1
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Dai Y, Idorn M, Serrero MC, Pan X, Thomsen EA, Narita R, Maimaitili M, Qian X, Iversen MB, Reinert LS, Flygaard RK, Chen M, Ding X, Zhang BC, Carter-Timofte ME, Lu Q, Jiang Z, Zhong Y, Zhang S, Da L, Zhu J, Denham M, Nissen P, Mogensen TH, Mikkelsen JG, Zhang SY, Casanova JL, Cai Y, Paludan SR. TMEFF1 is a neuron-specific restriction factor for herpes simplex virus. Nature 2024; 632:383-389. [PMID: 39048823 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The brain is highly sensitive to damage caused by infection and inflammation1,2. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus and the cause of herpes simplex encephalitis3. It is unknown whether neuron-specific antiviral factors control virus replication to prevent infection and excessive inflammatory responses, hence protecting the brain. Here we identify TMEFF1 as an HSV-1 restriction factor using genome-wide CRISPR screening. TMEFF1 is expressed specifically in neurons of the central nervous system and is not regulated by type I interferon, the best-known innate antiviral system controlling virus infections. Depletion of TMEFF1 in stem-cell-derived human neurons led to elevated viral replication and neuronal death following HSV-1 infection. TMEFF1 blocked the HSV-1 replication cycle at the level of viral entry through interactions with nectin-1 and non-muscle myosin heavy chains IIA and IIB, which are core proteins in virus-cell binding and virus-cell fusion, respectively4-6. Notably, Tmeff1-/- mice exhibited increased susceptibility to HSV-1 infection in the brain but not in the periphery. Within the brain, elevated viral load was observed specifically in neurons. Our study identifies TMEFF1 as a neuron-specific restriction factor essential for prevention of HSV-1 replication in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manutea C Serrero
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyong Pan
- Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing (Ministry of Education), Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Emil A Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Muyesier Maimaitili
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiaoqing Qian
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marie B Iversen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Line S Reinert
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K Flygaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Muwan Chen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Xiangning Ding
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bao-Cun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Madalina E Carter-Timofte
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuofan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiye Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lintai Da
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinwei Zhu
- Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, Bio-X Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark Denham
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Nissen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Giehm Mikkelsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yujia Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Center for Immunology of Viral Infections, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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2
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Pavlou A, Mulenge F, Gern OL, Busker LM, Greimel E, Waltl I, Kalinke U. Orchestration of antiviral responses within the infected central nervous system. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01181-7. [PMID: 38997413 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Many newly emerging and re-emerging viruses have neuroinvasive potential, underscoring viral encephalitis as a global research priority. Upon entry of the virus into the CNS, severe neurological life-threatening conditions may manifest that are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The currently available therapeutic arsenal against viral encephalitis is rather limited, emphasizing the need to better understand the conditions of local antiviral immunity within the infected CNS. In this review, we discuss new insights into the pathophysiology of viral encephalitis, with a focus on myeloid cells and CD8+ T cells, which critically contribute to protection against viral CNS infection. By illuminating the prerequisites of myeloid and T cell activation, discussing new discoveries regarding their transcriptional signatures, and dissecting the mechanisms of their recruitment to sites of viral replication within the CNS, we aim to further delineate the complexity of antiviral responses within the infected CNS. Moreover, we summarize the current knowledge in the field of virus infection and neurodegeneration and discuss the potential links of some neurotropic viruses with certain pathological hallmarks observed in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Mareike Busker
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Greimel
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inken Waltl
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Crow YJ, Casanova JL. Human life within a narrow range: The lethal ups and downs of type I interferons. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadm8185. [PMID: 38968338 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adm8185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The past 20 years have seen the definition of human monogenic disorders and their autoimmune phenocopies underlying either defective or enhanced type I interferon (IFN) activity. These disorders delineate the impact of type I IFNs in natural conditions and demonstrate that only a narrow window of type I IFN activity is beneficial. Insufficient type I IFN predisposes humans to life-threatening viral diseases (albeit unexpectedly few) with a central role in immunity to respiratory and cerebral viral infection. Excessive type I IFN, perhaps counterintuitively, appears to underlie a greater number of autoinflammatory and/or autoimmune conditions known as type I interferonopathies, whose study has revealed multiple molecular programs involved in the induction of type I IFN signaling. These observations suggest that the manipulation of type I IFN activity to within a physiological range may be clinically relevant for the prevention and treatment of viral and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanick J Crow
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
- University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- University Paris Cité, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
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4
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Saadat A, Gouttenoire J, Ripellino P, Semela D, Amar S, Frey BM, Fontana S, Mdawar-Bailly E, Moradpour D, Fellay J, Fraga M. Inborn errors of type I interferon immunity in patients with symptomatic acute hepatitis E. Hepatology 2024; 79:1421-1431. [PMID: 38079352 PMCID: PMC11095861 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The clinical spectrum of human infection by HEV ranges from asymptomatic to severe acute hepatitis. Furthermore, HEV can cause diverse neurological manifestations, especially Parsonage-Turner syndrome. Here, we used a large-scale human genomic approach to search for genetic determinants of severe clinical presentations of HEV infection. APPROACH AND RESULTS We performed whole genome sequencing in 3 groups of study participants with PCR-proven acute HEV infection: (1) 24 patients with symptomatic acute hepatitis E; (2) 12 patients with HEV-associated Parsonage-Turner syndrome; and (3) 16 asymptomatic blood donors (controls). For variant calling and annotation, we used GATK4 best practices followed by Variant Effect Predictor (VEP) and Annovar. For variant classification, we implemented the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics/Association for Molecular Pathology Bayesian classification framework in R. Variants with a probability of pathogenicity >0.9 were considered damaging. We used all genes with at least 1 damaging variant as input for pathway enrichment analyses.We observed a significant enrichment of type I interferon response pathways in the symptomatic hepatitis group: 10 out of 24 patients carried a damaging variant in one of 9 genes encoding either intracellular viral sensors ( IFIH1 , DDX58 , TLR3 , POLR3B , POLR3C ) or other molecules involved in type I interferon response [interferon regulatory factor 7 ( IRF7 ), MYD88 , OAS3 , GAPDH ]. We did not find any enriched pathway in the Parsonage-Turner syndrome group or in the controls. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the essential role of type I interferon in preventing symptomatic acute hepatitis E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saadat
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Gouttenoire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ripellino
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, EOC, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - David Semela
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Soraya Amar
- Swiss Transfusion, Swiss Red Cross, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat M. Frey
- Blood Transfusion Service SRC, Schlieren/Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Elise Mdawar-Bailly
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Darius Moradpour
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Fellay
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Precision Medicine Unit, Biomedical Data Science Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Montserrat Fraga
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Kilich G, Perelygina L, Sullivan KE. Rubella virus chronic inflammatory disease and other unusual viral phenotypes in inborn errors of immunity. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:113-137. [PMID: 38009321 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Infectious susceptibility is a component of many inborn errors of immunity. Nevertheless, antibiotic use is often used as a surrogate in history taking for infectious susceptibility, thereby disadvantaging patients who present with viral infections as their phenotype. Further complicating clinical evaluations are unusual manifestations of viral infections which may be less familiar that the typical respiratory viral infections. This review covers several unusual viral phenotypes arising in patients with inborn errors of immunity and other settings of immune compromise. In some cases, chronic infections lead to oncogenesis or tumor-like growths and the conditions and mechanisms of viral-induced oncogenesis will be described. This review covers enterovirus, rubella, measles, papillomavirus, and parvovirus B19. It does not cover EBV and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis nor lymphomagenesis related to EBV. EBV susceptibility has been recently reviewed. Our goal is to increase awareness of the unusual manifestations of viral infections in patients with IEI and to describe treatment modalities utilized in this setting. Coincidentally, each of the discussed viral infections can have a cutaneous component and figures will serve as a reminder of the physical features of these viruses. Given the high morbidity and mortality, early recognition can only improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonench Kilich
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ludmila Perelygina
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Thomsen MM, Skouboe MK, Møhlenberg M, Zhao J, de Keukeleere K, Heinz JL, Werner M, Hollensen AK, Lønskov J, Nielsen I, Carter-Timofte ME, Zhang B, Mikkelsen JG, Fisker N, Paludan SR, Assing K, Mogensen TH. Impaired STING Activation Due to a Variant in the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase AMFR in a Patient with Severe VZV Infection and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:56. [PMID: 38277122 PMCID: PMC10817851 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus exclusively infecting humans, causing two distinct pathologies: varicella (chickenpox) upon primary infection and herpes zoster (shingles) following reactivation. In susceptible individuals, VZV can give rise to more severe clinical manifestations, including disseminated infection, pneumonitis, encephalitis, and vasculopathy with stroke. Here, we describe a 3-year-old boy in whom varicella followed a complicated course with thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions, pneumonitis, and intermittent encephalopathy. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) was strongly suspected and as the condition deteriorated, HLH therapy was initiated. Although the clinical condition improved, longstanding hemophagocytosis followed despite therapy. We found that the patient carries a rare monoallelic variant in autocrine motility factor receptor (AMFR), encoding a ubiquitin ligase involved in innate cytosolic DNA sensing and interferon (IFN) production through the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS-STING) pathway. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the patient exhibited impaired signaling downstream of STING in response dsDNA and 2'3'-cGAMP, agonists of cGAS and STING, respectively, and fibroblasts from the patient showed impaired type I IFN responses and significantly increased VZV replication. Overexpression of the variant AMFR R594C resulted in decreased K27-linked STING ubiquitination compared to WT AMFR. Moreover, ImageStream technology revealed reduced STING trafficking from ER to Golgi in cells expressing the patient AMFR R594C variant. This was supported by a dose-dependent dominant negative effect of expression of the patient AMFR variant as measured by IFN-β reporter gene assay. Finally, lentiviral transduction with WT AMFR partially reconstituted 2'3'-cGAMP-induced STING-mediated signaling and ISG expression in patient PBMCs. This work links defective AMFR-STING signaling to severe VZV disease and hyperinflammation and suggests a direct role for cGAS-STING in the control of viral infections in humans. In conclusion, we describe a novel genetic etiology of severe VZV disease in childhood, also representing the first inborn error of immunity related to a defect in the cGAS-STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Mølgaard Thomsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Kelder Skouboe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michelle Møhlenberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kerstin de Keukeleere
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johanna Laura Heinz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marvin Werner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Kruse Hollensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonas Lønskov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ian Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Baocun Zhang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Niels Fisker
- Department of Pediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Assing
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens, Boulevard 99, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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7
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McAllaster MR, Bhushan J, Balce DR, Orvedahl A, Park A, Hwang S, Sullender ME, Sibley LD, Virgin HW. Autophagy gene-dependent intracellular immunity triggered by interferon-γ. mBio 2023; 14:e0233223. [PMID: 37905813 PMCID: PMC10746157 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02332-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a critical mediator of cell-intrinsic immunity to intracellular pathogens. Understanding the complex cellular mechanisms supporting robust interferon-γ-induced host defenses could aid in developing new therapeutics to treat infections. Here, we examined the impact of autophagy genes in the interferon-γ-induced host response. We demonstrate that genes within the autophagy pathway including Wipi2, Atg9, and Gate-16, as well as ubiquitin ligase complex genes Cul3 and Klhl9 are required for IFNγ-induced inhibition of murine norovirus (norovirus hereinafter) replication in mouse cells. WIPI2 and GATE-16 were also required for IFNγ-mediated restriction of parasite growth within the Toxoplasma gondii parasitophorous vacuole in human cells. Furthermore, we found that perturbation of UFMylation pathway components led to more robust IFNγ-induced inhibition of norovirus via regulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Enhancing or inhibiting these dynamic cellular components could serve as a strategy to control intracellular pathogens and maintain an effective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. McAllaster
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jaya Bhushan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dale R. Balce
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anthony Orvedahl
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Arnold Park
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Meagan E. Sullender
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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8
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Reyahi A, Studahl M, Skouboe MK, Fruhwürth S, Narita R, Ren F, Bjerhem Viklund M, Iversen MB, Christiansen M, Svensson A, Mogensen TH, Eriksson K, Paludan SR. An IKBKE variant conferring functional cGAS/STING pathway deficiency and susceptibility to recurrent HSV-2 meningitis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e173066. [PMID: 37937644 PMCID: PMC10721272 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying susceptibility to recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) meningitis remain incompletely understood. In a patient experiencing multiple episodes of HSV-2 meningitis, we identified a monoallelic variant in the IKBKE gene, which encodes the IKKε kinase involved in induction of antiviral IFN genes. Patient cells displayed impaired induction of IFN-β1 (IFNB1) expression upon infection with HSV-2 or stimulation with double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and failed to induce phosphorylation of STING, an activation marker of the DNA-sensing cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of IFN genes (cGAS/STING) pathway. The patient allele encoded a truncated IKKε protein with loss of kinase activity and also capable of exerting dominant-negative activity. In stem cell-derived microglia, HSV-2-induced expression of IFNB1 was dependent on cGAS, TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and IKBKE, but not TLR3, and supernatants from HSV-2-treated microglia exerted IKBKE-dependent type I IFN-mediated antiviral activity upon neurons. Reintroducing wild-type IKBKE into patient cells rescued IFNB1 induction following treatment with HSV-2 or dsDNA and restored antiviral activity. Collectively, we identify IKKε to be important for protection against HSV-2 meningitis and suggest a nonredundant role for the cGAS/STING pathway in human antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Reyahi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie Studahl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ryo Narita
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fanghui Ren
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Moa Bjerhem Viklund
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alexandra Svensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Sun H, Wu M, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yang J, Liu Z, Guan G, Luo J, Yin H, Niu Q. OAS1 suppresses African swine fever virus replication by recruiting TRIM21 to degrade viral major capsid protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0121723. [PMID: 37815352 PMCID: PMC10617512 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01217-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) completes the replication process by resisting host antiviral response via inhibiting interferon (IFN) secretion and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) function. 2', 5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase gene 1 (OAS1) has been reported to inhibit the replication of various RNA and some DNA viruses. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in the ASFV-induced IFN-related pathway still need to be fully elucidated. Here, we found that OAS1, as a critical host factor, inhibits ASFV replication in an RNaseL-dependent manner. Furthermore, overexpression of OAS1 can promote the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway promoting innate immune responses. In addition, OAS1 plays a new function, which could interact with ASFV P72 protein to suppress ASFV infection. Mechanistically, OAS1 enhances the proteasomal degradation of P72 by promoting TRIM21-mediated ubiquitination. Meanwhile, P72 inhibits the production of avSG and affects the interaction between OAS1 and DDX6. Our findings demonstrated OAS1 as an important target against ASFV replication and revealed the mechanisms and intrinsic regulatory relationships during ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Sun
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mengli Wu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhonghui Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yiwang Wang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jifei Yang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingli Niu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory, China (Lanzhou); State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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10
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Dorrity TJ, Shin H, Wiegand KA, Aruda J, Closser M, Jung E, Gertie JA, Leone A, Polfer R, Culbertson B, Yu L, Wu C, Ito T, Huang Y, Steckelberg AL, Wichterle H, Chung H. Long 3'UTRs predispose neurons to inflammation by promoting immunostimulatory double-stranded RNA formation. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg2979. [PMID: 37862432 PMCID: PMC11056275 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Loss of RNA homeostasis underlies numerous neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms that trigger neuroinflammation are poorly understood. Viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers innate immune responses when sensed by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present in all cell types. Here, we report that human neurons intrinsically carry exceptionally high levels of immunostimulatory dsRNAs and identify long 3'UTRs as giving rise to neuronal dsRNA structures. We found that the neuron-enriched ELAVL family of genes (ELAVL2, ELAVL3, and ELAVL4) can increase (i) 3'UTR length, (ii) dsRNA load, and (iii) activation of dsRNA-sensing PRRs such as MDA5, PKR, and TLR3. In wild-type neurons, neuronal dsRNAs signaled through PRRs to induce tonic production of the antiviral type I interferon. Depleting ELAVL2 in WT neurons led to global shortening of 3'UTR length, reduced immunostimulatory dsRNA levels, and rendered WT neurons susceptible to herpes simplex virus and Zika virus infection. Neurons deficient in ADAR1, a dsRNA-editing enzyme mutated in the neuroinflammatory disorder Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, exhibited intolerably high levels of dsRNA that triggered PRR-mediated toxic inflammation and neuronal death. Depleting ELAVL2 in ADAR1 knockout neurons led to prolonged neuron survival by reducing immunostimulatory dsRNA levels. In summary, neurons are specialized cells where PRRs constantly sense "self" dsRNAs to preemptively induce protective antiviral immunity, but maintaining RNA homeostasis is paramount to prevent pathological neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Dorrity
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heegwon Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenenni A. Wiegand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Justin Aruda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Closser
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Jung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jake A. Gertie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Leone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Polfer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Culbertson
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takamasa Ito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuefeng Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna-Lena Steckelberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hynek Wichterle
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hachung Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Heinz JL, Swagemakers SMA, von Hofsten J, Helleberg M, Thomsen MM, De Keukeleere K, de Boer JH, Ilginis T, Verjans GMGM, van Hagen PM, van der Spek PJ, Mogensen TH. Whole exome sequencing of patients with varicella-zoster virus and herpes simplex virus induced acute retinal necrosis reveals rare disease-associated genetic variants. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1253040. [PMID: 38025266 PMCID: PMC10630912 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1253040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are neurotropic human alphaherpesviruses endemic worldwide. Upon primary infection, both viruses establish lifelong latency in neurons and reactivate intermittently to cause a variety of mild to severe diseases. Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a rare, sight-threatening eye disease induced by ocular VZV or HSV infection. The virus and host factors involved in ARN pathogenesis remain incompletely described. We hypothesize an underlying genetic defect in at least part of ARN cases. Methods We collected blood from 17 patients with HSV-or VZV-induced ARN, isolated DNA and performed Whole Exome Sequencing by Illumina followed by analysis in Varseq with criteria of CADD score > 15 and frequency in GnomAD < 0.1% combined with biological filters. Gene modifications relative to healthy control genomes were filtered according to high quality and read-depth, low frequency, high deleteriousness predictions and biological relevance. Results We identified a total of 50 potentially disease-causing genetic variants, including missense, frameshift and splice site variants and on in-frame deletion in 16 of the 17 patients. The vast majority of these genes are involved in innate immunity, followed by adaptive immunity, autophagy, and apoptosis; in several instances variants within a given gene or pathway was identified in several patients. Discussion We propose that the identified variants may contribute to insufficient viral control and increased necrosis ocular disease presentation in the patients and serve as a knowledge base and starting point for the development of improved diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L. Heinz
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sigrid M. A. Swagemakers
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joanna von Hofsten
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Halland Hospital Halmstad, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Marie Helleberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michelle M. Thomsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kerstin De Keukeleere
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joke H. de Boer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tomas Ilginis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georges M. G. M. Verjans
- HerpeslabNL, Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter M. van Hagen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. van der Spek
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Naesens L, Haerynck F, Gack MU. The RNA polymerase III-RIG-I axis in antiviral immunity and inflammation. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:435-449. [PMID: 37149405 PMCID: PMC10461603 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid sensors survey subcellular compartments for atypical or mislocalized RNA or DNA, ultimately triggering innate immune responses. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is part of the family of cytoplasmic RNA receptors that can detect viruses. A growing literature demonstrates that mammalian RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes certain viral or cellular DNA sequences into immunostimulatory RIG-I ligands, which elicits antiviral or inflammatory responses. Dysregulation of the Pol III-RIG-I sensing axis can lead to human diseases including severe viral infection outcomes, autoimmunity, and tumor progression. Here, we summarize the newly emerging role of viral and host-derived Pol III transcripts in immunity and also highlight recent advances in understanding how mammalian cells prevent unwanted immune activation by these RNAs to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Naesens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filomeen Haerynck
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Primary Immunodeficiency Research Lab, Center for Primary Immunodeficiency, Jeffrey Modell Diagnosis and Research Center, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA.
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13
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Van Breedam E, Buyle-Huybrecht T, Govaerts J, Meysman P, Bours A, Boeren M, Di Stefano J, Caers T, De Reu H, Dirkx L, Schippers J, Bartholomeus E, Lebrun M, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Rybakowska P, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Marañón C, Laukens K, Delputte P, Ogunjimi B, Ponsaerts P. Lack of strong innate immune reactivity renders macrophages alone unable to control productive Varicella-Zoster Virus infection in an isogenic human iPSC-derived neuronal co-culture model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1177245. [PMID: 37287975 PMCID: PMC10241998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1177245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) being an exclusive human pathogen, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural cell culture models are an emerging tool to investigate VZV neuro-immune interactions. Using a compartmentalized hiPSC-derived neuronal model allowing axonal VZV infection, we previously demonstrated that paracrine interferon (IFN)-α2 signalling is required to activate a broad spectrum of interferon-stimulated genes able to counteract a productive VZV infection in hiPSC-neurons. In this new study, we now investigated whether innate immune signalling by VZV-challenged macrophages was able to orchestrate an antiviral immune response in VZV-infected hiPSC-neurons. In order to establish an isogenic hiPSC-neuron/hiPSC-macrophage co-culture model, hiPSC-macrophages were generated and characterised for phenotype, gene expression, cytokine production and phagocytic capacity. Even though immunological competence of hiPSC-macrophages was shown following stimulation with the poly(dA:dT) or treatment with IFN-α2, hiPSC-macrophages in co-culture with VZV-infected hiPSC-neurons were unable to mount an antiviral immune response capable of suppressing a productive neuronal VZV infection. Subsequently, a comprehensive RNA-Seq analysis confirmed the lack of strong immune responsiveness by hiPSC-neurons and hiPSC-macrophages upon, respectively, VZV infection or challenge. This may suggest the need of other cell types, like T-cells or other innate immune cells, to (co-)orchestrate an efficient antiviral immune response against VZV-infected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Van Breedam
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tamariche Buyle-Huybrecht
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonas Govaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andrea Bours
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marlies Boeren
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julia Di Stefano
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thalissa Caers
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans De Reu
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Core Facility (FACSUA), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Laura Dirkx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jolien Schippers
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marielle Lebrun
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in the Biomedical Sciences GIGA-Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Sadzot-Delvaux
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in the Biomedical Sciences GIGA-Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Paulina Rybakowska
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción Marañón
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), Pfizer-University of Granada-Junta de Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud (PTS), Granada, Spain
| | - Kris Laukens
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (Biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Infla-Med, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research & Modelling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Core Facility (FACSUA), Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Watt KE, Macintosh J, Bernard G, Trainor PA. RNA Polymerases I and III in development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 136:49-63. [PMID: 35422389 PMCID: PMC9550887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines that are globally required for the translation of all proteins in all cells. Ribosome biogenesis, which is essential for cell growth, proliferation and survival, commences with transcription of a variety of RNAs by RNA Polymerases I and III. RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes ribosomal RNA (rRNA), while RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes 5S ribosomal RNA and transfer RNAs (tRNA) in addition to a wide variety of small non-coding RNAs. Interestingly, despite their global importance, disruptions in Pol I and Pol III function result in tissue-specific developmental disorders, with craniofacial anomalies and leukodystrophy/neurodegenerative disease being among the most prevalent. Furthermore, pathogenic variants in genes encoding subunits shared between Pol I and Pol III give rise to distinct syndromes depending on whether Pol I or Pol III function is disrupted. In this review, we discuss the global roles of Pol I and III transcription, the consequences of disruptions in Pol I and III transcription, disorders arising from pathogenic variants in Pol I and Pol III subunits, and mechanisms underpinning their tissue-specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin En Watt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Julia Macintosh
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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15
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Casanova JL, Anderson MS. Unlocking life-threatening COVID-19 through two types of inborn errors of type I IFNs. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e166283. [PMID: 36719370 PMCID: PMC9888384 DOI: 10.1172/jci166283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2003, rare inborn errors of human type I IFN immunity have been discovered, each underlying a few severe viral illnesses. Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs due to rare inborn errors of autoimmune regulator (AIRE)-driven T cell tolerance were discovered in 2006, but not initially linked to any viral disease. These two lines of clinical investigation converged in 2020, with the discovery that inherited and/or autoimmune deficiencies of type I IFN immunity accounted for approximately 15%-20% of cases of critical COVID-19 pneumonia in unvaccinated individuals. Thus, insufficient type I IFN immunity at the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection may be a general determinant of life-threatening COVID-19. These findings illustrate the unpredictable, but considerable, contribution of the study of rare human genetic diseases to basic biology and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Diabetes Center and
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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Activation of Interferon-Stimulated Genes following Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection in a Human iPSC-Derived Neuronal In Vitro Model Depends on Exogenous Interferon-α. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112517. [PMID: 36423126 PMCID: PMC9693540 DOI: 10.3390/v14112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection of neuronal cells and the activation of cell-intrinsic antiviral responses upon infection are still poorly understood mainly due to the scarcity of suitable human in vitro models that are available to study VZV. We developed a compartmentalized human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neuronal culture model that allows axonal VZV infection of the neurons, thereby mimicking the natural route of infection. Using this model, we showed that hiPSC-neurons do not mount an effective interferon-mediated antiviral response following VZV infection. Indeed, in contrast to infection with Sendai virus, VZV infection of the hiPSC-neurons does not result in the upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that have direct antiviral functions. Furthermore, the hiPSC-neurons do not produce interferon-α (IFNα), a major cytokine that is involved in the innate antiviral response, even upon its stimulation with strong synthetic inducers. In contrast, we showed that exogenous IFNα effectively limits VZV spread in the neuronal cell body compartment and demonstrated that ISGs are efficiently upregulated in these VZV-infected neuronal cultures that are treated with IFNα. Thus, whereas the cultured hiPSC neurons seem to be poor IFNα producers, they are good IFNα responders. This could suggest an important role for other cells such as satellite glial cells or macrophages to produce IFNα for VZV infection control.
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Casanova JL, Abel L. From rare disorders of immunity to common determinants of infection: Following the mechanistic thread. Cell 2022; 185:3086-3103. [PMID: 35985287 PMCID: PMC9386946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immense interindividual clinical variability during any infection is a long-standing enigma. Inborn errors of IFN-γ and IFN-α/β immunity underlying rare infections with weakly virulent mycobacteria and seasonal influenza virus have inspired studies of two common infections: tuberculosis and COVID-19. A TYK2 genotype impairing IFN-γ production accounts for about 1% of tuberculosis cases, and autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α/β account for about 15% of critical COVID-19 cases. The discovery of inborn errors and mechanisms underlying rare infections drove the identification of common monogenic or autoimmune determinants of related common infections. This "rare-to-common" genetic and mechanistic approach to infectious diseases may be of heuristic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Laurent Abel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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18
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Doratt BM, Vance E, Malherbe DC, Ebbert MT, Messaoudi I. Transcriptional response to VZV infection is modulated by RNA polymerase III in lung epithelial cell lines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:943587. [PMID: 35959363 PMCID: PMC9359802 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.943587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancestral RNA polymerase III (Pol III) is a multi-subunit polymerase responsible for transcription of short non-coding RNA, such as double-stranded short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). Although SINE ncRNAs are generally transcriptionally repressed, they can be induced in response to viral infections and can stimulate immune signaling pathways. Indeed, mutations in RNA Pol III have been associated with poor antiviral interferon response following infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV). In this study, we probed the role of Pol III transcripts in the detection and initial immune response to VZV by characterizing the transcriptional response following VZV infection of wild type A549 lung epithelial cells as well as A549 cells lacking specific RNA sensors MAVS and TLR3, or interferon-stimulated genes RNase L and PKR in presence or absence of functional RNA Pol III. Multiple components of the antiviral sensing and interferon signaling pathways were involved in restricting VZV replication in lung epithelial cells thus suggesting an innate defense system with built-in redundancy. In addition, RNA Pol III silencing altered the antiviral transcriptional program indicating that it plays an essential role in the sensing of VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Doratt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Vance
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Delphine C. Malherbe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mark T.W. Ebbert
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ilhem Messaoudi,
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19
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Duncan CJ, Skouboe MK, Howarth S, Hollensen AK, Chen R, Børresen ML, Thompson BJ, Stremenova Spegarova J, Hatton CF, Stæger FF, Andersen MK, Whittaker J, Paludan SR, Jørgensen SE, Thomsen MK, Mikkelsen JG, Heilmann C, Buhas D, Øbro NF, Bay JT, Marquart HV, de la Morena MT, Klejka JA, Hirschfeld M, Borgwardt L, Forss I, Masmas T, Poulsen A, Noya F, Rouleau G, Hansen T, Zhou S, Albrechtsen A, Alizadehfar R, Allenspach EJ, Hambleton S, Mogensen TH. Life-threatening viral disease in a novel form of autosomal recessive IFNAR2 deficiency in the Arctic. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212427. [PMID: 35442417 PMCID: PMC9026249 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) play a critical role in human antiviral immunity, as demonstrated by the exceptionally rare deleterious variants of IFNAR1 or IFNAR2. We investigated five children from Greenland, Canada, and Alaska presenting with viral diseases, including life-threatening COVID-19 or influenza, in addition to meningoencephalitis and/or hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following live-attenuated viral vaccination. The affected individuals bore the same homozygous IFNAR2 c.157T>C, p.Ser53Pro missense variant. Although absent from reference databases, p.Ser53Pro occurred with a minor allele frequency of 0.034 in their Inuit ancestry. The serine to proline substitution prevented cell surface expression of IFNAR2 protein, small amounts of which persisted intracellularly in an aberrantly glycosylated state. Cells exclusively expressing the p.Ser53Pro variant lacked responses to recombinant IFN-I and displayed heightened vulnerability to multiple viruses in vitro-a phenotype rescued by wild-type IFNAR2 complementation. This novel form of autosomal recessive IFNAR2 deficiency reinforces the essential role of IFN-I in viral immunity. Further studies are warranted to assess the need for population screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J.A. Duncan
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Morten K. Skouboe
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sophie Howarth
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne K. Hollensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rui Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Malene L. Børresen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin J. Thompson
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jarmila Stremenova Spegarova
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine F. Hatton
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Frederik F. Stæger
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette K. Andersen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Whittaker
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Sofie E. Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Carsten Heilmann
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Medical Department, Pediatric Section, Dronning Ingrid Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Daniela Buhas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Specialized Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nina F. Øbro
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob T. Bay
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne V. Marquart
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Teresa de la Morena
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Line Borgwardt
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabel Forss
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tania Masmas
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Poulsen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francisco Noya
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guy Rouleau
- The Neuro, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Torben Hansen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sirui Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Reza Alizadehfar
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric J. Allenspach
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Wang Q, Daiß JL, Xu Y, Engel C. Snapshots of RNA polymerase III in action - A mini review. Gene 2022; 821:146282. [PMID: 35149153 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
RNA polymerase (Pol) III is responsible for the transcription of tRNAs, 5S rRNA, U6 snRNA, and other non-coding RNAs. Transcription factors such as TFIIIA, -B, -C, SNAPc, and Maf1 are required for promoter recognition, promoter opening, and Pol III activity regulation. Recent developments in cryo-electron microscopy and advanced purification approaches for endogenous multi-subunit complexes accelerated structural studies resulting in detailed structural insights which allowed an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Pol III transcription. Here, we summarize structural data on Pol III and its regulating factors providing a three-dimensional framework to guide further analysis of RNA polymerase III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China; Present address: Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Julia L Daiß
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Youwei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Christoph Engel
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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21
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Mogensen TH. Genetic susceptibility to viral disease in humans. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1411-1416. [PMID: 35218976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the past decades studies on patients with severe viral infections have revealed rare inborn errors of immunity (IEI) underlying these diseases. This has led to important new insights into the molecular genetics and immunological mechanisms underlying susceptibility to viral infection in humans. OBJECTIVES Here the current knowledge on major IEI predisposing to severe or chronic viral infection are described and discussed, and the clinical implications of these findings for individualized prophylaxis and treatment are outlined. SOURCES The review is based on a broad literature search including relevant studies primarily based studies in patients, supported by experimental molecular models in vitro or in mice to characterize pathophysiological mechanism governing these disease conditions. CONTENT Current concepts and principles of genetic predisposition to viral infections in humans are described with a major focus on defects related to innate immune responses and new concepts of constitutive immune mechanisms. The topic therefore spans from seminal studies on the human genetics of herpesvirus infections in the central nervous system, severe influenza, and disease following vaccination with live attenuated viral vaccines, and finally mentioning genetic resistance to viral infection. IMPLICATIONS Past and present studies in patients with IEI conferring vulnerability to viral infections have taught us important lessons on protective innate and adaptive antiviral immunity in humans. Such knowledge also has important clinical implications allowing development of prophylactic and therapeutic solutions to prevent or dampen the clinical consequences of insufficient or dysregulated antiviral immunity in patients. Collectively, such measures are likely to improve patient management at an individualized level and also help societies reduce disease burden from viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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22
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Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) is a large multisubunit complex conserved in all eukaryotes that plays an essential role in producing a variety of short non-coding RNAs, such as tRNA, 5S rRNA and U6 snRNA transcripts. Pol III comprises of 17 subunits in both yeast and human with a 10-subunit core and seven peripheral subunits. Because of its size and complexity, Pol III has posed a formidable challenge to structural biologists. The first atomic cryogenic electron microscopy structure of yeast Pol III leading to the canonical view was reported in 2015. Within the last few years, the optimization of endogenous extract and purification procedure and the technical and methodological advances in cryogenic electron microscopy, together allow us to have a first look at the unprecedented details of human Pol III organization. Here, we look back on the structural studies of human Pol III and discuss them in the light of our current understanding of its role in eukaryotic transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianmin Wang
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Thomsen EA, Andersen S, Marqvorsen MHS, Skipper KA, Paludan SR, Mikkelsen JG. Single-Cell Monitoring of Activated Innate Immune Signaling by a d2eGFP-Based Reporter Mimicking Time-Restricted Activation of IFNB1 Expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:784762. [PMID: 35118008 PMCID: PMC8803904 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.784762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system represents a balanced first line of defense against infection. Type I interferons (IFNs) are key regulators of the response to viral infections with an essential early wave of IFN-β expression, which is conditional, time-restricted, and stochastic in its nature. The possibility to precisely monitor individual cells with active IFNB1 transcription during innate signaling requires a robust reporter system that mimics the endogenous IFN-β signal. Here, we present a reporter system based on expression of a destabilized version of eGFP (d2eGFP) from a stably integrated reporter cassette containing the IFNB1 promoter and 3’-untranslated region, enabling both spatial and temporal detection of regulated IFNB1 expression. Specifically, this reporter permits detection, quantification, and isolation of cells actively producing d2eGFP in a manner that fully mimics IFN-β production allowing tracking of IFNB1 gene activation and repression in monocytic cells and keratinocytes. Using induced d2eGFP expression as a readout for activated immune signaling at the single-cell level, we demonstrate the application of the reporter for FACS-based selection of cells with genotypes supporting cGAS-STING signaling. Our studies provide a novel approach for monitoring on/off-switching of innate immune signaling and form the basis for investigating genotypes affecting immune regulation at the single-cell level.
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24
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Searching for New Z-DNA/Z-RNA Binding Proteins Based on Structural Similarity to Experimentally Validated Zα Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020768. [PMID: 35054954 PMCID: PMC8775963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Z-DNA and Z-RNA are functionally important left-handed structures of nucleic acids, which play a significant role in several molecular and biological processes including DNA replication, gene expression regulation and viral nucleic acid sensing. Most proteins that have been proven to interact with Z-DNA/Z-RNA contain the so-called Zα domain, which is structurally well conserved. To date, only eight proteins with Zα domain have been described within a few organisms (including human, mouse, Danio rerio, Trypanosoma brucei and some viruses). Therefore, this paper aimed to search for new Z-DNA/Z-RNA binding proteins in the complete PDB structures database and from the AlphaFold2 protein models. A structure-based similarity search found 14 proteins with highly similar Zα domain structure in experimentally-defined proteins and 185 proteins with a putative Zα domain using the AlphaFold2 models. Structure-based alignment and molecular docking confirmed high functional conservation of amino acids involved in Z-DNA/Z-RNA, suggesting that Z-DNA/Z-RNA recognition may play an important role in a variety of cellular processes.
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25
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Jia J, Fu J, Tang H. Activation and Evasion of RLR Signaling by DNA Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:804511. [PMID: 34987495 PMCID: PMC8721196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.804511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral innate immune response triggered by nucleic acid recognition plays an extremely important role in controlling viral infections. The initiation of antiviral immune response against RNA viruses through ligand recognition of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) was extensively studied. RLR’s role in DNA virus infection, which is less known, is increasing attention. Here, we review the research progress of the ligand recognition of RLRs during the DNA virus infection process and the viral evasion mechanism from host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Jia
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangan Fu
- Genor Biopharma Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Huamin Tang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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26
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Skripchenko E, Zheleznikova G, Skripchenko N, Alekseeva L, Goleva O, Bessonova T, Zhirkov A. Immunopatological and genetic aspects of pathogenesis of CNS lesions in VZV infection. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:46-56. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212210146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Redmond MT, Scherzer R, Prince BT. Novel Genetic Discoveries in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:55-74. [PMID: 35020168 PMCID: PMC8753955 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of Immunology is one that has undergone great expansion in recent years. With the advent of new diagnostic modalities including a variety of genetic tests (discussed elsewhere in this journal), the ability to diagnose a patient with a primary immunodeficiency disorder (PIDD) has become a more streamlined process. With increased availability of genetic testing for those with suspected or known PIDD, there has been a significant increase in the number of genes associated with this group of disorders. This is of great importance as a misdiagnosis of these rare diseases can lead to a delay in what can be critical treatment options. At times, those options can include life-saving medications or procedures. Presentation of patients with PIDD can vary greatly based on the specific genetic defect and the part(s) of the immune system that is affected by the variation. PIDD disorders lead to varying levels of increased risk of infection ranging from a mild increase such as with selective IgA deficiency to a profound risk with severe combined immunodeficiency. These diseases can also cause a variety of other clinical findings including autoimmunity and gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T. Redmond
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Rebecca Scherzer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Benjamin T. Prince
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH USA
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28
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Ran Y, Li D, Xiong MG, Liu HN, Feng T, Shi ZW, Li YH, Wu HN, Wang SY, Zheng HX, Wang YY. African swine fever virus I267L acts as an important virulence factor by inhibiting RNA polymerase III-RIG-I-mediated innate immunity. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010270. [PMID: 35089988 PMCID: PMC8827485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ASFV is a large DNA virus that is highly pathogenic in domestic pigs. How this virus is sensed by the innate immune system as well as why it is so virulent remains enigmatic. In this study, we show that the ASFV genome contains AT-rich regions that are recognized by the DNA-directed RNA polymerase III (Pol-III), leading to viral RNA sensor RIG-I-mediated innate immune responses. We further show that ASFV protein I267L inhibits RNA Pol-III-RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral responses. I267L interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Riplet, disrupts Riplet-RIG-I interaction and impairs Riplet-mediated K63-polyubiquitination and activation of RIG-I. I267L-deficient ASFV induces higher levels of interferon-β, and displays compromised replication both in primary macrophages and pigs compared with wild-type ASFV. Furthermore, I267L-deficiency attenuates the virulence and pathogenesis of ASFV in pigs. These findings suggest that ASFV I267L is an important virulence factor by impairing innate immune responses mediated by the RNA Pol-III-RIG-I axis. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large DNA virus that is highly contagious and pathogenic in domestic pigs with a lethality rate up to 100%. Infection of ASFV has become a global threat with devastating economic and ecological consequences. Unfortunately, commercially available, safe and efficacious vaccines are still lacking so far. How this virus is sensed by the host innate immune system as well as why this virus is so virulent remains enigmatic. Understanding some basic aspects of ASFV-host interaction is helpful for vaccine development. In this study, we found that the highly AT-enriched ASFV genomic DNA is sensed by DNA-directed RNA polymerase III (Pol-III) that transcribes the AT-rich genomic DNA into RNA, which is then recognized by the pattern recognition receptor RIG-I, leading to innate immune responses. This represents one of few examples whereby a DNA virus is primarily sensed by the Pol-III-RIG-I axis. ASFV early gene-encoded protein I267L antagonizes RIG-I-mediated innate immune responses. I267L interacts with Riplet, an E3 ligase essential for RIG-I activation. This disrupts the interaction of Riplet with RIG-I, and impairs Riplet-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination and activation of RIG-I. Consistently, I267L-deficient ASFV induces higher levels of IFN-β and displays compromised replication both in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and pigs comparing with wild-type ASFV. Furthermore, I267L-deficiency attenuates the virulence and pathogenesis of ASFV in pigs. These results reveal a critical mechanism responsible for the virulence of ASFV, and suggest that deletion of I267L may serve as a strategy to develop attenuated vaccines for ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mei-Guang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Wang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Huang-Ning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Su-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Xue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HXZ); (YYW)
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (HXZ); (YYW)
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Abendroth A, Slobedman B. Modulation of MHC and MHC-Like Molecules by Varicella Zoster Virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 438:85-102. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2022_254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Böttcher R, Schmidts I, Nitschko V, Duric P, Förstemann K. RNA polymerase II is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks for dilncRNA transcription in Drosophila. RNA Biol 2021; 19:68-77. [PMID: 34965182 PMCID: PMC8786327 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.2014694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks are among the most toxic lesions that can occur in a genome and their faithful repair is thus of great importance. Recent findings have uncovered local transcription that initiates at the break and forms a non-coding transcript, called damage-induced long non-coding RNA (dilncRNA), which helps to coordinate the DNA transactions necessary for repair. We provide nascent RNA sequencing-based evidence that RNA polymerase II transcribes the dilncRNA in Drosophila and that this is more efficient for DNA breaks in an intron-containing gene, consistent with the higher damage-induced siRNA levels downstream of an intron. The spliceosome thus stimulates recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the break, rather than merely promoting the annealing of sense and antisense RNA to form the siRNA precursor. In contrast, RNA polymerase III nascent RNA libraries did not contain reads corresponding to the cleaved loci and selective inhibition of RNA polymerase III did not reduce the yield of damage-induced siRNAs. Finally, the damage-induced siRNA density was unchanged downstream of a T8 sequence, which terminates RNA polymerase III transcription. We thus found no evidence for a participation of RNA polymerase III in dilncRNA transcription in cultured Drosophila cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Böttcher
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Ines Schmidts
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Volker Nitschko
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Petar Duric
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Klaus Förstemann
- Department. Of Biochemistry and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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31
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Berry N, Suspène R, Caval V, Khalfi P, Beauclair G, Rigaud S, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Wain-Hobson S, Vartanian JP. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Disturbs the Mitochondrial Network, Leading to Type I Interferon Production through the RNA Polymerase III/RIG-I Pathway. mBio 2021; 12:e0255721. [PMID: 34809467 PMCID: PMC8609356 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02557-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved a plethora of mechanisms to impair host innate immune responses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a double-stranded linear DNA virus, impairs the mitochondrial network and dynamics predominantly through the UL12.5 gene. We demonstrated that HSV-1 infection induced a remodeling of mitochondrial shape, resulting in a fragmentation of the mitochondria associated with a decrease in their volume and an increase in their sphericity. This damage leads to the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the cytosol. By generating a stable THP-1 cell line expressing the DNase I-mCherry fusion protein and a THP-1 cell line specifically depleted of mtDNA upon ethidium bromide treatment, we showed that cytosolic mtDNA contributes to type I interferon and APOBEC3A upregulation. This was confirmed by using an HSV-1 strain (KOS37 UL98-SPA) with a deletion of the UL12.5 gene that impaired its ability to induce mtDNA stress. Furthermore, by using an inhibitor of RNA polymerase III, we demonstrated that upon HSV-1 infection, cytosolic mtDNA enhanced type I interferon induction through the RNA polymerase III/RIG-I pathway. APOBEC3A was in turn induced by interferon. Deep sequencing analyses of cytosolic mtDNA mutations revealed an APOBEC3A signature predominantly in the 5'TpCpG context. These data demonstrate that upon HSV-1 infection, the mitochondrial network is disrupted, leading to the release of mtDNA and ultimately to its catabolism through APOBEC3-induced mutations. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) impairs the mitochondrial network through the viral protein UL12.5. This leads to the fusion of mitochondria and simultaneous release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a mouse model. We have shown that released mtDNA is recognized as a danger signal, capable of stimulating signaling pathways and inducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The expression of the human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3A is highly upregulated by interferon responses. This enzyme catalyzes the deamination of cytidine to uridine in single-stranded DNA substrates, resulting in the catabolism of edited DNA. Using human cell lines deprived of mtDNA and viral strains deficient in UL12, we demonstrated the implication of mtDNA in the production of interferon and APOBEC3A expression during viral infection. We have shown that HSV-1 induces mitochondrial network fragmentation in a human model and confirmed the implication of RNA polymerase III/RIG-I signaling in the capture of cytosolic mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Berry
- Molecular Retrovirology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | | | - Vincent Caval
- Molecular Retrovirology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Khalfi
- Molecular Retrovirology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Hervé Blanc
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
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32
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Goldstein RS, Kinchington PR. Varicella Zoster Virus Neuronal Latency and Reactivation Modeled in Vitro. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 438:103-134. [PMID: 34904194 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Latency and reactivation in neurons are critical aspects of VZV pathogenesis that have historically been difficult to investigate. Viral genomes are retained in many human ganglia after the primary infection, varicella; and about one-third of the naturally infected VZV seropositive population reactivates latent virus, which most often clinically manifests as herpes zoster (HZ or Shingles). HZ is frequently complicated by acute and chronic debilitating pain for which there remains a need for more effective treatment options. Understanding of the latent state is likely to be essential in the design of strategies to reduce reactivation. Experimentally addressing VZV latency has been difficult because of the strict human species specificity of VZV and the fact that until recently, experimental reactivation had not been achieved. We do not yet know the neuron subtypes that harbor latent genomes, whether all can potentially reactivate, what the drivers of VZV reactivation are, and how immunity interplays with the latent state to control reactivation. However, recent advances have enabled a picture of VZV latency to start to emerge. The first is the ability to detect the latent viral genome and its expression in human ganglionic tissues with extraordinary sensitivity. The second, the subject of this chapter, is the development of in vitro human neuron systems permitting the modeling of latent states that can be experimentally reactivated. This review will summarize recent advances of in vitro models of neuronal VZV latency and reactivation, the limitations of the current systems, and discuss outstanding questions and future directions regarding these processes using these and yet to be developed models. Results obtained from the in vitro models to date will also be discussed in light of the recent data gleaned from studies of VZV latency and gene expression learned from human cadaver ganglia, especially the discovery of VZV latency transcripts that seem to parallel the long-studied latency-associated transcripts of other neurotropic alphaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, EEI 1020, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 156213, USA.
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33
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Chen J, Jing H, Martin-Nalda A, Bastard P, Rivière JG, Liu Z, Colobran R, Lee D, Tung W, Manry J, Hasek M, Boucherit S, Lorenzo L, Rozenberg F, Aubart M, Abel L, Su HC, Soler Palacin P, Casanova JL, Zhang SY. Inborn errors of TLR3- or MDA5-dependent type I IFN immunity in children with enterovirus rhombencephalitis. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212742. [PMID: 34726731 PMCID: PMC8570298 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) infection rarely results in life-threatening infection of the central nervous system. We report two unrelated children with EV30 and EV71 rhombencephalitis. One patient carries compound heterozygous TLR3 variants (loss-of-function F322fs2* and hypomorphic D280N), and the other is homozygous for an IFIH1 variant (loss-of-function c.1641+1G>C). Their fibroblasts respond poorly to extracellular (TLR3) or intracellular (MDA5) poly(I:C) stimulation. The baseline (TLR3) and EV-responsive (MDA5) levels of IFN-β in the patients’ fibroblasts are low. EV growth is enhanced at early and late time points of infection in TLR3- and MDA5-deficient fibroblasts, respectively. Treatment with exogenous IFN-α2b before infection renders both cell lines resistant to EV30 and EV71, whereas post-infection treatment with IFN-α2b rescues viral susceptibility fully only in MDA5-deficient fibroblasts. Finally, the poly(I:C) and viral phenotypes of fibroblasts are rescued by the expression of WT TLR3 or MDA5. Human TLR3 and MDA5 are critical for cell-intrinsic immunity to EV, via the control of baseline and virus-induced type I IFN production, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huie Jing
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrea Martin-Nalda
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Bastard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jacques G Rivière
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Roger Colobran
- Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain.,Diagnostic Immunology Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Division, Genetics Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danyel Lee
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Wesley Tung
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeremy Manry
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mary Hasek
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Soraya Boucherit
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Laboratory of Virology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Mélodie Aubart
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Neurology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Helen C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Pere Soler Palacin
- Infection in Immunocompromised Pediatric Patients Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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34
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Kessler AC, Maraia RJ. The nuclear and cytoplasmic activities of RNA polymerase III, and an evolving transcriptome for surveillance. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12017-12034. [PMID: 34850129 PMCID: PMC8643620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 1969 report that described biochemical and activity properties of the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases revealed Pol III as highly distinguishable, even before its transcripts were identified. Now known to be the most complex, Pol III contains several stably-associated subunits referred to as built-in transcription factors (BITFs) that enable highly efficient RNA synthesis by a unique termination-associated recycling process. In vertebrates, subunit RPC7(α/β) can be of two forms, encoded by POLR3G or POLR3GL, with differential activity. Here we review promoter-dependent transcription by Pol III as an evolutionary perspective of eukaryotic tRNA expression. Pol III also provides nonconventional functions reportedly by promoter-independent transcription, one of which is RNA synthesis from DNA 3'-ends during repair. Another is synthesis of 5'ppp-RNA signaling molecules from cytoplasmic viral DNA in a pathway of interferon activation that is dysfunctional in immunocompromised patients with mutations in Pol III subunits. These unconventional functions are also reviewed, including evidence that link them to the BITF subunits. We also review data on a fraction of the human Pol III transcriptome that evolved to include vault RNAs and snaRs with activities related to differentiation, and in innate immune and tumor surveillance. The Pol III of higher eukaryotes does considerably more than housekeeping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Kessler
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Richard J Maraia
- Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
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35
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs), also called inborn errors of immunity (IEI), are genetic disorders classically characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection and/or disruption in the regulation of an immunologic pathway. This review summarizes and highlights the new IEI disorders in the IUIS 2019 report and 2020 interim report and discusses the directions for the future management of PIDs. RECENT FINDINGS Since 2017, the International Union of Immunologic Societies (IUIS) IEI committee has updated the IUIS classification of IEIs with 88 new gene defects and 75 new immune disorders. The increased utilization of genetic testing and advances in the strategic evaluation of genetic variants have identified, not only novel IEI disorders, but additional genetic causes for known IEI disorders. Investigation of potential immune susceptibilities during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic suggests that defects in Type I interferon signalling may underlie more severe disease. SUMMARY The rapid discovery of new IEIs reflects the growing trend of applying genetic testing modalities as part of medical diagnosis and management.In turn, elucidating the pathophysiology of these novel IEIs have enhanced our understanding of how genetic mutations can modulate the immune system and their consequential effect on human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Demirdag
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ramsay Fuleihan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joyce E Yu
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics
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36
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Cai C, Tang YD, Xu G, Zheng C. The crosstalk between viral RNA- and DNA-sensing mechanisms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7427-7434. [PMID: 34714359 PMCID: PMC8554519 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections pose a severe threat to humans by causing many infectious, even fatal, diseases, such as the current pandemic disease (COVID-19) since 2019, and understanding how the host innate immune system recognizes viruses has become more important. Endosomal and cytosolic sensors can detect viral nucleic acids to induce type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokines, subsequently inducing interferon-stimulated genes for restricting viral infection. Although viral RNA and DNA sensing generally rely on diverse receptors and adaptors, the crosstalk between DNA and RNA sensing is gradually appreciated. This minireview highlights the overlap between the RNA- and DNA-sensing mechanisms in antiviral innate immunity, which significantly amplifies the antiviral innate responses to restrict viral infection and might be a potential novel target for preventing and treating viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Cai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guocai Xu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, School of Medical, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Application and Foundation for High Altitude Medicine Research in Qinghai Province, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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37
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Abstract
Two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively), cause a variety of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, meningitis and encephalitis. The intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses are key to control HSV, and the virus has developed mechanisms to evade them. The immune response can also contribute to pathogenesis, as observed in stromal keratitis and encephalitis. The fact that certain individuals are more prone than others to suffer severe disease upon HSV infection can be partially explained by the existence of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Like all herpesviruses, HSV has two replication cycles: lytic and latent. During lytic replication HSV produces infectious viral particles to infect other cells and organisms, while during latency there is limited gene expression and lack of infectious virus particles. HSV establishes latency in neurons and can cause disease both during primary infection and upon reactivation. The mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation and which are the viral and host factors controlling these processes are not completely understood. Here we review the HSV life cycle, the interaction of HSV with the immune system and three of the best-studied pathologies: Herpes stromal keratitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and genital herpes. We also discuss the potential association between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhu
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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38
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DInur-Schejter Y, Stepensky P. Social determinants of health and primary immunodeficiency. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 128:12-18. [PMID: 34628007 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are rare genetic conditions affecting the immune system. The rate of IEI and their presentation, course, and treatment are all affected by a multitude of social determinants, eventually affecting prognosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the social determinants affecting infectious susceptibility, genetic predisposition, diagnosis, and treatment of IEI. DATA SOURCES PubMed. STUDY SELECTIONS Search terms included "consanguinity," "social determinants," and "founder effect." Further studies were selected based on relevant citations. RESULTS Changes in climate and human behavior have modulated the spread of disease vectors and infectious organisms. Consanguinity increases the rate of autosomal recessive conditions, changes the distribution, and affects the severity of IEI. Access to sophisticated genetic and immunologic diagnostic modalities affects genetic counseling and timely diagnosis. Effective genetic counseling should address to the patient's genetic background and ethical code. Access to appropriate and timely treatment of immunodeficiencies is scarce in some regions of the world. CONCLUSION High consanguinity rate and reduced access to prophylactic measures increase the burden of immunodeficiencies in many low- and medium-income countries. Furthermore, poor access to diagnostic and treatment modalities in these regions adversely affects patients' prognosis. Increased awareness among health care professionals and the public and increased collaboration with Western countries aid in diagnosis of these conditions. Further advancements require improved public funding to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of IEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael DInur-Schejter
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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39
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Mishra S, Hasan SH, Sakhawala RM, Chaudhry S, Maraia RJ. Mechanism of RNA polymerase III termination-associated reinitiation-recycling conferred by the essential function of the N terminal-and-linker domain of the C11 subunit. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5900. [PMID: 34625550 PMCID: PMC8501072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III achieves high level tRNA synthesis by termination-associated reinitiation-recycling that involves the essential C11 subunit and heterodimeric C37/53. The C11-CTD (C-terminal domain) promotes Pol III active center-intrinsic RNA 3'-cleavage although deciphering function for this activity has been complicated. We show that the isolated NTD (N-terminal domain) of C11 stimulates Pol III termination by C37/53 but not reinitiation-recycling which requires the NTD-linker (NTD-L). By an approach different from what led to current belief that RNA 3'-cleavage activity is essential, we show that NTD-L can provide the essential function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae C11 whereas classic point mutations that block cleavage, interfere with active site function and are toxic to growth. Biochemical and in vivo analysis including of the C11 invariant central linker led to a model for Pol III termination-associated reinitiation-recycling. The C11 NTD and CTD stimulate termination and RNA 3'-cleavage, respectively, whereas reinitiation-recycling activity unique to Pol III requires only the NTD-linker. RNA 3'-cleavage activity increases growth rate but is nonessential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mishra
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shaina H Hasan
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Rima M Sakhawala
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Section on Regulatory RNA, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shereen Chaudhry
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Pfizer (Pearl River Site), 401 N Middletown Rd, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Richard J Maraia
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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40
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Kennedy PGE, Mogensen TH, Cohrs RJ. Recent Issues in Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102018. [PMID: 34696448 PMCID: PMC8540691 DOI: 10.3390/v13102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a human herpes virus which causes varicella (chicken pox) as a primary infection, and, following a variable period of latency in neurons in the peripheral ganglia, may reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles) as well as a variety of neurological syndromes. In this overview we consider some recent issues in alphaherpesvirus latency with special focus on VZV ganglionic latency. A key question is the nature and extent of viral gene transcription during viral latency. While it is known that this is highly restricted, it is only recently that the very high degree of that restriction has been clarified, with both VZV gene 63-encoded transcripts and discovery of a novel VZV transcript (VLT) that maps antisense to the viral transactivator gene 61. It has also emerged in recent years that there is significant epigenetic regulation of VZV gene transcription, and the mechanisms underlying this are complex and being unraveled. The last few years has also seen an increased interest in the immunological aspects of VZV latency and reactivation, in particular from the perspective of inborn errors of host immunity that predispose to different VZV reactivation syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. E. Kennedy
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Randall J. Cohrs
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 80045 Aurora, CO, USA
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41
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Lessel D, Rading K, Campbell SE, Thiele H, Altmüller J, Gordon LB, Kubisch C. A novel homozygous synonymous variant further expands the phenotypic spectrum of POLR3A-related pathologies. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:216-223. [PMID: 34611991 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic biallelic variants in POL3RA have been associated with different disorders characterized by progressive neurological deterioration. These include the 4H leukodystrophy syndrome (hypomyelination, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and hypodontia) and adolescent-onset progressive spastic ataxia, as well as Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome (WRS), a recognizable neonatal progeroid syndrome. The phenotypic differences between these disorders are thought to occur mainly due to different functional effects of underlying POLR3A variants. Here we present the detailed clinical course of a 37-year-old woman in whom we identified a homozygous synonymous POLR3A variant c.3336G>A resulting in leaky splicing r.[3336ins192, =, 3243_3336del94]. She presented at birth with intrauterine growth retardation, lipodystrophy, muscular hypotonia, and several WRS-like facial features, albeit without sparse hair and prominent scalp veins. She had no signs of developmental delay or intellectual disability. Over the years, above characteristic facial features, she showed severe postnatal growth retardation, global lipodystrophy, joint contractures, thoracic hypoplasia, scoliosis, anodontia, spastic quadriplegia, bilateral hearing loss, aphonia, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and cerebellar peduncles hyperintensities in brain imaging. These manifestations partially overlap the clinical features of the previously reported POLR3A-associated disorders, mostly mimicking the WRS. Thus, our study expands the POLR3A-mediated phenotypic spectrum and suggests existence of a phenotypic continuum underlying biallelic POLR3A variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Rading
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susan E Campbell
- Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Core Facility Genomics, Berlin, Germany.,The Genomics unit, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Leslie B Gordon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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42
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Brinck Andersen NS, Jørgensen SE, Skipper KA, Larsen SM, Heinz J, Thomsen MM, Farahani E, Cai Y, Hait AS, Kay L, Giehm Mikkelsen J, Høgsbjerg Schleimann M, Thomsen MK, Paludan SR, Mogensen TH. Essential role of autophagy in restricting poliovirus infection revealed by identification of an ATG7 defect in a poliomyelitis patient. Autophagy 2021; 17:2449-2464. [PMID: 33016799 PMCID: PMC8496727 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1831800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralytic poliomyelitis is a rare disease manifestation following poliovirus (PV) infection. The disease determinants remain largely unknown. We used whole exome sequencing to uncover possible contributions of host genetics to the development of disease outcome in humans with poliomyelitis. We identified a patient with a variant in ATG7, an important regulatory gene in the macroautophagy/autophagy pathway. PV infection did not induce a prominent type I interferon response, but rather activated autophagy in neuronal-like cells, and this was essential for viral control. Importantly, virus-induced autophagy was impaired in patient fibroblasts and associated with increased viral burden and enhanced cell death following infection. Lack of ATG7 prevented control of infection in neuronal-like cells, and reconstitution of patient cells with wild-type ATG7 reestablished autophagy-mediated control of infection. Collectively, these data suggest that ATG7 defect contributes to host susceptibility to PV infection and propose autophagy as an unappreciated antiviral effector in viral infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna-Sophie Brinck Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sofie Eg Jørgensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Müller Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Johanna Heinz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michelle Mølgaard Thomsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ensieh Farahani
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yujia Cai
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alon Schneider Hait
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lise Kay
- Department of poliomyelitis survivors, Specialhospitalet, Værløse, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Trine H. Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
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43
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Kennedy PGE. An overview of viral infections of the nervous system in the immunosuppressed. J Neurol 2021; 268:3026-3030. [PMID: 33048220 PMCID: PMC7552955 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several viruses have the capacity to cause serious infections of the nervous system in patients who are immunosuppressed. Individuals may be immunosuppressed because of primary inherited immunodeficiency, secondary immunodeficiency due to particular diseases such as malignancy, administration of immunosuppressant drugs or organ or bone marrow transplantation. The viruses capable of such opportunistic infection of the nervous system include herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein -Barr virus (EBV), Human Herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6), JC virus (JCV), enterovirus, measles virus and Covid-19. In most cases it seems likely that immunological defence mechanisms in the immunosuppressed are deficient which creates a suitable environment for certain viruses to become opportunistic in the nervous and other systems. Further research is required both to understand these opportunistic mechanisms in more detail and also to determine how many virus infections are modified by specific inborn errors of immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G E Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
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44
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Lata E, Choquet K, Sagliocco F, Brais B, Bernard G, Teichmann M. RNA Polymerase III Subunit Mutations in Genetic Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:696438. [PMID: 34395528 PMCID: PMC8362101 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.696438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase (Pol) III transcribes small untranslated RNAs such as 5S ribosomal RNA, transfer RNAs, and U6 small nuclear RNA. Because of the functions of these RNAs, Pol III transcription is best known for its essential contribution to RNA maturation and translation. Surprisingly, it was discovered in the last decade that various inherited mutations in genes encoding nine distinct subunits of Pol III cause tissue-specific diseases rather than a general failure of all vital functions. Mutations in the POLR3A, POLR3C, POLR3E and POLR3F subunits are associated with susceptibility to varicella zoster virus-induced encephalitis and pneumonitis. In addition, an ever-increasing number of distinct mutations in the POLR3A, POLR3B, POLR1C and POLR3K subunits cause a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, which includes most notably hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Furthermore, other rare diseases are also associated with mutations in genes encoding subunits of Pol III (POLR3H, POLR3GL) and the BRF1 component of the TFIIIB transcription initiation factor. Although the causal relationship between these mutations and disease development is widely accepted, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis remain enigmatic. Here, we review the current knowledge on the functional impact of specific mutations, possible Pol III-related disease-causing mechanisms, and animal models that may help to better understand the links between Pol III mutations and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lata
- Bordeaux University, Inserm U 1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA laboratory, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Choquet
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francis Sagliocco
- Bordeaux University, Inserm U 1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA laboratory, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard Brais
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Teichmann
- Bordeaux University, Inserm U 1212, CNRS UMR 5320, ARNA laboratory, Bordeaux, France
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45
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Bastard P, Galerne A, Lefevre-Utile A, Briand C, Baruchel A, Durand P, Landman-Parker J, Gouache E, Boddaert N, Moshous D, Gaudelus J, Cohen R, Deschenes G, Fischer A, Blanche S, de Pontual L, Neven B. Different Clinical Presentations and Outcomes of Disseminated Varicella in Children With Primary and Acquired Immunodeficiencies. Front Immunol 2021; 11:595478. [PMID: 33250898 PMCID: PMC7674974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox, a benign and self-limited disease in healthy children. In patients with primary or acquired immunodeficiencies, primary infection can be life-threatening, due to rapid dissemination of the virus to various organs [lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, eye, central nervous system (CNS)]. We retrospectively described and compared the clinical presentations and outcomes of disseminated varicella infection (DV) in patients with acquired (AID) (n= 7) and primary (PID) (n= 12) immunodeficiencies. Patients with AID were on immunosuppression (mostly steroids) for nephrotic syndrome, solid organ transplantation or the treatment of hemopathies, whereas those with PID had combined immunodeficiency (CID) or severe CID (SCID). The course of the disease was severe and fulminant in patients with AID, with multiple organ failure, no rash or a delayed rash, whereas patients with CID and SICD presented typical signs of chickenpox, including a rash, with dissemination to other organs, including the lungs and CNS. In the PID group, antiviral treatment was prolonged until immune reconstitution after bone marrow transplantation, which was performed in 10/12 patients. Four patients died, and three experienced neurological sequelae. SCID patients had the worst outcome. Our findings highlight substantial differences in the clinical presentation and course of DV between children with AID and PID, suggesting differences in pathophysiology. Prevention, early diagnosis and treatment are required to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Bastard
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, AP-HP (Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), France.,Service d'Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Galerne
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, AP-HP (Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), France
| | - Alain Lefevre-Utile
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, AP-HP (Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), France.,INSERM U976-Human Systems Immunology and Inflammatory Networks, Institut de Recherche de Saint Louis, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Coralie Briand
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, AP-HP (Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), France
| | - André Baruchel
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Département d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Durand
- Service de Réanimation Pédiatrique, Hôpital du Kremlin-Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Université Paris XI, AP-HP, Paris.,Université Paris Saclay, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Judith Landman-Parker
- Sorbonne Université, Service de d'Hématologie Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Gouache
- Sorbonne Université, Service de d'Hématologie Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Boddaert
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service de Radiologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Despina Moshous
- Service d'Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Joel Gaudelus
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, AP-HP (Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), France.,Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Robert Cohen
- ACTIV Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Georges Deschenes
- Service de Néphrologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Service d'Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France.,Experimental Medicine, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Blanche
- Service d'Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Loïc de Pontual
- Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, AP-HP (Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), France.,Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Bobigny, France
| | - Bénédicte Neven
- Service d'Immunologie et Hématologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1163, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
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46
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de Oliveira Mann CC, Hornung V. Molecular mechanisms of nonself nucleic acid recognition by the innate immune system. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1897-1910. [PMID: 34138462 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids (NAs) represent one of the most important classes of molecules recognized by the innate immune system. However, NAs are not limited to pathogens, but are also present within the host. As such, the immune system has evolved an elaborate set of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) that employ various strategies to recognize distinct types of NAs, while reliably distinguishing between self and nonself. The here-employed strategies encompass the positioning of NA-sensing PRRs in certain subcellular compartments that potentially come in contact with pathogens but not host NAs, the existence of counterregulatory measures that keep endogenous NAs below a certain threshold, and also the specific identification of certain nonself patterns. Here, we review recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of NA recognition by TLRs, RLRs, and the cGAS-STING axis. We highlight the differences in NA-PRR interfaces that confer specificity and selectivity toward an NA ligand, as well as the NA-dependent induced conformational changes required for signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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47
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Structure of human RNA polymerase III elongation complex. Cell Res 2021; 31:791-800. [PMID: 33674783 PMCID: PMC8249397 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) transcribes essential structured small RNAs, such as tRNAs, 5S rRNA and U6 snRNA. The transcriptional activity of Pol III is tightly controlled and its dysregulation is associated with human diseases, such as cancer. Human Pol III has two isoforms with difference only in one of its subunits RPC7 (α and β). Despite structural studies of yeast Pol III, structure of human Pol III remains unsolved. Here, we determined the structures of 17-subunit human Pol IIIα complex in the backtracked and post-translocation states, respectively. Human Pol III contains a generally conserved catalytic core, similar to that of yeast counterpart, and structurally unique RPC3-RPC6-RPC7 heterotrimer and RPC10. The N-ribbon of TFIIS-like RPC10 docks on the RPC4-RPC5 heterodimer and the C-ribbon inserts into the funnel of Pol III in the backtracked state but is more flexible in the post-translocation state. RPC7 threads through the heterotrimer and bridges the stalk and Pol III core module. The winged helix 1 domain of RPC6 and the N-terminal region of RPC7α stabilize each other and may prevent Maf1-mediated repression of Pol III activity. The C-terminal FeS cluster of RPC6 coordinates a network of interactions that mediate core-heterotrimer contacts and stabilize Pol III. Our structural analysis sheds new light on the molecular mechanism of human Pol IIIα-specific transcriptional regulation and provides explanations for upregulated Pol III activity in RPC7α-dominant cancer cells.
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48
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Knight V, Heimall JR, Chong H, Nandiwada SL, Chen K, Lawrence MG, Sadighi Akha AA, Kumánovics A, Jyonouchi S, Ngo SY, Vinh DC, Hagin D, Forbes Satter LR, Marsh RA, Chiang SCC, Willrich MAV, Frazer-Abel AA, Rider NL. A Toolkit and Framework for Optimal Laboratory Evaluation of Individuals with Suspected Primary Immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2021; 9:3293-3307.e6. [PMID: 34033983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge related to the biology of inborn errors of immunity and associated laboratory testing methods continues to expand at a tremendous rate. Despite this, many patients with inborn errors of immunity suffer for prolonged periods of time before identification of their underlying condition, thereby delaying appropriate care. Understanding that test selection and optimal evaluation for patients with recurrent infections or unusual patterns of inflammation can be unclear, we present a document that distills relevant clinical features of immunologic disease due to inborn errors of immunity and related appropriate and available test options. This document is intended to serve the practicing clinical immunologist and, in turn, patients by describing best available test options for initial and expanded immunologic evaluations across the disease spectrum. Our goal is to demystify the process of evaluating patients with suspected immune dysfunction and to enable more rapid and accurate diagnosis of such individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Jennifer R Heimall
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perlman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Hey Chong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pa
| | - Sarada L Nandiwada
- The Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, The Baylor College of Medicine and the William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, Tex
| | - Karin Chen
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash
| | - Monica G Lawrence
- Division of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Amir A Sadighi Akha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Attila Kumánovics
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Soma Jyonouchi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perlman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Suzanne Y Ngo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Hagin
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lisa R Forbes Satter
- The Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, The Baylor College of Medicine and the William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, Tex
| | - Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Samuel C C Chiang
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Maria A V Willrich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Ashley A Frazer-Abel
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colo
| | - Nicholas L Rider
- The Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Immunology, Allergy and Retrovirology, The Baylor College of Medicine and the William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, Tex.
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49
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Thomsen MM, Tyrberg T, Skaalum K, Carter-Timofte M, Freytag MR, Norberg P, Helleberg M, Storgaard M, Nielsen H, Bodilsen J, Grahn A, Mogensen T. Genetic variants and immune responses in a cohort of patients with varicella zoster virus encephalitis. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:2122-2132. [PMID: 33974706 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) may involve different central nervous system (CNS) manifestations, including meningitis, encephalitis, and vasculitis. In cases where otherwise healthy individuals are affected, an inborn error of immunity may underlie increased susceptibility or severity of infection. METHODS We collected a cohort of 17 adults who experienced VZV encephalitis and performed whole exome sequencing. Patient PBMCs were infected with VZV and innate antiviral interferon and cytokine responses as well as viral replication was evaluated. Data were analyzed by Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS We identified a total of 21 different potentially disease-causing variants in a total of 13 of the 17 patients included. These gene variants were within two major functional clusters: i) innate viral sensors and immune pathways and ii) autophagy pathways. Antiviral interferon (IFN) and cytokine responses were abnormal in the majority of patients, whereas viral replication was increased in only 2/17. CONCLUSION This study identifies a list of variants of pathogenic potential, which may serve as a platform for generating hypotheses for future studies addressing genetic and immunological factors associated with susceptibility to VZV encephalitis. Collectively, these data suggest that disturbances in innate sensing and autophagy pathways may predispose to VZV encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Thomsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Tyrberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Skaalum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Mette R Freytag
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Norberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Helleberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Storgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bodilsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Anna Grahn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Trine Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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50
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Herlin LK, Hansen KS, Bodilsen J, Larsen L, Brandt C, Andersen CØ, Hansen BR, Lüttichau HR, Helweg-Larsen J, Wiese L, Storgaard M, Nielsen H, Mogensen TH. Varicella Zoster Virus Encephalitis in Denmark From 2015 to 2019-A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1192-1199. [PMID: 32103249 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of varicella zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis remains limited. METHODS Nationwide prospective cohort study of adults treated for microbiologically confirmed VZV encephalitis at Danish departments of infectious diseases from 2015 to 2019. Modified Poisson regression analysis was used to compute adjusted relative risks (RRs) of unfavorable outcome. RESULTS We identified 92 adults (49% female) with VZV encephalitis, yielding an incidence of 5.3/1 000 000 per year (95% CI, 4.2-6.6). Median age was 75 years (IQR, 67-83) and immunocompromising conditions were frequent (39%). Predominant symptoms were confusion (76%), headache (56%), nausea (45%), gait disturbance (42%), and personality changes (41%). Cranial imaging showed cerebral vasculitis (including infarction and hemorrhage) in 14 (16%) patients and encephalitic abnormalities in 11 (13%) with predilection for the brainstem and deep brain structures. Intravenous acyclovir treatment was initiated a median (IQR) of 13.4 hours (5.2-46.3) since admission, while cranial imaging and lumbar puncture were performed after 6.3 hours (2.5-31.0) and 18.5 hours (4.9-42.0). In-hospital, 1-month, and 3-month mortalities were 4%, 9%, and 11%, respectively. Unfavorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Score of 1-4) was found in 69% at discharge, with age (adjusted RR [aRR], 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03), vasculitis (aRR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.02-1.86), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) <15 (aRR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.01-1.73) identified as independent risk factors. CONCLUSIONS VZV encephalitis occurs primarily in elderly or immunocompromised patients with a higher incidence than previously estimated. The diagnosis is often delayed; risk factors for unfavorable outcome are age, cerebral vasculitis, and GCS <15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Krogh Herlin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Jacob Bodilsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lykke Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Research Unit for Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christian Brandt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Lothar Wiese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sjælland University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Merete Storgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Trine H Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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