barrier.
Collapse
|
28
|
Cong X, Kong W. Endothelial tight junctions and their regulatory signaling pathways in vascular homeostasis and disease. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109485. [PMID: 31770579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) regulate the transport of water, ions, and molecules through the paracellular pathway, serving as an important barrier in blood vessels and maintaining vascular homeostasis. In endothelial cells (ECs), TJs are highly dynamic structures that respond to multiple external stimuli and pathological conditions. Alterations in the expression, distribution, and structure of endothelial TJs may lead to many related vascular diseases and pathologies. In this review, we provide an overview of the assessment methods used to evaluate endothelial TJ barrier function both in vitro and in vivo and describe the composition of endothelial TJs in diverse vascular systems and ECs. More importantly, the direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of TJ proteins by intracellular kinases and phosphatases, as well as the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of TJs, including and the protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, PKG, Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways, are discussed. With great advances in this area, targeting endothelial TJs may provide novel treatment for TJ-related vascular pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Matsubara A, Miyashita T, Inamoto R, Sakaguchi H, Kamitani T, Mori N, Hoshikawa H. Tricellulin Expression and its Deletion Effects in the Endolymphatic Sac. J Int Adv Otol 2019; 14:312-316. [PMID: 30100545 DOI: 10.5152/iao.2018.5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tricellulin is a tight junction (TJ)-forming protein that participates in the sealing function of tricellular TJs. Tricellulin-knockout (Tric-/-) mice show progressive hearing loss with degeneration of hair cells in the cochlea without physiological or physical disorders. In the present study, we investigated the tricellulin expression and its deletion effects in the endolymphatic sac (ES) using Tric-/- mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ES epithelia from wild-type (WT) mice were laser-microdissected, and RT-PCR was performed. The ES sections from Tric-/- and WT mice were immunostained with an anti-tricellulin antibody. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for morphological examination. The inner ear of Tric-/- mice was perfused with biotinylation reagents, and the ES sections were observed for tracer permeability assay after applying streptavidin-Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate. RESULTS The tricellulin expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and by immunohistochemistry in the WT ES. The ES in Tric-/- mice showed normal morphology and revealed no biotin leakage from the lumen. CONCLUSION The ES in Tric-/- mice showed no changes in morphology or disruption in macromolecular barrier function. The effects of solute leakages in the ES of Tric-/- mice may be very limited and compensatable, or that the ES epithelia may have other sealing system covering the lack of tricellulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Matsubara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa University, School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Takenori Miyashita
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa University, School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Inamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa University, School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sakaguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectual University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Kamitani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa University, School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Nozomu Mori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa University, School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hoshikawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kagawa University, School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nakatsu D, Kano F, Shinozaki-Narikawa N, Murata M. Pyk2-dependent phosphorylation of LSR enhances localization of LSR and tricellulin at tricellular tight junctions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223300. [PMID: 31574128 PMCID: PMC6773211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are cellular junctions within the mammalian epithelial cell sheet that function as a physical barrier to molecular transport within the intercellular space. Dysregulation of TJs leads to various diseases. Tricellular TJs (tTJs), specialized structural variants of TJs, are formed by multiple transmembrane proteins (e.g., lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor [LSR] and tricellulin) within tricellular contacts in the mammalian epithelial cell sheet. However, the mechanism for recruiting LSR and tricellulin to tTJs is largely unknown. Previous studies have identified that tyrphostin 9, the dual inhibitor of Pyk2 (a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase) and receptor tyrosine kinase platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), suppresses LSR and tricellulin recruitment to tTJs in EpH4 (a mouse mammary epithelial cell line) cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of Pyk2 inhibition on LSR and tricellulin localization to tTJs. Pyk2 inactivation by its specific inhibitor or repression by RNAi inhibited the localization of LSR and downstream tricellulin to tTJs without changing their expression level in EpH4 cells. Pyk2-dependent changes in subcellular LSR and tricellulin localization were independent of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and expression. Additionally, Pyk2-dependent LSR phosphorylation at Tyr-237 was required for LSR and tricellulin localization to tTJs and decreased epithelial barrier function. Our findings indicated a novel mechanism by which Pyk2 regulates tTJ assembly and epithelial barrier function in the mammalian epithelial cell sheet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nakatsu
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumi Kano
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naeko Shinozaki-Narikawa
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Murata
- Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Apoptotic Fragmentation of Tricellulin. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194882. [PMID: 31581480 PMCID: PMC6801678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic extrusion of cells from epithelial cell layers is of central importance for epithelial homeostasis. As a prerequisite cell-cell contacts between apoptotic cells and their neighbors have to be dissociated. Tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) represent specialized structures that seal polarized epithelial cells at sites where three cells meet and are characterized by the specific expression of tricellulin and angulins. Here, we specifically addressed the fate of tricellulin in apoptotic cells. METHODS Apoptosis was induced by staurosporine or camptothecin in MDCKII and RT-112 cells. The fate of tricellulin was analyzed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. Caspase activity was inhibited by Z-VAD-FMK or Z-DEVD-FMK. RESULTS Induction of apoptosis induces the degradation of tricellulin with time. Aspartate residues 487 and 441 were identified as caspase cleavage-sites in the C-terminal coiled-coil domain of human tricellulin. Fragmentation of tricellulin was inhibited in the presence of caspase inhibitors or when Asp487 or Asp441 were mutated to asparagine. Deletion of the tricellulin C-terminal amino acids prevented binding to lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR)/angulin-1 and thus should impair specific localization of tricellulin to tTJs. CONCLUSIONS Tricellulin is a substrate of caspases and its cleavage in consequence contributes to the dissolution of tTJs during apoptosis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Naz S, Friedman TB. Growth factor and receptor malfunctions associated with human genetic deafness. Clin Genet 2019; 97:138-155. [PMID: 31506927 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of different signaling pathways are necessary for development and maintenance of the human auditory system. Normal hearing allows for the detection of soft sounds within the frequency range of 20 to 20 000 Hz, but more importantly to perceive the human voice frequency band of 250 to 6000 Hz. Loss of hearing is common, and is a clinically heterogeneous disorder that can be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to loud noise, infections and ototoxic drugs. In addition, variants of hundreds of genes have been reported to disrupt processes required for hearing. Noncoding regulatory variants and variants of additional genes necessary for hearing remain to be discovered as many individuals with inherited deafness are without a genetic diagnosis, despite the advent of whole exome sequencing. Here, we discuss in detail some of these deafness-causing variants of genes encoding a ligand or its receptor. Spotlighted in this review are three growth factor-receptor-pairs EDN3/EDNRB, HGF/MET and JAG/NOTCH, which individually are necessary for normal hearing. We also offer our perspective on unanswered questions, future challenges and potential opportunities for treatments emerging from molecular genetic and mechanistic studies of deafness due to these causes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Naz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Thomas B Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bosveld F, Wang Z, Bellaïche Y. Tricellular junctions: a hot corner of epithelial biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
34
|
Cyr DG, Dufresne J, Gregory M. Cellular junctions in the epididymis, a critical parameter for understanding male reproductive toxicology. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 81:207-219. [PMID: 30130578 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epididymal sperm maturation is a critical aspect of male reproduction in which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum. Sperm maturation is dependent on the creation of a specific environment that changes along the epididymis and which enables the maturation process. The blood-epididymis barrier creates a unique luminal micro-environment, different from blood, by limiting paracellular transport and forcing receptor-mediated transport of macromolecules across the epididymal epithelium. Direct cellular communication between cells allows coordinated function of the epithelium. A limited number of studies have directly examined the effects of toxicants on junctional proteins and barrier function in the epididymis. Effects on the integrity of the blood-epididymis barrier have resulted in decreased fertility and, in some cases, the development of sperm granulomas. Studies have shown that in addition to tight junctions, proteins implicated in the maintenance of adherens junctions and gap junctions alter epididymal functions. This review will provide an overview of the types and roles of cellular junctions in the epididymis, and how these are targeted by different toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Cyr
- Laboratory for Reproductive Toxicology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada.
| | - Julie Dufresne
- Laboratory for Reproductive Toxicology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Mary Gregory
- Laboratory for Reproductive Toxicology, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Exocyst Complex Member EXOC5 Is Required for Survival of Hair Cells and Spiral Ganglion Neurons and Maintenance of Hearing. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6518-6532. [PMID: 29327200 PMCID: PMC6984595 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The exocyst, an octameric protein complex consisting of Exoc1 through Exoc8, was first determined to regulate exocytosis by targeting vesicles to the plasma membrane in yeast to mice. In addition to this fundamental role, the exocyst complex has been implicated in other cellular processes. In this study, we investigated the role of the exocyst in cochlear development and hearing by targeting EXOC5, a central exocyst component. Deleting Exoc5 in the otic epithelium with widely used Cre lines resulted in early lethality. Thus, we generated two different inner ear-specific Exoc5 knockout models by crossing Gfi1Cre mice with Exoc5f/f mice for hair cell-specific deletion (Gfi1Cre/+;Exoc5f/f) and by in utero delivery of rAAV-iCre into the otocyst of embryonic day 12.5 for deletion throughout the otic epithelium (rAAV2/1-iCre;Exoc5f/f). Gfi1Cre/+;Exoc5f/f mice showed relatively normal hair cell morphology until postnatal day 20, after which hair cells underwent apoptosis accompanied by disorganization of stereociliary bundles, resulting in progressive hearing loss. rAAV2/1-iCre;Exoc5f/f mice exhibited abnormal neurite morphology, followed by apoptotic degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) and hair cells, which led to profound and early-onset hearing loss. These results demonstrate that Exoc5 is essential for the normal development and survival of cochlear hair cells and SGNs, as well as the functional maintenance of hearing.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ahmed ZM, Jaworek TJ, Sarangdhar GN, Zheng L, Gul K, Khan SN, Friedman TB, Sisk RA, Bartles JR, Riazuddin S, Riazuddin S. Inframe deletion of human ESPN is associated with deafness, vestibulopathy and vision impairment. J Med Genet 2018; 55:479-488. [PMID: 29572253 PMCID: PMC6232856 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Usher syndrome (USH) is a neurosensory disorder characterised by deafness, variable vestibular areflexia and vision loss. The aim of the study was to identify the genetic defect in a Pakistani family (PKDF1051) segregating USH. METHODS Genome-wide linkage analysis was performed by using an Illumina linkage array followed by Sanger and exome sequencing. Heterologous cells and mouse organ of Corti explant-based transfection assays were used for functional evaluations. Detailed clinical evaluations were performed to characterise the USH phenotype. RESULTS Through homozygosity mapping, we genetically linked the USH phenotype segregating in family PKDF1051 to markers on chromosome 1p36.32-p36.22. The locus was designated USH1M. Using a combination of Sanger sequencing and exome sequencing, we identified a novel homozygous 18 base pair inframe deletion in ESPN. Variants of ESPN, encoding the actin-bundling protein espin, have been previously associated with deafness and vestibular areflexia in humans with no apparent visual deficits. Our functional studies in heterologous cells and in mouse organ of Corti explant cultures revealed that the six deleted residues in affected individuals of family PKDF1051 are essential for the actin bundling function of espin demonstrated by ultracentrifugation actin binding and bundling assays. Funduscopic examination of the affected individuals of family PKDF1051 revealed irregular retinal contour, temporal flecks and disc pallor in both eyes. ERG revealed diminished rod photoreceptor function among affected individuals. CONCLUSION Our study uncovers an additional USH gene, assigns the USH1 phenotype to a variant of ESPN and provides a 12th molecular component to the USH proteome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas J Jaworek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gowri N Sarangdhar
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lili Zheng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Khitab Gul
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shaheen N Khan
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Thomas B Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorder, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Sisk
- Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Eye Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James R Bartles
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sheikh Riazuddin
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- University of Lahore and Allama Iqbal Medical Research Centre, Jinnah Hospital Complex, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pearce SC, Al-Jawadi A, Kishida K, Yu S, Hu M, Fritzky LF, Edelblum KL, Gao N, Ferraris RP. Marked differences in tight junction composition and macromolecular permeability among different intestinal cell types. BMC Biol 2018; 16:19. [PMID: 29391007 PMCID: PMC5793346 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-018-0481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian small intestinal tight junctions (TJ) link epithelial cells to one another and function as a permselective barrier, strictly modulating the passage of ions and macromolecules through the pore and leak pathways, respectively, thereby preventing the absorption of harmful compounds and microbes while allowing regulated transport of nutrients and electrolytes. Small intestinal epithelial permeability is ascribed primarily to the properties of TJs between adjoining enterocytes (ENTs), because there is almost no information on TJ composition and the paracellular permeability of nonenterocyte cell types that constitute a small but significant fraction of the intestinal epithelia. RESULTS Here we directed murine intestinal crypts to form specialized organoids highly enriched in intestinal stem cells (ISCs), absorptive ENTs, secretory goblet cells, or Paneth cells. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of these cells in organoids were similar to those in vivo. The expression of certain TJ proteins varied with cell type: occludin and tricellulin levels were high in both ISCs and Paneth cells, while claudin-1, -2, and -7 expression was greatest in Paneth cells, ISCs, and ENTs, respectively. In contrast, the distribution of claudin-15, zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), and E-cadherin was relatively homogeneous. E-cadherin and claudin-7 marked mainly the basolateral membrane, while claudin-2, ZO-1, and occludin resided in the apical membrane. Remarkably, organoids enriched in ENTs or goblet cells were over threefold more permeable to 4 and 10 kDa dextran compared to those containing stem and Paneth cells. The TJ-regulator larazotide prevented the approximately tenfold increases in dextran flux induced by the TJ-disrupter AT1002 into organoids of different cell types, indicating that this ZO toxin nonselectively increases permeability. Forced dedifferentiation of mature ENTs results in the reacquisition of ISC-like characteristics in TJ composition and dextran permeability, suggesting that the post-differentiation properties of TJs are not hardwired. CONCLUSIONS Differentiation of adult intestinal stem cells into mature secretory and absorptive cell types causes marked, but potentially reversible, changes in TJ composition, resulting in enhanced macromolecular permeability of the TJ leak pathway between ENTs and between goblet cells. This work advances our understanding of how cell differentiation affects the paracellular pathway of epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Present address: Performance Nutrition Team, Combat Feeding Directorate, US Army, 15 General Greene Ave, Natick, MA, 01760-5018, USA
| | - Arwa Al-Jawadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Kunihiro Kishida
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Present address: Department of Science and Technology on Food Safety, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Life Science Center, 225 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Madeleine Hu
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Center for Inflammation and Immunity, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Luke F Fritzky
- Advanced Microscopic Imaging Core Facility, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Center for Inflammation and Immunity, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Life Science Center, 225 University Avenue, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ohlemiller KK, Kaur T, Warchol ME, Withnell RH. The endocochlear potential as an indicator of reticular lamina integrity after noise exposure in mice. Hear Res 2018; 361:138-151. [PMID: 29426600 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endocochlear potential (EP) provides part of the electrochemical drive for sound-driven currents through cochlear hair cells. Intense noise exposure (110 dB SPL, 2 h) differentially affects the EP in three inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6 [B6], CBA/J [CBA], BALB/cJ [BALB]) (Ohlemiller and Gagnon, 2007, Hearing Research 224:34-50; Ohlemiller et al., 2011, JARO 12:45-58). At least for mice older than 3 mos, B6 mice are unaffected, CBA mice show temporary EP reduction, and BALB mice may show temporary or permanent EP reduction. EP reduction was well correlated with histological metrics for injury to stria vascularis and spiral ligament, and little evidence was found for holes or tears in the reticular lamina that might 'short out' the EP. Thus we suggested that the genes and processes that underlie the strain EP differences primarily impact cochlear lateral wall, not the organ of Corti. Our previous work did not test the range of noise exposure conditions over which strain differences apply. It therefore remained possible that the relation between exposure severity and acute EP reduction simply has a higher exposure threshold in B6 mice compared to CBA and BALB. We also did not test for age dependence. It is well established that young adult animals are especially vulnerable to noise-induced permanent threshold shifts (NIPTS). It is unknown, however, whether heightened vulnerability of the lateral wall contributes to this condition. The present study extends our previous work to multiple noise exposure levels and durations, and explicitly compares young adult (6-7 wks) and older mice (>4 mos). We find that the exposure level-versus-acute EP relation is dramatically strain-dependent, such that B6 mice widely diverge from both CBA and BALB. For all three strains, however, acute EP reduction is greater in young mice. Above 110 dB SPL, all mice exhibited rapid and severe EP reduction that is likely related to tearing of the reticular lamina. By contrast, EP-versus-noise duration examined at 104 dB suggested that different processes contribute to EP reduction in young and older mice. The average EP falls to a constant level after ∼7.5 min in older mice, but progressively decreases with further exposure in young mice. Confocal microscopy of organ of Corti surface preparations stained for phalloidin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) indicated this corresponds to rapid loss of outer hair cells (OHCs) and formation of both holes and tears in the reticular lamina of young mice. In addition, when animals exposed at 119 dB were allowed to recover for 1 mo, only young B6 mice showed collapse of the EP to ≤5 mV. Confocal analysis suggested novel persistent loss of tight junctions in the lateral organ of Corti. This may allow paracellular leakage that permanently reduces the EP. From our other findings, we propose that noise-related lateral wall pathology in young CBA and BALB mice promotes hair cell loss and opening of the reticular lamina. The heightened vulnerability of young adult animals to noise exposure may in part reflect special sensitivity of the organ of Corti to acute lateral wall dysfunction at younger ages. This feature appears genetically modifiable.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Auditory Threshold
- Computer Simulation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory
- Hair Cells, Auditory/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory/pathology
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/metabolism
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/pathology
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Models, Biological
- Noise
- Species Specificity
- Spiral Lamina/metabolism
- Spiral Lamina/pathology
- Spiral Lamina/physiopathology
- Tight Junctions/metabolism
- Tight Junctions/pathology
- Time Factors
- Zonula Occludens-1 Protein/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Ohlemiller
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf at Washington University School of Medicine, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, Saint Louis MO, USA.
| | - Tejbeer Kaur
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf at Washington University School of Medicine, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, Saint Louis MO, USA
| | - Mark E Warchol
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf at Washington University School of Medicine, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, Saint Louis MO, USA
| | - Robert H Withnell
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vacca B, Sanchez-Heras E, Steed E, Busson SL, Balda MS, Ohnuma SI, Sasai N, Mayor R, Matter K. Control of neural crest induction by MarvelD3-mediated attenuation of JNK signalling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1204. [PMID: 29352236 PMCID: PMC5775312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions are required for the formation of tissue barriers and function as suppressors of signalling mechanisms that control gene expression and cell behaviour; however, little is known about the physiological and developmental importance of such signalling functions. Here, we demonstrate that depletion of MarvelD3, a transmembrane protein of tight junctions, disrupts neural crest formation and, consequently, development of neural crest-derived tissues during Xenopus embryogenesis. Using embryos and explant cultures combined with a small molecule inhibitor or mutant mRNAs, we show that MarvelD3 is required to attenuate JNK signalling during neural crest induction and that inhibition of JNK pathway activation is sufficient to rescue the phenotype induced by MarvelD3 depletion. Direct JNK stimulation disrupts neural crest development, supporting the importance of negative regulation of JNK. Our data identify the junctional protein MarvelD3 as an essential regulator of early vertebrate development and neural crest induction and, thereby, link tight junctions to the control and timing of JNK signalling during early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vacca
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Emily Steed
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.,Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie L Busson
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Maria S Balda
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohnuma
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Buckley A, Turner JR. Cell Biology of Tight Junction Barrier Regulation and Mucosal Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a029314. [PMID: 28507021 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells. In the intestine, the epithelium establishes a selectively permeable barrier that supports nutrient absorption and waste secretion while preventing intrusion by luminal materials. Intestinal epithelia therefore play a central role in regulating interactions between the mucosal immune system and luminal contents, which include dietary antigens, a diverse intestinal microbiome, and pathogens. The paracellular space is sealed by the tight junction, which is maintained by a complex network of protein interactions. Tight junction dysfunction has been linked to a variety of local and systemic diseases. Two molecularly and biophysically distinct pathways across the intestinal tight junction are selectively and differentially regulated by inflammatory stimuli. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying these events, their impact on disease, and the potential of using these as paradigms for development of tight junction-targeted therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Buckley
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jain RK, Pingle SK, Tumane RG, Thakkar LR, Jawade AA, Barapatre A, Trivedi M. Cochlear Proteins Associated with Noise-induced Hearing Loss: An Update. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2018; 22:60-73. [PMID: 30319226 PMCID: PMC6176698 DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_43_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is one of the major occupational disease that has influence on the quality of life of mining workers. Several reports suggest NIHL is attributed to noise exposure at workplace and approximately 16% of hearing loss is due to it. NIHL occurs as a result of exposure to high-level noise (>85 dB) in the workplace. Noise disrupts proteins present in the micromachinery of the ear that is required for mechano-electric transduction of sound waves. High-level noise exposure can lead to hearing impairment owing to mechanical and metabolic exhaustion in cochlea, the major organ responsible for resilience of sound. Several key proteins of cochlea include tectorial membrane, inner hair cells, outer hair cells, and stereocilia are damaged due to high-level noise exposure. Numerous studies conducted in animals have shown cochlear proteins involvement in NIHL, but the pertinent literature remains limited in humans. Detection of proteins and pathways perturbed within the micromachinery of the ear after excessive sound induction leads toward the early identification of hearing loss. The situation insisted to present this review as an update on cochlear proteins associated with NIHL after an extensive literature search using several electronic databases which help to understand the pathophysiology of NIHL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika K Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Miners' Health JNARDDC Campus, Wadi, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubhangi K Pingle
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Miners' Health JNARDDC Campus, Wadi, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajani G Tumane
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Miners' Health JNARDDC Campus, Wadi, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lucky R Thakkar
- National Centre for Microbial Resources, National Centre for Cell Science, University of Pune Campus, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aruna A Jawade
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Miners' Health JNARDDC Campus, Wadi, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anand Barapatre
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Miners' Health JNARDDC Campus, Wadi, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Minal Trivedi
- B. K. Birla College of Science, Arts & Commerce (Autonomous), Kalyan, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Samarasekera GDNG, Auld VJ. C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) regulates the tricellular junction protein Gliotactin independent of Src. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:123-136. [PMID: 29167383 PMCID: PMC5909926 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tricellular junction (TCJ) forms at the convergence of three neighboring epithelia. The targeting of Gliotactin, an essential TCJ protein, to the TCJ is controlled by phosphorylation and endocytosis. C-terminal Src kinase controls endocytosis of Gliotactin in an Src-independent manner. Tricellular junctions (TCJs) are uniquely placed permeability barriers formed at the corners of polarized epithelia where tight junctions in vertebrates or septate junctions (SJ) in invertebrates from three cells converge. Gliotactin is a Drosophila TCJ protein, and loss of Gliotactin results in SJ and TCJ breakdown and permeability barrier loss. When overexpressed, Gliotactin spreads away from the TCJs, resulting in disrupted epithelial architecture, including overproliferation, cell delamination, and migration. Gliotactin levels are tightly controlled at the mRNA level and at the protein level through endocytosis and degradation triggered by tyrosine phosphorylation. We identified C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) as a tyrosine kinase responsible for regulating Gliotactin endocytosis. Increased Csk suppresses the Gliotactin overexpression phenotypes by increasing endocytosis. Loss of Csk causes Gliotactin to spread away from the TCJ. Although Csk is known as a negative regulator of Src kinases, the effects of Csk on Gliotactin are independent of Src and likely occur through an adherens junction associated complex. Overall, we identified a new Src-independent role for Csk in the control of Gliotactin, a key tricellular junction protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Jane Auld
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Higashi T, Miller AL. Tricellular junctions: how to build junctions at the TRICkiest points of epithelial cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2023-2034. [PMID: 28705832 PMCID: PMC5509417 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tricellular contacts are the places where three cells meet. In vertebrate epithelial cells, specialized structures called tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) and tricellular adherens junctions (tAJs) have been identified. tTJs are important for the maintenance of barrier function, and disruption of tTJ proteins contributes to familial deafness. tAJs have recently been attracting the attention of mechanobiologists because these sites are hot spots of epithelial tension. Although the molecular components, regulation, and function of tTJs and tAJs, as well as of invertebrate tricellular junctions, are beginning to be characterized, many questions remain. Here we broadly cover what is known about tricellular junctions, propose a new model for tension transmission at tAJs, and discuss key open questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohito Higashi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shashikanth N, Yeruva S, Ong MLDM, Odenwald MA, Pavlyuk R, Turner JR. Epithelial Organization: The Gut and Beyond. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1497-1518. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
45
|
Liu Y, Nie H, Liu C, Zhai X, Sang Q, Wang Y, Shi D, Wang L, Xu Z. Angulin proteins ILDR1 and ILDR2 regulate alternative pre-mRNA splicing through binding to splicing factors TRA2A, TRA2B, or SRSF1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7466. [PMID: 28785060 PMCID: PMC5547134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Angulin proteins are a group of evolutionally conserved type I transmembrane proteins that contain an extracellular Ig-like domain. In mammals, three angulin proteins have been identified, namely immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptor 1 (ILDR1), immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptor 2 (ILDR2), and lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR). All three proteins have been shown to localize at tight junctions (TJs) and are important for TJ formation. Mutations in ILDR1 gene have been shown to cause non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL). In the present work, we show that ILDR1 binds to splicing factors TRA2A, TRA2B, and SRSF1, and translocates into the nuclei when the splicing factors are present. Moreover, ILDR1 affects alternative splicing of Tubulin delta 1 (TUBD1), IQ motif containing B1 (IQCB1), and Protocadherin 19 (Pcdh19). Further investigation show that ILDR2, but not LSR, also binds to the splicing factors and regulates alternative splicing. When endogenous ILDR1 and ILDR2 expression is knockdown with siRNAs in cultured cells, alternative splicing of TUBD1 and IQCB1 is affected. In conclusion, we show here that angulin proteins ILDR1 and ILDR2 are involved in alternative pre-mRNA splicing via binding to splicing factors TRA2A, TRA2B, or SRSF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Hongyun Nie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Qing Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Deli Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.,Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, Shandong University School of Life Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Histone deacetylase inhibition prevents cell death induced by loss of tricellular tight junction proteins in temperature-sensitive mouse cochlear cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182291. [PMID: 28767685 PMCID: PMC5540400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) are specialized structures that occur where the corners of three cells meet to seal adjacent intercellular space. The molecular components of tTJs include tricellulin (TRIC) and lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptor (LSR) which recruits TRIC, are required for normal hearing. Although loss of TRIC causes hearing loss with degeneration of cochlear cells, the detailed mechanisms remains unclear. In the present study, by using temperature-sensitive mouse cochlear cells, US/VOT-E36 cell line, we investigated the changes of TRIC and LSR during cochlear cell differentiation and the effects of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors against cell degeneration induced by loss of TRIC and LSR. During cell differentiation induced by the temperature change, expression of TRIC and LSR were clearly induced. Treatment with metformin enhanced expression TRIC and LSR via AMPK during cell differentiation. Loss of TRIC and LSR by the siRNAs induced cell death in differentiated cells. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A and HDAC6 inhibitor prevented the cell death induced by loss of TRIC and LSR. Collectively, these findings suggest that both tTJ proteins TRIC and LSR have crucial roles for the differentiated cochlear cell survival, and that HDAC inhibitors may be potential therapeutic agents to prevent hearing loss.
Collapse
|
47
|
ILDR1 is important for paracellular water transport and urine concentration mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5271-5276. [PMID: 28461473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701006114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the tight junction is permeable to water remains highly controversial. Here, we provide evidence that the tricellular tight junction is important for paracellular water permeation and that Ig-like domain containing receptor 1 (ILDR1) regulates its permeability. In the mouse kidney, ILDR1 is localized to tricellular tight junctions of the distal tubules. Genetic knockout of Ildr1 in the mouse kidney causes polyuria and polydipsia due to renal concentrating defects. Microperfusion of live renal distal tubules reveals that they are impermeable to water in normal animals but become highly permeable to water in Ildr1 knockout animals whereas paracellular ionic permeabilities in the Ildr1 knockout mouse renal tubules are not affected. Vasopressin cannot correct paracellular water loss in Ildr1 knockout animals despite normal effects on the transcellular aquaporin-2-dependent pathway. In cultured renal epithelial cells normally lacking the expression of Ildr1, overexpression of Ildr1 significantly reduces the paracellular water permeability. Together, our study provides a mechanism of how cells transport water and shows how such a mechanism may be exploited as a therapeutic approach to maintain water homeostasis.
Collapse
|
48
|
Jennek S, Mittag S, Reiche J, Westphal JK, Seelk S, Dörfel MJ, Pfirrmann T, Friedrich K, Schütz A, Heinemann U, Huber O. Tricellulin is a target of the ubiquitin ligase Itch. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1397:157-168. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jennek
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Sonnhild Mittag
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Juliane Reiche
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Julie K. Westphal
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Stefanie Seelk
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Max J. Dörfel
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Thorsten Pfirrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Hospital Halle; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle/Saale Germany
| | - Karlheinz Friedrich
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Anja Schütz
- Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
| | - Udo Heinemann
- Helmholtz Protein Sample Production Facility; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
- Crystallography; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin Germany
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Otmar Huber
- Department of Biochemistry II; Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Jena Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
A fundamental function of the intestinal epithelium is to act as a barrier that limits interactions between luminal contents such as the intestinal microbiota, the underlying immune system and the remainder of the body, while supporting vectorial transport of nutrients, water and waste products. Epithelial barrier function requires a contiguous layer of cells as well as the junctions that seal the paracellular space between epithelial cells. Compromised intestinal barrier function has been associated with a number of disease states, both intestinal and systemic. Unfortunately, most current clinical data are correlative, making it difficult to separate cause from effect in interpreting the importance of barrier loss. Some data from experimental animal models suggest that compromised epithelial integrity might have a pathogenic role in specific gastrointestinal diseases, but no FDA-approved agents that target the epithelial barrier are presently available. To develop such therapies, a deeper understanding of both disease pathogenesis and mechanisms of barrier regulation must be reached. Here, we review and discuss mechanisms of intestinal barrier loss and the role of intestinal epithelial barrier function in pathogenesis of both intestinal and systemic diseases. We conclude with a discussion of potential strategies to restore the epithelial barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 1428, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Loss of Myh14 Increases Susceptibility to Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in CBA/CaJ Mice. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:6720420. [PMID: 28101381 PMCID: PMC5215640 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6720420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MYH14 is a member of the myosin family, which has been implicated in many motile processes such as ion-channel gating, organelle translocation, and the cytoskeleton rearrangement. Mutations in MYH14 lead to a DFNA4-type hearing impairment. Further evidence also shows that MYH14 is a candidate noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) susceptible gene. However, the specific roles of MYH14 in auditory function and NIHL are not fully understood. In the present study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to establish a Myh14 knockout mice line in CBA/CaJ background (now referred to as Myh14−/− mice) and clarify the role of MYH14 in the cochlea and NIHL. We found that Myh14−/− mice did not exhibit significant hearing loss until five months of age. In addition, Myh14−/− mice were more vulnerable to high intensity noise compared to control mice. More significant outer hair cell loss was observed in Myh14−/− mice than in wild type controls after acoustic trauma. Our findings suggest that Myh14 may play a beneficial role in the protection of the cochlea after acoustic overstimulation in CBA/CaJ mice.
Collapse
|