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Blum JE, Kong R, Schulman E, Chen FM, Upadhyay R, Romero-Meza G, Littman DR, Fischbach MA, Nagashima K, Sattely ES. Discovery and characterization of dietary antigens in oral tolerance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.26.593976. [PMID: 38853977 PMCID: PMC11160622 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.26.593976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Food antigens elicit immune tolerance through the action of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the intestine. Although antigens that trigger common food allergies are known, the epitopes that mediate tolerance to most foods have not been described. Here, we identified murine T cell receptors specific for maize, wheat, and soy, and used expression cloning to de-orphan their cognate epitopes. All of the epitopes derive from seed storage proteins that are resistant to degradation and abundant in the edible portion of the plant. Multiple unrelated T cell clones were specific for an epitope at the C-terminus of 19 kDa alpha-zein, a protein from maize kernel. An MHC tetramer loaded with this antigen revealed that zein-specific T cells are predominantly Tregs localized to the intestine. These cells, which develop concurrently with weaning, constitute up to 2% of the peripheral Treg pool. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that these cells express higher levels of immunosuppressive markers and chemokines compared to other Tregs. These data suggest that immune tolerance to plant-derived foods is focused on a specific class of antigens with common features, and they reveal the functional properties of naturally occurring food-specific Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E. Blum
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA and New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Ryan Kong
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - E.A. Schulman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA and New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
| | - Francis M. Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Rabi Upadhyay
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY 10016, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health; New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Gabriela Romero-Meza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA and New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dan R. Littman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA and New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael A. Fischbach
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305 USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Department of Bioengineering; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305 USA
- ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Sattely
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305 USA and New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
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Piccaro G, Aquino G, Gigantino V, Tirelli V, Sanchez M, Iorio E, Matarese G, Cassone A, Palma C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85B modifies BCG-induced antituberculosis immunity and favors pathogen survival. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:1053-1069. [PMID: 38242866 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has developed strategies not only to evade host immunity but also to manipulate it for its survival. We investigated whether Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploited the immunogenicity of Ag85B, one of its major secretory proteins, to redirect host antituberculosis immunity to its advantage. We found that administration of Ag85B protein to mice vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin impaired the protection elicited by vaccination, causing a more severe infection when mice were challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Ag85B administration reduced Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced CD4 T-cell activation and IFN-γ, CCL-4, and IL-22 production in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected cells. On the other hand, it promoted robust Ag85B-responsive IFN-γ-producing CD4 T cells, expansion of a subset of IFN-γ/IL-10-producing CD4+FOXP3+Treg cells, differential activation of IL-17/IL-22 responses, and activation of regulatory and exhaustion pathways, including programmed death ligand 1 expression on macrophages. All this resulted in impaired intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth control by systemic immunity, both before and after the Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. Interestingly, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection itself generated Ag85B-reactive inflammatory immune cells incapable of clearing Mycobacterium tuberculosis in both unvaccinated and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated mice. Our data suggest that Mycobacterium tuberculosis can exploit the strong immunogenicity of Ag85B to promote its own survival and spread. Since Ag85B is normally secreted by replicating bacteria and is commonly found in the lungs of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected host, our findings may advance the understanding on the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Piccaro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Aquino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gigantino
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Fondazione G. Pascale, IRCCS, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Tirelli
- Core Facilities-Flow Cytometry Area, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Core Facilities-Flow Cytometry Area, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Egidio Iorio
- Core Facilities-High Resolution NMR Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie mediche, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Cassone
- Polo d'innovazione della Genomica, Genetica e Biologia, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Palma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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3
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Hashimoto M, Kojima Y, Sakamoto T, Ozato Y, Nakano Y, Abe T, Hosoda K, Saito H, Higuchi S, Hisamatsu Y, Toshima T, Yonemura Y, Masuda T, Hata T, Nagayama S, Kagawa K, Goto Y, Utou M, Gamachi A, Imamura K, Kuze Y, Zenkoh J, Suzuki A, Takahashi K, Niida A, Hirose H, Hayashi S, Koseki J, Fukuchi S, Murakami K, Yoshizumi T, Kadomatsu K, Tobo T, Oda Y, Uemura M, Eguchi H, Doki Y, Mori M, Oshima M, Shibata T, Suzuki Y, Shimamura T, Mimori K. Spatial and single-cell colocalisation analysis reveals MDK-mediated immunosuppressive environment with regulatory T cells in colorectal carcinogenesis. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105102. [PMID: 38614865 PMCID: PMC11121171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-cell interaction factors that facilitate the progression of adenoma to sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear, thereby hindering patient survival. METHODS We performed spatial transcriptomics on five early CRC cases, which included adenoma and carcinoma, and one advanced CRC. To elucidate cell-cell interactions within the tumour microenvironment (TME), we investigated the colocalisation network at single-cell resolution using a deep generative model for colocalisation analysis, combined with a single-cell transcriptome, and assessed the clinical significance in CRC patients. FINDINGS CRC cells colocalised with regulatory T cells (Tregs) at the adenoma-carcinoma interface. At early-stage carcinogenesis, cell-cell interaction inference between colocalised adenoma and cancer epithelial cells and Tregs based on the spatial distribution of single cells highlighted midkine (MDK) as a prominent signalling molecule sent from tumour epithelial cells to Tregs. Interaction between MDK-high CRC cells and SPP1+ macrophages and stromal cells proved to be the mechanism underlying immunosuppression in the TME. Additionally, we identified syndecan4 (SDC4) as a receptor for MDK associated with Treg colocalisation. Finally, clinical analysis using CRC datasets indicated that increased MDK/SDC4 levels correlated with poor overall survival in CRC patients. INTERPRETATION MDK is involved in the immune tolerance shown by Tregs to tumour growth. MDK-mediated formation of the TME could be a potential target for early diagnosis and treatment of CRC. FUNDING Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for Science Research; OITA Cancer Research Foundation; AMED under Grant Number; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Takeda Science Foundation; The Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hashimoto
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kojima
- Division of Computational Bioscience, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takeharu Sakamoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, 573-1010, Japan.
| | - Yuki Ozato
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakano
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadashi Abe
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Hosoda
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saito
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan; Department of General Surgical Science, Gastroenterological Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Satoshi Higuchi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan; Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hisamatsu
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yonemura
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Takaaki Masuda
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagayama
- Department of Surgery, Uji-Tokushukai Medical Center, Uji, 611-0041, Japan
| | - Koichi Kagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shin Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-8538, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shin Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-8538, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Utou
- Department of Pathology, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Ayako Gamachi
- Department of Pathology, Oita Oka Hospital, Oita, 870-0192, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Imamura
- Laboratory of Systems Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yuta Kuze
- Laboratory of Systems Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Junko Zenkoh
- Laboratory of Systems Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Ayako Suzuki
- Laboratory of Systems Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Atsushi Niida
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Haruka Hirose
- Division of Systems Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shuto Hayashi
- Division of Systems Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Division of Systems Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Medicine, Almeida Memorial Hospital, Oita, 870-1195, Japan
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oita University Hospital, Yufu, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Taro Tobo
- Department of Pathology, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mamoru Uemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, 259-1193, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Systems Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Teppei Shimamura
- Division of Systems Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Medical Research Insitute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0034, Japan.
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, 874-0838, Japan.
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4
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Ma S, Sandhoff R, Luo X, Shang F, Shi Q, Li Z, Wu J, Ming Y, Schwarz F, Madi A, Weisshaar N, Mieg A, Hering M, Zettl F, Yan X, Mohr K, Ten Bosch N, Li Z, Poschet G, Rodewald HR, Papavasiliou N, Wang X, Gao P, Cui G. Serine enrichment in tumors promotes regulatory T cell accumulation through sphinganine-mediated regulation of c-Fos. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadg8817. [PMID: 38640251 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg8817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells accumulate in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and suppress the immune system. Whether and how metabolite availability in the TME influences Treg cell differentiation is not understood. Here, we measured 630 metabolites in the TME and found that serine and palmitic acid, substrates required for the synthesis of sphingolipids, were enriched. A serine-free diet or a deficiency in Sptlc2, the rate-limiting enzyme catalyzing sphingolipid synthesis, suppressed Treg cell accumulation and inhibited tumor growth. Sphinganine, an intermediate metabolite in sphingolipid synthesis, physically interacted with the transcription factor c-Fos. Sphinganine c-Fos interactions enhanced the genome-wide recruitment of c-Fos to regions near the transcription start sites of target genes including Pdcd1 (encoding PD-1), which promoted Pdcd1 transcription and increased inducible Treg cell differentiation in vitro in a PD-1-dependent manner. Thus, Sptlc2-mediated sphingolipid synthesis translates the extracellular information of metabolite availability into nuclear signals for Treg cell differentiation and limits antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group (A411), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiu Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fuwei Shang
- Cellular Immunology (D110), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qiaozhen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaolong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yanan Ming
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Frank Schwarz
- Core Facility Antibodies (W170), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alaa Madi
- Immune Diversity (D150), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Weisshaar
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T Cell Metabolism (D192), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessa Mieg
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T Cell Metabolism (D192), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Hering
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T Cell Metabolism (D192), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Zettl
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T Cell Metabolism (D192), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xin Yan
- Immune Diversity (D150), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Mohr
- T Cell Metabolism (D192), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nora Ten Bosch
- T Cell Metabolism (D192), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Pathogenesis of Virus Associated Tumors (F100), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- Cellular Immunology (D110), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Papavasiliou
- Immune Diversity (D150), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pu Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guoliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230601, China
- T Cell Metabolism (D192), German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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An L, Ren X, Pan Y, Gao W, Ren L, Wang J, Wang Y. IFN-γ, SCF, MIP1b and IL-16 Were Associated with Risk of Diabetic Nephropathy: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:851-856. [PMID: 38410634 PMCID: PMC10895979 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s452227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of inflammatory factors on the risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is inconsistent. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were used to detect the causal role of inflammatory factors in DN risk. Methods Inflammatory factor GWAS summary data were collected from a meta-analysis including 8,293 Finnish participants, and DN information was extracted from a GWAS of 213,746 individuals from FinnGen. The MR Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) outlier test was used for the removal of horizontal pleiotropic outliers. Multivariable MR analysis was also used to adjust for pleiotropy. Results IFN-γ [ORIVW: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.09-1.63; p=0.005] and SCF [ORIVW: 1.25, 1.02-1.52; p = 0.027] were associated with an increased risk of DN. MIP1b [ORIVW: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85-0.98; p = 0.022] and IL-16 [ORIVW: 0.89, 0.81-0.99; p = 0.043] showed negative associations with the risk of DN. We validated our MR results with MR-PRESSO analyses. Significant horizontal pleiotropy was not found. Moreover, in the multivariable MR analysis, the associations between cytokines and DN risk remained. Conclusion Our MR results based on genetic data contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of DN and provide evidence for a causal effect of inflammatory factors on DN. These findings support targeting specific inflammatory factors to alleviate DN risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li An
- Department of Geriatrics, ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrine, ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Pan
- Department of Endocrine, ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqun Ren
- Department of Geriatrics, ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Yizheng Hospital of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group, Yizheng, 211400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Endocrine, ZhongDa Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Moldenhauer LM, Foyle KL, Wilson JJ, Wong YY, Sharkey DJ, Green ES, Barry SC, Hull ML, Robertson SA. A disrupted FOXP3 transcriptional signature underpins systemic regulatory T cell insufficiency in early pregnancy failure. iScience 2024; 27:108994. [PMID: 38327801 PMCID: PMC10847744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cell defects are implicated in disorders of embryo implantation and placental development, but the origins of Treg cell dysfunction are unknown. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the phenotypes and transcriptional profile of peripheral blood Treg cells in individuals with early pregnancy failure (EPF). Compared to fertile subjects, EPF subjects had 32% fewer total Treg cells and 54% fewer CD45RA+CCR7+ naive Treg cells among CD4+ T cells, an altered Treg cell phenotype with reduced transcription factor FOXP3 and suppressive marker CTLA4 expression, and lower Treg:Th1 and Treg:Th17 ratios. RNA sequencing demonstrated an aberrant gene expression profile, with upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes including CSF2, IL4, IL17A, IL21, and IFNG in EPF Treg cells. In silico analysis revealed 25% of the Treg cell dysregulated genes are targets of FOXP3. We conclude that EPF is associated with systemic Treg cell defects arising due to disrupted FOXP3 transcriptional control and loss of lineage fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan M. Moldenhauer
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kerrie L. Foyle
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jasmine J. Wilson
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ying Y. Wong
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David J. Sharkey
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ella S. Green
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - M. Louise Hull
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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7
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Mourot-Bousquenaud M, Langonné I, Buchheit M, Muller S, Coiscaud A, Mathiot J, Jacquenet S, Battais F. Identification of the allergenic sensitizing potential of bisphenol A substitutes used in the industry. Contact Dermatitis 2024; 90:169-181. [PMID: 37927141 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol (BP-)A is a chemical used in Europe to produce polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resin or as colour developer in thermal paper. Due to its toxicity, BPA presence was restricted by European regulations. Therefore, substitute chemicals are replacing BPA. OBJECTIVE To assess the allergenic sensitizing potential of 27 substitutes to BPA used in the industry. METHODS The expression of two costimulatory molecules and six cytokines were analysed by flow cytometry in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) exposed to the chemicals. RESULTS All substances except one induced overexpression of at least one receptor and were thus identified as having allergenic sensitizing potential. Based on the BMDC model, they were classified as extreme (1 out of 27), strong (20 out of 27) and moderate (5 out of 27) sensitizers. BPA was classified as a moderate sensitizer and BPF was the only substitute classified as a non-sensitizer. The more potent substitutes induced more than 2-fold secretion of CCL3, CCL4 and/or CCL5 by dendritic cells. CONCLUSION Most of the BPA substitutes tested in this study have an allergenic sensitizing potential; 24 of them being more potent than BPA itself. Only BPE, BPF and 2,4-BPS appeared to be weaker sensitizers than BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Mourot-Bousquenaud
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Isabelle Langonné
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Maurane Buchheit
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Samuel Muller
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Amélie Coiscaud
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Julianne Mathiot
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Sandrine Jacquenet
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Fabrice Battais
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Division, French Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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8
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Santosh Nirmala S, Kayani K, Gliwiński M, Hu Y, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Piotrowska-Mieczkowska M, Sakowska J, Tomaszewicz M, Marín Morales JM, Lakshmi K, Marek-Trzonkowska NM, Trzonkowski P, Oo YH, Fuchs A. Beyond FOXP3: a 20-year journey unravelling human regulatory T-cell heterogeneity. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1321228. [PMID: 38283365 PMCID: PMC10811018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1321228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The initial idea of a distinct group of T-cells responsible for suppressing immune responses was first postulated half a century ago. However, it is only in the last three decades that we have identified what we now term regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and subsequently elucidated and crystallized our understanding of them. Human Tregs have emerged as essential to immune tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune diseases and are typically contemporaneously characterized by their CD3+CD4+CD25high CD127lowFOXP3+ phenotype. It is important to note that FOXP3+ Tregs exhibit substantial diversity in their origin, phenotypic characteristics, and function. Identifying reliable markers is crucial to the accurate identification, quantification, and assessment of Tregs in health and disease, as well as the enrichment and expansion of viable cells for adoptive cell therapy. In our comprehensive review, we address the contributions of various markers identified in the last two decades since the master transcriptional factor FOXP3 was identified in establishing and enriching purity, lineage stability, tissue homing and suppressive proficiency in CD4+ Tregs. Additionally, our review delves into recent breakthroughs in innovative Treg-based therapies, underscoring the significance of distinct markers in their therapeutic utilization. Understanding Treg subsets holds the key to effectively harnessing human Tregs for immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayani Kayani
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Academic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Renal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Gliwiński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yueyuan Hu
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Justyna Sakowska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martyna Tomaszewicz
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Kavitha Lakshmi
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Advanced Cellular Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network - Rare Liver Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Fuchs
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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9
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Jiang H, Nace R, Ariail E, Ma Y, McGlinch E, Ferguson C, Fernandez Carrasco T, Packiriswamy N, Zhang L, Peng KW, Russell SJ. Oncolytic α-herpesvirus and myeloid-tropic cytomegalovirus cooperatively enhance systemic antitumor responses. Mol Ther 2024; 32:241-256. [PMID: 37927036 PMCID: PMC10787119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy aims to activate host antitumor immunity. In responsive tumors, intratumorally injected herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) have been shown to lyse tumor cells, resulting in local inflammation, enhanced tumor antigen presentation, and boosting of antitumor cytotoxic lymphocytes. In contrast to HSV, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is nonlytic and reprograms infected myeloid cells, limiting their antigen-presenting functions and protecting them from recognition by natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we show that when co-injected into mouse tumors with an oncolytic HSV, mouse CMV (mCMV) preferentially targeted tumor-associated myeloid cells, promoted the local release of proinflammatory cytokines, and enhanced systemic antitumor immune responses, leading to superior control of both injected and distant contralateral tumors. Deletion of mCMV genes m06, which degrades major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I), or m144, a viral MHC class I homolog that inhibits NK activation, was shown to diminish the antitumor activity of the HSV/mCMV combination. However, an mCMV recombinant lacking the m04 gene, which escorts MHC class I to the cell surface, showed superior HSV adjuvanticity. CMV is a potentially promising agent with which to reshape and enhance antitumor immune responses following oncolytic HSV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Rebecca Nace
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Emily Ariail
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yejun Ma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Erin McGlinch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Coryn Ferguson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Lianwen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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10
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Dooley NL, Chabikwa TG, Pava Z, Loughland JR, Hamelink J, Berry K, Andrew D, Soon MSF, SheelaNair A, Piera KA, William T, Barber BE, Grigg MJ, Engwerda CR, Lopez JA, Anstey NM, Boyle MJ. Single cell transcriptomics shows that malaria promotes unique regulatory responses across multiple immune cell subsets. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7387. [PMID: 37968278 PMCID: PMC10651914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria drives immunoregulatory responses across multiple cell subsets, which protects from immunopathogenesis, but also hampers the development of effective anti-parasitic immunity. Understanding malaria induced tolerogenic responses in specific cell subsets may inform development of strategies to boost protective immunity during drug treatment and vaccination. Here, we analyse the immune landscape with single cell RNA sequencing during P. falciparum malaria. We identify cell type specific responses in sub-clustered major immune cell types. Malaria is associated with an increase in immunosuppressive monocytes, alongside NK and γδ T cells which up-regulate tolerogenic markers. IL-10-producing Tr1 CD4 T cells and IL-10-producing regulatory B cells are also induced. Type I interferon responses are identified across all cell types, suggesting Type I interferon signalling may be linked to induction of immunoregulatory networks during malaria. These findings provide insights into cell-specific and shared immunoregulatory changes during malaria and provide a data resource for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Dooley
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Zuleima Pava
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Julianne Hamelink
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kiana Berry
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dean Andrew
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Megan S F Soon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arya SheelaNair
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kim A Piera
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Timothy William
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Program, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Subang Jaya Medical Centre, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bridget E Barber
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Program, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Matthew J Grigg
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Program, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - J Alejandro Lopez
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Society Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research Program, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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11
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Dikiy S, Rudensky AY. Principles of regulatory T cell function. Immunity 2023; 56:240-255. [PMID: 36792571 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent a distinct lineage of cells of the adaptive immune system indispensable for forestalling fatal autoimmune and inflammatory pathologies. The role of Treg cells as principal guardians of the immune system can be attributed to their ability to restrain all currently recognized major types of inflammatory responses through modulating the activity of a wide range of cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. This broad purview over immunity and inflammation is afforded by the multiple modes of action Treg cells exert upon their diverse molecular and cellular targets. Beyond the suppression of autoimmunity for which they were originally recognized, Treg cells have been implicated in tissue maintenance, repair, and regeneration under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Herein, we discuss the current and emerging understanding of Treg cell effector mechanisms in the context of the basic properties of Treg cells that endow them with such functional versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Dikiy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Ludwig Center at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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12
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Brown B, Ojha V, Fricke I, Al-Sheboul SA, Imarogbe C, Gravier T, Green M, Peterson L, Koutsaroff IP, Demir A, Andrieu J, Leow CY, Leow CH. Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:408. [PMID: 36851285 PMCID: PMC9962967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Fricke
- Independent Immunologist and Researcher, 311995 Lamspringe, Germany
| | - Suhaila A Al-Sheboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International School of Medicine, Medipol University-Istanbul, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | | | - Tanya Gravier
- Independent Researcher, MPH, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ayça Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University, Istanbul 03030, Turkey
| | - Jonatane Andrieu
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix–Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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13
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Jotereau F, Alameddine J, Teusan R, Pédron A, Jouand N, Altare F, Godefroy E. Human gut microbiota-reactive DP8α regulatory T cells, signature and related emerging functions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1026994. [PMID: 36479125 PMCID: PMC9720269 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, microbiota-induced Tregs both maintain intestinal homeostasis and provide resistance to immuno-pathologies in the adult. Identifying their human functional counterpart therefore represents an important goal. We discovered, in the human colonic lamina propria and blood, a FoxP3-negative IL-10-secreting Treg subset, which co-expresses CD4 and CD8α (hence named DP8α) and displays a TCR-reactivity against Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, indicating a role for this symbiotic bacterium in their induction. Moreover, supporting their role in intestinal homeostasis, we previously reported both their drastic decrease in IBD patients and their protective role in vivo against intestinal inflammation, in mice. Here, we aimed at identifying the genomic, phenotypic and functional signatures of these microbiota-induced Tregs, towards delineating their physiological role(s) and clinical potential. Human F. prausnitzii-reactive DP8α Treg clones were derived from both the colonic lamina propria and blood. RNA-sequencing, flow cytometry and functional assays were performed to characterize their response upon activation and compare them to donor- and tissue-matched FoxP3+ Treg clones. DP8α Tregs exhibited a unique mixed Tr1-like/cytotoxic CD4+ T cell-profile and shared the RORγt and MAF master genes with mouse gut microbiota-induced FoxP3+ Tregs. We revealed their potent cytotoxic, chemotactic and IgA-promoting abilities, which were confirmed using in vitro assays. Therefore, besides their induction by a Clostridium bacterium, DP8α Tregs also partake master genes with mouse microbiota-induced Tregs. The present identification of their complete signature and novel functional properties, should be key in delineating the in vivo roles and therapeutic applications of these unique human microbiota-induced Tregs through their study in pathological contexts, particularly in inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Jotereau
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, Nantes, France,*Correspondence: Emmanuelle Godefroy, ; Francine Jotereau, ; Frédéric Altare,
| | - Joudy Alameddine
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, Nantes, France
| | - Raluca Teusan
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, Nantes, France
| | - Annabelle Pédron
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Jouand
- Cytocell, BioCore, Nantes Université UMS 3556, Inserm US016, CNRS UAR 3556, CHU Nantes, SFR Santé François BONAMY, Nantes, France
| | - Frédéric Altare
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, Nantes, France,*Correspondence: Emmanuelle Godefroy, ; Francine Jotereau, ; Frédéric Altare,
| | - Emmanuelle Godefroy
- Nantes Université, Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, Immunology and New Concepts in ImmunoTherapy, INCIT, UMR 1302/EMR6001, Nantes, France,*Correspondence: Emmanuelle Godefroy, ; Francine Jotereau, ; Frédéric Altare,
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14
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Regulatory T Cells in Ovarian Carcinogenesis and Future Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225488. [PMID: 36428581 PMCID: PMC9688690 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to play a role in the development of solid tumors. A better understanding of the biology of Tregs, immune suppression by Tregs, and how cancer developed with the activity of Tregs has facilitated the development of strategies used to improve immune-based therapy. In ovarian cancer, Tregs have been shown to promote cancer development and resistance at different cancer stages. Understanding the various Treg-mediated immune escape mechanisms provides opportunities to establish specific, efficient, long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Here, we review the evidence of Treg involvement in various stages of ovarian cancer. We further provide an overview of the current and prospective therapeutic approaches that arise from the modulation of Treg-related tumor immunity at those specific stages. Finally, we propose combination strategies of Treg-related therapies with other anti-tumor therapies to improve clinical efficacy and overcome tumor resistance in ovarian cancer.
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15
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Podojil JR, Genardi S, Chiang MY, Kakade S, Neef T, Murthy T, Boyne MT, Elhofy A, Miller SD. Tolerogenic Immune-Modifying Nanoparticles Encapsulating Multiple Recombinant Pancreatic β Cell Proteins Prevent Onset and Progression of Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:465-475. [PMID: 35725270 PMCID: PMC9339508 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by T and B cell responses to proteins expressed by insulin-producing pancreatic β cells, inflammatory lesions within islets (insulitis), and β cell loss. We previously showed that Ag-specific tolerance targeting single β cell protein epitopes is effective in preventing T1D induced by transfer of monospecific diabetogenic CD4 and CD8 transgenic T cells to NOD.scid mice. However, tolerance induction to individual diabetogenic proteins, for example, GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65) or insulin, has failed to ameliorate T1D both in wild-type NOD mice and in the clinic. Initiation and progression of T1D is likely due to activation of T cells specific for multiple diabetogenic epitopes. To test this hypothesis, recombinant insulin, GAD65, and chromogranin A proteins were encapsulated within poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (COUR CNPs) to assess regulatory T cell induction, inhibition of Ag-specific T cell responses, and blockade of T1D induction/progression in NOD mice. Whereas treatment of NOD mice with CNPs containing a single protein inhibited the corresponding Ag-specific T cell response, inhibition of overt T1D development only occurred when all three diabetogenic proteins were included within the CNPs (CNP-T1D). Blockade of T1D following CNP-T1D tolerization was characterized by regulatory T cell induction and a significant decrease in both peri-insulitis and immune cell infiltration into pancreatic islets. As we have recently published that CNP treatment is both safe and induced Ag-specific tolerance in a phase 1/2a celiac disease clinical trial, Ag-specific tolerance induced by nanoparticles encapsulating multiple diabetogenic proteins is a promising approach to T1D treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Podojil
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Samantha Genardi
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Ming-Yi Chiang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sandeep Kakade
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Tushar Murthy
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Michael T Boyne
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Adam Elhofy
- COUR Pharmaceutical Development Company, Inc., Northbrook, IL; and
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL;
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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16
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Yin W, Ping YF, Li F, Lv SQ, Zhang XN, Li XG, Guo Y, Liu Q, Li TR, Yang LQ, Yang KD, Liu YQ, Luo CH, Luo T, Wang WY, Mao M, Luo M, He ZC, Cao MF, Chen C, Miao JY, Zeng H, Wang C, Zhou L, Yang Y, Yang X, Wang QH, Feng H, Shi Y, Bian XW. A map of the spatial distribution and tumour-associated macrophage states in glioblastoma and grade-4 IDH-mutant astrocytoma. J Pathol 2022; 258:121-135. [PMID: 35723032 DOI: 10.1002/path.5984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) abundantly infiltrate high-grade gliomas and orchestrate immune response, but their diversity in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-differential grade-4 gliomas remains largely unknown. This study aimed to dissect the transcriptional states, spatial distribution and clinicopathological significance of distinct monocyte-derived TAM (Mo-TAM) and microglia-derived TAM (Mg-TAM) clusters across glioblastoma-IDH-wildtype and astrocytoma-IDH-mutant-grade 4 (Astro-IDH-mut-G4). Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on four cases of human glioblastoma and three cases of Astro-IDH-mut-G4. Cell clustering, single-cell regulatory network inference and gene set enrichment analysis were performed to characterize the functional states of myeloid clusters. Spatial distribution of TAM subsets was determined in human glioma tissues using multiplex immunostaining. The prognostic value of different TAM-cluster specific geneset was evaluated in the TCGA glioma cohort. Profiling and unbiased clustering of 24,227 myeloid cells from glioblastoma and Astro-IDH-mut-G4 identified 9 myeloid cell clusters including monocyte, six Mo/Mg-TAM subsets, dendritic cell, and proliferative myeloid cluster. Different Mo/Mg-TAM clusters manifest functional and transcriptional diversity controlled by specific regulons. Multiplex immunostaining of subset-specific markers identified spatial enrichment of distinct TAM clusters at peri-vascular/necrotic areas in tumour parenchyma or at tumour-brain interface. Glioblastoma harboured a substantially higher number of monocytes and Mo-TAM-inflammatory cluster, whereas Astro-IDH-mut-G4 was with higher proportion of TAM subset mediating antigen presentation. Glioblastomas with higher proportion of monocytes exhibited a mesenchymal signature, increased angiogenesis and worse patient outcome. Our findings provide insight into myeloid cell diversity and its clinical relevance in IDH-differential grade-4 gliomas, and may serve as a resource for immunotherapy development. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yin
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yi-Fang Ping
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Sheng-Qing Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xue-Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tian-Ran Li
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liu-Qing Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Kai-Di Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chun-Hua Luo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Tao Luo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Mao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Luo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhi-Cheng He
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mian-Fu Cao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Cong Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jing-Ya Miao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xi Yang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiang-Hu Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Centre, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunopathology, Ministry of Education of China, Chongqing, PR China
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17
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Guo H, Wang M, Wang B, Guo L, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Sun YQ, Wang Y, Chang YJ, Huang XJ. PRDM1 Drives Human Primary T Cell Hyporesponsiveness by Altering the T Cell Transcriptome and Epigenome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879501. [PMID: 35572579 PMCID: PMC9097451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell hyporesponsiveness is crucial for the functional immune system and prevents the damage induced by alloreactive T cells in autoimmune pathology and transplantation. Here, we found low expression of PRDM1 in T cells from donor and recipients both related to the occurrence of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Our systematic multiomics analysis found that the transcription factor PRDM1 acts as a master regulator during inducing human primary T cell hyporesponsiveness. PRDM1-overexpression in primary T cells expanded Treg cell subset and increased the expression level of FOXP3, while decreased expression had the opposite effects. Moreover, the binding motifs of key T cell function regulators, such as FOS, JUN and AP-1, were enriched in PRDM1 binding sites and that PRDM1 altered the chromatin accessibility of these regions. Multiomics analysis showed that PRDM1 directly upregulated T cell inhibitory genes such as KLF2 and KLRD1 and downregulated the T cell activation gene IL2, indicating that PRDM1 could promote a tolerant transcriptional profile. Further analysis showed that PRDM1 upregulated FOXP3 expression level directly by binding to FOXP3 upstream enhancer region and indirectly by upregulating KLF2. These results indicated that PRDM1 is sufficient for inducing human primary T cell hyporesponsiveness by transcriptomic and epigenetic manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Guo
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bixia Wang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Guo
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Cheng
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Zhidong Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qian Sun
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jun Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital & Peking University Institute of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Key Technique for Diagnosis and Treatments of Hematologic Malignancies (2019RU029), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Guo F, Hancock B, Griffith A, Lin H, Howard K, Keegan J, Zhang F, Chicoine A, Cahill L, Ng J, Lederer J. Distinct Injury Responsive Regulatory T Cells Identified by Multi-Dimensional Phenotyping. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833100. [PMID: 35634302 PMCID: PMC9135044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) activate and expand in response to different types of injuries, suggesting that they play a critical role in controlling the immune response to tissue and cell damage. This project used multi-dimensional profiling techniques to comprehensively characterize injury responsive Tregs in mice. We show that CD44high Tregs expand in response to injury and were highly suppressive when compared to CD44low Tregs. T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis revealed that the CD44high Treg population undergo TCRαβ clonal expansion as well as increased TCR CDR3 diversity. Bulk RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing with paired TCR clonotype analysis identified unique differences between CD44high and CD44low Tregs and specific upregulation of genes in Tregs with expanded TCR clonotypes. Gene ontology analysis for molecular function of RNA sequencing data identified chemokine receptors and cell division as the most enriched functional terms in CD44high Tregs versus CD44low Tregs. Mass cytometry (CyTOF) analysis of Tregs from injured and uninjured mice verified protein expression of these genes on CD44high Tregs, with injury-induced increases in Helios, Galectin-3 and PYCARD expression. Taken together, these data indicate that injury triggers the expansion of a highly suppressive CD44high Treg population that is transcriptionally and phenotypically distinct from CD44low Tregs suggesting that they actively participate in controlling immune responses to injury and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Ningbo Medical Centre Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Brandon Hancock
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alec Griffith
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kaitlyn Howard
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua Keegan
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Adam Chicoine
- Human Immunology Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laura Cahill
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julie Ng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - James Lederer
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: James Lederer,
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19
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Goral A, Firczuk M, Fidyt K, Sledz M, Simoncello F, Siudakowska K, Pagano G, Moussay E, Paggetti J, Nowakowska P, Gobessi S, Barankiewicz J, Salomon-Perzynski A, Benvenuti F, Efremov DG, Juszczynski P, Lech-Maranda E, Muchowicz A. A Specific CD44lo CD25lo Subpopulation of Regulatory T Cells Inhibits Anti-Leukemic Immune Response and Promotes the Progression in a Mouse Model of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:781364. [PMID: 35296093 PMCID: PMC8918500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.781364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are capable of inhibiting the proliferation, activation and function of T cells and play an important role in impeding the immune response to cancer. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) a dysfunctional immune response and elevated percentage of effector-like phenotype Tregs have been described. In this study, using the Eµ-TCL1 mouse model of CLL, we evaluated the changes in the Tregs phenotype and their expansion at different stages of leukemia progression. Importantly, we show that Tregs depletion in DEREG mice triggered the expansion of new anti-leukemic cytotoxic T cell clones leading to leukemia eradication. In TCL1 leukemia-bearing mice we identified and characterized a specific Tregs subpopulation, the phenotype of which suggests its role in the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment, supportive for leukemia survival and proliferation. This observation was also confirmed by the gene expression profile analysis of these TCL1-specific Tregs. The obtained data on Tregs are consistent with those described so far, however, above all show that the changes in the Tregs phenotype described in CLL result from the formation of a specific, described in this study Tregs subpopulation. In addition, functional tests revealed the ability of Tregs to inhibit T cells that recognize model antigens expressed by leukemic cells. Moreover, inhibition of Tregs with a MALT1 inhibitor provided a therapeutic benefit, both as monotherapy and also when combined with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Altogether, activation of Tregs appears to be crucial for CLL progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Goral
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Sledz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francesca Simoncello
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Pagano
- Tumor-Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Etienne Moussay
- Tumor-Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jérôme Paggetti
- Tumor-Stroma Interactions, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Stefania Gobessi
- Molecular Hematology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Joanna Barankiewicz
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Federica Benvenuti
- Cellular Immunology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Dimitar G. Efremov
- Molecular Hematology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Przemyslaw Juszczynski
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Lech-Maranda
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Muchowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- *Correspondence: Angelika Muchowicz,
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20
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Skartsis N, Peng Y, Ferreira LMR, Nguyen V, Ronin E, Muller YD, Vincenti F, Tang Q. IL-6 and TNFα Drive Extensive Proliferation of Human Tregs Without Compromising Their Lineage Stability or Function. Front Immunol 2022; 12:783282. [PMID: 35003100 PMCID: PMC8732758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.783282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Treg therapies are being tested in clinical trials in transplantation and autoimmune diseases, however, the impact of inflammation on Tregs remains controversial. We challenged human Tregs ex-vivo with pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα and observed greatly enhanced proliferation stimulated by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (aCD3/28) beads or CD28 superagonist (CD28SA). The cytokine-exposed Tregs maintained high expression of FOXP3 and HELIOS, demethylated FOXP3 enhancer, and low IFNγ, IL-4, and IL-17 secretion. Blocking TNF receptor using etanercept or deletion of TNF receptor 2 using CRISPR/Cas9 blunted Treg proliferation and attenuated FOXP3 and HELIOS expression. These results prompted us to consider using CD28SA together with IL-6 and TNFα without aCD3/28 beads (beadless) as an alternative protocol for therapeutic Treg manufacturing. Metabolomics profiling revealed more active glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, increased energy production, and higher antioxidant potential during beadless Treg expansion. Finally, beadless expanded Tregs maintained suppressive functions in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that human Tregs positively respond to proinflammatory cytokines with enhanced proliferation without compromising their lineage identity or function. This property can be harnessed for therapeutic Treg manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Skartsis
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yani Peng
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emilie Ronin
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yannick D Muller
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Flavio Vincenti
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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21
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Simone D, Penkava F, Ridley A, Sansom S, Al-Mossawi MH, Bowness P. Single cell analysis of spondyloarthritis regulatory T cells identifies distinct synovial gene expression patterns and clonal fates. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1395. [PMID: 34907325 PMCID: PMC8671562 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in controlling inflammation and limiting autoimmunity, but their phenotypes at inflammatory sites in human disease are poorly understood. We here analyze the single-cell transcriptome of >16,000 Tregs obtained from peripheral blood and synovial fluid of two patients with HLA-B27+ ankylosing spondylitis and three patients with psoriatic arthritis, closely related forms of inflammatory spondyloarthritis. We identify multiple Treg clusters with distinct transcriptomic profiles, including, among others, a regulatory CD8+ subset expressing cytotoxic markers/genes, and a Th17-like RORC+ Treg subset characterized by IL-10 and LAG-3 expression. Synovial Tregs show upregulation of interferon signature and TNF receptor superfamily genes, and marked clonal expansion, consistent with tissue adaptation and antigen contact respectively. Individual synovial Treg clones map to different clusters indicating cell fate divergence. Finally, we demonstrate that LAG-3 directly inhibits IL-12/23 and TNF secretion by patient-derived monocytes, a mechanism with translational potential in SpA. Our detailed characterization of Tregs at an important inflammatory site illustrates the marked specialization of Treg subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Simone
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Frank Penkava
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Anna Ridley
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Stephen Sansom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Hussein Al-Mossawi
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Paul Bowness
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
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22
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Lauruschkat CD, Etter S, Schnack E, Ebel F, Schäuble S, Page L, Rümens D, Dragan M, Schlegel N, Panagiotou G, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA, Einsele H, Wurster S, Loeffler J. Chronic Occupational Mold Exposure Drives Expansion of Aspergillus-Reactive Type 1 and Type 2 T-Helper Cell Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090698. [PMID: 34575736 PMCID: PMC8471116 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational mold exposure can lead to Aspergillus-associated allergic diseases including asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Elevated IL-17 levels or disbalanced T-helper (Th) cell expansion were previously linked to Aspergillus-associated allergic diseases, whereas alterations to the Th cell repertoire in healthy occupationally exposed subjects are scarcely studied. Therefore, we employed functional immunoassays to compare Th cell responses to A. fumigatus antigens in organic farmers, a cohort frequently exposed to environmental molds, and non-occupationally exposed controls. Organic farmers harbored significantly higher A. fumigatus-specific Th-cell frequencies than controls, with comparable expansion of Th1- and Th2-cell frequencies but only slightly elevated Th17-cell frequencies. Accordingly, Aspergillus antigen-induced Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels were strongly elevated, whereas induction of IL-17A was minimal. Additionally, increased levels of some innate immune cell-derived cytokines were found in samples from organic farmers. Antigen-induced cytokine release combined with Aspergillus-specific Th-cell frequencies resulted in high classification accuracy between organic farmers and controls. Aspf22, CatB, and CipC elicited the strongest differences in Th1 and Th2 responses between the two cohorts, suggesting these antigens as potential candidates for future bio-effect monitoring approaches. Overall, we found that occupationally exposed agricultural workers display a largely balanced co-expansion of Th1 and Th2 immunity with only minor changes in Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Lauruschkat
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Sonja Etter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Elisabeth Schnack
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (E.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Frank Ebel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (E.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Lukas Page
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Dana Rümens
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Mariola Dragan
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicolas Schlegel
- Department of Surgery I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (M.D.); (N.S.)
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (S.S.); (G.P.)
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (O.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knoell-Institute (HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany; (O.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (C.D.L.); (S.E.); (L.P.); (D.R.); (H.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-201-36412
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23
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Qin W, Sun L, Dong M, An G, Zhang K, Zhang C, Meng X. Regulatory T Cells and Diabetes Mellitus. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:875-881. [PMID: 33975439 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system dysfunction causes dysregulation of immune homeostasis, which in turn leads to autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized T cell subpopulation that maintain peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis. Diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases; thus, in terms of coronary risk, diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered coronary heart disease equivalent. Accumulating evidence indicates that Tregs play an important role in protecting against the development of various cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of DM, including type 1 DM, type 2 DM, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults, and gestational DM. In addition, we discuss the role of Tregs in diabetic complications, including cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Tregs play a beneficial role in the pathogenesis of DM and diabetic complications, although the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of Tregs against DM are still obscure. Collectively, modification of Tregs may provide a promising and novel future strategy for the prevention and therapy of DM and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guipeng An
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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24
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Battaglia M, Buckner JH, Levings MK, Richardson SJ, Wong FS, Tree TI. Identifying the 'Achilles heel' of type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:167-178. [PMID: 33368173 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
When Thetis dipped her son Achilles into the River Styx to make him immortal, she held him by the heel, which was not submerged, and thus created a weak spot that proved deadly for Achilles. Millennia later, Achilles heel is part of today's lexicon meaning an area of weakness or a vulnerable spot that causes failure. Also implied is that an Achilles heel is often missed, forgotten or under-appreciated until it is under attack, and then failure is fatal. Paris killed Achilles with an arrow 'guided by the Gods'. Understanding the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in order to direct therapy for prevention and treatment is a major goal of research into T1D. At the International Congress of the Immunology of Diabetes Society, 2018, five leading experts were asked to present the case for a particular cell/element that could represent 'the Achilles heel of T1D'. These included neutrophils, B cells, CD8+ T cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, and enteroviruses, all of which have been proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Did a single entity emerge as 'the' Achilles heel of T1D? The arguments are summarized here, to make this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Battaglia
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - J H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M K Levings
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - F S Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - T I Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences (SIMS), King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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25
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Ma D, Qiao L, Guo B. Smad7 suppresses melanoma lung metastasis by impairing Tregs migration to the tumor microenvironment. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:719-731. [PMID: 33594321 PMCID: PMC7868836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling plays critical roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. In the tumor microenvironment, TGF-β are well demonstrated as a tumor inducer, which also promote tumor growth and metastasis. SMAD family is an important TGF-β signalling transducer, which consists of receptor-regulated SMADs (R-SMADs), common-mediator SMADs (co-SMADs), and inhibitory SMADs (I-SMADs). Smad7 is one of the I-SMADs which has been proved to block TGF-β signalling transduction in both tumor cells and immune cells. Accumulated evidence has suggested SMAD7 acted as a tumor suppressor in various cancer types, such as colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer and skin melanoma, etc. However, the role of SMAD7 in melanoma lung metastasis has not been well studied. Here, we first investigated the role of SMAD7 on tumor cell viability by overexpressing SMAD7 in murine melanoma cell line B16-F10. Our results showed that SMAD7 overexpression slightly impaired B16-F10 cells growth, promoted cell apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle at S phase. In vivo study showed that SMAD7 overexpression inhibited B16-F10 lung metastasis. Further mechanism study suggested that SMAD7 promoted T cells activation by decreasing regulatory T cells (Tregs) infiltrating into the tumor microenvironment. In summary, our results proved that tumor cell derived SMAD7 inhibited melanoma lung metastasis by impairing the migration capacity of Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deliang Ma
- Department of Oncology, Linyi Central HospitalLinyi 276400, Shandong, China
| | - Li Qiao
- Department of Oncology, Linyi Central HospitalLinyi 276400, Shandong, China
| | - Bingnan Guo
- Jiangsu Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221000, Jiangsu, China
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26
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Yap YA, McLeod KH, McKenzie CI, Gavin PG, Davalos-Salas M, Richards JL, Moore RJ, Lockett TJ, Clarke JM, Eng VV, Pearson JS, Hamilton-Williams EE, Mackay CR, Mariño E. An acetate-yielding diet imprints an immune and anti-microbial programme against enteric infection. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1233. [PMID: 33489123 PMCID: PMC7809703 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives During gastrointestinal infection, dysbiosis can result in decreased production of microbially derived short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In response to the presence of intestinal pathogens, we examined whether an engineered acetate‐ or butyrate‐releasing diet can rectify the deficiency of SCFAs and lead to the resolution of enteric infection. Methods We tested whether a high acetate‐ or butyrate‐producing diet (HAMSA or HAMSB, respectively) condition Citrobacterrodentium infection in mice and assess its impact on host‐microbiota interactions. We analysed the adaptive and innate immune responses, changes in gut microbiome function, epithelial barrier function and the molecular mechanism via metabolite sensing G protein‐coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) and IL‐22 expression. Results HAMSA diet rectified the deficiency in acetate production and protected against enteric infection. Increased SCFAs affect the expression of pathogen virulence genes. HAMSA diet promoted compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota during infection similar to healthy microbiota from non‐infected mice. Bacterial changes were evidenced by the production of proteins involved in acetate utilisation, starch and sugar degradation, amino acid biosynthesis, carbohydrate transport and metabolism. HAMSA diet also induced changes in host proteins critical in glycolysis, wound healing such as GPX1 and epithelial architecture such as EZR1 and PFN1. Dietary acetate assisted in rapid epithelial repair, as shown by increased colonic Muc‐2, Il‐22, and anti‐microbial peptides. We found that acetate increased numbers of colonic IL‐22 producing TCRαβ+CD8αβ+ and TCRγδ+CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing GPR43. Conclusion HAMSA diet may be an effective therapeutic approach for fighting inflammation and enteric infections and offer a safe alternative that may impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Anne Yap
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Keiran H McLeod
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Craig I McKenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Patrick G Gavin
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Mercedes Davalos-Salas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - James L Richards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- Department of Microbiology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia.,School of Science RMIT University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | | | | | - Vik Ven Eng
- Department of Microbiology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases Hudson Institute of Medical Research Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Jaclyn S Pearson
- Department of Microbiology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases Hudson Institute of Medical Research Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Research Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Department of Microbiology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Infection and Immunity Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton, Melbourne VIC Australia
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27
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Kinosada H, Okada-Iwasaki R, Kunieda K, Suzuki-Imaizumi M, Takahashi Y, Miyagi H, Suzuki M, Motosawa K, Watanabe M, Mie M, Ishii T, Ishida H, Saito JI, Nakai R. The dual pocket binding novel tankyrase inhibitor K-476 enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor by attracting CD8 + T cells to tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:264-276. [PMID: 33520373 PMCID: PMC7840722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is associated with disease progression, is activated in many cancers. Tankyrase (TNKS) has received attention as a target molecule for Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition. We identified K-476, a novel TNKS inhibitor, a dual pocket binder that binds to both the nicotinamide and ADP-ribose pockets. In a human colon cancer cell line, K-476 specifically and potently inhibited TNKS and led to stabilization of the Axin protein, resulting in Wnt/β-catenin pathway suppression. Aberrant Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation was recently reported as a possible mechanism of ineffectiveness in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. Because the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation causes dendritic cell inactivation and suppresses chemokine production, resulting in a paucity of CD8+ T cells in tumor tissue, which is an important effector of ICIs. Thus, TNKS inhibitors may enhance the efficacy of ICIs. To examine whether K-476 enhances the antitumor effect of anti-PD-L1 antibodies, K-476 was administered orally with an anti-PD-L1 antibody to melanoma-bearing C57BL/6J mice. Although K-476 was ineffective as a monotherapy, it significantly enhanced the antitumor effect in combination with anti-PD-L1 antibody. In mice, intra-tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells was increased by combination treatment. K-476 upregulated the chemokine expression (e.g., Ccl3 and Ccl4), which attracted CD8+ T cells. This was considered to contribute to the increased CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, while the potential gastrointestinal toxicity of TNKS inhibitors has been reported, it was not observed at effective doses. Thus, K-476 could be an attractive therapeutic option to enhance the efficacy of ICIs.
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28
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Kolb HR, Borcherding N, Zhang W. Understanding and Targeting Human Cancer Regulatory T Cells to Improve Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1278:229-256. [PMID: 33523451 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6407-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical in maintaining immune homeostasis under various pathophysiological conditions. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that Tregs play an important role in cancer progression and that they do so by suppressing cancer-directed immune responses. Tregs have been targeted for destruction by exploiting antibodies against and small-molecule inhibitors of several molecules that are highly expressed in Tregs-including immune checkpoint molecules, chemokine receptors, and metabolites. To date, these strategies have had only limited antitumor efficacy, yet they have also created significant risk of autoimmunity because most of them do not differentiate Tregs in tumors from those in normal tissues. Currently, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, but the resistance to ICI is common and the elevation of Tregs is one of the most important mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies that can selectively eliminate Tregs in the tumor (i.e. therapies that do not run the risk of causing autoimmunity by affecting normal tissue), are urgently needed for the development of cancer immunotherapies. This chapter discusses specific properties of human Tregs under the context of cancer and the various ways to target Treg for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ryan Kolb
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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29
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The Role of Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 and Its Ligands in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228582. [PMID: 33202536 PMCID: PMC7696621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major invasive subtype of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The essential components of cancer development are chronic inflammation and neoangiogenesis. It has been suggested that the chemokine ligand 9, -10, –11 (CXCL9–11) and chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) chemokines receptor expressed on monocytes, T and NK cells may be involved in the inhibition of angiogenesis. However, to date, little is known about the potential clinical significance of these chemokines and their receptor in renal cell carcinoma. Therefore, in this review, we described the role of CXCR3 and its ligands in pathogenesis of RCC. We performed an extensive search of the current literature in our investigation, using the MEDLINE/PubMed database. The changes of chemokines and their specific receptor in renal cell carcinoma were observed. Published studies revealed an increased expression of CXCR3 and elevated concentration of its ligands in RCC. The association between treatment of RCC and CXCL9–11/CXCR3 concentration and expression was also observed. Moreover, CXCR3 and its ligands levels were related to patient’s prognosis, risk of metastasis and tumor growth. This review describes the potential role of CXCR3 and its ligands in pathogenesis of RCC, as well as their potential immune-therapeutic significance. However, future studies should aim to confirm the clinical and prognostic role of CXCL9–11/CXCR3 in renal cell carcinoma.
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30
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Wang X, Wang D, Wang X, Wang X, Sha JC, Gao Q. Mechanisms underlying the production of chemokine CXCL11 in the reaction of renal tubular epithelial cells with CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Transpl Immunol 2020; 65:101337. [PMID: 32971208 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2020.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To study the release mechanism of C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CXCL11) and other chemokines after the co-cultivation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with the renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) in the process of allograft renal transplantation rejection. METHODS The Human CD4+, CD8+ T cells were obtained from the blood of volunteers and kidney transplantation (Ktx) patients, and co-cultured with renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) in vitro. RT-PCR was run for detecting the mRNA transcription of CXCL11, IFN-induced protein of 10 (CXCL10), and IL-6 in cells after RTEC was stimulated with IFN-γ or co-cultured with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The concentration of CXCL11, CXCL10 and IL-6 in the culture medium was detected by Multiplex Assay after RTEC was stimulated with IFN-γ or co-cultured with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. IFN-γ receptor antibody was used for interfering with the above reaction and the blocking effect was observed. Western blot was used for protein expression analysis. Finally, we applied renal biopsies from kidney transplantation patients with and without rejection to verify the results of the above experiments by using RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS The mRNA expression of CXCL11 and CXCL10 were significantly increased after RTEC was stimulated with IFN-γ or co-cultured with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Multiplex Assay showed that the concentration of CXCL11 and CXCL10 in the supernatant were significantly increased in a time-dependence fashion after stimulation RTEC by IFN-γ. Anti-IFN-γ receptor1 (anti-IFN-γR1) antibody could reduce the production of CXCL11 and CXCL10 in this situation. The concentration of CXCL11 and CXCL11 in the supernatant was significantly increased with a time-dependent effect after the co-culture of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with RTEC. The anti-IFN-γR1 blocked this effect. Our study showed that the expression levels of CXCL11 and CXCL10 were upgraded in the biopsies of patients with renal transplant rejection comparatively to pre-transplant biopsies, both at mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS RTEC and T cells can stimulate each other during the acute rejection of allogeneic kidney transplantation and secret CXCL11,CXCL10 and other chemokines. IFN-γ plays a key role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
| | - Ji-Chang Sha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhangqiu District People's Hospital, Jinan 250200, China.
| | - Qingzhen Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong University & Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250000, China.
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31
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Woodward Davis AS, Roozen HN, Dufort MJ, DeBerg HA, Delaney MA, Mair F, Erickson JR, Slichter CK, Berkson JD, Klock AM, Mack M, Lwo Y, Ko A, Brand RM, McGowan I, Linsley PS, Dixon DR, Prlic M. The human tissue-resident CCR5 + T cell compartment maintains protective and functional properties during inflammation. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/521/eaaw8718. [PMID: 31801887 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw8718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 is thought to play a central role in orchestrating migration of cells in response to inflammation. CCR5 antagonists can reduce inflammatory disease processes, which has led to an increased interest in using CCR5 antagonists in a wide range of inflammation-driven diseases. Paradoxically, these antagonists appear to function without negatively affecting host immunity at barrier sites. We reasoned that the resolution to this paradox may lie in the CCR5+ T cell populations that permanently reside in tissues. We used a single-cell analysis approach to examine the human CCR5+ T cell compartment in the blood, healthy, and inflamed mucosal tissues to resolve these seemingly contradictory observations. We found that 65% of the CD4 tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell compartment expressed CCR5. These CCR5+ TRM cells were enriched in and near the epithelial layer and not only limited to TH1-type cells but also contained a large TH17-producing and a stable regulatory T cell population. The CCR5+ TRM compartment was stably maintained even in inflamed tissues including the preservation of TH17 and regulatory T cell populations. Further, using tissues from the CHARM-03 clinical trial, we found that CCR5+ TRM are preserved in human mucosal tissue during treatment with the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc. Our data suggest that the human CCR5+ TRM compartment is functionally and spatially equipped to maintain barrier immunity even in the absence of CCR5-mediated, de novo T cell recruitment from the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Woodward Davis
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hayley N Roozen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Matthew J Dufort
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hannah A DeBerg
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Martha A Delaney
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jami R Erickson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chloe K Slichter
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Julia D Berkson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexis M Klock
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine-Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yu Lwo
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexander Ko
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rhonda M Brand
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ian McGowan
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Orion Biotechnology, Ottawa, ON, K1S 1N4, Canada
| | - Peter S Linsley
- Systems Immunology Division, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Douglas R Dixon
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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32
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Ahmed A, Vyakarnam A. Emerging patterns of regulatory T cell function in tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:273-287. [PMID: 32639588 PMCID: PMC7670141 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide from a single infectious agent and has significant implications for global health. A major hurdle in the development of effective TB vaccines and therapies is the absence of defined immune‐correlates of protection. In this context, the role of regulatory T cells (Treg), which are essential for maintaining immune homeostasis, is even less understood. This review aims to address this knowledge gap by providing an overview of the emerging patterns of Treg function in TB. Increasing evidence from studies, both in animal models of infection and TB patients, points to the fact the role of Tregs in TB is dependent on disease stage. While Tregs might expand and delay the appearance of protective responses in the early stages of infection, their role in the chronic phase perhaps is to counter‐regulate excessive inflammation. New data highlight that this important homeostatic role of Tregs in the chronic phase of TB may be compromised by the expansion of activated human leucocyte antigen D‐related (HLA‐DR)+CD4+ suppression‐resistant effector T cells. This review provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of the key features of Treg cells in TB; highlights the importance of a balanced immune response as being important in TB and discusses the importance of probing not just Treg frequency but also qualitative aspects of Treg function as part of a comprehensive search for novel TB treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmed
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India
| | - A Vyakarnam
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB Co-infection, Center for Infectious Disease Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India.,Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London (KCL), London, UK
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Figueiredo CR, Kalirai H, Sacco JJ, Azevedo RA, Duckworth A, Slupsky JR, Coulson JM, Coupland SE. Loss of BAP1 expression is associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment in uveal melanoma, with implications for immunotherapy development. J Pathol 2020; 250:420-439. [PMID: 31960425 PMCID: PMC7216965 DOI: 10.1002/path.5384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) induces durable responses in many metastatic cancers. Metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM), typically occurring in the liver, is one of the most refractory tumours to ICIs and has dismal outcomes. Monosomy 3 (M3), polysomy 8q, and BAP1 loss in primary uveal melanoma (pUM) are associated with poor prognoses. The presence of tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within pUM and surrounding mUM – and some evidence of clinical responses to adoptive TIL transfer – strongly suggests that UMs are indeed immunogenic despite their low mutational burden. The mechanisms that suppress TILs in pUM and mUM are unknown. We show that BAP1 loss is correlated with upregulation of several genes associated with suppressive immune responses, some of which build an immune suppressive axis, including HLA‐DR, CD38, and CD74. Further, single‐cell analysis of pUM by mass cytometry confirmed the expression of these and other markers revealing important functions of infiltrating immune cells in UM, most being regulatory CD8+ T lymphocytes and tumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs). Transcriptomic analysis of hepatic mUM revealed similar immune profiles to pUM with BAP1 loss, including the expression of IDO1. At the protein level, we observed TAMs and TILs entrapped within peritumoural fibrotic areas surrounding mUM, with increased expression of IDO1, PD‐L1, and β‐catenin (CTNNB1), suggesting tumour‐driven immune exclusion and hence the immunotherapy resistance. These findings aid the understanding of how the immune response is organised in BAP1− mUM, which will further enable functional validation of detected biomarkers and the development of focused immunotherapeutic approaches. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Figueiredo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of the Faculty of Medicine, MediCity Research Laboratory and Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Helen Kalirai
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph J Sacco
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK
| | - Ricardo A Azevedo
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Duckworth
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph R Slupsky
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Judy M Coulson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah E Coupland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, ITM, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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Chen PY, Cripps AW, West NP, Cox AJ, Zhang P. A correlation-based network for biomarker discovery in obesity with metabolic syndrome. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:477. [PMID: 31823713 PMCID: PMC6905012 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is associated with chronic activation of the immune system and an altered gut microbiome, leading to increased risk of chronic disease development. As yet, no biomarker profile has been found to distinguish individuals at greater risk of obesity-related disease. The aim of this study was to explore a correlation-based network approach to identify existing patterns of immune-microbiome interactions in obesity. Results The current study performed correlation-based network analysis on five different datasets obtained from 11 obese with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and 12 healthy weight men. These datasets included: anthropometric measures, metabolic measures, immune cell abundance, serum cytokine concentration, and gut microbial composition. The obese with MetS group had a denser network (total number of edges, n = 369) compared to the healthy network (n = 299). Within the obese with MetS network, biomarkers from the immune cell abundance group was found to be correlated to biomarkers from all four other datasets. Conversely in the healthy network, immune cell abundance was only correlated with serum cytokine concentration and gut microbial composition. These observations suggest high involvement of immune cells in obese with MetS individuals. There were also three key hubs found among immune cells in the obese with MetS networks involving regulatory T cells, neutrophil and cytotoxic cell abundance. No hubs were present in the healthy network. Conclusion These results suggest a more complex interaction of inflammatory markers in obesity, with high connectivity of immune cells in the obese with MetS network compared to the healthy network. Three key hubs were identified in the obese with MetS network, involving Treg, neutrophils and cytotoxic cell abundance. Compared to a t-test, the network approach offered more meaningful results when comparing obese with MetS and healthy weight individuals, demonstrating its superiority in exploratory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Yen Chen
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. .,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Allan W Cripps
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Amanda J Cox
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Strattan E, Palaniyandi S, Kumari R, Du J, Hakim N, Huang T, Kesler MV, Jennings CD, Sturgill JL, Hildebrandt GC. Mast Cells Are Mediators of Fibrosis and Effector Cell Recruitment in Dermal Chronic Graft-vs.-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2470. [PMID: 31681336 PMCID: PMC6813249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) is often used to treat acute leukemia or defects of hematopoiesis. Its widespread use is hampered by graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD), which has high morbidity and mortality in both acute and chronic subtypes. Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) occurs most frequently in skin and often is characterized by pathogenic fibrosis. Mast cells (MCs) are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of other fibrotic diseases. In a murine model of cGVHD after allo-HSCT, C57BL/6J recipients of allogeneic LP/J donor cells develop sclerodermatous dermal cGVHD which is significantly decreased in mast cell-deficient B6.Cg-KitW-sh/HNihrJaeBsmGlliJ recipients. The presence of MCs is associated with fibrosis, chemokine production, and recruitment of GVHD effector cells to the skin. Chemokine production by MCs is blocked by drugs used to treat cGVHD. The importance of MCs in skin cGVHD is mirrored by increased MCs in the skin of patients with dermal cGVHD. We show for the first time a role for MCs in skin cGVHD that may be targetable for preventive and therapeutic intervention in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Strattan
- Division of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplant, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Senthilnathan Palaniyandi
- Division of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplant, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Reena Kumari
- Division of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplant, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Natalya Hakim
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Timothy Huang
- Division of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplant, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Melissa V Kesler
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - C Darrell Jennings
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jamie L Sturgill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Gerhard C Hildebrandt
- Division of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplant, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Yan ZX, Li L, Wang W, OuYang BS, Cheng S, Wang L, Wu W, Xu PP, Muftuoglu M, Hao M, Yang S, Zhang MC, Zheng Z, Li J, Zhao WL. Clinical Efficacy and Tumor Microenvironment Influence in a Dose-Escalation Study of Anti-CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells in Refractory B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:6995-7003. [PMID: 31444250 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells represent a novel immunotherapy and are highly effective in treating relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (B-NHL). How tumor microenvironment influences clinical response to CAR T therapy remains of great interest. PATIENTS AND METHODS A phase I, first-in-human, dose-escalation study of anti-CD19 JWCAR029 was conducted in refractory B-NHL (NCT03355859) and 10 patients received CAR T cells at an escalating dose of 2.5 × 107(n = 3), 5 × 107(n = 4), and 1 × 108(n = 3) cells. Core needle biopsy was performed on tumor samples collected from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients on Day -6 (1 day before lymphodepletion) and on Day 11 after CAR T-cell infusion when adequate CAR T-cell expansion was detected. RESULTS The overall response rate was 100%, with 6 of 9 (66.7%) evaluable patients achieving complete remission. The most common adverse events of grade 3 or higher were neutropenia (10/10, 100%), anemia (3/10, 30%), thrombocytopenia (3/10, 30%), and hypofibrinogenemia (2/10, 20%). Grade 1 cytokine release syndrome occurred in all patients and grade 3 neurotoxicity in 1 patient. The average peak levels of peripheral blood CAR T cells and cytokines were similar in 3 different dose levels, but CAR T cells were significantly higher in patients achieved complete remission on Day 29. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing identified gene expression signatures differentially enriched in complete and partial remission patients. Increased tumor-associated macrophage infiltration was negatively associated with remission status. CONCLUSIONS JWCAR029 was effective and safe in treating refractory B-NHL. The composition of the tumor microenvironment has a potential impact in CAR T therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wang
- JW Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin-Shen OuYang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Muharrem Muftuoglu
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas - MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ming Hao
- JW Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Su Yang
- JW Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu-Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - James Li
- JW Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. .,Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China
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Han S, Toker A, Liu ZQ, Ohashi PS. Turning the Tide Against Regulatory T Cells. Front Oncol 2019; 9:279. [PMID: 31058083 PMCID: PMC6477083 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play crucial roles in health and disease through their immunosuppressive properties against various immune cells. In this review we will focus on the inhibitory role of Treg cells in anti-tumor immunity. We outline how Treg cells restrict T cell function based on our understanding of T cell biology, and how we can shift the equilibrium against regulatory T cells. To date, numerous strategies have been proposed to limit the suppressive effects of Treg cells, including Treg cell neutralization, destabilizing Treg cells and rendering T cells resistant to Treg cells. Here, we focus on key mechanisms which render T cells resistant to the suppressive effects of Treg cells. Lastly, we also examine current limitations and caveats of overcoming the inhibitory activity of Treg cells, and briefly discuss the potential to target Treg cell resistance in the context of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeongJun Han
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aras Toker
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhe Qi Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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38
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Melisi D, Garcia-Carbonero R, Macarulla T, Pezet D, Deplanque G, Fuchs M, Trojan J, Kozloff M, Simionato F, Cleverly A, Smith C, Wang S, Man M, Driscoll KE, Estrem ST, Lahn MMF, Benhadji KA, Tabernero J. TGFβ receptor inhibitor galunisertib is linked to inflammation- and remodeling-related proteins in patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 83:975-991. [PMID: 30887178 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Galunisertib, the first small molecule transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor inhibitor, plus gemcitabine resulted in the improvement of survival in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer, but markers to identify patients likely to respond are lacking. METHODS In the Phase 1b/2 JBAJ study, 156 patients were randomized 2:1 to galunisertib + gemcitabine (N = 104) or placebo + gemcitabine (N = 52). Clinical outcome data were integrated with baseline markers and pharmacodynamic markers while patients were on treatment, including circulating proteins using a multi-analyte panel, T cell subset evaluation, and miRNA profiling. RESULTS Baseline biomarkers associated with overall prognosis regardless of treatment included CA19-9 and TGF-β1. In addition, IP-10, FSH, MIP-1α, and PAI-1 were potential predictive proteins. Baseline proteins that were changed during treatment included amphiregulin, CA15-3, cathepsin D, P-selectin, RAGE, sortilin, COMP, eotaxin-2, N-BNP, osteopontin, and thrombospondin-4. Plasma miRNA with potential prognostic value included miR-21-5p, miR-301a-3p, miR-210-3p, and miR-141-3p, while those with potential predictive value included miR-424-5p, miR-483-3p, and miR-10b-5p. CONCLUSIONS Galunisertib + gemcitabine resulted in improvement of overall survival, and 4 proteins (IP-10, FSH, MIP-1α, PAI-1) were potentially predictive for this combination treatment. Future studies should also include baseline evaluation of miR-424-5p, miR-483-3p, and miR-10b-5p. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01373164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Melisi
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Università degli studi di Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Rocio Garcia-Carbonero
- University Hospital Doce de Octubre, Institute of Health Research Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), UCM, CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Macarulla
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Denis Pezet
- Digestive Surgery Service, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Martin Fuchs
- Hospital Bogenhausen, Municipal Hospital Munich GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Jorg Trojan
- Goethe University Medical Center, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Francesca Simionato
- Digestive Molecular Clinical Oncology Research Unit, Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Università degli studi di Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Michael Man
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Josep Tabernero
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
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Navigating Two Roads to Glucose Normalization in Diabetes: Automated Insulin Delivery Devices and Cell Therapy. Cell Metab 2019; 29:545-563. [PMID: 30840911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Incredible strides have been made since the discovery of insulin almost 100 years ago. Insulin formulations have improved dramatically, glucose levels can be measured continuously, and recently first-generation biomechanical "artificial pancreas" systems have been approved by regulators around the globe. However, still only a small fraction of patients with diabetes achieve glycemic goals. Replacement of insulin-producing cells via transplantation shows significant promise, but is limited in application due to supply constraints (cadaver-based) and the need for chronic immunosuppression. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made to address these barriers to widespread implementation of a cell therapy. Can glucose levels in people with diabetes be normalized with artificial pancreas systems or via cell replacement approaches? Here we review the road ahead, including the challenges and opportunities of both approaches.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The application of regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy in organ transplantation is actively being pursued using unmodified, typically polyclonal cells. As the results of these ongoing clinical trials emerge, it is time to plan the next wave of clinical trials of Tregs. Here we will review a key strategy to improve Treg effectiveness and reduce side effects, namely increasing Treg specificity - both in terms of antigen recognition and localization to the allograft. RECENT FINDINGS Study of chemokine signatures accompanying acute rejection has revealed several chemokines that could be targeted to increase Treg homing. For example, Tregs possessing a Th1-like phenotype and expressing CXCR3 are better able to migrate towards local inflammation. Allografts themselves can be modified to increase Treg-attracting chemokines and Tregs themselves can produce chemokines, facilitating local proximity to their targets of suppression. Finally, tailoring Treg antigen specificity by T-cell or chimeric antigen receptor engineering is another approach to increase the specificity of suppression and optimize localization. SUMMARY Treg localization to the graft is important, but the important role of lymph node and germinal center homing cannot be overlooked. There is an opportunity to learn from advances made in cancer immunotherapy to optimize Treg therapy for transplantation.
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Hoeppli RE, Pesenacker AM. Targeting Tregs in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Juvenile Dermatomyositis-Insights From Other Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:46. [PMID: 30740105 PMCID: PMC6355674 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are believed to be dysfunctional in autoimmunity. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) result from a loss of normal immune regulation in specific tissues such as joints or muscle and skin, respectively. Here, we discuss recent findings in regard to Treg biology in oligo-/polyarticular JIA and JDM, as well as what we can learn about Treg-related disease mechanism, treatment and biomarkers in JIA/JDM from studies of other diseases. We explore the potential use of Treg immunoregulatory markers and gene signatures as biomarkers for disease course and/or treatment success. Further, we discuss how Tregs are affected by several treatment strategies already employed in the therapy of JIA and JDM and by alternative immunotherapies such as anti-cytokine or co-receptor targeting. Finally, we review recent successes in using Tregs as a treatment target with low-dose IL-2 or cellular immunotherapy. Thus, this mini review will highlight our current understanding and identify open questions in regard to Treg biology, and how recent findings may advance biomarkers and new therapies for JIA and JDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy E Hoeppli
- Department of Surgery, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne M Pesenacker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Tang R, Zhong T, Wu C, Zhou Z, Li X. The Remission Phase in Type 1 Diabetes: Role of Hyperglycemia Rectification in Immune Modulation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:824. [PMID: 31849842 PMCID: PMC6901662 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The remission phase (or honeymoon period) is a spontaneous "temporary cure stage" in type 1 diabetes course, which provides a good human model for studying β-cell protection. The exact mechanisms are still uncertain, but one of the generally recognized mechanisms is that correction of "glucotoxicity" by exogenous insulin therapy leads to "β-cell rest" and β-cell recovery. Beyond this, the remission phase is accompanied by changes in various immune cells and immune molecules, indicating downregulation of immune response, and induction of immune tolerance. The role of hyperglycemia rectification in the regulation of immune response should be emphasized because glucose metabolism is critical to maintain the normal function of immune system. Here, recent evidence of immune modulation based on the rectification of hyperglycemia from multiple aspects such as immune cells, inflammatory cytokines, biomolecules, and cell antigenicity was reviewed. It should be noteworthy that the interaction between glucose metabolism and immune plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the remission phase. The best intervention strategy may be the combination of strict glycemic control and immune modulation to protect β-cell function as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Zhong
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiguang Zhou
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xia Li
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Preproinsulin Designer Antigens Excluded from Endoplasmic Reticulum Suppressed Diabetes Development in NOD Mice by DNA Vaccination. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 12:123-133. [PMID: 30623001 PMCID: PMC6319196 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines against autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) contain a nonpredictable risk to induce autoreactive T cell responses rather than a protective immunity. Little is known if (and how) antigen expression and processing requirements favor the induction of autoreactive or protective immune responses by DNA immunization. Here, we analyzed whether structural properties of preproinsulin (ppins) variants and/or subcellular targeting of ppins designer antigens influence the priming of effector CD8+ T cell responses by DNA immunization. Primarily, we used H-2b RIP-B7.1 tg mice, expressing the co-stimulator molecule B7.1 in beta cells, to identify antigens that induce or fail to induce autoreactive ppins-specific (Kb/A12-21 and/or Kb/B22-29) CD8+ T cell responses. Female NOD mice, expressing the diabetes-susceptible H-2g7 haplotype, were used to test ppins variants for their potential to suppress spontaneous diabetes development. We showed that ppins antigens excluded from expression in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) did not induce CD8+ T cells or autoimmune diabetes in RIP-B7.1 tg mice, but efficiently suppressed spontaneous diabetes development in NOD mice as well as ppins-induced CD8+ T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes in PD-L1−/− mice. The induction of a ppins-specific therapeutic immunity in mice has practical implications for the design of immune therapies against T1D in individuals expressing different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II molecules.
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Ahmed A, Adiga V, Nayak S, Uday Kumar JAJ, Dhar C, Sahoo PN, Sundararaj BK, Souza GD, Vyakarnam A. Circulating HLA-DR+CD4+ effector memory T cells resistant to CCR5 and PD-L1 mediated suppression compromise regulatory T cell function in tuberculosis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007289. [PMID: 30231065 PMCID: PMC6166982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic T cell activation is a hallmark of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The mechanisms underpinning this important phenomenon are however, poorly elucidated, though known to rely on control of T effector cells (Teff) by regulatory T cells (Treg). Our studies show that circulating natural Treg cells in adults with PTB preserve their suppressive potential but Teff cells from such subjects are resistant to Treg-mediated suppression. We found this to be due to expansion of an activated Teff subset identified by Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DR expression. Sensitivity to suppression was restored to control levels by depletion of this subset. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Teff cells that contain HLA-DR+ cells versus the fraction depleted of this population identified putative resistance mechanisms linked to IFNG, IL17A, IL22, PD-L1 and β-chemokines CCL3L3, CCL4 expression. Antibody blocking experiments confirmed HLA-DR+ Teff cells, but not the fraction depleted of HLA-DR+ effectors, to be resistant to Treg suppression mediated via CCR5 and PD-L1 associated pathways. In the presence of HLA-DR+ Teff cells, activation of NFκB downstream of CCR5 and PD-L1 was perturbed. In addition, HLA-DR+ Teff cells expressed significantly higher levels of Th1/Th17 cytokines that may regulate Treg function through a reciprocal counter-balancing relationship. Taken together, our study provides novel insight on how activated HLA-DR+CD4+ T cells may contribute to disease associated inflammation by compromising Treg-mediated suppression in PTB. An important marker of progression to PTB following Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection in humans is elevated frequencies of HLA-DR+CD4+ T cells, reflecting chronic T cell activation. However, the mechanisms by which activated HLA-DR+CD4+ T cells contribute to disease process is not known. We show that CD25- HLA-DR+CD4+ memory Teff from PTB patients are resistant to suppression mediated by Treg cells. An unbiased transcriptome analysis identified several key pathways that contribute to this resistance. Specifically, presence of HLA-DR+CD4+ T cells renders the effector population resistant to CCR5 and PD-L1 mediated suppression by Treg cells. In addition, the HLA-DR+CD4+ memory Teff cells express elevated levels of Th1/Th17 cytokines known to counter-regulate and dampen Treg suppression. These findings provide fresh insight to disease process in TB and identify HLA-DR+ Teff resistant to Treg suppression as a potential functional marker of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahmed
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasista Adiga
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Soumya Nayak
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Chirag Dhar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Pravat Nalini Sahoo
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bharath K. Sundararaj
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - George D. Souza
- Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine & Division of Infectious Diseases, St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Annapurna Vyakarnam
- Laboratory of Immunology of HIV-TB co-infection, Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: ,
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Benet ZL, Marthi M, Ke F, Wu R, Turner JS, Gabayre JB, Ivanitskiy MI, Sethi SS, Grigorova IL. CCL3 Promotes Germinal Center B Cells Sampling by Follicular Regulatory T Cells in Murine Lymph Nodes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2044. [PMID: 30271404 PMCID: PMC6146081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies and our findings suggest upregulated expression of proinflammatory chemokines CCL3/4 in germinal center (GC) centrocytes. However, the role of CCL3/4 for centrocyte interactions with follicular T cells and regulation of humoral immunity is poorly understood. We found that CCL3 promotes chemotaxis of Tfr cells ex vivo. Two-photon imaging revealed that B cells-intrinsic production of CCL3 promotes their probing by follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) within GCs of murine lymph nodes. Overall this study suggests that CCL3 facilitates direct interactions of foreign antigen-specific GC B cells and their negative regulation with Tfr cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Matangi Marthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Fang Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rita Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jahan B Gabayre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michael I Ivanitskiy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sahil S Sethi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Irina L Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Chen J, Zeng W, Pan W, Peng C, Zhang J, Su J, Long W, Zhao H, Zuo X, Xie X, Wu J, Nie L, Zhao HY, Wei HJ, Chen X. Symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus are diagnosed in leptin transgenic pigs. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005354. [PMID: 30169503 PMCID: PMC6147741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a well-known adipokine that plays a critical role in immune responses. To further explore the immunological roles of leptin, we developed a transgenic leptin pig controlled by the pig leptin (pleptin) promoter to overexpress leptin. Symptoms typically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were evident in this transgenic pig strain, including anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia as well as kidney and liver impairment. Histologically, there were increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, elevated antiplatelet antibody (APA) levels, and deposition of immune complexes in the kidney and liver. In addition, anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (dsDNAs), antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), and antinucleosome antibodies (ANuAs) were all significantly increased in serum immunological examinations. These findings were also accompanied by repression of the regulatory T cell (Treg) ratio. Significantly, glucocorticoid experimental therapies partially relieved the autoimmune responses and bleeding symptoms observed in these transgenic leptin pigs. Together, these results indicate that leptin plays a critical role in the development of autoimmune disorders and demonstrate that our transgenic leptin pigs can act as a valuable model of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiqi Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weirong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianglin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Su
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihu Long
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Nie
- Department of Hematology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (HJW)
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (HJW)
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de Oliveira CE, Gasparoto TH, Pinheiro CR, Amôr NG, Nogueira MRS, Kaneno R, Garlet GP, Lara VS, Silva JS, Cavassani KA, Campanelli AP. CCR5-Dependent Homing of T Regulatory Cells to the Tumor Microenvironment Contributes to Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Development. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2871-2880. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Treg-specific IL-27Rα deletion uncovers a key role for IL-27 in Treg function to control autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:10190-10195. [PMID: 28874534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated Foxp3+ Treg functions result in uncontrolled immune activation and autoimmunity. Therefore, identifying cellular factors modulating Treg functions is an area of great importance. Here, using Treg-specific Il27ra-/- mice, we report that IL-27 signaling in Foxp3+ Tregs is essential for Tregs to control autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induction, Treg-specific Il27ra-/- mice develop more severe EAE. Consistent with the severe disease, the numbers of IFNγ- and IL-17-producing CD4 T cells infiltrating the CNS tissues are greater in these mice. Treg accumulation in the inflamed CNS tissues is not affected by the lack of IL-27 signaling in Tregs, suggesting a functional defect of Il27ra-/- Tregs. IL-10 production by conventional CD4 T cells and their CNS accumulation are rather elevated in Treg-specific Il27ra-/- mice. Analysis with Treg fate-mapping reporter mice further demonstrates that IL-27 signaling in Tregs may control stability of Foxp3 expression. Finally, systemic administration of recombinant IL-27 in Treg-specific Il27ra-/- mice fails to ameliorate the disease even in the presence of IL-27-responsive conventional CD4 T cells. These findings uncover a previously unknown role of IL-27 in regulating Treg function to control autoimmune inflammation.
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Chang TT, Chen JW. Emerging role of chemokine CC motif ligand 4 related mechanisms in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: friends or foes? Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:117. [PMID: 27553774 PMCID: PMC4995753 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are critical components in pathology. The roles of chemokine CC motif ligand 4 (CCL4) and its receptor are associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases. However, due to the complexity of these diseases, the specific effects of CCL4 remain unclear, although recent reports have suggested that multiple pathways are related to CCL4. In this review, we provide an overview of the role and potential mechanisms of CCL4 and one of its major receptors, fifth CC chemokine receptor (CCR5), in DM and cardiovascular diseases. CCL4-related mechanisms, including CCL4 and CCR5, might provide potential therapeutic targets in DM and/or atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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Pesenacker AM, Cook L, Levings MK. The role of FOXP3 in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 43:16-23. [PMID: 27544816 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
FOXP3 controls the development and function of T regulatory cells (Tregs). Autoimmunity is linked to changes in FOXP3 activity that can occur at multiple levels and lead to Treg dysfunction. For example, changes in IL-2 signaling, FOXP3 transcription and/or post-translational modifications can all contribute to loss of self-tolerance. As additional pathways of FOXP3 regulation are elucidated, new therapeutic approaches to increase Treg activity either by cell therapy or pharmacological intervention are being tested. Early success from pioneering studies of Treg-based therapy in transplantation has promoted the undertaking of similar studies in autoimmunity, with emerging evidence for the effectiveness of these approaches, particularly in the context of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Pesenacker
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Cook
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Canada; BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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