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Corne A, Adolphe F, Estaquier J, Gaumer S, Corsi JM. ATF4 Signaling in HIV-1 Infection: Viral Subversion of a Stress Response Transcription Factor. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38534416 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cellular integrated stress response (ISR), the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and IFN signaling are associated with viral infections. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays a pivotal role in these pathways and controls the expression of many genes involved in redox processes, amino acid metabolism, protein misfolding, autophagy, and apoptosis. The precise role of ATF4 during viral infection is unclear and depends on cell hosts, viral agents, and models. Furthermore, ATF4 signaling can be hijacked by pathogens to favor viral infection and replication. In this review, we summarize the ATF4-mediated signaling pathways in response to viral infections, focusing on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). We examine the consequences of ATF4 activation for HIV-1 replication and reactivation. The role of ATF4 in autophagy and apoptosis is explored as in the context of HIV-1 infection programmed cell deaths contribute to the depletion of CD4 T cells. Furthermore, ATF4 can also participate in the establishment of innate and adaptive immunity that is essential for the host to control viral infections. We finally discuss the putative role of the ATF4 paralogue, named ATF5, in HIV-1 infection. This review underlines the role of ATF4 at the crossroads of multiple processes reflecting host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Corne
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Florine Adolphe
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- INSERM U1124, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Gaumer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Marc Corsi
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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2
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Clain JA, Rabezanahary H, Racine G, Boutrais S, Soundaramourty C, Joly Beauparlant C, Jenabian MA, Droit A, Ancuta P, Zghidi-Abouzid O, Estaquier J. Early ART reduces viral seeding and innate immunity in liver and lungs of SIV-infected macaques. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167856. [PMID: 37485876 PMCID: PMC10443800 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying immune cells and anatomical tissues that contribute to the establishment of viral reservoirs is of central importance in HIV-1 cure research. Herein, we used rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SIVmac251 to analyze viral seeding in the liver and lungs of either untreated or early antiretroviral therapy-treated (ART-treated) RMs. Consistent with viral replication and sensing, transcriptomic analyses showed higher levels of inflammation, pyroptosis, and chemokine genes as well as of interferon-stimulating gene (ISG) transcripts, in the absence of ART. Our results highlighted the infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages (HLA-DR+CD11b+CD14+CD16+) in inflamed liver and lung tissues associated with the expression of CD183 and CX3CR1 but also with markers of tissue-resident macrophages (CD206+ and LYVE+). Sorting of myeloid cell subsets demonstrated that CD14+CD206-, CD14+CD206+, and CD14-CD206+ cell populations were infected, in the liver and lungs, in SIVmac251-infected RMs. Of importance, early ART drastically reduced viral seeding consistent with the absence of ISG detection but also of genes related to inflammation and tissue damage. Viral DNA was only detected in CD206+HLA-DR+CD11b+ cells in ART-treated RMs. The observation of pulmonary and hepatic viral rebound after ART interruption reinforces the importance of early ART implementation to limit viral seeding and inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien A. Clain
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Gina Racine
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Steven Boutrais
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Arnaud Droit
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- INSERM U1124, University of Paris, Paris, France
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3
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Santa Cruz A, Mendes-Frias A, Azarias-da-Silva M, André S, Oliveira AI, Pires O, Mendes M, Oliveira B, Braga M, Lopes JR, Domingues R, Costa R, Silva LN, Matos AR, Ângela C, Costa P, Carvalho A, Capela C, Pedrosa J, Castro AG, Estaquier J, Silvestre R. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 is characterized by diminished peripheral CD8 +β7 integrin + T cells and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA response. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1772. [PMID: 36997530 PMCID: PMC10061413 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several millions of individuals are estimated to develop post-acute sequelae SARS-CoV-2 condition (PASC) that persists for months after infection. Here we evaluate the immune response in convalescent individuals with PASC compared to convalescent asymptomatic and uninfected participants, six months following their COVID-19 diagnosis. Both convalescent asymptomatic and PASC cases are characterised by higher CD8+ T cell percentages, however, the proportion of blood CD8+ T cells expressing the mucosal homing receptor β7 is low in PASC patients. CD8 T cells show increased expression of PD-1, perforin and granzyme B in PASC, and the plasma levels of type I and type III (mucosal) interferons are elevated. The humoral response is characterized by higher levels of IgA against the N and S viral proteins, particularly in those individuals who had severe acute disease. Our results also show that consistently elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8 and IP-10/CXCL10 during acute disease increase the risk to develop PASC. In summary, our study indicates that PASC is defined by persisting immunological dysfunction as late as six months following SARS-CoV-2 infection, including alterations in mucosal immune parameters, redistribution of mucosal CD8+β7Integrin+ T cells and IgA, indicative of potential viral persistence and mucosal involvement in the etiopathology of PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Santa Cruz
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal.
- Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Ana Mendes-Frias
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Sónia André
- INSERM-U1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Olga Pires
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Mendes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Braga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Rita Lopes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Domingues
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís Neves Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cristina Ângela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carlos Capela
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center-Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Gil Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM-U1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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4
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Segura J, Ireland J, Zou Z, Roth G, Buchwald J, Shen TJ, Fischer E, Moir S, Chun TW, Sun PD. HIV-1 release requires Nef-induced caspase activation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281087. [PMID: 36780482 PMCID: PMC9925082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection remains incurable to date and there are no compounds targeted at the viral release. We show here HIV viral release is not spontaneous, rather requires caspases activation and shedding of its adhesion receptor, CD62L. Blocking the caspases activation caused virion tethering by CD62L and the release of deficient viruses. Not only productive experimental HIV infections require caspases activation for viral release, HIV release from both viremic and aviremic patient-derived CD4 T cells also require caspase activation, suggesting HIV release from cellular viral reservoirs depends on apoptotic shedding of the adhesion receptor. Further transcriptomic analysis of HIV infected CD4 T cells showed a direct contribution of HIV accessory gene Nef to apoptotic caspases activation. Current HIV cure focuses on the elimination of latent cellular HIV reservoirs that are resistant to infection-induced cell death. This has led to therapeutic strategies to stimulate T cell apoptosis in a "kick and kill" approach. Our current work has shifted the paradigm on HIV-induced apoptosis and suggests such approach would risk to induce HIV release and thus be counter-productive. Instead, our study supports targeting of viral reservoir release by inhibiting of caspases activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Segura
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joanna Ireland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhongcheng Zou
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gwynne Roth
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julianna Buchwald
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Shen
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Fischer
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Sun
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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5
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Furtado Milão J, Love L, Gourgi G, Derhaschnig L, Svensson JP, Sönnerborg A, van Domselaar R. Natural killer cells induce HIV-1 latency reversal after treatment with pan-caspase inhibitors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1067767. [PMID: 36561752 PMCID: PMC9763267 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1067767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a latency reservoir is the major obstacle for a cure of HIV-1. The shock-and-kill strategy aims to reactivate HIV-1 replication in HIV -1 latently infected cells, exposing the HIV-1-infected cells to cytotoxic lymphocytes. However, none of the latency reversal agents (LRAs) tested so far have shown the desired effect in people living with HIV-1. We observed that NK cells stimulated with a pan-caspase inhibitor induced latency reversal in co-cultures with HIV-1 latently infected cells. Synergy in HIV-1 reactivation was observed with LRAs prostratin and JQ1. The supernatants of the pan-caspase inhibitor-treated NK cells activated the HIV-1 LTR promoter, indicating that a secreted factor by NK cells was responsible for the HIV-1 reactivation. Assessing changes in the secreted cytokine profile of pan-caspase inhibitor-treated NK cells revealed increased levels of the HIV-1 suppressor chemokines MIP1α (CCL3), MIP1β (CCL4) and RANTES (CCL5). However, these cytokines individually or together did not induce LTR promoter activation, suggesting that CCL3-5 were not responsible for the observed HIV-1 reactivation. The cytokine profile did indicate that pan-caspase inhibitors induce NK cell activation. Altogether, our approach might be-in combination with other shock-and-kill strategies or LRAs-a strategy for reducing viral latency reservoirs and a step forward towards eradication of functionally active HIV-1 in infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Furtado Milão
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Love
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Gourgi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Derhaschnig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Division of Clinical Microbiology, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert van Domselaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, ANA Futura Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,*Correspondence: Robert van Domselaar,
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6
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Kundura L, Cezar R, André S, Campos-Mora M, Lozano C, Vincent T, Muller L, Lefrant JY, Roger C, Claret PG, Duvnjak S, Loubet P, Sotto A, Tran TA, Estaquier J, Corbeau P. Low perforin expression in CD8+ T lymphocytes during the acute phase of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection predicts long COVID. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029006. [PMID: 36341327 PMCID: PMC9630742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell cytotoxicity plays a major role in antiviral immunity. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity may determine acute disease severity, but also the potential persistence of symptoms (long COVID). We therefore measured the expression of perforin, a cytotoxic mediator, in T cells of patients recently hospitalized for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We recruited 54 volunteers confirmed as being SARS-CoV-2-infected by RT-PCR and admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) or non-ICU, and 29 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). Amounts of intracellular perforin and granzyme-B, as well as cell surface expression of the degranulation marker CD107A were determined by flow cytometry. The levels of 15 cytokines in plasma were measured by Luminex. The frequency of perforin-positive T4 cells and T8 cells was higher in patients than in HCs (9.9 ± 10.1% versus 4.6 ± 6.4%, p = 0.006 and 46.7 ± 20.6% vs 33.3 ± 18.8%, p = 0.004, respectively). Perforin expression was neither correlated with clinical and biological markers of disease severity nor predictive of death. By contrast, the percentage of perforin-positive T8 cells in the acute phase of the disease predicted the onset of long COVID one year later. A low T8 cytotoxicity in the first days of SARS-CoV-2 infection might favor virus replication and persistence, autoimmunity, and/or reactivation of other viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus, paving the way for long COVID. Under this hypothesis, boosting T cell cytotoxicity during the acute phase of the infection could prevent delayed sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Kundura
- Institute of Human Genetics, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9002 (UMR9002), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: Lucy Kundura,
| | - Renaud Cezar
- Immunology Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Sonia André
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mauricio Campos-Mora
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Biotherapy, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Lozano
- Immunology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Vincent
- Immunology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- Surgical Intensive Care Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Yves Lefrant
- Surgical Intensive Care Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Claire Roger
- Surgical Intensive Care Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Pierre-Géraud Claret
- Medical and Surgical Emergency Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Sandra Duvnjak
- Gerontology Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Paul Loubet
- Infectious diseases Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- Infectious diseases Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Tu-Ahn Tran
- Pediatrics Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1124, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Québec University Hospital, CHU de Québec, Laval University Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Corbeau
- Institute of Human Genetics, Unité Mixte de Recherche 9002 (UMR9002), Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
- Immunology Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
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7
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Keeping Cell Death Alive: An Introduction into the French Cell Death Research Network. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070901. [PMID: 35883457 PMCID: PMC9313292 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the Nobel Prize award more than twenty years ago for discovering the core apoptotic pathway in C. elegans, apoptosis and various other forms of regulated cell death have been thoroughly characterized by researchers around the world. Although many aspects of regulated cell death still remain to be elucidated in specific cell subtypes and disease conditions, many predicted that research into cell death was inexorably reaching a plateau. However, this was not the case since the last decade saw a multitude of cell death modalities being described, while harnessing their therapeutic potential reached clinical use in certain cases. In line with keeping research into cell death alive, francophone researchers from several institutions in France and Belgium established the French Cell Death Research Network (FCDRN). The research conducted by FCDRN is at the leading edge of emerging topics such as non-apoptotic functions of apoptotic effectors, paracrine effects of cell death, novel canonical and non-canonical mechanisms to induce apoptosis in cell death-resistant cancer cells or regulated forms of necrosis and the associated immunogenic response. Collectively, these various lines of research all emerged from the study of apoptosis and in the next few years will increase the mechanistic knowledge into regulated cell death and how to harness it for therapy.
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8
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Li Q, Wang Y, Sun Q, Knopf J, Herrmann M, Lin L, Jiang J, Shao C, Li P, He X, Hua F, Niu Z, Ma C, Zhu Y, Ippolito G, Piacentini M, Estaquier J, Melino S, Weiss FD, Andreano E, Latz E, Schultze JL, Rappuoli R, Mantovani A, Mak TW, Melino G, Shi Y. Immune response in COVID-19: what is next? Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1107-1122. [PMID: 35581387 PMCID: PMC9110941 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic for more than 2 years and it still impacts our daily lifestyle and quality in unprecedented ways. A better understanding of immunity and its regulation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed. Based on the current literature, we review here the various virus mutations and the evolving disease manifestations along with the alterations of immune responses with specific focuses on the innate immune response, neutrophil extracellular traps, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity. Different types of vaccines were compared and analyzed based on their unique properties to elicit specific immunity. Various therapeutic strategies such as antibody, anti-viral medications and inflammation control were discussed. We predict that with the available and continuously emerging new technologies, more powerful vaccines and administration schedules, more effective medications and better public health measures, the COVID-19 pandemic will be under control in the near future. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2021RU008, 20 Dongda Street, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Liangyu Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Peishan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Hua
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Medical College, Suzhou, China
| | - Zubiao Niu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2021RU008, 20 Dongda Street, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Chaobing Ma
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2021RU008, 20 Dongda Street, 100071, Beijing, China
| | - Yichao Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2021RU008, 20 Dongda Street, 100071, Beijing, China
| | | | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Jerome Estaquier
- INSERM-U1124, Université Paris, Paris, France.,CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sonia Melino
- Department of Biology, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Daniel Weiss
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Research and Development Center, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Siena, Italy
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Research and Development Center, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Siena, Italy
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Humanitas Clinical Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy.,William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Gerry Melino
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Medical College, Suzhou, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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9
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Sarić N, Hashimoto-Torii K, Jevtović-Todorović V, Ishibashi N. Nonapoptotic caspases in neural development and in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:446-458. [PMID: 35491256 PMCID: PMC9117442 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, classically initiated by caspase pathway activation, plays a prominent role during normal brain development as well as in neurodegeneration. The noncanonical, nonlethal arm of the caspase pathway is evolutionarily conserved and has also been implicated in both processes, yet is relatively understudied. Dysregulated pathway activation during critical periods of neurodevelopment due to environmental neurotoxins or exposure to compounds such as anesthetics can have detrimental consequences for brain maturation and long-term effects on behavior. In this review, we discuss key molecular characteristics and roles of the noncanonical caspase pathway and how its dysregulation may adversely affect brain development. We highlight both genetic and environmental factors that regulate apoptotic and sublethal caspase responses and discuss potential interventions that target the noncanonical caspase pathway for developmental brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Sarić
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kazue Hashimoto-Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Nobuyuki Ishibashi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA; Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
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10
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Zhang A, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Lenahan C, Xu H, Jiang J, Yuan L, Wang L, Xu Y, Chen S, Fang Y, Zhang J. The Role of Caspase Family in Acute Brain Injury: The Potential Therapeutic Targets in the Future. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1194-1211. [PMID: 34766893 PMCID: PMC9886824 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211111121146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The caspase family is commonly involved in the pathophysiology of acute brain injury (ABI) through complex apoptotic, pyroptotic, and inflammatory pathways. Current translational strategies for caspase modulation in ABI primarily focus on caspase inhibitors. Because there are no caspase-inhibiting drugs approved for clinical use on the market, the development of caspase inhibitors remains an attractive challenge for researchers and clinicians. Therefore, we conducted the present review with the aim of providing a comprehensive introduction of caspases in ABI. In this review, we summarized the available evidence and potential mechanisms regarding the biological function of caspases. We also reviewed the therapeutic effects of caspase inhibitors on ABI and its subsequent complications. However, various important issues remain unclear, prompting further verification of the efficacy and safety regarding clinical application of caspase inhibitors. We believe that our work will be helpful to further understand the critical role of the caspase family and will provide novel therapeutic potential for ABI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,These authors contributed equally to this work.
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA;
| | - Houshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;
| | | | | | | | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China;
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; E-mail:
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; ,Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; E-mail:
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11
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Fieblinger T, Li C, Espa E, Cenci MA. Non-Apoptotic Caspase-3 Activation Mediates Early Synaptic Dysfunction of Indirect Pathway Neurons in the Parkinsonian Striatum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105470. [PMID: 35628278 PMCID: PMC9141690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-apoptotic caspase-3 activation is critically involved in dendritic spine loss and synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. It is, however, not known whether caspase-3 plays similar roles in other pathologies. Using a mouse model of clinically manifest Parkinson’s disease, we provide the first evidence that caspase-3 is transiently activated in the striatum shortly after the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. This caspase-3 activation concurs with a rapid loss of dendritic spines and deficits in synaptic long-term depression (LTD) in striatal projection neurons forming the indirect pathway. Interestingly, systemic treatment with a caspase inhibitor prevents both the spine pruning and the deficit of indirect pathway LTD without interfering with the ongoing dopaminergic degeneration. Taken together, our data identify transient and non-apoptotic caspase activation as a critical event in the early plastic changes of indirect pathway neurons following dopamine denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Fieblinger
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Synaptic Physiology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Chang Li
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Elena Espa
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
| | - M. Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden; (C.L.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (M.A.C.)
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12
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T cell apoptosis characterizes severe Covid-19 disease. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1486-1499. [PMID: 35066575 PMCID: PMC8782710 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe SARS-CoV-2 infections are characterized by lymphopenia, but the mechanisms involved are still elusive. Based on our knowledge of HIV pathophysiology, we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection-mediated lymphopenia could also be related to T cell apoptosis. By comparing intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU COVID-19 patients with age-matched healthy donors, we found a strong positive correlation between plasma levels of soluble FasL (sFasL) and T cell surface expression of Fas/CD95 with the propensity of T cells to die and CD4 T cell counts. Plasma levels of sFasL and T cell death are correlated with CXCL10 which is part of the signature of 4 biomarkers of disease severity (ROC, 0.98). We also found that members of the Bcl-2 family had modulated in the T cells of COVID-19 patients. More importantly, we demonstrated that the pan-caspase inhibitor, Q-VD, prevents T cell death by apoptosis and enhances Th1 transcripts. Altogether, our results are compatible with a model in which T-cell apoptosis accounts for T lymphopenia in individuals with severe COVID-19. Therefore, a strategy aimed at blocking caspase activation could be beneficial for preventing immunodeficiency in COVID-19 patients.
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13
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Ferreira GR, Santos-Oliveira JR, Silva-Freitas ML, Honda M, Costa DL, Da-Cruz AM, Costa CHN. Biomarkers of disease severity in patients with visceral leishmaniasis co-infected with HIV. Cytokine 2021; 149:155747. [PMID: 34715475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp, transmitted by sand fly bites. VL is one of the deadliest tropical infection diseases, yet the coinfection with HIV virus drastically increases relapses, treatment failure and mortality. The concomitant action of these two pathogens leads to high cellular activation independently of the progression to AIDS. In addition, microbial translocation and bacterial infections are thought to contribute worsening the clinical picture. Identifying biomarkers associated with disease severity is of interest for clinical management of patients with VL-HIV/AIDS. Thus, we analyzed in the sera several markers including interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17), interferon-γ (IFN- γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), soluble CD14 (sCD14), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (IFABP). These markers were compared with disease severity in 24 patients with VL/HIV presenting different clinical outcomes. Disease severity was defined by the probability of death calculated using a score set system derived by the Kala-Cal® software. Probability of death ranged from 3.7% to 97.9%, with median of 28.8%. Five patients died (20%). At the univariate analysis, disease severity was correlated with TNF, IFN-γ and sCD14. LPS was positively correlated with sCD14 specifically in patients with low CD4+ count (CD4+ T-cell <200 cells/mL). Most importantly, the multivariate analysis including LPS, CD4+count and sCD14 showed that sCD14 was the only independent predictor for disease severity and death. Altogether, our results indicated that sCD14 is a powerful marker of pathogenicity and death for patients with VL-HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Reis Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Laval, Quebec, Canada; Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory at Natan Portella Tropical Diseases Institute, Teresina, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Dorcas Lamounier Costa
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory at Natan Portella Tropical Diseases Institute, Teresina, Brazil; Centro de Inteligência em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Teresina, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory at Natan Portella Tropical Diseases Institute, Teresina, Brazil; Centro de Inteligência em Agravos Tropicais Emergentes e Negligenciados, Teresina, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
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14
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Dhani S, Zhao Y, Zhivotovsky B. A long way to go: caspase inhibitors in clinical use. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:949. [PMID: 34654807 PMCID: PMC8519909 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are an evolutionary conserved family of cysteine-dependent proteases that are involved in many vital cellular processes including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation and inflammatory response. Dysregulation of caspase-mediated apoptosis and inflammation has been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases such as inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Multiple caspase inhibitors have been designed and synthesized as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of cell death-related pathologies. However, only a few have progressed to clinical trials because of the consistent challenges faced amongst the different types of caspase inhibitors used for the treatment of the various pathologies, namely an inadequate efficacy, poor target specificity, or adverse side effects. Importantly, a large proportion of this failure lies in the lack of understanding various caspase functions. To overcome the current challenges, further studies on understanding caspase function in a disease model is a fundamental requirement to effectively develop their inhibitors as a treatment for the different pathologies. Therefore, the present review focuses on the descriptive properties and characteristics of caspase inhibitors known to date, and their therapeutic application in animal and clinical studies. In addition, a brief discussion on the achievements, and current challenges faced, are presented in support to providing more perspectives for further development of successful therapeutic caspase inhibitors for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanel Dhani
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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15
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Milligan JC, Zeisner TU, Papageorgiou G, Joshi D, Soudy C, Ulferts R, Wu M, Lim CT, Tan KW, Weissmann F, Canal B, Fujisawa R, Deegan T, Nagaraj H, Bineva-Todd G, Basier C, Curran JF, Howell M, Beale R, Labib K, O'Reilly N, Diffley JF. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral compounds by screening for small molecule inhibitors of Nsp5 main protease. Biochem J 2021; 478:2499-2515. [PMID: 34198327 PMCID: PMC8286836 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), spread around the world with unprecedented health and socio-economic effects for the global population. While different vaccines are now being made available, very few antiviral drugs have been approved. The main viral protease (nsp5) of SARS-CoV-2 provides an excellent target for antivirals, due to its essential and conserved function in the viral replication cycle. We have expressed, purified and developed assays for nsp5 protease activity. We screened the nsp5 protease against a custom chemical library of over 5000 characterised pharmaceuticals. We identified calpain inhibitor I and three different peptidyl fluoromethylketones (FMK) as inhibitors of nsp5 activity in vitro, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. By altering the sequence of our peptidomimetic FMK inhibitors to better mimic the substrate sequence of nsp5, we generated an inhibitor with a subnanomolar IC50. Calpain inhibitor I inhibited viral infection in monkey-derived Vero E6 cells, with an EC50 in the low micromolar range. The most potent and commercially available peptidyl-FMK compound inhibited viral growth in Vero E6 cells to some extent, while our custom peptidyl FMK inhibitor offered a marked antiviral improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Milligan
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Theresa U. Zeisner
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - George Papageorgiou
- Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Dhira Joshi
- Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Christelle Soudy
- Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Rachel Ulferts
- Cell Biology of Infection Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Mary Wu
- High Throughput Screening STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Chew Theng Lim
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Kang Wei Tan
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Florian Weissmann
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Berta Canal
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Ryo Fujisawa
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Tom Deegan
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Hema Nagaraj
- Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Ganka Bineva-Todd
- Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Clovis Basier
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Joseph F. Curran
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Michael Howell
- High Throughput Screening STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Rupert Beale
- Cell Biology of Infection Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - Karim Labib
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Nicola O'Reilly
- Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
| | - John F.X. Diffley
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, U.K
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16
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Alphonse MP, Rubens JH, Ortines RV, Orlando NA, Patel AM, Dikeman D, Wang Y, Vuong I, Joyce DP, Zhang J, Mumtaz M, Liu H, Liu Q, Youn C, Patrick GJ, Ravipati A, Miller RJ, Archer NK, Miller LS. Pan-caspase inhibition as a potential host-directed immunotherapy against MRSA and other bacterial skin infections. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/601/eabe9887. [PMID: 34233954 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe9887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes most skin infections in humans, and the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains is a serious public health threat. There is an urgent clinical need for nonantibiotic immunotherapies to treat MRSA infections and prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance. Here, we investigated the pan-caspase inhibitor quinoline-valine-aspartic acid-difluorophenoxymethyl ketone (Q-VD-OPH) for efficacy against MRSA skin infection in mice. A single systemic dose of Q-VD-OPH decreased skin lesion sizes and reduced bacterial burden compared with vehicle-treated or untreated mice. Although Q-VD-OPH inhibited inflammasome-dependent apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC) speck formation and caspase-1-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, Q-VD-OPH maintained efficacy in mice deficient in IL-1β, ASC, caspase-1, caspase-11, or gasdermin D. Thus, Q-VD-OPH efficacy was independent of inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. Rather, Q-VD-OPH reduced apoptosis of monocytes and neutrophils. Moreover, Q-VD-OPH enhanced necroptosis of macrophages with concomitant increases in serum TNF and TNF-producing neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and neutrophils in the infected skin. Consistent with this, Q-VD-OPH lacked efficacy in mice deficient in TNF (with associated reduced neutrophil influx and necroptosis), in mice deficient in TNF/IL-1R and anti-TNF antibody-treated WT mice. In vitro studies revealed that combined caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 inhibition reduced apoptosis, and combined caspase-1, caspase-8, and caspase-11 inhibition increased TNF, suggesting a mechanism for Q-VD-OPH efficacy in vivo. Last, Q-VD-OPH also had a therapeutic effect against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa skin infections in mice. Collectively, pan-caspase inhibition represents a potential host-directed immunotherapy against MRSA and other bacterial skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Alphonse
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jessica H Rubens
- Divison of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA
| | - Roger V Ortines
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nicholas A Orlando
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Aman M Patel
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Dustin Dikeman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ivan Vuong
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Daniel P Joyce
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jeffrey Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Mohammed Mumtaz
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Christine Youn
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Garrett J Patrick
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Advaitaa Ravipati
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Robert J Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nathan K Archer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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17
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Miles MA, Caruso S, Baxter AA, Poon IKH, Hawkins CJ. Smac mimetics can provoke lytic cell death that is neither apoptotic nor necroptotic. Apoptosis 2021; 25:500-518. [PMID: 32440848 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Smac mimetics, or IAP antagonists, are a class of drugs currently being evaluated as anti-cancer therapeutics. These agents antagonize IAP proteins, including cIAP1/2 and XIAP, to induce cell death via apoptotic or, upon caspase-8 deficiency, necroptotic cell death pathways. Many cancer cells are unresponsive to Smac mimetic treatment as a single agent but can be sensitized to killing in the presence of the cytokine TNFα, provided either exogenously or via autocrine production. We found that high concentrations of a subset of Smac mimetics could provoke death in cells that did not produce TNFα, despite sensitization at lower concentrations by TNFα. The ability of these drugs to kill did not correlate with valency. These cells remained responsive to the lethal effects of Smac mimetics at high concentrations despite genetic or pharmacological impairments in apoptotic, necroptotic, pyroptotic, autophagic and ferroptotic cell death pathways. Analysis of dying cells revealed necrotic morphology, which was accompanied by the release of lactate dehydrogenase and cell membrane rupture without prior phosphatidylserine exposure implying cell lysis, which occurred over a several hours. Our study reveals that cells incapable of autocrine TNFα production are sensitive to some Smac mimetic compounds when used at high concentrations, and this exposure elicits a lytic cell death phenotype that occurs via a mechanism not requiring apoptotic caspases or necroptotic effectors RIPK3 or MLKL. These data reveal the possibility that non-canonical cell death pathways can be triggered by these drugs when applied at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Miles
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
| | - Sarah Caruso
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Christine J Hawkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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18
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Su F, Wu Y, Li J, Huang Y, Yu B, Xu L, Xue Y, Xiao C, Yuan X. Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit Combined with Ginsenoside Rg1 as an Intranasal Adjuvant Triggers Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway and Enhances Adaptive Immune Responses to an Inactivated PRRSV Vaccine in ICR Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030266. [PMID: 33809809 PMCID: PMC8002527 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major pathogen that has threatened the global swine industry for almost 30 years. Because current vaccines do not provide complete protection, exploration of new preventive strategies is urgently needed. Here, we combined a heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit of Escherichia coli (LTB) and ginsenoside Rg1 to form an intranasal adjuvant and evaluated its enhancement of immune responses in mice when added to an inactivated-PRRSV vaccine. The combination adjuvant synergistically elicited higher neutralizing and non-neutralizing (immunoglobulin G and A) antibody responses in the circulatory system and respiratory tract, and enhanced T and B lymphocyte proliferation, CD4+ T-cell priming, and cytotoxic CD4+ T cell activities in mononuclear cells from spleen and lung tissues when compared to the PRRSV vaccine alone, and it resulted in balanced Th1/Th2/Th17 responses. More importantly, we observed that the combination adjuvant also up-regulated type I interferon signaling, which may contribute to improvement in adaptive immune responses. These results highlight the potential value of a combined adjuvant approach for improving the efficacy of vaccination against PRRSV. Further study is required to evaluate the efficacy of this combined adjuvant in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Su
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Yige Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Junxing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Yee Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Lihua Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Yin Xue
- Zhejiang Center of Animal Disease Control, Hangzhou 310020, China;
| | - Chenwen Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Xiufang Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence:
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19
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Zhang C, Song JW, Huang HH, Fan X, Huang L, Deng JN, Tu B, Wang K, Li J, Zhou MJ, Yang CX, Zhao QW, Yang T, Wang LF, Zhang JY, Xu RN, Jiao YM, Shi M, Shao F, Sékaly RP, Wang FS. NLRP3 inflammasome induces CD4+ T cell loss in chronically HIV-1-infected patients. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:138861. [PMID: 33720048 DOI: 10.1172/jci138861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection is generally characterized by progressive CD4+ T cell depletion due to direct and bystander death that is closely associated with persistent HIV-1 replication and an inflammatory environment in vivo. The mechanisms underlying the loss of CD4+ T cells in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection are incompletely understood. In this study, we simultaneously monitored caspase-1 and caspase-3 activation in circulating CD4+ T cells, which revealed that pyroptotic and apoptotic CD4+ T cells are distinct cell populations with different phenotypic characteristics. Levels of pyroptosis and apoptosis in CD4+ T cells were significantly elevated during chronic HIV-1 infection, and decreased following effective antiretroviral therapy. Notably, the occurrence of pyroptosis was further confirmed by elevated gasdermin D activation in lymph nodes of HIV-1-infected individuals. Mechanistically, caspase-1 activation closely correlated with the inflammatory marker expression and was shown to occur through NLRP3 inflammasome activation driven by virus-dependent and/or -independent ROS production, while caspase-3 activation in CD4+ T cells was more closely related to T cell activation status. Hence, our findings show that NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis plays an essential role in CD4+ T cell loss in HIV-1-infected patients and implicate pyroptosis signaling as a target for anti-HIV-1 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ning Deng
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qi-Wen Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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20
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Samant M, Sahu U, Pandey SC, Khare P. Role of Cytokines in Experimental and Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:624009. [PMID: 33680991 PMCID: PMC7930837 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.624009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most fatal form of disease leishmaniasis. To date, there are no effective prophylactic measures and therapeutics available against VL. Recently, new immunotherapy-based approaches have been established for the management of VL. Cytokines, which are predominantly produced by helper T cells (Th) and macrophages, have received great attention that could be an effective immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of human VL. Cytokines play a key role in forming the host immune response and in managing the formation of protective and non-protective immunities during infection. Furthermore, immune response mediated through different cytokines varies from different host or animal models. Various cytokines viz. IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α play an important role during protection, while some other cytokines viz. IL-10, IL-6, IL-17, TGF-β, and others are associated with disease progression. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of cytokine response and their interaction with various immune cells is very crucial to determine appropriate immunotherapies for VL. Here, we have discussed the role of cytokines involved in VL disease progression or host protection in different animal models and humans that will determine the clinical outcome of VL and open the path for the development of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools as well as therapeutic interventions against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Samant
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Utkarsha Sahu
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Satish Chandra Pandey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Kumaun University, Almora, India
| | - Prashant Khare
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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21
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Le Hingrat Q, Sereti I, Landay AL, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. The Hitchhiker Guide to CD4 + T-Cell Depletion in Lentiviral Infection. A Critical Review of the Dynamics of the CD4 + T Cells in SIV and HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695674. [PMID: 34367156 PMCID: PMC8336601 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T-cell depletion is pathognomonic for AIDS in both HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. It occurs early, is massive at mucosal sites, and is not entirely reverted by antiretroviral therapy (ART), particularly if initiated when T-cell functions are compromised. HIV/SIV infect and kill activated CCR5-expressing memory and effector CD4+ T-cells from the intestinal lamina propria. Acute CD4+ T-cell depletion is substantial in progressive, nonprogressive and controlled infections. Clinical outcome is predicted by the mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery during chronic infection, with no recovery occurring in rapid progressors, and partial, transient recovery, the degree of which depends on the virus control, in normal and long-term progressors. The nonprogressive infection of African nonhuman primate SIV hosts is characterized by partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell restoration, despite high viral replication. Complete, albeit very slow, recovery of mucosal CD4+ T-cells occurs in controllers. Early ART does not prevent acute mucosal CD4+ T-cell depletion, yet it greatly improves their restoration, sometimes to preinfection levels. Comparative studies of the different models of SIV infection support a critical role of immune activation/inflammation (IA/INFL), in addition to viral replication, in CD4+ T-cell depletion, with immune restoration occurring only when these parameters are kept at bay. CD4+ T-cell depletion is persistent, and the recovery is very slow, even when both the virus and IA/INFL are completely controlled. Nevertheless, partial mucosal CD4+ T-cell recovery is sufficient for a healthy life in natural hosts. Cell death and loss of CD4+ T-cell subsets critical for gut health contribute to mucosal inflammation and enteropathy, which weaken the mucosal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, a major driver of IA/INFL. In turn, IA/INFL trigger CD4+ T-cells to become either viral targets or apoptotic, fueling their loss. CD4+ T-cell depletion also drives opportunistic infections, cancers, and comorbidities. It is thus critical to preserve CD4+ T cells (through early ART) during HIV/SIV infection. Even in early-treated subjects, residual IA/INFL can persist, preventing/delaying CD4+ T-cell restoration. New therapeutic strategies limiting mucosal pathology, microbial translocation and IA/INFL, to improve CD4+ T-cell recovery and the overall HIV prognosis are needed, and SIV models are extensively used to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Hingrat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- HIV Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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22
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André S, Rodrigues V, Picard M, Silvestre R, Estaquier J. Non-human primates and Leishmania immunity. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100038. [PMID: 33604562 PMCID: PMC7885871 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of infectious diseases, non-human primates (NHP) provide the best animal models of human diseases due to the close phylogenetic relationship and the similar physiology and anatomical systems. Herein, we summarized the contribution of NHP models for understanding the immunity to leishmaniases, which are a group of diseases caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and classified as one of the neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia André
- INSERM-U1124, Paris University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ricardo Silvestre
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM-U1124, Paris University, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Laval University, QC, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Early Antiretroviral Therapy Prevents Viral Infection of Monocytes and Inflammation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01478-20. [PMID: 32907978 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01478-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite early antiretroviral therapy (ART), treatment interruption is associated with viral rebound, indicating early viral reservoir (VR) seeding and absence of full eradication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) that may persist in tissues. Herein, we address the contributing role of monocytes in maintaining VRs under ART, since these cells may represent a source of viral dissemination due to their ability to replenish mucosal tissues in response to injury. To this aim, monocytes with classical (CD14+), intermediate (CD14+ CD16+), and nonclassical (CD16+) phenotypes and CD4+ T cells were sorted from the blood, spleen, and intestines of untreated and early-ART-treated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (RMs) before and after ART interruption. Cell-associated SIV DNA and RNA were quantified. We demonstrated that in the absence of ART, monocytes were productively infected with replication-competent SIV, especially in the spleen. Reciprocally, early ART efficiently (i) prevented the establishment of monocyte VRs in the blood, spleen, and intestines and (ii) reduced systemic inflammation, as indicated by changes in interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels. ART interruption was associated with a rebound in viremia that led to the rapid productive infection of both CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Altogether, our results reveal the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting the contribution of monocytes to VRs and SIV-associated inflammation.IMPORTANCE Despite the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV persists in treated individuals and ART interruption is associated with viral rebound. Persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation contribute to disease morbidity. Whereas monocytes are infected by HIV/SIV, their role as viral reservoirs (VRs) in visceral tissues has been poorly explored. Our work demonstrates that monocyte cell subsets in the blood, spleen, and intestines do not significantly contribute to the establishment of early VRs in SIV-infected rhesus macaques treated with ART. By preventing the infection of these cells, early ART reduces systemic inflammation. However, following ART interruption, monocytes are rapidly reinfected. Altogether, our findings shed new light on the benefits of early ART initiation in limiting VR and inflammation.
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24
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André S, Rodrigues V, Pemberton S, Laforge M, Fortier Y, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, MacDougall J, Estaquier J. Antileishmanial Drugs Modulate IL-12 Expression and Inflammasome Activation in Primary Human Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1869-1880. [PMID: 32132181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases. The treatment of leishmaniasis relies exclusively on chemotherapy including amphotericin B (AmB), miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine), and pentamidine. Besides the fact that these molecules are harmful for patients, little is known about the impact of such antileishmanial drugs on primary human cells in relation to immune function. The present study demonstrates that all antileishmanial drugs inhibit CD4 and CD8 T cell proliferation at the doses that are not related to increased cell death. Our results highlight that antileishmanial drugs have an impact on monocytes by altering the expression of IL-12 induced by LPS, whereas only AmB induced IL-10 secretion; both cytokines are essential in regulating Th1 cell-mediated immunity. Interestingly, IL-12 and anti-IL-10 Abs improved T cell proliferation inhibited by AmB. Furthermore, our results show that in contrast to hexadecylphosphocholine and pentamidine, AmB induced gene expression of the inflammasome pathway. Thus, AmB induced IL-1β and IL-18 secretions, which are reduced by specific inhibitors of caspase activation (Q-VD) and NLRP3 activation (MCC950). Our results reveal previously underestimated effects of antileishmanial drugs on primary human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia André
- INSERM-U1124, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Sarah Pemberton
- INSERM-U1124, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France.,Photeomix, 93160 Noisy Le Grand, France
| | | | | | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular da Universidade do Porto, 450-313 Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 450-313 Porto, Portugal; and
| | | | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM-U1124, Paris University, 75006 Paris, France; .,Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
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25
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Differential Pathogenicity of SHIV KB9 and 89.6 Env Correlates with Bystander Apoptosis Induction in CD4+ T cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100911. [PMID: 31581579 PMCID: PMC6832477 DOI: 10.3390/v11100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SHIV variants KB9 and 89.6 show differential pathogenesis in primate models with KB9 causing rapid CD4 decline while 89.6 failing to induce disease. We attempted to determine whether the differential pathogenicity of KB9 versus 89.6 was a result of differential bystander apoptosis inducing potential (AIP) of the Env glycoproteins from these viruses. We find that the KB9 Env was highly potent at inducing bystander apoptosis in CD4+ target cells compared to 89.6 Env. Cell death induction by KB9 showed classical signs of apoptosis including mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation and PARP cleavage. Inhibiting Env mediated fusion by T20 peptide inhibited KB9 mediated bystander apoptosis. KB9 and 89.6 differed in terms of co-receptor usage with 89.6 preferring CXCR4 while KB9 using both CXCR4 and CCR5 with equal efficiency. Our study suggests that higher bystander AIP of KB9 Env compared to 89.6 may be the basis for the differential pathogenesis of these viruses.
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26
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Giacomelli A, de Rose S, Rusconi S. Clinical pharmacology in HIV cure research - what impact have we seen? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2019; 12:17-29. [PMID: 30570410 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1561272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed an inexorably fatal disease into a chronic pathology, shifting the focus of research from the control of viral replication to the possibility of HIV cure. Areas covered: The present review assesses the principal pharmacological strategies that have been tested for an HIV cure starting from the in vitro proof of concept and the potential rationale of their in vivo applicability. We evaluated the possible pharmacological procedures employed during the early-stage HIV infection and the possibility of cART-free remission. We then analyzed the shock and kill approach from the single compounds in vitro mechanism of action, to the in vivo application of single or combined actions. Finally, we briefly considered the novel immunological branch through the discovery and development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in regard to the current and future in vivo therapeutic strategies aiming to verify the clinical applicability of these compounds. Expert opinion: Despite an incredible effort in HIV research cure, the likelihood of completely eradicating HIV is unreachable within our current knowledge. A better understanding of the mechanism of viral latency and the full characterization of HIV reservoir are crucial for the discovery of new therapeutic targets and novel pharmacological entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giacomelli
- a Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Sonia de Rose
- a Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- a Infectious Diseases Unit, DIBIC Luigi Sacco , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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27
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Mylvaganam GH, Chea LS, Tharp GK, Hicks S, Velu V, Iyer SS, Deleage C, Estes JD, Bosinger SE, Freeman GJ, Ahmed R, Amara RR. Combination anti-PD-1 and antiretroviral therapy provides therapeutic benefit against SIV. JCI Insight 2018; 3:122940. [PMID: 30232277 PMCID: PMC6237231 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies that augment antiviral immunity and reduce the viral reservoir are critical to achieving durable remission of HIV. The coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) regulates CD8+ T cell dysfunction during chronic HIV and SIV infections. We previously demonstrated that in vivo blockade of PD-1 during chronic SIV infection improves the function of antiviral CD8+ T cells and B cells. Here, we tested the immunological and virological effects of PD-1 blockade combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in rhesus macaques. Administration of anti-PD-1 antibody 10 days prior to ART initiation rapidly enhanced antiviral CD8+ T cell function and diminished IFN-stimulated genes. This resulted in faster viral suppression in plasma and better Th17 cell reconstitution in the rectal mucosa following ART initiation. PD-1 blockade during ART resulted in lower levels of cell-associated replication-competent virus. Following ART interruption, PD-1 antibody-treated animals showed markedly higher expansion of proliferating CXCR5+perforin+granzyme B+ effector CD8+ T cells and lower regulatory T cells that resulted in better control of viremia. Our results show that PD-1 blockade can be administered safely with ART to augment antiviral CD8+ T cell function and reduce the viral reservoir, leading to improved control of viral rebound after ART interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha H. Mylvaganam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lynette S. Chea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sakeenah Hicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Smita S. Iyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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28
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Vaccination with the Conserved Caveolin-1 Binding Motif in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein gp41 Delays the Onset of Viral Infection and Provides Partial Protection in Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Challenged Cynomolgus Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00370-18. [PMID: 29976675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00370-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the CBD1 peptide (SLEQIWNNMTWMQWDK), corresponding to the consensus caveolin-1 binding domain in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp41, elicits peptide-specific antibodies. Here, we have investigated the cellular immune response and the protective efficacy against a simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV162P3) challenge. In addition to the CBD1 peptide, peptides overlapping the caveolin-binding-motif (CBM) (622IWNNMTWMQW631 or 622IWNNMTW628) were fused to a Gag-p24 T helper epitope for vaccination. All immunized cynomolgus macaques responded to a cocktail peptide immunization by inducing specific T cells and the production of high-titer CBD1/CBM peptide-specific antibodies. Six months after the fourth vaccine boost, six control and five vaccinated animals were challenged weekly by repeated exposure to SHIV162P3 via the mucosal rectal route. All control animals were infected after 1 to 3 challenges with SHIV, while among the five vaccinated monkeys, three became infected after a delay compared to control; one was infected after the eighth viral challenge, and one remained uninfected even after the ninth SHIV challenge. Immunized animals maintained a CD4 T cell count, and their central memory CD4 T cells were less depleted than in the control group. Furthermore, SHIV challenge stimulates antigen-specific memory T cell response in vaccinated macaques. Our results indicate that peptides derived from the CBM region can be immunogenic and provide protection against SHIV infection in cynomolgus monkeys.IMPORTANCE In HIV-1-producing cells, gp41 exists in a complexed form with caveolin-1, an interaction most probably mediated by the caveolin-1 binding motif. This sequence is highly conserved in every single HIV-1 isolate, thus suggesting that there is constant selective pressure to preserve this sequence for a specific function in the HIV infectious cycle. Consequently, the CBM sequence may represent the "Achilles' heel" of HIV-1 in the development of an efficient vaccine. Our results demonstrate that macaques immunized with the CBM-based peptides displayed a delay in the onset of viral infection and CD4 depletion, as well as a significant induction of antigen-specific memory T cell response, which is essential for the control of HIV/SIV infections. Finally, as HIV-infected individuals lack anti-CBM immune responses, CBM-based vaccines could have applications as a therapeutic vaccine in AIDS patients.
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