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Xie Y, Liu X, Liu W, Carr LR, Lee LP, Imai N, Ortlund EA, Cohen DE. Activity and phosphatidylcholine transfer protein interactions of skeletal muscle thioesterase Them2 enable hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 2024:107855. [PMID: 39369989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Thioesterase superfamily member 2 (Them2), a long-chain fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase that is highly expressed in oxidative tissues, interacts with phosphatidylcholine transfer protein (PC-TP) to regulate hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism and to suppress insulin signaling. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice lacking Them2 globally or specifically in skeletal muscle, but not liver, exhibit reduced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Here, we report that the capacity of Them2 in skeletal muscle to promote hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance depends on both its catalytic activity and interaction with PC-TP. Two residues of Them2 catalytic site were mutated (N50A/D65A) to produce the inactive enzyme while maintaining its homotetrameric structure and interaction with PC-TP. Restoration of skeletal muscle expression in Them2-/- mice using recombinant adeno-associated virus revealed that wild-type (WT), but not N50A/D65A Them2, promoted HFD-induced weight gain and hepatic steatosis. This was accompanied by greater impairment of insulin sensitivity in WT compared with N50A/D65A Them2. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of PC-TP attenuated these effects. In reductionist experiments, conditioned medium collected from WT primary cultured myotubes promoted excess lipid accumulation in oleic acid-treated primary cultured hepatocytes relative to Them2-/- myotubes, which was attributable to secreted extracellular vesicles (EV). Reconstitution of Them2 expression in Them2-/- myotubes affirmed the requirements for catalytic activity and PC-TP interactions for EV to promote lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. These studies provide valuable mechanistic insights whereby Them2 in skeletal muscle promotes hepatic steatosis and establish both Them2 and PC-TP as represent attractive targets for managing metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wenpeng Liu
- Division of Renal Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Logan R Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luke P Lee
- Division of Renal Medicine, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Norihiro Imai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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2
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Humbert A, Lefebvre R, Nawrot M, Caussy C, Rieusset J. Calcium signalling in hepatic metabolism: Health and diseases. Cell Calcium 2023; 114:102780. [PMID: 37506596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The flexibility between the wide array of hepatic functions relies on calcium (Ca2+) signalling. Indeed, Ca2+ is implicated in the control of many intracellular functions as well as intercellular communication. Thus, hepatocytes adapt their Ca2+ signalling depending on their nutritional and hormonal environment, leading to opposite cellular functions, such as glucose storage or synthesis. Interestingly, hepatic metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, are associated with impaired Ca2+ signalling. Here, we present the hepatocytes' toolkit for Ca2+ signalling, complete with regulation systems and signalling pathways activated by nutrients and hormones. We further discuss the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms leading to alterations of Ca2+ signalling in hepatic metabolic diseases, and review the literature on the clinical impact of Ca2+-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Humbert
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U-1060, INRAE U-1397, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Rémy Lefebvre
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U-1060, INRAE U-1397, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Margaux Nawrot
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U-1060, INRAE U-1397, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Cyrielle Caussy
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U-1060, INRAE U-1397, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France; Département Endocrinologie, Diabète et Nutrition, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Jennifer Rieusset
- Laboratoire CarMeN, INSERM U-1060, INRAE U-1397, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France.
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3
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Cao R, Tian H, Zhang Y, Liu G, Xu H, Rao G, Tian Y, Fu X. Signaling pathways and intervention for therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e283. [PMID: 37303813 PMCID: PMC10248034 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents one of the fastest growing epidemic metabolic disorders worldwide and is a strong contributor for a broad range of comorbidities, including vascular, visual, neurological, kidney, and liver diseases. Moreover, recent data suggest a mutual interplay between T2DM and Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Pioneering discoveries throughout the past few decades have established notable links between signaling pathways and T2DM pathogenesis and therapy. Importantly, a number of signaling pathways substantially control the advancement of core pathological changes in T2DM, including IR and β cell dysfunction, as well as additional pathogenic disturbances. Accordingly, an improved understanding of these signaling pathways sheds light on tractable targets and strategies for developing and repurposing critical therapies to treat T2DM and its complications. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the history of T2DM and signaling pathways, and offer a systematic update on the role and mechanism of key signaling pathways underlying the onset, development, and progression of T2DM. In this content, we also summarize current therapeutic drugs/agents associated with signaling pathways for the treatment of T2DM and its complications, and discuss some implications and directions to the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Huimin Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Geng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Guocheng Rao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuanChina
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismState Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Medical School, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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4
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Benchoula K, Mediani A, Hwa WE. The functions of Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in diabetes progression. J Cell Commun Signal 2023; 17:25-34. [PMID: 35551607 PMCID: PMC10030766 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in blood glucose causes a myriad of pathways and molecular components to malfunction, leading to diabetes. Diabetes affects each organ differently by activating distinct pathways. It has an impact on the liver, pancreas, kidney (nephropathy), eyes (retinopathy), and nervous system (neuropathy). Understanding the effects of diabetes on each organ is the first step in developing a sustained treatment for the disease. Among the many cellular molecules impacted by diabetes is Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a complex Ca2+/calmodulin-activated serine/threonine-protein kinase. When intracellular [Ca2+] rises, it binds to calmodulin (CaM) to produce Ca2+/CaM, which activates CaMKIIs. This factor is involved in the pancreas, liver, heart, muscles, and various organs. Thus, Understanding CaMKII action in each organ is critical for gaining a complete picture of diabetic complications. Therefore, this review covers CaMKII's functions in many organs and how it affects and has been affected by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Mediani
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Protective Role of Hepassocin against Hepatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113325. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepassocin (HPS) is a hepatokine that has multiple proposed physiological functions. Some of the biological processes in which it is involved are closely related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, but the role of HPS in the regulation of ER stress remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that HPS transcription is induced by the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)/activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) cascade upon ER stress in hepatocytes. Additionally, fasting/refeeding also induced HPS expression in mice liver. The loss of HPS sensitizes hepatocytes to ER stress-related cytotoxicity in vitro, whereas HPS treatment altered these phenotypes. HPS deficiency exacerbates fasting/refeeding-induced ER stress in vivo. The preliminary administration of HPS ameliorates liver steatosis, cell death, and inflammation in mice injected with tunicamycin (TM). The improvement of HPS can be observed even if HPS protein is injected after TM treatment. Furthermore, the administration of an ER stress inhibitor alleviated steatohepatitis in methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-fed HPS-deficient mice. These results suggest that HPS protects hepatocytes from physiological and pathological ER stress, and that the inactivation of HPS signaling aggravating ER stress may be a novel mechanism that drives the development of steatohepatitis. The protective mechanism of HPS against ER stress in hepatocytes was associated with the regulation of ER calcium handling, and the suppression of calcium influx release from ER upon stressor treatment. Collectively, our findings indicate that HPS may act in a negative feedback fashion to regulate hepatic ER stress and protect hepatocytes from ER stress-related injury. HPS has the potential to be a candidate drug for the treatment of ER stress-related liver injury.
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6
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Kong X, Zhu Q, Dong Y, Li Y, Liu J, Yan Q, Huang M, Niu Y. Analysis of serum fatty acid, amino acid, and organic acid profiles in gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus via targeted metabolomics. Front Nutr 2022; 9:974902. [PMID: 36091252 PMCID: PMC9458889 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.974902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize metabolite differences and correlations between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) using univariate, multivariate analyses, RF, and pathway analyses in a cross-sectional study. Dietary surveys were collected and targeted metabolomics was applied to measure levels of serum fatty acids, amino acids, and organic acids in 90 pregnant women at 24–28 weeks gestation at the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University. Principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminatory analysis (PLS-DA) models were established to distinguish HP, GDM, and healthy, pregnant control individuals. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses and Random Forest (RF) were used to identify and map co-metabolites to corresponding pathways in the disease states. Finally, risk factors for the disease were assessed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Dietary survey results showed that HP and GDM patients consumed a high-energy diet and the latter also consumed a high-carbohydrate and high-fat diet. Univariate analysis of clinical indices revealed HP and GDM patients had glycolipid disorders, with the former possessing more severe organ dysfunction. Subsequently, co-areas with significant differences identified by basic discriminant analyses and RF revealed lower levels of pyroglutamic acid and higher levels of 2-hydroxybutyric acid and glutamic acid in the GDM group. The number of metabolites increased in the HP group as compared to the healthy pregnant control group, including pyroglutamic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid, oleic acid (C18:1), and palmitic acid (C16:0). ROC curves indicated that area under curve (AUC) for pyroglutamic acid in the GDM group was 0.962 (95% CI, 0.920–1.000), and the AUC of joint indicators, including pyroglutamic acid and GABA, in the HP group was 0.972 (95% CI, 0.938–1.000). Collectively, these results show that both GDM and HP patients at mid-gestation possessed dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism, which may trigger oxidative stress via glutathione metabolism and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangju Kong
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiushuang Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanjie Dong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuqiao Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jinxiao Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingna Yan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingli Huang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Mingli Huang,
| | - Yucun Niu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yucun Niu,
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7
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GABA and Fermented Curcuma longa L. Extract Enriched with GABA Ameliorate Obesity through Nox4-IRE1α Sulfonation-RIDD-SIRT1 Decay Axis in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081680. [PMID: 35458241 PMCID: PMC9031358 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a natural amino acid with antioxidant activity and is often considered to have therapeutic potential against obesity. Obesity has long been linked to ROS and ER stress, but the effect of GABA on the ROS-associated ER stress axis has not been thoroughly explored. Thus, in this study, the effect of GABA and fermented Curcuma longa L. extract enriched with GABA (FCLL-GABA) on the ROS-related ER stress axis and inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (IRE1α) sulfonation were examined with the HFD model to determine the underlying anti-obesity mechanism. Here, GABA and FCLL-GABA supplementations significantly inhibited the weight gain in HFD fed mice. The GABA and FCLL-GABA supplementation lowered the expressions of adipogenic transcription factors such as PPAR-γ, C/EBPα, FAS, and SREBP-1c in white adipose tissue (WAT) and liver from HFD-fed mice. The enhanced hyper-nutrient dysmetabolism-based NADPH oxidase (Nox) 4 and the resultant IRE1α sulfonation-RIDD-SIRT1 decay under HFD conditions were controlled with GABA and FCLL-GABA. Notably, GABA and FCLL-GABA administration significantly increased AMPK and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) levels in WAT of HFD-fed mice. These significant observations indicate that ER-localized Nox4-induced IRE1α sulfonation results in the decay of SIRT1 as a novel mechanism behind the positive implications of GABA on obesity. Moreover, the investigation lays a firm foundation for the development of FCLL-GABA as a functional ingredient.
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8
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Blomme A, Peter C, Mui E, Rodriguez Blanco G, An N, Mason LM, Jamieson LE, McGregor GH, Lilla S, Ntala C, Patel R, Thiry M, Kung SHY, Leclercq M, Ford CA, Rushworth LK, McGarry DJ, Mason S, Repiscak P, Nixon C, Salji MJ, Markert E, MacKay GM, Kamphorst JJ, Graham D, Faulds K, Fazli L, Gleave ME, Avezov E, Edwards J, Yin H, Sumpton D, Blyth K, Close P, Murphy DJ, Zanivan S, Leung HY. THEM6-mediated reprogramming of lipid metabolism supports treatment resistance in prostate cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14764. [PMID: 35014179 PMCID: PMC8899912 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the clinical benefit of androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), the majority of patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa) ultimately develop lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this study, we identified thioesterase superfamily member 6 (THEM6) as a marker of ADT resistance in PCa. THEM6 deletion reduces in vivo tumour growth and restores castration sensitivity in orthograft models of CRPC. Mechanistically, we show that the ER membrane-associated protein THEM6 regulates intracellular levels of ether lipids and is essential to trigger the induction of the ER stress response (UPR). Consequently, THEM6 loss in CRPC cells significantly alters ER function, reducing de novo sterol biosynthesis and preventing lipid-mediated activation of ATF4. Finally, we demonstrate that high THEM6 expression is associated with poor survival and correlates with high levels of UPR activation in PCa patients. Altogether, our results highlight THEM6 as a novel driver of therapy resistance in PCa as well as a promising target for the treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ernest Mui
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | | | - Ning An
- Laboratory of Cancer SignalingGIGA‐InstituteUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | - Lauren E Jamieson
- Centre for Molecular NanometrologyDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryTechnology and Innovation CentreUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Grace H McGregor
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | | | - Chara Ntala
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | | | - Marc Thiry
- GIGA‐NeurosciencesUnit of Cell and Tissue BiologyUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Sonia H Y Kung
- Department of Urologic SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Vancouver Prostate CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Marine Leclercq
- Laboratory of Cancer SignalingGIGA‐InstituteUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | | | - Linda K Rushworth
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | | | - Susan Mason
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | | | - Colin Nixon
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | - Mark J Salji
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | - Elke Markert
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | | | - Jurre J Kamphorst
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre for Molecular NanometrologyDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryTechnology and Innovation CentreUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Karen Faulds
- Centre for Molecular NanometrologyDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryTechnology and Innovation CentreUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Department of Urologic SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Vancouver Prostate CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Department of Urologic SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Vancouver Prostate CentreVancouverBCCanada
| | - Edward Avezov
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of CambridgeDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | - Huabing Yin
- School of EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | | | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | - Pierre Close
- Laboratory of Cancer SignalingGIGA‐InstituteUniversity of LiègeLiègeBelgium
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
| | - Hing Y Leung
- CRUK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGarscube EstateGlasgowUK
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9
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Imai N, Nicholls HT, Alves-Bezerra M, Li Y, Ivanova AA, Ortlund EA, Cohen DE. Up-regulation of thioesterase superfamily member 2 in skeletal muscle promotes hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice. Hepatology 2022; 75:154-169. [PMID: 34433228 PMCID: PMC9938941 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Thioesterase superfamily member 2 (Them2) is highly expressed in liver and oxidative tissues, where it hydrolyzes long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters to free fatty acids and CoA. Although mice globally lacking Them2 (Them2-/- ) are protected against diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis (HS), and insulin resistance (IR), liver-specific Them2-/- mice remain susceptible. The aim of this study was to test whether Them2 activity in extrahepatic oxidative tissues is a primary determinant of HS and IR. APPROACH AND RESULTS Upon observing IR and up-regulation of Them2 in skeletal, but not cardiac, muscle of high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed wild-type compared to Them2-/- mice, we created mice with Them2 specifically deleted in skeletal (S-Them2-/- ) and cardiac muscle (C-Them2-/- ), as well as in adipose tissue (A-Them2-/- ). When fed an HFD, S-Them2-/- , but not C-Them2-/- or A-Them2-/- , mice exhibited reduced weight gain and improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Reconstitution of Them2 expression in skeletal muscle of global Them2-/- mice, using adeno-associated virus, was sufficient to restore excess weight gain. Increased rates of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle of S-Them2-/- mice contributed to protection from HFD-induced HS by increasing VLDL triglyceride secretion rates in response to greater demand. Increases in insulin sensitivity were further attributable to alterations in production of skeletal muscle metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates, as well as in expression of myokines that modulate insulin responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a key role for skeletal muscle Them2 in the pathogenesis of HS and IR and implicate it as a target in the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Imai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10021 USA
| | - Hayley T. Nicholls
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10021 USA
| | - Michele Alves-Bezerra
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10021 USA
| | - Yingxia Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10021 USA
| | - Anna A. Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - David E. Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY 10021 USA
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10
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Demir S, Nawroth PP, Herzig S, Ekim Üstünel B. Emerging Targets in Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Complications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100275. [PMID: 34319011 PMCID: PMC8456215 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic, chronic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels. Although a large drug portfolio exists to keep the blood glucose levels under control, these medications are not without side effects. More importantly, once diagnosed diabetes is rarely reversible. Dysfunctions in the kidney, retina, cardiovascular system, neurons, and liver represent the common complications of diabetes, which again lack effective therapies that can reverse organ injury. Overall, the molecular mechanisms of how type 2 diabetes develops and leads to irreparable organ damage remain elusive. This review particularly focuses on novel targets that may play role in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Further research on these targets may eventually pave the way to novel therapies for the treatment-or even the prevention-of type 2 diabetes along with its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgican Demir
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center MunichIngolstädter Landstr. 1Neuherberg85764Germany
- Joint Heidelberg ‐ IDC Translational Diabetes ProgramInternal Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 410Heidelberg69120Germany
- DZDDeutsches Zentrum für DiabetesforschungIngolstädter Landstraße 1Neuherberg85764Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1 and Clinical ChemistryHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 410Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Peter P. Nawroth
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center MunichIngolstädter Landstr. 1Neuherberg85764Germany
- Joint Heidelberg ‐ IDC Translational Diabetes ProgramInternal Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 410Heidelberg69120Germany
- DZDDeutsches Zentrum für DiabetesforschungIngolstädter Landstraße 1Neuherberg85764Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1 and Clinical ChemistryHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 410Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center MunichIngolstädter Landstr. 1Neuherberg85764Germany
- Joint Heidelberg ‐ IDC Translational Diabetes ProgramInternal Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 410Heidelberg69120Germany
- DZDDeutsches Zentrum für DiabetesforschungIngolstädter Landstraße 1Neuherberg85764Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1 and Clinical ChemistryHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 410Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Bilgen Ekim Üstünel
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC)Helmholtz Center MunichIngolstädter Landstr. 1Neuherberg85764Germany
- Joint Heidelberg ‐ IDC Translational Diabetes ProgramInternal Medicine 1Heidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 410Heidelberg69120Germany
- DZDDeutsches Zentrum für DiabetesforschungIngolstädter Landstraße 1Neuherberg85764Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1 and Clinical ChemistryHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 410Heidelberg69120Germany
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11
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Wang Y, Song M, Liu M, Zhang G, Zhang X, Li MO, Ma X, Zhang JJ, Huang XY. Fascin inhibitor increases intratumoral dendritic cell activation and anti-cancer immunity. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108948. [PMID: 33826900 PMCID: PMC8050791 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascin protein is the main actin-bundling protein in filopodia and invadopodia, which are critical for tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Small-molecule fascin inhibitors block tumor invasion and metastasis and increase the overall survival of tumor-bearing mice. Here, we report a finding that fascin blockade additionally reinvigorates anti-tumor immune response in syngeneic mouse models of various cancers. Fascin protein levels are increased in conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in the tumor microenvironment. Mechanistically, fascin inhibitor NP-G2-044 increases the number of intratumoral-activated cDCs and enhances the antigen uptake by cDCs. Furthermore, together with PD-1 blocking antibody, NP-G2-044 markedly increases the number of activated CD8+ T cells in the otherwise anti-PD-1 refractory tumors. Reduction of fascin levels in cDCs, but not fascin gene knockout in tumor cells, mimics the anti-tumor immune effect of NP-G2-044. These data demonstrate that fascin inhibitor NP-G2-044 simultaneously limits tumor metastasis and reinvigorates anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mei Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Program in Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xian Zhang
- Program in Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Program in Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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12
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Lemmer IL, Willemsen N, Hilal N, Bartelt A. A guide to understanding endoplasmic reticulum stress in metabolic disorders. Mol Metab 2021; 47:101169. [PMID: 33484951 PMCID: PMC7887651 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global rise of metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, demands a thorough molecular understanding of the cellular mechanisms that govern health or disease. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a key organelle for cellular function and metabolic adaptation and, therefore disturbed ER function, known as "ER stress," is a key feature of metabolic disorders. SCOPE OF REVIEW As ER stress remains a poorly defined phenomenon, this review provides a general guide to understanding the nature, etiology, and consequences of ER stress in metabolic disorders. We define ER stress by its type of stressor, which is driven by proteotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and/or glucotoxicity. We discuss the implications of ER stress in metabolic disorders by reviewing evidence implicating ER phenotypes and organelle communication, protein quality control, calcium homeostasis, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and inflammation as key mechanisms in the development of ER stress and metabolic dysfunction. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In mammalian biology, ER is a phenotypically and functionally diverse platform for nutrient sensing, which is critical for cell type-specific metabolic control by hepatocytes, adipocytes, muscle cells, and neurons. In these cells, ER stress is a distinct, transient state of functional imbalance, which is usually resolved by the activation of adaptive programs such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD), or autophagy. However, challenges to proteostasis also impact lipid and glucose metabolism and vice versa. In the ER, sensing and adaptive measures are integrated and failure of the ER to adapt leads to aberrant metabolism, organelle dysfunction, insulin resistance, and inflammation. In conclusion, the ER is intricately linked to a wide spectrum of cellular functions and is a critical component in maintaining and restoring metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke L Lemmer
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Pettenkoferstr. 9, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nienke Willemsen
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Pettenkoferstr. 9, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nazia Hilal
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Pettenkoferstr. 9, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Pettenkoferstr. 9, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Technische Universität München, Biedersteiner Str. 29, 80802 München, Germany; Department of Molecular Metabolism, 665 Huntington Avenue, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 02115 Boston, MA, USA.
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13
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Chalcone suppresses tumor growth through NOX4-IRE1α sulfonation-RIDD-miR-23b axis. Redox Biol 2021; 40:101853. [PMID: 33445069 PMCID: PMC7806525 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chalcone is a polyphenolic compound found abundantly in natural plant components. They have been acclaimed as potential antitumor compounds in multiple tumor cells. However, not much attention has been paid to elucidate its antitumor mechanism of action. Here, chalcone was demonstrated to trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis through sulfonation of IRE1α by ER-localized NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4). IRE1α-sulfonation at a cysteine residue was shown to induce "regulated IRE1α-dependent decay" (RIDD) of mRNA rather than specific splicing of XBP1. The IRE1α sulfonation-induced RIDD degraded miR-23b, enhancing the expression of NOX4. The expression of NOX4 was also upregulated in breast, and prostate cancer tissue. In chalcone-administered mice in vivo, tumor growth was regressed by the consistent mechanisms "NOX4-IRE1α sulfonation-RIDD". Similarly, NOX4 activation and IRE1α sulfonation were also highly increased under severe ER stress conditions. Together, these findings suggest chalcone as a lead anticancer compound where it acts through NOX4-IRE1α-RIDD-miR-23b axis providing a promising vision of chalcone derivatives' anticancer mechanism.
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14
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Medinas DB, Hazari Y, Hetz C. Disruption of Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteostasis in Age-Related Nervous System Disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:239-278. [PMID: 34050870 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a prominent cellular alteration of diseases impacting the nervous system that are associated to the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated protein species during aging. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is the main pathway mediating adaptation to ER stress, but it can also trigger deleterious cascades of inflammation and cell death leading to cell dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Genetic and pharmacological studies in experimental models shed light into molecular pathways possibly contributing to ER stress and the UPR activation in human neuropathies. Most of experimental models are, however, based on the overexpression of mutant proteins causing familial forms of these diseases or the administration of neurotoxins that induce pathology in young animals. Whether the mechanisms uncovered in these models are relevant for the etiology of the vast majority of age-related sporadic forms of neurodegenerative diseases is an open question. Here, we provide a systematic analysis of the current evidence linking ER stress to human pathology and the main mechanisms elucidated in experimental models. Furthermore, we highlight the recent association of metabolic syndrome to increased risk to undergo neurodegeneration, where ER stress arises as a common denominator in the pathogenic crosstalk between peripheral organs and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo B Medinas
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Younis Hazari
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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15
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Zhang X, Xiong W, Chen LL, Huang JQ, Lei XG. Selenoprotein V protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative injury induced by pro-oxidants. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:670-679. [PMID: 32846216 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Selenoprotein V (SELENOV) contains a thioredoxin-like fold and a conserved CxxU motif with a potential redox function. This study was to assess its in vivo and in vitro roles and mechanisms in coping with different oxidant insults. In Experiment (Expt.)1, SELENOV knockout (KO) and wild type (WT) mice (male, 8-wk old) were given an ip injection of saline, diquat (DQ, 12.5 mg/kg), or N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP, 300 mg/kg) (n = 10), and killed 5 h after the injection. In Expt. 2, primary hepatocytes of WT and KO were treated with DQ (0-0.75 mM) or APAP (0-6 mM) for 12 h. In Expt. 3, 293 T cells overexpressing Selenov gene (OE) were treated with APAP (0-4 mM) for 24 h or H2O2 (0-0.4 mM) for 12 h. Compared with the WT, the DQ- and APAP-injected KO mice had higher (P < 0.05) serum alanine aminotransferase activities and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related proteins (BIP and CHOP), apoptosis-related proteins (FAK and caspase-9), and 3-nitrotyrosine, along with lower total anti-oxidizing-capability (T-AOC) and severer hepatic necrosis. Likewise, the DQ and APAP-treated KO hepatocytes had elevated (P < 0.05) cell death (10-40%), decreased (P < 0.05) T-AOC (63-83%), glutathione (26-87%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (28-36%), mRNA levels of redox enzymes (Cat, Gcs, Gpx3, and Sod) and (or) sharper declines (P < 0.05) in cellular respiration and ATP production than that of the WT cells. In contrast, the OE cells had greater viability and T-AOC and lower MDA, and carbonyl contents after the APAP and H2O2 exposures (all at P < 0.05) than the controls. Moreover, the OE cells had greater (P < 0.05) redox enzyme activities (GPX, TrxR, and SOD), and lower (P < 0.05) expressions of ER stress-related genes (Atf4, Atf6, Bip, Xbp1t, Xbp1s, and Chop) and proteins (BIP, CHOP, FAK, and caspase-9) than the control cells after the treatment of H2O2 (0.4 mM). In conclusion, SELENOV conferred protections in vivo and in vitro against the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species-mediated ER stress-related signaling and oxidative injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ling-Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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16
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Ali ES, Rychkov GY, Barritt GJ. Targeting Ca 2+ Signaling in the Initiation, Promotion and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102755. [PMID: 32987945 PMCID: PMC7600741 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma) is a significant health burden worldwide. It is often not detected until at an advanced stage when there are few treatment options available. Changes in calcium concentrations within liver cancer cells are essential for regulating their growth, death, and migration (metastasis). Our aim was to review published papers which have identified proteins involved in calcium signaling as potential drug targets for the treatment of liver cancer. About twenty calcium signaling proteins were identified, including those involved in regulating calcium concentrations in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. A few of these have turned out to be sites of action of natural products previously known to inhibit liver cancer. More systematic studies are now needed to determine which calcium signaling proteins might be used clinically for treatment of liver cancer, especially advanced stage cancers and those resistant to inhibition by current drugs. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a considerable health burden worldwide and a major contributor to cancer-related deaths. HCC is often not noticed until at an advanced stage where treatment options are limited and current systemic drugs can usually only prolong survival for a short time. Understanding the biology and pathology of HCC is a challenge, due to the cellular and anatomic complexities of the liver. While not yet fully understood, liver cancer stem cells play a central role in the initiation and progression of HCC and in resistance to drugs. There are approximately twenty Ca2+-signaling proteins identified as potential targets for therapeutic treatment at different stages of HCC. These potential targets include inhibition of the self-renewal properties of liver cancer stem cells; HCC initiation and promotion by hepatitis B and C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (principally involving reduction of reactive oxygen species); and cell proliferation, tumor growth, migration and metastasis. A few of these Ca2+-signaling pathways have been identified as targets for natural products previously known to reduce HCC. Promising Ca2+-signaling targets include voltage-operated Ca2+ channel proteins (liver cancer stem cells), inositol trisphosphate receptors, store-operated Ca2+ entry, TRP channels, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (Ca2++Mg2+) ATP-ase and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. However, none of these Ca2+-signaling targets has been seriously studied any further than laboratory research experiments. The future application of more systematic studies, including genomics, gene expression (RNA-seq), and improved knowledge of the fundamental biology and pathology of HCC will likely reveal new Ca2+-signaling protein targets and consolidate priorities for those already identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunus S. Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia;
| | - Grigori Y. Rychkov
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia;
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
| | - Greg J. Barritt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-438-204-426
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17
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Steensels S, Qiao J, Zhang Y, Maner-Smith KM, Kika N, Holman CD, Corey KE, Bracken WC, Ortlund EA, Ersoy BA. Acyl-Coenzyme A Thioesterase 9 Traffics Mitochondrial Short-Chain Fatty Acids Toward De Novo Lipogenesis and Glucose Production in the Liver. Hepatology 2020; 72:857-872. [PMID: 32498134 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Obesity-induced pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and hepatic glucose production (HGP) that is due to excess fatty acids. Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) thioesterase (Acot) family members control the cellular utilization of fatty acids by hydrolyzing (deactivating) acyl-CoA into nonesterified fatty acids and CoASH. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we identified Acot9 as the strongest regulator of lipid accumulation within the Acot family. Indicative of a maladaptive function, hepatic Acot9 expression was higher in patients with obesity who had NAFLD and NASH compared with healthy controls with obesity. In the setting of excessive nutrition, global ablation of Acot9 protected mice against increases in weight gain, HGP, steatosis, and steatohepatitis. Supportive of a hepatic function, the liver-specific deletion of Acot9 inhibited HGP and steatosis in mice without affecting diet-induced weight gain. By contrast, the rescue of Acot9 expression only in the livers of Acot9 knockout mice was sufficient to promote HGP and steatosis. Mechanistically, hepatic Acot9 localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it deactivated short-chain but not long-chain fatty acyl-CoA. This unique localization and activity of Acot9 directed acetyl-CoA away from protein lysine acetylation and toward the citric acid (TCA) cycle. Acot9-mediated exacerbation of triglyceride and glucose biosynthesis was attributable at least in part to increased TCA cycle activity, which provided substrates for HGP and DNL. β-oxidation and ketone body production, which depend on long-chain fatty acyl-CoA, were not regulated by Acot9. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings indicate that Acot9 channels hepatic acyl-CoAs toward increased HGP and DNL under the pathophysiology of obesity. Therefore, Acot9 represents a target for the management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steensels
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Jixuan Qiao
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Nourhan Kika
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Corey D Holman
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - W Clay Bracken
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Eric A Ortlund
- Emory Integrated Lipidomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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18
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Zou Y, Qi Z. Understanding the Role of Exercise in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: ERS-Linked Molecular Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6412916. [PMID: 32774148 PMCID: PMC7397409 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6412916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is globally prevalent and characterized by abnormal lipid accumulation in the liver, frequently accompanied by insulin resistance (IR), enhanced hepatic inflammation, and apoptosis. Recent studies showed that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) at the subcellular level underlies these featured pathologies in the development of NAFLD. As an effective treatment, exercise significantly reduces hepatic lipid accumulation and thus alleviates NAFLD. Confusingly, these benefits of exercise are associated with increased or decreased ERS in the liver. Further, the interaction between diet, medication, exercise types, and intensity in ERS regulation is more confusing, though most studies have confirmed the benefits of exercise. In this review, we focus on understanding the role of exercise-modulated ERS in NAFLD and ERS-linked molecular pathways. Moderate ERS is an essential signaling for hepatic lipid homeostasis. Higher ERS may lead to increased inflammation and apoptosis in the liver, while lower ERS may lead to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Therefore, exercise acts like an igniter or extinguisher to keep ERS at an appropriate level by turning it up or down, which depends on diet, medications, exercise intensity, etc. Exercise not only enhances hepatic tolerance to ERS but also prevents the malignant development of steatosis due to excessive ERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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19
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Cully TR, Rodney GG. Nox4 - RyR1 - Nox2: Regulators of micro-domain signaling in skeletal muscle. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101557. [PMID: 32506037 PMCID: PMC7283154 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability for skeletal muscle to perform optimally can be affected by the regulation of Ca2+ within the triadic junctional space at rest. Reactive oxygen species impact muscle performance due to changes in oxidative stress, damage and redox regulation of signaling cascades. The interplay between ROS and Ca2+ signaling at the triad of skeletal muscle is therefore important to understand as it can impact the performance of healthy and diseased muscle. Here, we aimed to examine how changes in Ca2+ and redox signaling within the junctional space micro-domain of the mouse skeletal muscle fibre alters the homeostasis of these complexes. The dystrophic mdx mouse model displays increased RyR1 Ca2+ leak and increased NAD(P)H Oxidase 2 ROS. These alterations make the mdx mouse an ideal model for understanding how ROS and Ca2+ handling impact each other. We hypothesised that elevated t-tubular Nox2 ROS increases RyR1 Ca2+ leak contributing to an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+, which could then initiate protein degradation and impaired cellular functions such as autophagy and ER stress. We found that inhibiting Nox2 ROS did not decrease RyR1 Ca2+ leak observed in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle. Intriguingly, another NAD(P)H isoform, Nox4, is upregulated in mice unable to produce Nox2 ROS and when inhibited reduced RyR1 Ca2+ leak. Our findings support a model in which Nox4 ROS induces RyR1 Ca2+ leak and the increased junctional space [Ca2+] exacerbates Nox2 ROS; with the cumulative effect of disruption of downstream cellular processes that would ultimately contribute to reduced muscle or cellular performance. Nox2 ROS does not influence RyR1 Ca2+ leak in skeletal muscle. Lack of Nox2 ROS increases Nox4 expression. Nox4 ROS induces RyR1 Ca2+ leak via S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R Cully
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George G Rodney
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Hwang I, Uddin MJ, Pak ES, Kang H, Jin EJ, Jo S, Kang D, Lee H, Ha H. The impaired redox balance in peroxisomes of catalase knockout mice accelerates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 148:22-32. [PMID: 31877356 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential organelles for maintaining the homeostasis of lipids and reactive oxygen species (ROS). While oxidative stress-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the role of peroxisomes in ROS-mediated ER stress in the development of NAFLD remains elusive. We investigated whether an impaired peroxisomal redox state accelerates NAFLD by activating ER stress by inhibiting catalase, an antioxidant expressed exclusively in peroxisomes. Wild-type (WT) and catalase knockout (CKO) mice were fed either a normal diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 11 weeks. HFD-induced phenotype changes and liver injury accompanied by ER stress and peroxisomal dysfunction were accelerated in CKO mice compared to WT mice. Interestingly, these changes were also significantly increased in CKO mice fed a normal diet. Inhibition of catalase by 3-aminotriazole in hepatocytes resulted in the following effects: (i) increased peroxisomal H2O2 levels as measured by a peroxisome-targeted H2O2 probe (HyPer-P); (ii) elevated intracellular ROS; (iii) decreased peroxisomal biogenesis; (iv) activated ER stress; (v) induced lipogenic genes and neutral lipid accumulation; and (vi) suppressed insulin signaling cascade associated with JNK activation. N-acetylcysteine or 4-phenylbutyric acid effectively prevented those alterations. These results suggest that a redox imbalance in peroxisomes perturbs cellular metabolism through the activation of ER stress in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inah Hwang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Pak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Kang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Suin Jo
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjin Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Lee HY, Lee GH, Kim HR, Lee YC, Chae HJ. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-δ controls endoplasmic reticulum membrane fluidity and permeability in fungus-induced allergic inflammation in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1556-1567. [PMID: 31713846 PMCID: PMC7060358 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K), especially PI3K‐δ, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress play important roles in refractory asthma induced by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus through mechanisms that are not well understood. Here we have investigated these mechanisms, using BEAS‐2B human bronchial epithelial cells and a mouse model of A. fumigatus‐induced allergic lung inflammation. Experimental Approach A selective PI3K‐δ inhibitor, IC87114, and an ER folding chaperone, 4‐phenylbutyric acid (4‐PBA), were applied to a model of A. fumigatus‐induced asthma in female C57BL/6 mice. The therapeutic potential of IC87114 and 4‐PBA was assessed in relevant primary cell, tissue, and disease models, using immunohistochemistry, western blotting and assessment of ER redox state and membrane fluidity. Key Results Treatment with IC87114 or 4‐PBA alleviated pulmonary inflammation and airway remodelling and reduced ER stress and inflammation‐associated intra‐ER hyperoxidation, disrupting protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) chaperone activity. IC87114 and 4‐PBA also reversed changes in ER membrane fluidity and permeability and the resultant mitochondrial hyperactivation (i.e., Ca2+ accumulation) under hyperoxidation, thereby restoring the physiological state of the ER and mitochondria. These compounds also abolished mitochondria‐associated ER membrane (MAM) formation caused by the physical contact between these subcellular organelles. Conclusion and Implications PI3K‐δ and ER stress mediate A. fumigatus‐induced allergic lung inflammation by altering the ER redox state, PDI chaperone function, and ER membrane fluidity and permeability and by amplifying ER signalling to mitochondria through MAM formation. Thus, therapeutic strategies that target the PI3K‐δ–ER stress axis could be an effective treatment for allergic asthma caused by fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Hwa Lee
- Non-Clinical Evaluation Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- College of Dentistry, Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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22
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Bekeova C, Anderson-Pullinger L, Boye K, Boos F, Sharpadskaya Y, Herrmann JM, Seifert EL. Multiple mitochondrial thioesterases have distinct tissue and substrate specificity and CoA regulation, suggesting unique functional roles. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19034-19047. [PMID: 31676684 PMCID: PMC6916504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterases (Acots) hydrolyze fatty acyl-CoA esters. Acots in the mitochondrial matrix are poised to mitigate β-oxidation overload and maintain CoA availability. Several Acots associate with mitochondria, but whether they all localize to the matrix, are redundant, or have different roles is unresolved. Here, we compared the suborganellar localization, activity, expression, and regulation among mitochondrial Acots (Acot2, -7, -9, and -13) in mitochondria from multiple mouse tissues and from a model of Acot2 depletion. Acot7, -9, and -13 localized to the matrix, joining Acot2 that was previously shown to localize there. Mitochondria from heart, skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, and kidney robustly expressed Acot2, -9, and -13; Acot9 levels were substantially higher in brown adipose tissue and kidney mitochondria, as was activity for C4:0-CoA, a unique Acot9 substrate. In all tissues, Acot2 accounted for about half of the thioesterase activity for C14:0-CoA and C16:0-CoA. In contrast, liver mitochondria from fed and fasted mice expressed little Acot activity, which was confined to long-chain CoAs and due mainly to Acot7 and Acot13 activities. Matrix Acots occupied different functional niches, based on substrate specificity (Acot9 versus Acot2 and -13) and strong CoA inhibition (Acot7, -9, and -13, but not Acot2). Interpreted in the context of β-oxidation, CoA inhibition would prevent Acot-mediated suppression of β-oxidation, while providing a release valve when CoA is limiting. In contrast, CoA-insensitive Acot2 could provide a constitutive siphon for long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs. These results reveal how the family of matrix Acots can mitigate β-oxidation overload and prevent CoA limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bekeova
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Lauren Anderson-Pullinger
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Kevin Boye
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Felix Boos
- Division of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yana Sharpadskaya
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Johannes M Herrmann
- Division of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Erin L Seifert
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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23
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Abstract
The cause of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not limited to impaired insulin signalling but also involves the complex interplay of multiple metabolic pathways. The analysis of large data sets generated by metabolomics and lipidomics has shed new light on the roles of metabolites such as lipids, amino acids and bile acids in modulating insulin sensitivity. Metabolites can regulate insulin sensitivity directly by modulating components of the insulin signalling pathway, such as insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and AKT, and indirectly by altering the flux of substrates through multiple metabolic pathways, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, protein synthesis and degradation and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the post-translational modification of proteins by metabolites and lipids, including acetylation and palmitoylation, can alter protein function. Furthermore, the role of the microbiota in regulating substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity is unfolding. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of metabolites in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic adaptations involved in insulin resistance may enable the identification of novel targets for improving insulin sensitivity and preventing, and treating, T2DM.
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24
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Alves-Bezerra M, Li Y, Acuña M, Ivanova AA, Corey KE, Ortlund EA, Cohen DE. Thioesterase Superfamily Member 2 Promotes Hepatic VLDL Secretion by Channeling Fatty Acids Into Triglyceride Biosynthesis. Hepatology 2019; 70:496-510. [PMID: 30516845 PMCID: PMC6551314 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), triglycerides accumulate within the liver because the rates of fatty acid accrual by uptake from plasma and de novo synthesis exceed elimination by mitochondrial oxidation and secretion as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides. Thioesterase superfamily member 2 (Them2) is an acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) thioesterase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoAs into free fatty acids plus CoASH. Them2 is highly expressed in the liver, as well as other oxidative tissues. Mice globally lacking Them2 are resistant to diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis, and exhibit improved glucose homeostasis. These phenotypes are attributable, at least in part, to roles of Them2 in the suppression of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. To elucidate the hepatic function of Them2, we created mice with liver-specific deletion of Them2 (L-Them2-/- ). Although L-Them2-/- mice were not protected against excess weight gain, hepatic steatosis or glucose intolerance, they exhibited marked decreases in plasma triglyceride and apolipoprotein B100 concentrations. These were attributable to reduced rates of VLDL secretion owing to decreased incorporation of plasma-derived fatty acids into triglycerides. The absence of hepatic steatosis in L-Them2-/- mice fed chow was explained by compensatory increases in rates of fatty acid oxidation and by decreased de novo lipogenesis in high fat-fed mice. Consistent with a role for Them2 in hepatic VLDL secretion, THEM2 levels were increased in livers of obese patients with NAFLD characterized by simple steatosis. Conclusion: Them2 functions in the liver to direct fatty acids toward triglyceride synthesis for incorporation into VLDL particles. When taken together with its functions in brown adipose and muscle, these findings suggest that Them2 is a target for the management of NAFLD and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Alves-Bezerra
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yingxia Li
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mariana Acuña
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Anna A. Ivanova
- Emory Integrated Lipidomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Corey
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David E. Cohen
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA,Corresponding author at: Weill Cornell Medical College, Belfer Research Building, 413 E. 69 Street, room 630, New York, NY 10021, USA. Tel.: +1 (646) 962 7681; Fax: +1 (646) 962 0427;
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25
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Ali ES, Rychkov GY, Barritt GJ. Deranged hepatocyte intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis and the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Calcium 2019; 82:102057. [PMID: 31401389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men, and the sixth in women. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now one of the major risk factors for HCC. NAFLD, which involves the accumulation of excess lipid in cytoplasmic lipid droplets in hepatocytes, can progress to non-alcoholic steatosis, fibrosis, and HCC. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ constitute important signaling pathways for the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in normal hepatocytes. Recent studies of steatotic hepatocytes have identified lipid-induced changes in intracellular Ca2+, and have provided evidence that altered Ca2+ signaling exacerbates lipid accumulation and may promote HCC. The aims of this review are to summarise current knowledge of the lipid-induced changes in hepatocyte Ca2+ homeostasis, to comment on the mechanisms involved, and discuss the pathways leading from altered Ca2+ homeostasis to enhanced lipid accumulation and the potential promotion of HCC. In steatotic hepatocytes, lipid inhibits store-operated Ca2+ entry and SERCA2b, and activates Ca2+ efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its transfer to mitochondria. These changes are associated with changes in Ca2+ concentrations in the ER (decreased), cytoplasmic space (increased) and mitochondria (likely increased). They lead to: inhibition of lipolysis, lipid autophagy, lipid oxidation, and lipid secretion; activation of lipogenesis; increased lipid; ER stress, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases and activation of transcription factor Nrf2. These all can potentially mediate the transition of NAFLD to HCC. It is concluded that lipid-induced changes in hepatocyte Ca2+ homeostasis are important in the initiation and progression of HCC. Further research is desirable to better understand the cause and effect relationships, the time courses and mechanisms involved, and the potential of Ca2+ transporters, channels, and binding proteins as targets for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunus S Ali
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia
| | - Grigori Y Rychkov
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Greg J Barritt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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26
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Tillander V, Miniami A, Alves-Bezerra M, Coleman RA, Cohen DE. Thioesterase superfamily member 2 promotes hepatic insulin resistance in the setting of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1-induced steatosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2009-2020. [PMID: 30523156 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic insulin resistance in the setting of steatosis is attributable at least in part to the accumulation of bioactive lipids that suppress insulin signaling. The mitochondria-associated glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (GPAT1) catalyzes the first committed step in glycerolipid synthesis, and its activity diverts fatty acids from mitochondrial β-oxidation. GPAT1 overexpression in mouse liver leads to hepatic steatosis even in the absence of overnutrition. The mice develop insulin resistance owing to the generation of saturated diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid molecular species that reduce insulin signaling by activating PKCϵ and by suppressing mTORC2, respectively. Them2, a mitochondria-associated acyl-CoA thioesterase, also participates in the trafficking of fatty acids into oxidative versus glycerolipid biosynthetic pathways. Them2 -/- mice are protected against diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. To determine whether Them2 contributes to hepatic insulin resistance due to hepatic overexpression of GPAT1, recombinant adenovirus was used to overexpress GPAT1 in livers of chow-fed Them2 +/+ and Them2 -/- mice. Hepatic GPAT1 overexpression led to steatosis in both genotypes. In the setting of GPAT1 overexpression, glucose tolerance was reduced in Them2 +/+ but not Them2 -/- mice, without influencing whole-body insulin sensitivity or basal hepatic glucose production. Improved glucose tolerance in Them2 -/- mice was associated with reduced PKCϵ translocation. Preserved insulin receptor activity was supported by Thr-308 phosphorylation of Akt following GPAT1 overexpression in Them2 -/- hepatocytes. These findings suggest a pathogenic role of Them2 in the biosynthesis of glycerolipid metabolites that promote hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Tillander
- From the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021.,the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Miniami
- From the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021.,the Department of Gastroenterology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan, and
| | - Michele Alves-Bezerra
- From the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021
| | - Rosalind A Coleman
- the Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - David E Cohen
- From the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021,
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27
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Steensels S, Ersoy BA. Fatty acid activation in thermogenic adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:79-90. [PMID: 29793055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Channeling carbohydrates and fatty acids to thermogenic tissues, including brown and beige adipocytes, have garnered interest as an approach for the management of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation) is crucial for the maintenance of thermogenesis. Upon cellular fatty acid uptake or following lipolysis from triglycerides (TG), fatty acids are esterified to coenzyme A (CoA) to form active acyl-CoA molecules. This enzymatic reaction is essential for their utilization in β-oxidation and thermogenesis. The activation and deactivation of fatty acids are regulated by two sets of enzymes called acyl-CoA synthetases (ACS) and acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOT), respectively. The expression levels of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenic tissues will determine the substrate availability for β-oxidation, and consequently the thermogenic capacity. Although the role of the majority of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenesis remains unclear, recent proceedings link the enzymatic activities of ACS and ACOT family members to metabolic disorders and thermogenesis. Elucidating the contributions of specific ACS and ACOT family members to trafficking of fatty acids towards thermogenesis may reveal novel targets for modulating thermogenic capacity and treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steensels
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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