1
|
Singh PK, Simões-Pires EN, Chen ZL, Torrente D, Calvano M, Sharma A, Strickland S, Norris EH. Lecanemab blocks the effects of the Aβ/fibrinogen complex on blood clots and synapse toxicity in organotypic culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314450121. [PMID: 38621133 PMCID: PMC11047064 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314450121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteinaceous brain inclusions, neuroinflammation, and vascular dysfunction are common pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vascular deficits include a compromised blood-brain barrier, which can lead to extravasation of blood proteins like fibrinogen into the brain. Fibrinogen's interaction with the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is known to worsen thrombotic and cerebrovascular pathways in AD. Lecanemab, an FDA-approved antibody therapy for AD, clears Aβ plaque from the brain and slows cognitive decline. Here, we show that lecanemab blocks fibrinogen's binding to Aβ protofibrils, preventing Aβ/fibrinogen-mediated delayed fibrinolysis and clot abnormalities in vitro and in human plasma. Additionally, we show that lecanemab dissociates the Aβ/fibrinogen complex and prevents fibrinogen from exacerbating Aβ-induced synaptotoxicity in mouse organotypic hippocampal cultures. These findings reveal a possible protective mechanism by which lecanemab may slow disease progression in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Elisa Nicoloso Simões-Pires
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Daniel Torrente
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Marissa Calvano
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Toribio-Fernandez R, Ceron C, Tristão-Pereira C, Fernandez-Nueda I, Perez-Castillo A, Fernandez-Ferro J, Moro MA, Ibañez B, Fuster V, Cortes-Canteli M. Oral anticoagulants: A plausible new treatment for Alzheimer's disease? Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:760-776. [PMID: 36633908 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are strongly associated. Both are multifactorial disorders with long asymptomatic phases and similar risk factors. Indeed, CVD signatures such as cerebral microbleeds, micro-infarcts, atherosclerosis, cerebral amyloid angiopathy and a procoagulant state are highly associated with AD. However, AD and CVD co-development and the molecular mechanisms underlying such associations are not understood. Here, we review the evidence regarding the vascular component of AD and clinical studies using anticoagulants that specifically evaluated the development of AD and other dementias. Most studies reported a markedly decreased incidence of composite dementia in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation, with the highest benefit for direct oral anticoagulants. However, sub-analyses by differential dementia diagnosis were scarce and inconclusive. We finally discuss whether anticoagulation could be a plausible preventive/therapeutic approach for AD and, if so, which would be the best drug and strategy to maximize clinical benefit and minimize potential risks. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue From Alzheimer's Disease to Vascular Dementia: Different Roads Leading to Cognitive Decline. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.6/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Toribio-Fernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ceron
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irene Fernandez-Nueda
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Fernandez-Ferro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos (HURJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Moro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Ibañez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentin Fuster
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marta Cortes-Canteli
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh PK, Pires ENS, Chen ZL, Torrente D, Calvano M, Sharma A, Strickland S, Norris EH. Lecanemab Blocks the Effects of the Aβ/Fibrinogen Complex on Blood Clots and Synapse Toxicity in Organotypic Culture. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.20.576458. [PMID: 38293058 PMCID: PMC10827200 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.20.576458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Proteinaceous brain inclusions, neuroinflammation, and vascular dysfunction are common pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vascular deficits include a compromised blood-brain barrier, which can lead to extravasation of blood proteins like fibrinogen into the brain. Fibrinogen's interaction with the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide is known to worsen thrombotic and cerebrovascular pathways in AD. Lecanemab, an FDA-approved antibody therapy for AD, shows promising results in facilitating reduction of Aβ from the brain and slowing cognitive decline. Here we show that lecanemab blocks fibrinogen's binding to Aβ protofibrils, normalizing Aβ/fibrinogen-mediated delayed fibrinolysis and clot abnormalities in vitro and in human plasma. Additionally, we show that lecanemab dissociates the Aβ/fibrinogen complex and prevents fibrinogen from exacerbating Aβ-induced synaptotoxicity in mouse organotypic hippocampal cultures. These findings reveal a possible protective mechanism by which lecanemab may slow disease progression in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Elisa Nicoloso Simoes Pires
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Daniel Torrente
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Marissa Calvano
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ali NH, Al‐Kuraishy HM, Al‐Gareeb AI, Alnaaim SA, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Khalifa AA, Saad HM, Batiha GE. Neprilysin inhibitors and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A future perspective. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e17993. [PMID: 37847125 PMCID: PMC10826440 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disease with multifaceted neuropathological disorders. AD is characterized by intracellular accumulation of phosphorylated tau proteins and extracellular deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ). Various protease enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), are concerned with the degradation and clearance of Aβ. Indeed, a defective neuronal clearance pathway due to the dysfunction of degradation enzymes might be a possible mechanism for the accumulation of Aβ and subsequent progression of AD neuropathology. NEP is one of the most imperative metalloproteinase enzymes involved in the clearance of Aβ. This review aimed to highlight the possible role of NEP inhibitors in AD. The combination of sacubitril and valsartan which is called angiotensin receptor blocker and NEP inhibitor (ARNI) may produce beneficial and deleterious effects on AD neuropathology. NEP inhibitors might increase the risk of AD by the inhibition of Aβ clearance, and increase brain bradykinin (BK) and natriuretic peptides (NPs), which augment the pathogenesis of AD. These verdicts come from animal model studies, though they may not be applied to humans. However, clinical studies revealed promising safety findings regarding the use of ARNI. Moreover, NEP inhibition increases various neuroprotective peptides involved in inflammation, glucose homeostasis and nerve conduction. Also, NEP inhibitors may inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) expression, ameliorating insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels. These findings proposed that NEP inhibitors may have a protective effect against AD development by increasing GLP-1, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and substance P, and deleterious effects by increasing brain BK. Preclinical and clinical studies are recommended in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naif H. Ali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical CollegeNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M. Al‐Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Ali I. Al‐Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of MedicineMustansiriyah UniversityBaghdadIraq
| | - Saud A. Alnaaim
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, College of MedicineKing Faisal UniversityHofufSaudi Arabia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and EngineeringNovel Global Community Educational FoundationHebershamNew South WalesAustralia
- AFNP MedWienAustria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery IIUniversity Hospital Witten‐Herdecke, University of Witten‐HerdeckeWuppertalGermany
| | - Asmaa A. Khalifa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of PharmacyPharos University in AlexandriaAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Hebatallah M. Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineMatrouh UniversityMatrouhEgypt
| | - Gaber El‐Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineDamanhour UniversityDamanhourAlBeheiraEgypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
O'Donnell JS, Fleming H, Noone D, Preston RJS. Unraveling coagulation factor-mediated cellular signaling. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:3342-3353. [PMID: 37391097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood coagulation is initiated in response to blood vessel injury or proinflammatory stimuli, which activate coagulation factors to coordinate complex biochemical and cellular responses necessary for clot formation. In addition to these critical physiologic functions, plasma protein factors activated during coagulation mediate a spectrum of signaling responses via receptor-binding interactions on different cell types. In this review, we describe examples and mechanisms of coagulation factor signaling. We detail the molecular basis for cell signaling mediated by coagulation factor proteases via the protease-activated receptor family, considering new insights into the role of protease-specific cleavage sites, cofactor and coreceptor interactions, and distinct signaling intermediate interactions in shaping protease-activated receptor signaling diversity. Moreover, we discuss examples of how injury-dependent conformational activation of other coagulation proteins, such as fibrin(ogen) and von Willebrand factor, decrypts their signaling potential, unlocking their capacity to contribute to aberrant proinflammatory signaling. Finally, we consider the role of coagulation factor signaling in disease development and the status of pharmacologic approaches to either attenuate or enhance coagulation factor signaling for therapeutic benefit, emphasizing new approaches to inhibit deleterious coagulation factor signaling without impacting hemostatic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James S O'Donnell
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland. https://twitter.com/profJSOdonnell
| | - Harry Fleming
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. https://www.twitter.com/PrestonLab_RCSI
| | - David Noone
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland. https://www.twitter.com/PrestonLab_RCSI
| | - Roger J S Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Simons M, Levin J, Dichgans M. Tipping points in neurodegeneration. Neuron 2023; 111:2954-2968. [PMID: 37385247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), Aβ deposits form slowly, several decades before further pathological events trigger neurodegeneration and dementia. However, a substantial proportion of affected individuals remains non-demented despite AD pathology, raising questions about the underlying factors that determine the transition to clinical disease. Here, we emphasize the critical function of resilience and resistance factors, which we extend beyond the concept of cognitive reserve to include the glial, immune, and vascular system. We review the evidence and use the metaphor of "tipping points" to illustrate how gradually forming AD neuropathology in the preclinical stage can transition to dementia once adaptive functions of the glial, immune, and vascular system are lost and self-reinforcing pathological cascades are unleashed. Thus, we propose an expanded framework for pathomechanistic research that focuses on tipping points and non-neuronal resilience mechanisms, which may represent previously untapped therapeutic targets in preclinical AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen ZL, Singh PK, Calvano M, Norris EH, Strickland S. A possible mechanism for the enhanced toxicity of beta-amyloid protofibrils in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309389120. [PMID: 37639602 PMCID: PMC10483626 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309389120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) is a driver of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ monomers can aggregate and form larger soluble (oligomers/protofibrils) and insoluble (fibrils) forms. There is evidence that Aβ protofibrils are the most toxic form, but the reasons are not known. Consistent with a critical role for this form of Aβ in AD, a recently FDA-approved therapeutic antibody targeted against protofibrils, lecanemab, slows the progression of AD in patients. The plasma contact system, which can promote coagulation and inflammation, has been implicated in AD pathogenesis. This system is activated by Aβ which could lead to vascular and inflammatory pathologies associated with AD. We show here that the contact system is preferentially activated by protofibrils of Aβ. Aβ protofibrils bind to coagulation factor XII and high molecular weight kininogen and accelerate the activation of the system. Furthermore, lecanemab blocks Aβ protofibril activation of the contact system. This work provides a possible mechanism for Aβ protofibril toxicity in AD and why lecanemab is therapeutically effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Pradeep K. Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Marissa Calvano
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wen T, Zhang Z. Cellular mechanisms of fibrin (ogen): insight from neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1197094. [PMID: 37529232 PMCID: PMC10390316 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1197094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are prevalent and currently incurable conditions that progressively impair cognitive, behavioral, and psychiatric functions of the central or peripheral nervous system. Fibrinogen, a macromolecular glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response and tissue repair in the human body and interacts with various nervous system cells due to its unique molecular structure. Accumulating evidence suggests that fibrinogen deposits in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. By regulating pathophysiological mechanisms and signaling pathways, fibrinogen can exacerbate the neuro-pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases, while depletion of fibrinogen contributes to the amelioration of cognitive function impairment in patients. This review comprehensively summarizes the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of fibrinogen in central nervous system cells and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Vascular dementia, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Additionally, we discuss the potential of fibrinogen-related treatments in the management of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mendiola AS, Yan Z, Dixit K, Johnson JR, Bouhaddou M, Meyer-Franke A, Shin MG, Yong Y, Agrawal A, MacDonald E, Muthukumar G, Pearce C, Arun N, Cabriga B, Meza-Acevedo R, Alzamora MDPS, Zamvil SS, Pico AR, Ryu JK, Krogan NJ, Akassoglou K. Defining blood-induced microglia functions in neurodegeneration through multiomic profiling. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1173-1187. [PMID: 37291385 PMCID: PMC10307624 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood protein extravasation through a disrupted blood-brain barrier and innate immune activation are hallmarks of neurological diseases and emerging therapeutic targets. However, how blood proteins polarize innate immune cells remains largely unknown. Here, we established an unbiased blood-innate immunity multiomic and genetic loss-of-function pipeline to define the transcriptome and global phosphoproteome of blood-induced innate immune polarization and its role in microglia neurotoxicity. Blood induced widespread microglial transcriptional changes, including changes involving oxidative stress and neurodegenerative genes. Comparative functional multiomics showed that blood proteins induce distinct receptor-mediated transcriptional programs in microglia and macrophages, such as redox, type I interferon and lymphocyte recruitment. Deletion of the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen largely reversed blood-induced microglia neurodegenerative signatures. Genetic elimination of the fibrinogen-binding motif to CD11b in Alzheimer's disease mice reduced microglial lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative signatures that were shared with autoimmune-driven neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis mice. Our data provide an interactive resource for investigation of the immunology of blood proteins that could support therapeutic targeting of microglia activation by immune and vascular signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mendiola
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Yan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karuna Dixit
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Yu Yong
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Eilidh MacDonald
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Clairice Pearce
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikhita Arun
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Belinda Cabriga
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rosa Meza-Acevedo
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Del Pilar S Alzamora
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology at Gladstone and UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cosma NC, Eren N, Üsekes B, Gerike S, Heuser I, Peters O, Hellmann-Regen J. Acute and Chronic Macrophage Differentiation Modulates TREM2 in a Personalized Alzheimer's Patient-Derived Assay. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s10571-023-01351-7. [PMID: 37198381 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer`s disease (AD). Brain macrophage populations differentially modulate the immune response to AD pathology according to the disease stage. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is known to play a protective role in AD and has been postulated as a putative therapeutic target. Whether, and to which extent TREM2 expression can be modulated in the aged macrophage population of the brain is unknown, emphasizing the need for a human, patient-specific model. Using cells from AD patients and matched controls (CO) we designed an assay based on monocyte-derived macrophages to mimic brain-infiltrating macrophages and to assess the individualized TREM2 synthesis in vitro. We systematically assessed the effects of short-term (acute-2 days) and long-term (chronic-10 days) M1- (LPS), M2- (IL-10, IL-4, TGF-β), and M0- (vehicle) macrophage differentiation on TREM2 synthesis. Moreover, the effects of retinoic acid (RA), a putative TREM2 modulator, on individualized TREM2 synthesis were assessed. We report increased TREM2 synthesis after acute M2- compared to M1-differentiation in CO- but not AD-derived cells. Chronic M2- and M0-differentiation however resulted in an increase of TREM2 synthesis in both AD- and CO-derived cells while chronic M1-differentiation increased TREM2 in AD-derived cells only. Moreover, chronic M2- and M0-differentiation improved the amyloid-β (Aβ) uptake of the CO-derived whereas M1-differentiation of the AD-derived cells. Interestingly, RA-treatment did not modulate TREM2. In the age of personalized medicine, our individualized model could be used to screen for potential drug-mediated treatment responses in vitro. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) has been postulated as a putative therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using cells from AD patients and matched controls (CO), we designed a monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-MФs) assay to assess the individualized TREM2 synthesis in vitro. We report increased TREM2 synthesis after acute M2- compared to M1- macrophage differentiation in CO- but not AD-derived cells. Chronic M2- and M0- differentiation however resulted in an increase of TREM2 synthesis in both AD- and CO-derived cells while chronic M1-differentiation increased TREM2 in AD-cells only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta-Carmen Cosma
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Neriman Eren
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berk Üsekes
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanna Gerike
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabella Heuser
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Peters
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Hellmann-Regen
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section Clinical Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iannucci J, Grammas P. Thrombin, a Key Driver of Pathological Inflammation in the Brain. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091222. [PMID: 37174621 PMCID: PMC10177239 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are major contributors to death and disability worldwide. A multitude of evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is critical in neurodegenerative disease processes. Exploring the key mediators of neuroinflammation in AD, a prototypical neurodegenerative disease, could help identify pathologic inflammatory mediators and mechanisms in other neurodegenerative diseases. Elevated levels of the multifunctional inflammatory protein thrombin are commonly found in conditions that increase AD risk, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. Thrombin, a main driver of the coagulation cascade, has been identified as important to pathological events in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that coagulation cascade-associated proteins act as drivers of inflammation in the AD brain, and studies in both human populations and animal models support the view that abnormalities in thrombin generation promote AD pathology. Thrombin drives neuroinflammation through its pro-inflammatory activation of microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. Due to the wide-ranging pro-inflammatory effects of thrombin in the brain, inhibiting thrombin could be an effective strategy for interrupting the inflammatory cascade which contributes to neurodegenerative disease progression and, as such, may be a potential therapeutic target for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Iannucci
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Badimon A, Torrente D, Norris EH. Vascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: Alterations in the Plasma Contact and Fibrinolytic Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7046. [PMID: 37108211 PMCID: PMC10138543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, affecting millions of people worldwide. The classical hallmarks of AD include extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles, although they are often accompanied by various vascular defects. These changes include damage to the vasculature, a decrease in cerebral blood flow, and accumulation of Aβ along vessels, among others. Vascular dysfunction begins early in disease pathogenesis and may contribute to disease progression and cognitive dysfunction. In addition, patients with AD exhibit alterations in the plasma contact system and the fibrinolytic system, two pathways in the blood that regulate clotting and inflammation. Here, we explain the clinical manifestations of vascular deficits in AD. Further, we describe how changes in plasma contact activation and the fibrinolytic system may contribute to vascular dysfunction, inflammation, coagulation, and cognitive impairment in AD. Given this evidence, we propose novel therapies that may, alone or in combination, ameliorate AD progression in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McLarnon JG. Glial-derived Neuroinflammation induced with Amyloid-beta-peptide Plus Fibrinogen Injection in Rat Hippocampus. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 20:515-522. [PMID: 37702232 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666230912113501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study has examined microglial and astrocyte activation in association with neuronal degeneration in an animal model using an injection of amyloid-beta peptide Aβ1-42 (Aβ42) plus fibrinogen into rat hippocampus. METHODS The combination of stimuli is suggested as a novel and potent perturbation to induce gliosis and the production of glial-derived neurotoxic factors in an animal model exhibiting a leaky BBB (blood-brain barrier). Specifically, Aβ42 + fibrinogen stimulation elevated levels of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) with a considerable extent of neuronal loss associated with microglia and astrocyte activation. RESULTS Treatment of injected rats with the broad spectrum anti-inflammatory agent, minocycline or the iNOS inhibitor, 1400 W inhibited gliosis, reduced levels of COX-2 and iNOS, and demonstrated efficacy for neuroprotection. CONCLUSION The findings suggest the utility of combining amyloid beta peptide plus fibrinogen as a potent and understudied neuroinflammatory stimulus for the induction of glial-derived neurotoxic factors in BBB-compromised AD brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G McLarnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vellecco V, Saviano A, Raucci F, Casillo GM, Mansour AA, Panza E, Mitidieri E, Femminella GD, Ferrara N, Cirino G, Sorrentino R, Iqbal AJ, d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Bucci M, Maione F. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) triggers systemic inflammation, peripheral vascular dysfunction, and related prothrombotic state in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106595. [PMID: 36470548 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent forms of neurodegenerative disorders. Previously, we have shown that in vivo administration of an IL-17 neutralizing antibody (IL-17Ab) rescues amyloid-β-induced neuro-inflammation and memory impairment, demonstrating the pivotal role of IL-17 in AD-derived cognitive deficit. Recently, AD has been recognized as a more intriguing pathology affecting vascular networks and platelet function. However, not much is known about peripheral vascular inflammation and how pro-inflammatory circulating cells/mediators could affect peripheral vessels' function. This study aimed to evaluate whether IL-17Ab treatment could also impact peripheral AD features, such as systemic inflammation, peripheral vascular dysfunction, and related pro-thrombotic state in a non-genetic mouse model of AD. Mice were injected intracerebroventricularly with Aβ1-42 peptide (3 μg/3 μl). To evaluate the systemic/peripheral protective profile of IL-17Ab, we used an intranasal administration of IL-17Ab (1 μg/10 μl) at 5, 12, and 19 days after Aβ1-42 injection. Circulating Th17/Treg cells and related cyto-chemokines, haematological parameters, vascular/endothelial reactivity, platelets and coagulation function in mice were evaluated. IL-17Ab treatment ameliorates the systemic/peripheral inflammation, immunological perturbance, vascular/endothelial impairment and pro-thrombotic state, suggesting a key role for this cytokine in fostering inflammatory processes that characterize the multifaced aspects of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vellecco
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Anella Saviano
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Federica Raucci
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gian Marco Casillo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Adel Abo Mansour
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Emma Mitidieri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Grazia Daniela Femminella
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici ICS-Maugeri, Telese Terme, BN, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Raffaella Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, School of Medicine, University of Naples, Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Asif Jilani Iqbal
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | - Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Maione
- ImmunoPharmaLab, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Merlini M, Sozmen EG, Subramanian KS, Nana AL, Seeley WW, Akassoglou K. Three-Dimensional Imaging of Fibrinogen and Neurovascular Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2561:87-101. [PMID: 36399266 PMCID: PMC11243589 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2655-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that is linked to cognitive decline. However, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in AD is focal and requires sensitive methods to detect extravasated blood proteins and vasculature in large brain volumes. Fibrinogen, a blood coagulation factor, is deposited in AD brains at sites of BBB disruption and cerebrovascular damage. This chapter presents the methodology of fibrinogen immunolabeling-enabled three-dimensional (3D) imaging of solvent-cleared organs (iDISCO) which, when combined with immunolabeling of amyloid β (Aβ) and vasculature, enables sensitive detection of focal BBB vascular abnormalities, and reveals the spatial distribution of Aβ plaques and fibrin deposits, in large tissue volumes from cleared human brains. Overall, fibrinogen iDISCO enables the investigation of neurovascular and neuroimmune mechanisms driving neurodegeneration in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Merlini
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elif G Sozmen
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute of Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kantor AB, Akassoglou K, Stavenhagen JB. Fibrin-Targeting Immunotherapy for Dementia. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2023; 10:647-660. [PMID: 37874085 PMCID: PMC11227370 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2023.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is an early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease. It precedes extracellular deposition of amyloid-β in senile plaques and blood vessel walls, the intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles containing phosphorylated tau protein, microglial activation, and neuronal cell death. BBB disruption allows the coagulation protein fibrinogen to leak from the blood into the brain, where it is converted by thrombin cleavage into fibrin and deposits in the parenchyma and CNS vessels. Fibrinogen cleavage by thrombin exposes a cryptic epitope termed P2 which can bind CD11b and CD11c on microglia, macrophages and dendritic cells and trigger an inflammatory response toxic to neurons. Indeed, genetic and pharmacological evidence demonstrates a causal role for fibrin in innate immune cell activation and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The P2 inflammatory epitope is spatially and compositionally distinct from the coagulation epitope on fibrin. Mouse monoclonal antibody 5B8, which targets the P2 epitope without interfering with the clotting process, has been shown to reduce neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. The selectivity and efficacy of this anti-human fibrin-P2 antibody in animal models supports the development of a monoclonal antibody drug targeting fibrin P2 for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. THN391 is a humanized, affinity-matured antibody which has a 100-fold greater affinity for fibrin P2 and improved development properties compared to the parental 5B8 antibody. It is currently in a Phase 1 clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A B Kantor
- Jeffrey Stavenhagen, PhD, Therini Bio, Inc, Sacramento, CA, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Singh PK, Chen Z, Horn K, Norris EH. Blocking domain 6 of high molecular weight kininogen to understand intrinsic clotting mechanisms. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2022; 6:e12815. [PMID: 36254255 PMCID: PMC9561425 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The contact system is initiated by factor (F) XII activation and the assembly of high molecular weight kininogen (HK) with either FXI or prekallikrein (PK) on a negatively charged surface. Overactivation of this system contributes to thrombosis and inflammation in numerous diseases. To develop effective therapeutics for contact system disorders, a detailed understanding of this pathway is needed. Methods We performed coagulation assays in normal human plasma and various factor-deficient plasmas. To evaluate how HK-mediated PK and FXI activation contributes to coagulation, we used an anti-HK antibody to block access to domain 6 of HK, the region required for efficient activation of PK and FXI. Results FXI's binding to HK and its subsequent activation by activated FXII contributes to coagulation. We found that the 3E8 anti-HK antibody can inhibit the binding of FXI or PK to HK, delaying clot formation in human plasma. Our data show that in the absence of FXI, however, PK can substitute for FXI in this process. Addition of activated FXI (FXIa) or activated PK (PKa) abolished the inhibitory effect of 3E8. Moreover, the requirement of HK in intrinsic coagulation can be largely bypassed by adding FXIa. Like FXIa, exogenous PKa shortened the clotting time in HK-deficient plasma, which was not due to feedback activation of FXII. Conclusions This study improves our understanding of HK-mediated coagulation and provides an explanation for the absence of bleeding in HK-deficient individuals. 3E8 specifically prevented HK-mediated FXI activation; therefore, it could be used to prevent contact activation-mediated thrombosis without altering hemostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K. Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Zu‐Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Katharina Horn
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jana A, Wang X, Leasure JW, Magana L, Wang L, Kim YM, Dodiya H, Toth PT, Sisodia SS, Rehman J. Increased Type I interferon signaling and brain endothelial barrier dysfunction in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16488. [PMID: 36182964 PMCID: PMC9526723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is emerging as a key pathogenic factor in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), where increased microvascular endothelial permeability has been proposed to play an important role. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to increased brain microvascular permeability in AD are not fully understood. We studied brain endothelial permeability in female APPswe/PS1∆E9 (APP/PS1) mice which constitute a transgenic mouse model of amyloid-beta (Aβ) amyloidosis and found that permeability increases with aging in the areas showing the greatest amyloid plaque deposition. We performed an unbiased bulk RNA-sequencing analysis of brain endothelial cells (BECs) in female APP/PS1 transgenic mice. We observed that upregulation of interferon signaling gene expression pathways in BECs was among the most prominent transcriptomic signatures in the brain endothelium. Immunofluorescence analysis of isolated BECs from female APP/PS1 mice demonstrated higher levels of the Type I interferon-stimulated gene IFIT2. Immunoblotting of APP/PS1 BECs showed downregulation of the adherens junction protein VE-cadherin. Stimulation of human brain endothelial cells with interferon-β decreased the levels of the adherens junction protein VE-cadherin as well as tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-5 and increased barrier leakiness. Depletion of the Type I interferon receptor in human brain endothelial cells prevented interferon-β-induced VE-cadherin downregulation and restored endothelial barrier integrity. Our study suggests that Type I interferon signaling contributes to brain endothelial dysfunction in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Jana
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Xinge Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Joseph W Leasure
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Lissette Magana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Young-Mee Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Hemraj Dodiya
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Peter T Toth
- Research Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lohmeier J, Silva RV, Tietze A, Taupitz M, Kaneko T, Prüss H, Paul F, Infante-Duarte C, Hamm B, Caravan P, Makowski MR. Fibrin-targeting molecular MRI in inflammatory CNS disorders. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:3692-3704. [PMID: 35507058 PMCID: PMC9399196 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin deposition is a fundamental pathophysiological event in the inflammatory component of various CNS disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease. Beyond its traditional role in coagulation, fibrin elicits immunoinflammatory changes with oxidative stress response and activation of CNS-resident/peripheral immune cells contributing to CNS injury. PURPOSE To investigate if CNS fibrin deposition can be determined using molecular MRI, and to assess its capacity as a non-invasive imaging biomarker that corresponds to inflammatory response and barrier impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Specificity and efficacy of a peptide-conjugated Gd-based molecular MRI probe (EP2104-R) to visualise and quantify CNS fibrin deposition were evaluated. Probe efficacy to specifically target CNS fibrin deposition in murine adoptive-transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a pre-clinical model for MS (n = 12), was assessed. Findings were validated using immunohistochemistry and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Deposition of fibrin in neuroinflammatory conditions was investigated and its diagnostic capacity for disease staging and monitoring as well as quantification of immunoinflammatory response was determined. Results were compared using t-tests (two groups) or one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons test. Linear regression was used to model the relationship between variables. RESULTS For the first time (to our knowledge), CNS fibrin deposition was visualised and quantified in vivo using molecular imaging. Signal enhancement was apparent in EAE lesions even 12-h after administration of EP2104-R due to targeted binding (M ± SD, 1.07 ± 0.10 (baseline) vs. 0.73 ± 0.09 (EP2104-R), p = .008), which could be inhibited with an MRI-silent analogue (M ± SD, 0.60 ± 0.14 (EP2104-R) vs. 0.96 ± 0.13 (EP2104-La), p = .006). CNS fibrin deposition corresponded to immunoinflammatory activity (R2 = 0.85, p < .001) and disability (R2 = 0.81, p < .001) in a model for MS, which suggests a clinical role for staging and monitoring. Additionally, EP2104-R showed substantially higher SNR (M ± SD, 6.6 ± 1 (EP2104-R) vs. 2.7 ± 0.4 (gadobutrol), p = .004) than clinically used contrast media, which increases sensitivity for lesion detection. CONCLUSIONS Molecular imaging of CNS fibrin deposition provides an imaging biomarker for inflammatory CNS pathology, which corresponds to pathophysiological ECM remodelling and disease activity, and yields high signal-to-noise ratio, which can improve diagnostic neuroimaging across several neurological diseases with variable degrees of barrier impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lohmeier
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Rafaela V Silva
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Tietze
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Takaaki Kaneko
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM) and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Caravan
- A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, Suite 2301, Charlestown, MB, 02129, USA
| | - Marcus R Makowski
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Grossmann K. Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) for Therapeutic Targeting of Thrombin, a Key Mediator of Cerebrovascular and Neuronal Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1890. [PMID: 36009437 PMCID: PMC9405823 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although preclinical research and observer studies on patients with atrial fibrillation concluded that direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) can protect against dementia like Alzheimer's disease (AD), clinical investigation towards therapeutical approval is still pending. DOACs target pathological thrombin, which is, like toxic tau and amyloid-ß proteins (Aß), an early hallmark of AD. Especially in hippocampal and neocortical areas, the release of parenchymal Aß into the blood induces thrombin and proinflammatory bradykinin synthesis by activating factor XII of the contact system. Thrombin promotes platelet aggregation and catalyzes conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, leading to degradation-resistant, Aß-containing fibrin clots. Together with oligomeric Aß, these clots trigger vessel constriction and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) with vessel occlusion and hemorrhages, leading to vascular and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. As consequences, brain blood flow, perfusion, and supply with oxygen (hypoxia) and nutrients decrease. In parenchymal tissue, hypoxia stimulates Aß synthesis, leading to Aß accumulation, which is further enhanced by BBB-impaired perivascular Aß clearance. Aß trigger neuronal damage and promote tau pathologies. BBB dysfunction enables thrombin and fibrin(ogen) to migrate into parenchymal tissue and to activate glial cells. Inflammation and continued Aß production are the results. Synapses and neurons die, and cognitive abilities are lost. DOACs block thrombin by inhibiting its activity (dabigatran) or production (FXa-inhibitors, e.g., apixaban, rivaroxaban). Therefore, DOAC use could preserve vascular integrity and brain perfusion and, thereby, could counteract vascular-driven neuronal and cognitive decline in AD. A conception for clinical investigation is presented, focused on DOAC treatment of patients with diagnosed AD in early-stage and low risk of major bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Grossmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Breaking barriers in postoperative delirium. Br J Anaesth 2022; 129:147-150. [PMID: 35718561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic perturbations such as peripheral surgical trauma induce neurovascular, inflammatory, and cognitive changes. The blood-brain barrier is a key interface between the periphery and the central nervous system, and is critically involved in regulating neuroimmune interactions to maintain overall homeostasis. Mounting evidence suggests that blood-brain barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of ageing and multiple neurological conditions including Alzheimer's disease. We discuss a recent study published in the British Journal of Anaesthesia that describes blood-brain barrier changes and neuroinflammation in patients with postoperative delirium after non-intracranial surgery.
Collapse
|
22
|
Nabirotchkin S, Bouaziz J, Glibert F, Mandel J, Foucquier J, Hajj R, Callizot N, Cholet N, Guedj M, Cohen D. Combinational Drug Repurposing from Genetic Networks Applied to Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1585-1603. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Human diseases are multi-factorial biological phenomena resulting from perturbations of numerous functional networks. The complex nature of human diseases explains frequently observed marginal or transitory efficacy of mono-therapeutic interventions. For this reason, combination therapy is being increasingly evaluated as a biologically plausible strategy for reversing disease state, fostering the development of dedicated methodological and experimental approaches. In parallel, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide a prominent opportunity for disclosing human-specific therapeutic targets and rational drug repurposing. Objective: In this context, our objective was to elaborate an integrated computational platform to accelerate discovery and experimental validation of synergistic combinations of repurposed drugs for treatment of common human diseases. Methods: The proposed approach combines adapted statistical analysis of GWAS data, pathway-based functional annotation of genetic findings using gene set enrichment technique, computational reconstruction of signaling networks enriched in disease-associated genes, selection of candidate repurposed drugs and proof-of-concept combinational experimental screening. Results: It enables robust identification of signaling pathways enriched in disease susceptibility loci. Therapeutic targeting of the disease-associated signaling networks provides a reliable way for rational drug repurposing and rapid development of synergistic drug combinations for common human diseases. Conclusion: Here we demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of the proposed approach with an experiment application to Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang YL, Sun M, Wang FZ, Wang X, Jia Z, Zhang Y, Li R, Jiang J, Wang L, Li W, Sun Y, Chen J, Zhang C, Shi B, Liu J, Liu X, Xu J. Mediation of the APOE Associations With Cognition Through Cerebral Blood Flow: The CIBL Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:928925. [PMID: 35847686 PMCID: PMC9279129 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.928925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is a strong genetic risk factor for aging-related cognitive decline. However, the causal connection between ε4 alleles and cognition is not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify the roles of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in cognitive-related brain areas in mediating the associations of APOE with cognition. Methods The multiple linear regression analyses were conducted on 369 subjects (mean age of 68.8 years; 62.9% of women; 29.3% of APOE ε4 allele carriers). Causal mediation analyses with 5,000 bootstrapped iterations were conducted to explore the mediation effects. Result APOE ε4 allele was negatively associated with cognition (P < 0.05) and CBF in the amygdala, hippocampus, middle temporal gyrus, posterior cingulate, and precuneus (all P < 0.05). The effect of the APOE genotype on cognition was partly mediated by the above CBF (all P < 0.05). Conclusion CBF partially mediates the potential links between APOE genotype and cognition. Overall, the APOE ε4 allele may lead to a dysregulation of the vascular structure and function with reduced cerebral perfusion, which in turn leads to cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengfan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Ze Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Jia
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiwei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglong Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Key Specialty, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Baolin Shi
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jianjian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangrong Liu
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Xu,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Low A, Prats-Sedano MA, Stefaniak JD, McKiernan EF, Carter SF, Douvani ME, Mak E, Su L, Stupart O, Muniz G, Ritchie K, Ritchie CW, Markus HS, O'Brien JT. CAIDE dementia risk score relates to severity and progression of cerebral small vessel disease in healthy midlife adults: the PREVENT-Dementia study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:481-490. [PMID: 35135868 PMCID: PMC9016254 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Markers of cerebrovascular disease are common in dementia, and may be present before dementia onset. However, their clinical relevance in midlife adults at risk of future dementia remains unclear. We investigated whether the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Ageing and Dementia (CAIDE) risk score was associated with markers of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), and if it predicted future progression of SVD. We also determined its relationship to systemic inflammation, which has been additionally implicated in dementia and SVD. METHODS Cognitively healthy midlife participants were assessed at baseline (n=185) and 2-year follow-up (n=158). To assess SVD, we quantified white matter hyperintensities (WMH), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), microbleeds and lacunes. We derived composite scores of SVD burden, and subtypes of hypertensive arteriopathy and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Inflammation was quantified using serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. RESULTS At baseline, higher CAIDE scores were associated with all markers of SVD and inflammation. Longitudinally, CAIDE scores predicted greater total (p<0.001), periventricular (p<0.001) and deep (p=0.012) WMH progression, and increased CRP (p=0.017). Assessment of individual CAIDE components suggested that markers were driven by different risk factors (WMH/EPVS: age/hypertension, lacunes/deep microbleeds: hypertension/obesity). Interaction analyses demonstrated that higher CAIDE scores amplified the effect of age on SVD, and the effect of WMH on poorer memory. CONCLUSION Higher CAIDE scores, indicating greater risk of dementia, predicts future progression of both WMH and systemic inflammation. Findings highlight the CAIDE score's potential as both a prognostic and predictive marker in the context of cerebrovascular disease, identifying at-risk individuals who might benefit most from managing modifiable risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Low
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria A Prats-Sedano
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James D Stefaniak
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Stephen F Carter
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria-Eleni Douvani
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elijah Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Su
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Olivia Stupart
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Graciela Muniz
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Craig W Ritchie
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Tiernan O'Brien
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Payne A, Nahashon S, Taka E, Adinew GM, Soliman KFA. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG): New Therapeutic Perspectives for Neuroprotection, Aging, and Neuroinflammation for the Modern Age. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030371. [PMID: 35327563 PMCID: PMC8945730 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases are the two most common forms of neurodegenerative diseases. The exact etiology of these disorders is not well known; however, environmental, molecular, and genetic influences play a major role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Using Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as the archetype, the pathological findings include the aggregation of Amyloid Beta (Aβ) peptides, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic degradation caused by inflammation, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cerebrovascular dysregulation. This review highlights the neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective role of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): the medicinal component of green tea, a known nutraceutical that has shown promise in modulating AD progression due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging abilities. This report also re-examines the current literature and provides innovative approaches for EGCG to be used as a preventive measure to alleviate AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Payne
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (A.P.); (E.T.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Samuel Nahashon
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Equar Taka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (A.P.); (E.T.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Getinet M. Adinew
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (A.P.); (E.T.); (G.M.A.)
| | - Karam F. A. Soliman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Public Health, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (A.P.); (E.T.); (G.M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1850-322-8788
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Anti-HK antibody reveals critical roles of a 20-residue HK region for Aβ-induced plasma contact system activation. Blood Adv 2022; 6:3090-3101. [PMID: 35147669 PMCID: PMC9131899 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of dementia. Vascular abnormalities and neuroinflammation play roles in AD pathogenesis. Plasma contact activation, which leads to fibrin clot formation and bradykinin release, is elevated in many AD patients, likely due to the ability of AD's pathogenic peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) to induce its activation. Since overactivation of this system may be deleterious to AD patients, the development of inhibitors could be beneficial. Here, we show that 3E8, an antibody against a 20-amino acid region of high molecular weight kininogen's (HK) domain 6, inhibits Aβ-induced intrinsic coagulation. Mechanistically, 3E8 inhibits contact system activation by blocking the binding of prekallikrein (PK) and factor XI (FXI) to HK, thereby preventing their activation and the continued activation of factor XII (FXII). The 3E8 antibody can also disassemble HK/PK and HK/FXI complexes in normal human plasma in the absence of a contact system activator due to its strong binding affinity for HK, indicating its prophylactic ability. Furthermore, the binding of Aβ to both FXII and HK is critical for Aβ-mediated contact system activation. These results suggest that a 20-amino acid region of HK's domain 6 plays a critical role in Aβ-induced contact system activation, and this region may provide an effective strategy to inhibit or prevent contact system activation in related disorders.
Collapse
|
27
|
McLarnon JG. A Leaky Blood–Brain Barrier to Fibrinogen Contributes to Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010102. [PMID: 35052606 PMCID: PMC8772934 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intactness of blood–brain barrier (BBB) is compromised in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Importantly, evidence suggests that the perturbation and abnormalities appearing in BBB can manifest early in the progression of the disease. The disruption of BBB allows extravasation of the plasma protein, fibrinogen, to enter brain parenchyma, eliciting immune reactivity and response. The presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide leads to the formation of abnormal aggregates of fibrin resistant to degradation. Furthermore, Aβ deposits act on the contact system of blood coagulation, altering levels of thrombin, fibrin clots and neuroinflammation. The neurovascular unit (NVU) comprises an ensemble of brain cells which interact with infiltrating fibrinogen. In particular, interaction of resident immune cell microglia with fibrinogen, fibrin and Aβ results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a neurotoxic effector in AD brain. Overall, fibrinogen infiltration through a leaky BBB in AD animal models and in human AD tissue is associated with manifold abnormalities including persistent fibrin aggregation and clots, microglial-mediated production of ROS and diminished viability of neurons and synaptic connectivity. An objective of this review is to better understand how processes associated with BBB leakiness to fibrinogen link vascular pathology with neuronal and synaptic damage in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G McLarnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stevenson TK, Moore SJ, Murphy GG, Lawrence DA. Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Central Nervous System Physiology and Pathology: From Synaptic Plasticity to Alzheimer's Disease. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 48:288-300. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1740265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTissue plasminogen activator's (tPA) fibrinolytic function in the vasculature is well-established. This specific role for tPA in the vasculature, however, contrasts with its pleiotropic activities in the central nervous system. Numerous physiological and pathological functions have been attributed to tPA in the central nervous system, including neurite outgrowth and regeneration; synaptic and spine plasticity; neurovascular coupling; neurodegeneration; microglial activation; and blood–brain barrier permeability. In addition, multiple substrates, both plasminogen-dependent and -independent, have been proposed to be responsible for tPA's action(s) in the central nervous system. This review aims to dissect a subset of these different functions and the different molecular mechanisms attributed to tPA in the context of learning and memory. We start from the original research that identified tPA as an immediate-early gene with a putative role in synaptic plasticity to what is currently known about tPA's role in a learning and memory disorder, Alzheimer's disease. We specifically focus on studies demonstrating tPA's involvement in the clearance of amyloid-β and neurovascular coupling. In addition, given that tPA has been shown to regulate blood–brain barrier permeability, which is perturbed in Alzheimer's disease, this review also discusses tPA-mediated vascular dysfunction and possible alternative mechanisms of action for tPA in Alzheimer's disease pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara K. Stevenson
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shannon J. Moore
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Geoffrey G. Murphy
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel A. Lawrence
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jaffa AA, Jaffa MA, Moussa M, Ahmed IA, Karam M, Aldeen KS, Al Sayegh R, El-Achkar GA, Nasrallah L, Yehya Y, Habib A, Ziyadeh FN, Eid AH, Kobeissy FH, Jaffa AA. Modulation of Neuro-Inflammatory Signals in Microglia by Plasma Prekallikrein and Neuronal Cell Debris. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:743059. [PMID: 34867349 PMCID: PMC8636058 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.743059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system and one of the key modulators of the innate immune system, have been shown to play a major role in brain insults. Upon activation in response to neuroinflammation, microglia promote the release of inflammatory mediators as well as promote phagocytosis. Plasma prekallikrein (PKall) has been recently implicated as a mediator of neuroinflammation; nevertheless, its role in mediating microglial activation has not been investigated yet. In the current study, we evaluate the mechanisms through which PKall contributes to microglial activation and release of inflammatory cytokines assessing PKall-related receptors and their dynamics. Murine N9-microglial cells were exposed to PKall (2.5 ng/ml), lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml), bradykinin (BK, 0.1 μM), and neuronal cell debris (16.5 μg protein/ml). Gene expression of bradykinin 2 receptor (B2KR), protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), along with cytokines and fibrotic mediators were studied. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to correlate altered protein changes with microglial activation. To assess receptor dynamics, HOE-140 (1 μM) and GB-83 (2 μM) were used to antagonize the B2KR and PAR-2 receptors, respectively. Also, the role of autophagy in modulating microglial response was evaluated. Data from our work indicate that PKall, LPS, BK, and neuronal cell debris resulted in the activation of microglia and enhanced expression/secretion of inflammatory mediators. Elevated increase in inflammatory mediators was attenuated in the presence of HOE-140 and GB-83, implicating the engagement of these receptors in the activation process coupled with an increase in the expression of B2KR and PAR-2. Finally, the inhibition of autophagy significantly enhanced the release of the cytokine IL-6 which were validated via bioinformatics analysis demonstrating the role of PKall in systematic and brain inflammatory processes. Taken together, we demonstrated that PKall can modulate microglial activation via the engagement of PAR-2 and B2KR where PKall acts as a neuromodulator of inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneese A Jaffa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Miran A Jaffa
- Epidemiology and Population Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mayssam Moussa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim A Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mia Karam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kawthar Sharaf Aldeen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rola Al Sayegh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, and Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Universite de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ghewa A El-Achkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Leila Nasrallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara Yehya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Aida Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,INSERM-UMR1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, and Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine, Universite de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fuad N Ziyadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Firas H Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ayad A Jaffa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tang Y, Zhang D, Gong X, Zheng J. A mechanistic survey of Alzheimer's disease. Biophys Chem 2021; 281:106735. [PMID: 34894476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2021.106735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common, age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder. While AD has been intensively studied from different aspects, there is no effective cure for AD, largely due to a lack of a clear mechanistic understanding of AD. In this mini-review, we mainly focus on the discussion and summary of mechanistic causes of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While different AD mechanisms illustrate different molecular and cellular pathways in AD pathogenesis, they do not necessarily exclude each other. Instead, some of them could work together to initiate, trigger, and promote the onset and development of AD. In a broader viewpoint, some AD mechanisms (e.g., amyloid aggregation mechanism, microbial infection/neuroinflammation mechanism, and amyloid cross-seeding mechanism) could also be applicable to other amyloid diseases including type II diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and prion disease. Such common mechanisms for AD and other amyloid diseases explain not only the pathogenesis of individual amyloid diseases, but also the spreading of pathologies between these diseases, which will inspire new strategies for therapeutic intervention and prevention for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Tang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, United States of America
| | - Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, United States of America
| | - Xiong Gong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, United States of America
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, OH, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Singh PK, Chen ZL, Strickland S, Norris EH. Increased Contact System Activation in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients with Impaired Short-Term Memory. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:59-65. [PMID: 32651324 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An activated plasma contact system is an abnormality observed in many Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Since mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients often develop AD, we analyzed the status of contact system activation in MCI patients. We found that kallikrein activity, high molecular weight kininogen cleavage, and bradykinin levels- measures of contact system activation- were significantly elevated in MCI patient plasma compared to plasma from age- and education-matched healthy individuals. Changes were more pronounced in MCI patients with impaired short-term recall memory, indicating the possible role of the contact system in early cognitive changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Singh
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zu-Lin Chen
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sidney Strickland
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin H Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wu KM, Zhang YR, Huang YY, Dong Q, Tan L, Yu JT. The role of the immune system in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101409. [PMID: 34273589 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder where the accumulation of amyloid plaques and the formation of tau tangles are the prominent pathological hallmarks. Increasing preclinical and clinical studies have revealed that different components of the immune system may act as important contributors to AD etiology and pathogenesis. The recognition of misfolded Aβ and tau by immune cells can trigger a series of complex immune responses in AD, and then lead to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In parallel, genome-wide association studies have also identified several immune related loci associated with increased - risk of AD by interfering with the function of immune cells. Other immune related factors, such as impaired immunometabolism, defective meningeal lymphatic vessels and autoimmunity might also be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we review the data showing the alterations of immune cells in the AD trajectory and seek to demonstrate the crosstalk between the immune cell dysfunction and AD pathology. We then discuss the most relevant research findings in regards to the influences of gene susceptibility of immune cells for AD. We also consider impaired meningeal lymphatics, immunometabolism and autoimmune mechanisms in AD. In addition, immune related biomarkers and immunotherapies for AD are also mentioned in order to offer novel insights for future research.
Collapse
|
33
|
Tognatta R, Merlini M, Yan Z, Schuck R, Davalos D, Akassoglou K. In vivo two-photon microscopy protocol for imaging microglial responses and spine elimination at sites of fibrinogen deposition in mouse brain. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100638. [PMID: 34258598 PMCID: PMC8259313 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposition of the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen in the central nervous system is a hallmark of neurological diseases with blood-brain barrier disruption. We describe in vivo two-photon imaging of microglial responses and neuronal spine elimination to either intracortical microinjection of fibrinogen in healthy mice or to endogenously labeled fibrinogen deposits in Alzheimer's disease mice. This protocol allows the longitudinal study of glial and neuronal responses to blood proteins and can be used to test drug efficacy at the neurovascular interface. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Davalos et al. (2012), Ryu et al. (2018), and Merlini et al. (2019). In vivo two-photon imaging of acute microglial responses to fibrinogen in the mouse brain Longitudinal in vivo two-photon imaging of dendritic spine elimination to fibrinogen In vivo detection of endogenous fibrinogen in the brain by fluorescent dyes In vivo imaging of fibrinogen- and Aβ-associated spine elimination in AD mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Tognatta
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mario Merlini
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Yan
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Renaud Schuck
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dimitrios Davalos
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Amelianchik A, Merkel J, Palanisamy P, Kaneki S, Hyatt E, Norris EH. The protective effect of early dietary fat consumption on Alzheimer's disease-related pathology and cognitive function in mice. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12173. [PMID: 34084889 PMCID: PMC8144936 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that obesity may influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, yet the numerous publications on this topic have inconsistent results and conclusions. METHODS Our study examined the effect of varying the timing of high-fat diet (HFD) consumption on AD-related pathology and cognition in transgenic Tg6799 AD mice. RESULTS HFD feeding starting at or before 3 months of age, prior to severe AD pathology, had protective effects in AD mice: reduced extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, decreased fibrinogen extravasation into the brain parenchyma, and improved cognitive function. However, delaying HFD consumption until 6 months of age, when AD pathology is ubiquitous, reduced these protective effects in AD mice. DISCUSSION Overall, we demonstrate that the timeline of HFD consumption may play an important role in how dietary fats affect AD pathogenesis and cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Amelianchik
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Jonathan Merkel
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain ResearchLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Premkumar Palanisamy
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Shigeru Kaneki
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Emily Hyatt
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| | - Erin H. Norris
- Patricia and John Rosenwald Laboratory of Neurobiology and GeneticsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Harrington LB, Ehlert AN, Thacker EL, Jenny NS, Lopez O, Cushman M, Fitzpatrick A, Mukamal KJ, Jensen MK. Hemostatic factor levels and cognitive decline in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1219-1227. [PMID: 33725412 PMCID: PMC8136364 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemostasis is a key factor in cerebrovascular disease, but the association of hemostatic factors with cognitive decline is unclear. OBJECTIVE To prospectively evaluate associations of 20 hemostatic factor levels with changes in cognition during ≥8 years of follow-up in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) of older adults. METHODS We included participants of an existing CHS cross-sectional substudy (n = 400) with hemostatic factors measured in 1989-1990. Between 1989-1990 and 1998-1999, cognitive function was measured using the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) and Digit Symbol Substitution Tests. Mixed-effects linear regression models estimated change in cognitive function over time, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors and APOE genotype, using Bonferroni adjustment. We also derived principal components to account for the interrelationship among factors. RESULTS Of 20 factors evaluated individually, only higher levels of plasmin-α2 -antiplasmin complex (PAP), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and lower factor X (FXc) levels were associated with faster cognitive decline, estimated by annual change in 3MSE points (1 standard deviation PAP β = -0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.08 to -0.21; TFPI β = -0.55, 95% CI: -0.90 to -0.19; FXc β = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.21-0.84). One of four principal components, loading positively on D-dimer, prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), and PAP was significantly associated with change in 3MSE. CONCLUSIONS Levels of PAP, TPFI, and FXc and a combination of factors driven by PAP, D-dimer, and F1.2 were associated with cognitive decline. Whether these findings can be used to improve dementia prevention or prediction requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Harrington
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexa N Ehlert
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan L Thacker
- Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Nancy S Jenny
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - Oscar Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Colchester, VT, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Kenneth J Mukamal
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Majken K Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Grossmann K. Alzheimer's Disease-Rationales for Potential Treatment with the Thrombin Inhibitor Dabigatran. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094805. [PMID: 33946588 PMCID: PMC8125318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by neurodegenerative, but also vascular and hemostatic changes in the brain. The oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, which has been used for over a decade in preventing thromboembolism and has a well-known pharmacokinetic, safety and antidote profile, can be an option to treat vascular dysfunction in early AD, a condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Recent results have revealed that amyloid-β proteins (Aβ), thrombin and fibrin play a crucial role in triggering vascular and parenchymal brain abnormalities in CAA. Dabigatran blocks soluble thrombin, thrombin-mediated formation of fibrin and Aβ-containing fibrin clots. These clots are deposited in brain parenchyma and blood vessels in areas of CAA. Fibrin-Aβ deposition causes microvascular constriction, occlusion and hemorrhage, leading to vascular and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. As a result, blood flow, perfusion and oxygen and nutrient supply are chronically reduced, mainly in hippocampal and neocortical brain areas. Dabigatran has the potential to preserve perfusion and oxygen delivery to the brain, and to prevent parenchymal Aβ-, thrombin- and fibrin-triggered inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, leading to synapse and neuron death, and cognitive decline. Beneficial effects of dabigatran on CAA and AD have recently been shown in preclinical studies and in retrospective observer studies on patients. Therefore, clinical studies are warranted, in order to possibly expand dabigatran approval for repositioning for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Grossmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Beishon LC, Panerai RB, Budgeon C, Subramaniam H, Mukaetova-Ladinska E, Robinson TG, Haunton VJ. The Cognition and Flow Study: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Cognitive Training on Cerebral Blood Flow. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1567-1581. [PMID: 33720895 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive training (CT) has demonstrated benefits for healthy older adults (HG) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but the effects on vascular function are unknown. OBJECTIVE This is a feasibility trial investigating the effects of CT on cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv). METHODS Twenty HG, 24 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 12 with MCI were randomized to 12 weeks of multi-domain CT or control. Outcomes included: cognition (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III), mood, quality of life (QoL), physical, and neurovascular function (transcranial Doppler ultrasonography measured task activation of CBFv responses). Data are presented as mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS 47 participants completed the trial. There were three dropouts from the training arm in the AD group, and one in the HG group. The intervention was acceptable and feasible to the majority of participants with a high completion rate (89%). The dropout rate was higher among participants with dementia. Few changes were identified on secondary analyses, but QoL was significantly improved in HG post-training (MD: 4.83 [95% CI: 1.13, 8.54]). CBFv response rate was not significantly different in HG (MD: 1.84 [95% CI: -4.81, 1.12]), but a significant increase was seen in the patient group (MD: 1.79 [95% CI: 0.005, 3.58]), requiring sample sizes of 56 and 84 participants respectively for a fully-powered trial. CONCLUSION A 12-week CT program was acceptable and feasible in HG, AD, and MCI. CT may be associated with alterations in vascular physiology which require further investigation in an appropriately powered randomized controlled trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Beishon
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester, UK
| | - Ronney B Panerai
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Charley Budgeon
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester, UK.,School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Hari Subramaniam
- The Evington Centre, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Elizabeta Mukaetova-Ladinska
- The Evington Centre, Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.,University of Leicester, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, Leicester, UK
| | - Thompson G Robinson
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Victoria J Haunton
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Leicester, UK.,NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Peoples N, Strang C. Complement Activation in the Central Nervous System: A Biophysical Model for Immune Dysregulation in the Disease State. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:620090. [PMID: 33746710 PMCID: PMC7969890 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.620090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement, a feature of the innate immune system that targets pathogens for phagocytic clearance and promotes inflammation, is tightly regulated to prevent damage to host tissue. This regulation is paramount in the central nervous system (CNS) since complement proteins degrade neuronal synapses during development, homeostasis, and neurodegeneration. We propose that dysregulated complement, particularly C1 or C3b, may errantly target synapses for immune-mediated clearance, therefore highlighting regulatory failure as a major potential mediator of neurological disease. First, we explore the mechanics of molecular neuroimmune relationships for the regulatory proteins: Complement Receptor 1, C1-Inhibitor, Factor H, and the CUB-sushi multiple domain family. We propose that biophysical and chemical principles offer clues for understanding mechanisms of dysregulation. Second, we describe anticipated effects to CNS disease processes (particularly Alzheimer's Disease) and nest our ideas within existing basic science, clinical, and epidemiological findings. Finally, we illustrate how the concepts presented within this manuscript provoke new ways of approaching age-old neurodegenerative processes. Every component of this model is testable by straightforward experimentation and highlights the untapped potential of complement dysregulation as a driver of CNS disease. This includes a putative role for complement-based neurotherapeutic agents and companion biomarkers.
Collapse
|
39
|
Steinman J, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Microvascular Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:618986. [PMID: 33536876 PMCID: PMC7849053 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.618986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with continual decline in cognition and ability to perform routine functions such as remembering familiar places or understanding speech. For decades, amyloid beta (Aβ) was viewed as the driver of AD, triggering neurodegenerative processes such as inflammation and formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). This approach has not yielded therapeutics that cure the disease or significant improvements in long-term cognition through removal of plaques and Aβ oligomers. Some researchers propose alternate mechanisms that drive AD or act in conjunction with amyloid to promote neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the status of AD research and examines research directions including and beyond Aβ, such as tau, inflammation, and protein clearance mechanisms. The effect of aging on microvasculature is highlighted, including its contribution to reduced blood flow that impairs cognition. Microvascular alterations observed in AD are outlined, emphasizing imaging studies of capillary malfunction. The review concludes with a discussion of two therapies to protect tissue without directly targeting Aβ for removal: (1) administration of growth factors to promote vascular recovery in AD; (2) inhibiting activity of a calcium-permeable ion channels to reduce microglial activation and restore cerebral vascular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Steinman
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Grossmann
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Aging: JACC Focus Seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 75:942-951. [PMID: 32130930 PMCID: PMC8046164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease, the leading cause of dementia in the elderly, is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, age-related vascular changes accompany or even precede the development of Alzheimer’s pathology, raising the possibility that they may have a pathogenic role. This review provides an appraisal of the alterations in cerebral and systemic vasculature, the heart, and hemostasis that occur in Alzheimer’s disease and their relationships to cognitive impairment. Although the molecular pathogenesis of these alterations remains to be defined, amyloid-β is a likely contributor in the brain as in the heart. Collectively, the evidence suggests that vascular pathology is a likely pathogenic contributor to age-related dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease, inextricably linked to disease onset and progression. Consequently, the contribution of vascular factors should be considered in preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches to address one of the major health challenges of our time.
Collapse
|
42
|
Vardakis JC, Chou D, Guo L, Ventikos Y. Exploring neurodegenerative disorders using a novel integrated model of cerebral transport: Initial results. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2020; 234:1223-1234. [PMID: 33078663 PMCID: PMC7675777 DOI: 10.1177/0954411920964630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) underlines the complex and symbiotic relationship between brain cells and the cerebral vasculature, and dictates the need to consider both neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases under the same mechanistic umbrella. Importantly, unlike peripheral organs, the brain was thought not to contain a dedicated lymphatics system. The glymphatic system concept (a portmanteau of glia and lymphatic) has further emphasized the importance of cerebrospinal fluid transport and emphasized its role as a mechanism for waste removal from the central nervous system. In this work, we outline a novel multiporoelastic solver which is embedded within a high precision, subject specific workflow that allows for the co-existence of a multitude of interconnected compartments with varying properties (multiple-network poroelastic theory, or MPET), that allow for the physiologically accurate representation of perfused brain tissue. This novel numerical template is based on a six-compartment MPET system (6-MPET) and is implemented through an in-house finite element code. The latter utilises the specificity of a high throughput imaging pipeline (which has been extended to incorporate the regional variation of mechanical properties) and blood flow variability model developed as part of the VPH-DARE@IT research platform. To exemplify the capability of this large-scale consolidated pipeline, a cognitively healthy subject is used to acquire novel, biomechanistically inspired biomarkers relating to primary and derivative variables of the 6-MPET system. These biomarkers are shown to capture the sophisticated nature of the NVU and the glymphatic system, paving the way for a potential route in deconvoluting the complexity associated with the likely interdependence of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. The present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, that casts and implements the 6-MPET equations in a 3D anatomically accurate brain geometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Vardakis
- CISTIB Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dean Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Liwei Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
McLarnon JG. Consideration of a Pharmacological Combinatorial Approach to Inhibit Chronic Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1007-1017. [PMID: 31692444 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191106095038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A combinatorial cocktail approach is suggested as a rationale intervention to attenuate chronic inflammation and confer neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The requirement for an assemblage of pharmacological compounds follows from the host of pro-inflammatory pathways and mechanisms present in activated microglia in the disease process. This article suggests a starting point using four compounds which present some differential in anti-inflammatory targets and actions but a commonality in showing a finite permeability through Blood-brain Barrier (BBB). A basis for firstchoice compounds demonstrated neuroprotection in animal models (thalidomide and minocycline), clinical trial data showing some slowing in the progression of pathology in AD brain (ibuprofen) and indirect evidence for putative efficacy in blocking oxidative damage and chemotactic response mediated by activated microglia (dapsone). It is emphasized that a number of candidate compounds, other than ones suggested here, could be considered as components of the cocktail approach and would be expected to be examined in subsequent work. In this case, systematic testing in AD animal models is required to rigorously examine the efficacy of first-choice compounds and replace ones showing weaker effects. This protocol represents a practical approach to optimize the reduction of microglial-mediated chronic inflammation in AD pathology. Subsequent work would incorporate the anti-inflammatory cocktail delivery as an adjunctive treatment with ones independent of inflammation as an overall preventive strategy to slow the progression of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James G McLarnon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hicks SM, Gardiner EE. Free Reelin’ Along the Platelet Surface. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2341-2343. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Hicks
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra (S.M.H., E.E.G.)
| | - Elizabeth E. Gardiner
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra (S.M.H., E.E.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Integrative Multi-Omics Analysis in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease Reveals a Link to the Formation of Amyloid-Like Deposits. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102164. [PMID: 32987857 PMCID: PMC7600313 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most prevalent valvular heart disease in the developed world, yet no pharmacological therapy exists. Here, we hypothesize that the integration of multiple omic data represents an approach towards unveiling novel molecular networks in CAVD. Databases were searched for CAVD omic studies. Differentially expressed molecules from calcified and control samples were retrieved, identifying 32 micro RNAs (miRNA), 596 mRNAs and 80 proteins. Over-representation pathway analysis revealed platelet degranulation and complement/coagulation cascade as dysregulated pathways. Multi-omics integration of overlapping proteome/transcriptome molecules, with the miRNAs, identified a CAVD protein–protein interaction network containing seven seed genes (apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), hemoglobin subunit β (HBB), transferrin (TF), α-2-macroglobulin (A2M), transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBI), serpin family A member 1 (SERPINA1), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3 (ITIH3) and immunoglobulin κ constant (IGKC)), four input miRNAs (miR-335-5p, miR-3663-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-93-5p) and two connector genes (amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) and transthyretin (TTR)). In a metabolite–gene–disease network, Alzheimer’s disease exhibited the highest degree of betweenness. To further strengthen the associations based on the multi-omics approach, we validated the presence of APP and TTR in calcified valves from CAVD patients by immunohistochemistry. Our study suggests a novel molecular CAVD network potentially linked to the formation of amyloid-like structures. Further investigations on the associated mechanisms and therapeutic potential of targeting amyloid-like deposits in CAVD may offer significant health benefits.
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee H, Kim E. Repositioning medication for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease to delay the onset and prevent progression of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:932-960. [PMID: 32909178 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder. As with other common chronic diseases, multiple risk factors contribute to the onset and progression of AD. Many researchers have evaluated the epidemiologic and pathophysiological association between AD, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), including commonly reported risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Relevant therapies of CVDs/CBVDs for the attenuation of AD have also been empirically investigated. Considering the challenges of new drug development, in terms of cost and time, multifactorial approaches such as therapeutic repositioning of CVD/CBVD medication should be explored to delay the onset and progression of AD. Thus, in this review, we discuss our current understanding of the association between cardiovascular risk factors and AD, as revealed by clinical and non-clinical studies, as well as the therapeutic implications of CVD/CBVD medication that may attenuate AD. Furthermore, we discuss future directions by evaluating ongoing trials in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heeyoung Lee
- Department of Clinical Medicinal Sciences, Konyang University, 121 Daehakro, Nonsan, 32992, Republic of Korea
| | - EunYoung Kim
- Evidence-Based Research Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee NK, Kim H, Chang JW, Jang H, Kim H, Yang J, Kim J, Son JP, Na DL. Exploring the Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy in Mouse Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155524. [PMID: 32752272 PMCID: PMC7432487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Closely linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the pathological spectrum of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is known to be wide and complex. Considering that multiple instead of a single targeting approach is considered a treatment option for such complicated diseases, the multifaceted aspects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make them a suitable candidate to tackle the heterogeneity of VCI. MSCs were delivered via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route in mice that were subjected to VCI by carotid artery stenosis. VCI was induced in C57BL6/J mice wild type (C57VCI) mice by applying a combination of ameroid constrictors and microcoils, while ameroid constrictors alone were bilaterally applied to 5xFAD (transgenic AD mouse model) mice (5xVCI). Compared to the controls (minimal essential medium (MEM)-injected C57VCI mice), changes in spatial working memory were not noted in the MSC-injected C57VCI mice, and unexpectedly, the mortality rate was higher. In contrast, compared to the MEM-injected 5xVCI mice, mortality was not observed, and the spatial working memory was also improved in MSC-injected 5xVCI mice. Disease progression of the VCI-induced mice seems to be affected by the method of carotid artery stenosis and due to this heterogeneity, various factors must be considered to maximize the therapeutic benefits exerted by MSCs. Factors, such as the optimal MSC injection time point, cell concentration, sacrifice time point, and immunogenicity of the transplanted cells, must all be adequately addressed so that MSCs can be appropriately and effectively used as a treatment option for VCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Kyung Lee
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hyeongseop Kim
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Stem Cell Institute, ENCell Co. Ltd., Seoul 06072, Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Stem Cell Institute, ENCell Co. Ltd., Seoul 06072, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hunnyun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jehoon Yang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jeyun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jeong Pyo Son
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Korea;
| | - Duk L. Na
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3410-3591; Fax: +82-2-3412-3423
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jamerlan A, An SSA, Hulme J. Advances in amyloid beta oligomer detection applications in Alzheimer's disease. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
49
|
Bracko O, Njiru BN, Swallow M, Ali M, Haft-Javaherian M, Schaffer CB. Increasing cerebral blood flow improves cognition into late stages in Alzheimer's disease mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1441-1452. [PMID: 31495298 PMCID: PMC7308509 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19873658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with a 20-30% reduction in cerebral blood flow. In the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, inhibiting neutrophil adhesion using an antibody against the neutrophil specific protein Ly6G was recently shown to drive rapid improvements in cerebral blood flow that was accompanied by an improvement in performance on short-term memory tasks. Here, in a longitudinal aging study, we assessed how far into disease development a single injection of anti-Ly6G treatment can acutely improve short-term memory function. We found that APP/PS1 mice as old as 15-16 months had improved performance on the object replacement and Y-maze tests of spatial and working short-term memory, measured at one day after anti-Ly6G treatment. APP/PS1 mice at 17-18 months of age or older did not show acute improvements in cognitive performance, although we did find that capillary stalls were still reduced and cerebral blood flow was still increased by 17% in 21-22-months-old APP/PS1 mice given anti-Ly6G antibody. These data add to the growing body of evidence suggesting that cerebral blood flow reductions are an important contributing factor to the cognitive dysfunction associated with neurodegenerative disease. Thus, interfering with neutrophil adhesion could be a new therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bracko
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brendah N Njiru
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Madisen Swallow
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Haft-Javaherian
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Chris B Schaffer
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mullane K, Williams M. Alzheimer’s disease beyond amyloid: Can the repetitive failures of amyloid-targeted therapeutics inform future approaches to dementia drug discovery? Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|