1
|
Cillari N, Neri G, Pisanti N, Milazzo P, Borello U. RettDb: the Rett syndrome omics database to navigate the Rett syndrome genomic landscape. Database (Oxford) 2024; 2024:baae109. [PMID: 39414258 DOI: 10.1093/database/baae109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder occurring almost exclusively in females and leading to a variety of impairments and disabilities from mild to severe. In >95% cases, RTT is due to mutations in the X-linked gene MECP2, but the molecular mechanisms determining RTT are unknown at present, and the complexity of the system is challenging. To facilitate and provide guidance to the unraveling of those mechanisms, we developed a database resource for the visualization and analysis of the genomic landscape in the context of wild-type or mutated Mecp2 gene in the mouse model. Our resource allows for the exploration of differential dynamics of gene expression and the prediction of new potential MECP2 target genes to decipher the RTT disorder molecular mechanisms. Database URL: https://biomedinfo.di.unipi.it/rett-database/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Cillari
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, S.S.12 Abetone e Brennero 4, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Neri
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, S.S.12 Abetone e Brennero 4, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Nadia Pisanti
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Paolo Milazzo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Ugo Borello
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, S.S.12 Abetone e Brennero 4, Pisa 56127, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Blumenthal RM, Cheng X. DNA-binding proteins from MBD through ZF to BEN: recognition of cytosine methylation status by one arginine with two conformations. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae832. [PMID: 39329271 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintenance methylation, of palindromic CpG dinucleotides at DNA replication forks, is crucial for the faithful mitotic inheritance of genomic 5-methylcytosine (5mC) methylation patterns. MBD proteins use two arginine residues to recognize symmetrically-positioned methyl groups in fully-methylated 5mCpG/5mCpG and 5mCpA/TpG dinucleotides. In contrast, C2H2 zinc finger (ZF) proteins recognize CpG and CpA, whether methylated or not, within longer specific sequences in a site- and strand-specific manner. Unmethylated CpG sites, often within CpG island (CGI) promoters, need protection by protein factors to maintain their hypomethylated status. Members of the BEN domain proteins bind CGCG or CACG elements within CGIs to regulate gene expression. Despite their overall structural diversity, MBD, ZF and BEN proteins all use arginine residues to recognize guanine, adopting either a 'straight-on' or 'oblique' conformation. The straight-on conformation accommodates a methyl group in the (5mC/T)pG dinucleotide, while the oblique conformation can clash with the methyl group of 5mC, leading to preferential binding of unmethylated sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert M Blumenthal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Program in Bioinformatics, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bernardo P, Cuccurullo C, Rubino M, De Vita G, Terrone G, Bilo L, Coppola A. X-Linked Epilepsies: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4110. [PMID: 38612920 PMCID: PMC11012983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
X-linked epilepsies are a heterogeneous group of epileptic conditions, which often overlap with X-linked intellectual disability. To date, various X-linked genes responsible for epilepsy syndromes and/or developmental and epileptic encephalopathies have been recognized. The electro-clinical phenotype is well described for some genes in which epilepsy represents the core symptom, while less phenotypic details have been reported for other recently identified genes. In this review, we comprehensively describe the main features of both X-linked epileptic syndromes thoroughly characterized to date (PCDH19-related DEE, CDKL5-related DEE, MECP2-related disorders), forms of epilepsy related to X-linked neuronal migration disorders (e.g., ARX, DCX, FLNA) and DEEs associated with recently recognized genes (e.g., SLC9A6, SLC35A2, SYN1, ARHGEF9, ATP6AP2, IQSEC2, NEXMIF, PIGA, ALG13, FGF13, GRIA3, SMC1A). It is often difficult to suspect an X-linked mode of transmission in an epilepsy syndrome. Indeed, different models of X-linked inheritance and modifying factors, including epigenetic regulation and X-chromosome inactivation in females, may further complicate genotype-phenotype correlations. The purpose of this work is to provide an extensive and updated narrative review of X-linked epilepsies. This review could support clinicians in the genetic diagnosis and treatment of patients with epilepsy featuring X-linked inheritance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia Bernardo
- Pediatric Psychiatry and Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Cuccurullo
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, Ospedale del Mare Hospital, ASL Napoli 1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marica Rubino
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Gabriella De Vita
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Child Neuropsychiatry Units, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Leonilda Bilo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
| | - Antonietta Coppola
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy (L.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun J, Osenberg S, Irwin A, Ma LH, Lee N, Xiang Y, Li F, Wan YW, Park IH, Maletic-Savatic M, Ballas N. Mutations in the transcriptional regulator MeCP2 severely impact key cellular and molecular signatures of human astrocytes during maturation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111942. [PMID: 36640327 PMCID: PMC10857774 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the MECP2 gene underlie a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, most commonly Rett syndrome (RTT). We ask whether MECP2 mutations interfere with human astrocyte developmental maturation, thereby affecting their ability to support neurons. Using human-based models, we show that RTT-causing MECP2 mutations greatly impact the key role of astrocytes in regulating overall brain bioenergetics and that these metabolic aberrations are likely mediated by dysfunctional mitochondria. During post-natal maturation, astrocytes rely on neurons to induce their complex stellate morphology and transcriptional changes. While MECP2 mutations cause cell-intrinsic aberrations in the astrocyte transcriptional landscape, surprisingly, they do not affect the neuron-induced astrocyte gene expression. Notably, however, astrocytes are unable to develop complex mature morphology due to cell- and non-cell-autonomous aberrations caused by MECP2 mutations. Thus, MECP2 mutations critically impact key cellular and molecular features of human astrocytes and, hence, their ability to interact and support the structural and functional maturation of neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sivan Osenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Departments of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Austin Irwin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Li-Hua Ma
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nigel Lee
- Departments of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Advanced Technology Cores, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ying-Wooi Wan
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mirjana Maletic-Savatic
- Departments of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Nurit Ballas
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Collins BE, Neul JL. Rett Syndrome and MECP2 Duplication Syndrome: Disorders of MeCP2 Dosage. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:2813-2835. [PMID: 36471747 PMCID: PMC9719276 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s371483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused predominantly by loss-of-function mutations in the gene Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2), which encodes the MeCP2 protein. RTT is a MECP2-related disorder, along with MECP2 duplication syndrome (MDS), caused by gain-of-function duplications of MECP2. Nearly two decades of research have advanced our knowledge of MeCP2 function in health and disease. The following review will discuss MeCP2 protein function and its dysregulation in the MECP2-related disorders RTT and MDS. This will include a discussion of the genetic underpinnings of these disorders, specifically how sporadic X-chromosome mutations arise and manifest in specific populations. We will then review current diagnostic guidelines and clinical manifestations of RTT and MDS. Next, we will delve into MeCP2 biology, describing the dual landscapes of methylated DNA and its reader MeCP2 across the neuronal genome as well as the function of MeCP2 as a transcriptional modulator. Following this, we will outline common MECP2 mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations in both diseases, with particular focus on mutations associated with relatively mild disease in RTT. We will also summarize decades of disease modeling and resulting molecular, synaptic, and behavioral phenotypes associated with RTT and MDS. Finally, we list several therapeutics in the development pipeline for RTT and MDS and available evidence of their safety and efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Collins
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Neul
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Special Education, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
MECP2-related conditions in males: A systematic literature review and 8 additional cases. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 34:7-13. [PMID: 34271245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present a cohort of 8 males and perform a systematic review of all published cases with a single copy of MECP2 carrying a pathogenic variant. METHODS We reviewed medical records of males with a single copy of MECP2 carrying a pathogenic variant. We searched in Medline (Pubmed) and Embase to collect all articles which included well-characterized males with a single copy of MECP2 carrying a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in MECP2 (1999-2020). RESULTS The literature search yielded a total of 3,185 publications, of which 58 were included in our systematic review. We were able to collect information on 27 published patients with severe neonatal encephalopathy, 47 individuals with isolated or familial mental retardation X-linked 13 (XLMR13), as well as 24 individuals with isolated or familial Pyramidal signs, parkinsonism, and macroorchidism (PPM-X). In our cohort, we met eight individuals aged 4 to 19-year-old at the last evaluation. Three MECP2-associated phenotypes were seen in male carriers of a single copy of the gene: severe neonatal encephalopathy (n = 5); X-linked intellectual deficiency 13 (n = 2); and pyramidal signs, parkinsonism, and macroorchidism (PPM-X) (n = 1). Two novel de novo variants [p.(Gly252Argfs∗7) and p.(Tyr132Cys)] were detected. CONCLUSION In males, the MECP2 pathogenic variants can be associated with different phenotypes, including neonatal severe encephalopathy, intellectual deficiency, or late-onset parkinsonism and spasticity. The typical RS phenotype is not expected in males, except in those with Klinefelter syndrome or somatic mosaicism for MECP2.
Collapse
|
7
|
Arvio M, Haanpää M, Pohjola P, Lähdetie J. Report of a novel missense mutation in the MECP2 gene in a middle-aged man with intellectual disability syndrome. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04602. [PMID: 34457282 PMCID: PMC8380086 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exome sequencing revealed the cause of our 35-year-old male patient's progressive and severe intellectual and motor disability, namely a previously undescribed missense mutation of MECP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arvio
- NeurologyPäijät‐Häme Joint Municipal AuthorityLahtiFinland
- PEDEGOOulu University HospitalOuluFinland
- Southwest Special Care Municipal AuthorityPaimioFinland
- Department of Child NeurologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Maria Haanpää
- Department of GenomicsTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
- Turku UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Pia Pohjola
- Department of GenomicsTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| | - Jaana Lähdetie
- Department of Child NeurologyTurku University HospitalTurkuFinland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Good KV, Vincent JB, Ausió J. MeCP2: The Genetic Driver of Rett Syndrome Epigenetics. Front Genet 2021; 12:620859. [PMID: 33552148 PMCID: PMC7859524 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.620859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) are the major cause of Rett syndrome (RTT), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder with a notable period of developmental regression following apparently normal initial development. Such MeCP2 alterations often result in changes to DNA binding and chromatin clustering ability, and in the stability of this protein. Among other functions, MeCP2 binds to methylated genomic DNA, which represents an important epigenetic mark with broad physiological implications, including neuronal development. In this review, we will summarize the genetic foundations behind RTT, and the variable degrees of protein stability exhibited by MeCP2 and its mutated versions. Also, past and emerging relationships that MeCP2 has with mRNA splicing, miRNA processing, and other non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) will be explored, and we suggest that these molecules could be missing links in understanding the epigenetic consequences incurred from genetic ablation of this important chromatin modifier. Importantly, although MeCP2 is highly expressed in the brain, where it has been most extensively studied, the role of this protein and its alterations in other tissues cannot be ignored and will also be discussed. Finally, the additional complexity to RTT pathology introduced by structural and functional implications of the two MeCP2 isoforms (MeCP2-E1 and MeCP2-E2) will be described. Epigenetic therapeutics are gaining clinical popularity, yet treatment for Rett syndrome is more complicated than would be anticipated for a purely epigenetic disorder, which should be taken into account in future clinical contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina V. Good
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - John B. Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Ausió
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen CH, Cheng MC, Huang A, Hu TM, Ping LY, Chang YS. Detection of Rare Methyl-CpG Binding Protein 2 Gene Missense Mutations in Patients With Schizophrenia. Front Genet 2020; 11:476. [PMID: 32457807 PMCID: PMC7227600 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleterious mutations of MECP2 are responsible for Rett syndrome, a severe X-linked childhood neurodevelopmental disorder predominates in females, male patients are considered fatal. However, increasing reports indicate that some MECP2 mutations may also present various neuropsychiatric phenotypes, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, depression, cocaine addiction, and schizophrenia in both males and females, suggesting varied clinical expressivity in some MECP2 mutations. Most of the MECP2 mutations are private de novo mutations. To understand whether MECP2 mutations are associated with schizophrenia, we systematically screen for mutations at the protein-coding regions of the MECP2 gene in a sample of 404 schizophrenic patients (171 females, 233 males) and 390 non-psychotic controls (171 females, 218 males). We identified six rare missense mutations in this sample, including T197M in one male patient and two female controls, L201V in nine patients (three males and six females) and 4 controls (three females and one male), L213V in one female patient, A358T in one male patient and one female control, P376S in one female patient, and P419S in one male patient. These mutations had been reported to be present in patients with various neuropsychiatric disorders other than Rett syndrome in the literature. Furthermore, we detected a novel double-missense mutation P376S-P419R in a male patient. The family study revealed that his affected sister also had this mutation. The mutation was transmitted from their mother who had a mild cognitive deficit. Our findings suggest that rare MECP2 mutations exist in some schizophrenia patients and the MECP2 gene could be considered a risk gene of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chih Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ailing Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ming Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Lieh-Yung Ping
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuli Mental Health Research Center, Yuli Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Two Thalamic Regions Screened Using Laser Capture Microdissection with Whole Human Genome Microarray in Schizophrenia Postmortem Samples. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 2020:5176834. [PMID: 32566292 PMCID: PMC7285254 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5176834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We used whole human genome microarray screening of highly enriched neuronal populations from two thalamic regions in postmortem samples from subjects with schizophrenia and controls to identify brain region-specific gene expression changes and possible transcriptional targets. The thalamic anterior nucleus is reciprocally connected to anterior cingulate, a schizophrenia-affected cortical region, and is also thought to be schizophrenia affected; the other thalamic region is not. Using two regions in the same subject to identify disease-relevant gene expression differences was novel and reduced intersubject heterogeneity of findings. We found gene expression differences related to miRNA-137 and other SZ-associated microRNAs, ELAVL1, BDNF, DISC-1, MECP2 and YWHAG associated findings, synapses, and receptors. Manual curation of our data may support transcription repression.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Elucidating the functions of a particular gene is paramount to the understanding of how its dysfunction contributes to disease. This is especially important when the gene is implicated in multiple different disorders. One such gene is methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2), which has been most prominently associated with the neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome, as well as major neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia. Being initially identified as a transcriptional regulator that modulates gene expression and subsequently also shown to be involved in other molecular events, dysfunction of the MeCP2 protein has the potential to affect many cellular processes. In this chapter, we will briefly review the functions of the MeCP2 protein and how its mutations are implicated in Rett syndrome and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We will further discuss about the mouse models that have been generated to specifically dissect the function of MeCP2 in different cell types and brain regions. It is envisioned that such thorough and targeted examination of MeCP2 functions can aid in enlightening the role that it plays in normal and dysfunctional physiological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice W M Chin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eyleen L K Goh
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neul JL, Benke TA, Marsh ED, Skinner SA, Merritt J, Lieberman DN, Standridge S, Feyma T, Heydemann P, Peters S, Ryther R, Jones M, Suter B, Kaufmann WE, Glaze DG, Percy AK. The array of clinical phenotypes of males with mutations in Methyl-CpG binding protein 2. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:55-67. [PMID: 30536762 PMCID: PMC6488031 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked gene MECP2 are associated with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, Rett syndrome (RTT), primarily in girls. It had been suspected that mutations in Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) led to embryonic lethality in males, however such males have been reported. To enhance understanding of the phenotypic spectrum present in these individuals, we identified 30 males with MECP2 mutations in the RTT Natural History Study databases. A wide phenotypic spectrum was observed, ranging from severe neonatal encephalopathy to cognitive impairment. Two males with a somatic mutation in MECP2 had classic RTT. Of the remaining 28 subjects, 16 had RTT-causing MECP2 mutations, 9 with mutations that are not seen in females with RTT but are likely pathogenic, and 3 with uncertain variants. Two subjects with RTT-causing mutations were previously diagnosed as having atypical RTT; however, careful review of the clinical history determined that an additional 12/28 subjects met criteria for atypical RTT, but with more severe clinical presentation and course, and less distinctive RTT features, than females with RTT, leading to the designation of a new diagnostic entity, male RTT encephalopathy. Increased awareness of the clinical spectrum and widespread comprehensive genomic testing in boys with neurodevelopmental problems will lead to improved identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Neul
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center,University of California, San Diego,Co-corresponding authors: Jeffrey Neul, PMB 40, 230 Appleton Place, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203-5721, Telephone: 615-322-8242, Facsimile: , Alan Percy, 1720 2 Avenue South, CIRC 320E, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, Telephone: 205-996-4927, Facsimile: 205-975-6330,
| | | | - Eric D. Marsh
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jonathan Merritt
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center,University of California, San Diego
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary Jones
- University of California, San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland
| | | | | | - Daniel G. Glaze
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center,University of California, San Diego
| | - Alan K. Percy
- University of Alabama at Birmingham,Co-corresponding authors: Jeffrey Neul, PMB 40, 230 Appleton Place, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203-5721, Telephone: 615-322-8242, Facsimile: , Alan Percy, 1720 2 Avenue South, CIRC 320E, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, Telephone: 205-996-4927, Facsimile: 205-975-6330,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chin EWM, Goh ELK. Behavioral Characterization of MeCP2 Dysfunction-Associated Rett Syndrome and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:593-605. [PMID: 31273723 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene has been implicated in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism and schizophrenia and, most notably, Rett syndrome (RTT). Mouse models of MeCP2 dysfunction that have been developed are thus important not only for examining the protein's contribution to RTT, but also for elucidating the etiologies of other MECP2-associated neuropsychiatric disorders. In this chapter, we present protocols for three behavioral assays for characterizing major functional domains of MeCP2 dysfunction-the open field test for measuring general locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior, the three-chambered Crawley box test for assessing social preference and social novelty, and the rotarod assay for testing locomotor coordination. It is hoped that these information facilitate systematic characterization of mouse models that may aid in elucidating the role of MeCP2 in neurological disorders, as well as assessing the effects of putative mechanistic and therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice W M Chin
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eyleen L K Goh
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singhealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Center, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Curie A, Lesca G, Bussy G, Manificat S, Arnaud V, Gonzalez S, Revol O, Calender A, Gérard D, des Portes V. Asperger syndrome and early-onset schizophrenia associated with a novel MECP2 deleterious missense variant. Psychiatr Genet 2018; 27:105-109. [PMID: 28230711 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) deleterious variants, which are responsible for Rett syndrome in girls, are involved in a wide spectrum of developmental disabilities in males. A neuropsychiatric phenotype without intellectual disability is uncommon in patients with MECP2 deleterious variants. We report on two dizygotic twins with an MECP2-related psychiatric disorder without intellectual disability. Neuropsychological and psychiatric phenotype assessments were performed, and a genetic analysis was carried out. Both patients fulfilled the Pervasive Developmental Disorder criteria on Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and Asperger syndrome criteria on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV). One patient developed early-onset schizophrenia (DSM-IV criteria) with two acute psychotic episodes, the latest one following corticosteroids and sodium valproate intake, with major hyperammonemia. A novel MECP2 gene transversion c.491 G>T [p.(Ser164Ile)] was found in both twins. Pathogenicity of this variant was considered on the basis of strong clinical and molecular data. The underlying molecular basis of neuropsychiatric disorders may have important consequences on genetic counseling and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Curie
- aClaude Bernard Lyon 1 University bInstitute of Cognitive Science, CNRS UMR 5304 cFrench National Reference Center for Rare Diseases with Intellectual Disability dReference Center on Learning Disabilities, Pediatric Functional Rehabilitation Department, Escale, Women Mothers and Children Hospital eDepartment of Child Psychiatry, Neurological Hospital fDepartment of Medical Genetics, Lyon University Hospital gCNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, CNRL hDepartment of Child Psychiatry, Saint Jean de Dieu Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Missense variants in ATP1A3 and FXYD gene family are associated with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 25:821-830. [PMID: 29895895 PMCID: PMC6291354 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare and severe form of schizophrenia defined as onset before age of 13. Here we report on two unrelated cases diagnosed with both COS and alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC), and for whom two distinct pathogenic de novo variants were identified in the ATP1A3 gene. ATP1A3 encodes the α-subunit of a neuron-specific ATP-dependent transmembrane sodium-potassium pump. Using whole exome sequencing data derived from a cohort of 17 unrelated COS cases, we also examined ATP1A3 and all of its interactors known to be expressed in the brain to establish if variants could be identified. This led to the identification of a third case with a possibly damaging missense mutation in ATP1A3 and three others cases with predicted pathogenic missense variants in the FXYD gene family (FXYD1, FXYD6, and FXYD6-FXYD2 readthrough). FXYD genes encode proteins that modulate the ATP-dependant pump function. This report is the first to identify variants in the same pathway for COS. Our COS study illustrates the interest of stratifying a complex condition according to the age of onset for the identification of deleterious variants. Whereas ATP1A3 is a replicated gene in rare neuropediatric diseases, this gene has previously been linked with COS in only one case report. The association with rare variants in FXYD gene family is novel and highlights the interest of exploring these genes in COS as well as in pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sheikh TI, Harripaul R, Ayub M, Vincent JB. MeCP2 AT-Hook1 mutations in patients with intellectual disability and/or schizophrenia disrupt DNA binding and chromatin compaction in vitro. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:717-728. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor I. Sheikh
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Ricardo Harripaul
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Lahore Institute of Research & Development; Lahore Pakistan
- Department of Psychiatry; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - John B. Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fabio R, Martino G, Capri T, Giacchero R, Giannatiem S, Antonietti A, La Briola F, Banderali G, Canevini M, Vignoli A. Long Chain Poly-unsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Rett Syndrome: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ajcn.2018.37.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Valacchi G, Pecorelli A, Cervellati C, Hayek J. 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts: Key mediator in Rett syndrome oxinflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:270-280. [PMID: 28063942 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last 15 years a strong correlation between oxidative stress (OxS) and Rett syndrome (RTT), a rare neurodevelopmental disorder known to be caused in 95% of the cases, by a mutation in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene, has been well documented. Here, we revised, summarized and discussed the current knowledge on the role of lipid peroxidation byproducts, with special emphasis on 4-hydroxynonenal (4HNE), in RTT pathophysiology. The posttranslational modifications of proteins via 4HNE, known as 4HNE protein adducts (4NHE-PAs), causing detrimental effects on protein functions, appear to contribute to the clinical severity of the syndrome, since their levels increase significantly during the subsequent 4 clinical stages, reaching the maximum degree at stage 4, represented by a late motor deterioration. In addition, 4HNE-PA are only partially removed due to the compromised functionality of the proteasome activity, contributing therefore to the cellular damage in RTT. All this will lead to a characteristic subclinical inflammation, defined "OxInflammation", derived by a positive feedback loop between OxS byproducts and inflammatory mediators that in a long run further aggravates the clinical features of RTT patients. Therefore, in a pathology completely orphan of any therapy, aiming 4HNE as a therapeutic target could represent a coadjuvant treatment with some beneficial impact in these patients..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Valacchi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, NC State University, NC Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Animal Sciences, NC State University, NC Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Cervellati
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, Section of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Joussef Hayek
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, University Hospital, AOUS, Viale Mario Bracci, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Harripaul R, Noor A, Ayub M, Vincent JB. The Use of Next-Generation Sequencing for Research and Diagnostics for Intellectual Disability. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:7/3/a026864. [PMID: 28250017 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic or genomic mutation is a major cause of intellectual disability (ID). However, despite the generally anticipated strong genotype/phenotype correlation for ID, there are huge obstacles to gene identification, except perhaps where very distinct syndromic features are observed, because of the high degree of genetic heterogeneity and wide variability of phenotype for different mutations or even with the same mutation within a single gene. A recent review estimates in excess of 2500 genes for ID. Fortunately for researchers and diagnosticians alike, the recent advent of massively parallel sequencing technologies, or next-generation sequencing (NGS) has made an apparently impossible task tractable. Here, we review the ongoing research endeavors to identify new disease genes, as well as strategies and approaches at the clinical level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Harripaul
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Abdul Noor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z5, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z5, Canada
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 7X3, Canada
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1R8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
From Function to Phenotype: Impaired DNA Binding and Clustering Correlates with Clinical Severity in Males with Missense Mutations in MECP2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38590. [PMID: 27929079 PMCID: PMC5144150 DOI: 10.1038/srep38590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the MECP2 gene cause Rett syndrome (RTT). MeCP2 binds to chromocentric DNA through its methyl CpG-binding domain (MBD) to regulate gene expression. In heterozygous females the variable phenotypic severity is modulated by non-random X-inactivation, thus making genotype-phenotype comparisons unreliable. However, genotype-phenotype correlations in males with hemizygousMECP2 mutations can provide more accurate insights in to the true biological effect of specific mutations. Here, we compared chromatin organization and binding dynamics for twelve MeCP2 missense mutations (including two novel and the five most common MBD missense RTT mutations) and identifiedacorrelation with phenotype in hemizygous males. We observed impaired interaction of MeCP2-DNA for mutations around the MBD-DNA binding interface, and defective chromatin clustering for distal MBD mutations. Furthermore, binding and mobility dynamics show a gradient of impairment depending on the amino acid properties and tertiary structure within the MBD. Interestingly, a wide range of phenotypic/clinical severity, ranging from neonatal encephalopathy to mild psychiatric abnormalities were observed and all are consistent with our functional/molecular results. Overall, clinical severity showed a direct correlation with the functional impairment of MeCP2. These mechanistic and phenotypic correlations of MeCP2 mutations will enable improved and individualized diagnostics, and may lead to personalized therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
|
21
|
Murphy E, Benítez-Burraco A. Bridging the Gap between Genes and Language Deficits in Schizophrenia: An Oscillopathic Approach. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:422. [PMID: 27601987 PMCID: PMC4993770 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by marked language deficits, but it is not clear how these deficits arise from the alteration of genes related to the disease. The goal of this paper is to aid the bridging of the gap between genes and schizophrenia and, ultimately, give support to the view that the abnormal presentation of language in this condition is heavily rooted in the evolutionary processes that brought about modern language. To that end we will focus on how the schizophrenic brain processes language and, particularly, on its distinctive oscillatory profile during language processing. Additionally, we will show that candidate genes for schizophrenia are overrepresented among the set of genes that are believed to be important for the evolution of the human faculty of language. These genes crucially include (and are related to) genes involved in brain rhythmicity. We will claim that this translational effort and the links we uncover may help develop an understanding of language evolution, along with the etiology of schizophrenia, its clinical/linguistic profile, and its high prevalence among modern populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Murphy
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Veeraragavan S, Wan YW, Connolly DR, Hamilton SM, Ward CS, Soriano S, Pitcher MR, McGraw CM, Huang SG, Green JR, Yuva LA, Liang AJ, Neul JL, Yasui DH, LaSalle JM, Liu Z, Paylor R, Samaco RC. Loss of MeCP2 in the rat models regression, impaired sociability and transcriptional deficits of Rett syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3284-3302. [PMID: 27365498 PMCID: PMC5179927 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of the transcriptional modulator Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2) have advanced our understanding of Rett syndrome (RTT). RTT is a 'prototypical' neurodevelopmental disorder with many clinical features overlapping with other intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Therapeutic interventions for RTT may therefore have broader applications. However, the reliance on the laboratory mouse to identify viable therapies for the human condition may present challenges in translating findings from the bench to the clinic. In addition, the need to identify outcome measures in well-chosen animal models is critical for preclinical trials. Here, we report that a novel Mecp2 rat model displays high face validity for modelling psychomotor regression of a learned skill, a deficit that has not been shown in Mecp2 mice. Juvenile play, a behavioural feature that is uniquely present in rats and not mice, is also impaired in female Mecp2 rats. Finally, we demonstrate that evaluating the molecular consequences of the loss of MeCP2 in both mouse and rat may result in higher predictive validity with respect to transcriptional changes in the human RTT brain. These data underscore the similarities and differences caused by the loss of MeCP2 among divergent rodent species which may have important implications for the treatment of individuals with disease-causing MECP2 mutations. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the Mecp2 rat model is a complementary tool with unique features for the study of RTT and highlight the potential benefit of cross-species analyses in identifying potential disease-relevant preclinical outcome measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surabi Veeraragavan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying-Wooi Wan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel R Connolly
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Christopher S Ward
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sirena Soriano
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meagan R Pitcher
- Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher M McGraw
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sharon G Huang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Yuva
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Agnes J Liang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Neul
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology
- Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dag H Yasui
- Rowe Program in Human Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Janine M LaSalle
- Rowe Program in Human Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rodney C Samaco
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics
- Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Murphy E, Benítez-Burraco A. Language deficits in schizophrenia and autism as related oscillatory connectomopathies: An evolutionary account. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 83:742-764. [PMID: 27475632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterised by marked language deficits, but it is not clear how these arise from gene mutations associated with the disorders. Our goal is to narrow the gap between SZ and ASD and, ultimately, give support to the view that they represent abnormal (but related) ontogenetic itineraries for the human faculty of language. We will focus on the distinctive oscillatory profiles of the SZ and ASD brains, in turn using these insights to refine our understanding of how the brain implements linguistic computations by exploring a novel model of linguistic feature-set composition. We will argue that brain rhythms constitute the best route to interpreting language deficits in both conditions and mapping them to neural dysfunction and risk alleles of the genes. Importantly, candidate genes for SZ and ASD are overrepresented among the gene sets believed to be important for language evolution. This translational effort may help develop an understanding of the aetiology of SZ and ASD and their high prevalence among modern populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Murphy
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lambert S, Maystadt I, Boulanger S, Vrielynck P, Destrée A, Lederer D, Moortgat S. Expanding phenotype of p.Ala140Val mutation in MECP2 in a 4 generation family with X-linked intellectual disability and spasticity. Eur J Med Genet 2016; 59:522-5. [PMID: 27465203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in MECP2 (MIM #312750), located on Xq28 and encoding a methyl CpG binding protein, are classically associated with Rett syndrome in female patients, with a lethal effect in hemizygous males. However, MECP2 mutations have already been reported in surviving males with severe neonatal-onset encephalopathy, or with X-linked intellectual disability associated with psychosis, pyramidal signs, parkinsonian features and macro-orchidism (PPM-X syndrome; MIM3 #300055). Here we report on the identification of the p.Ala140Val mutation in the MECP2 gene in 4 males and 3 females of a large Caucasian family affected with X-linked intellectual disability. Females present with mild cognitive impairment and speech difficulties. Males have moderate intellectual disability, impaired language development, friendly behavior, slowly progressive spastic paraparesis and dystonic movements of the hands. Two of them show microcephaly. The p.Ala140Val mutation is recurrent, as it was already described in 4 families with X-linked mental retardation and in three sporadic male patients with intellectual disability. We further delineate the phenotype associated with the p.Ala140Val mutation, illustrating a variable expressivity even within a given family, and we compare our patients with previous reported cases in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lambert
- Department of Pediatrics, Université Catholique de Louvain (U.C.L.), Brussels, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (I.P.G.), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Center for Human Genetics, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (I.P.G.), Gosselies, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, Université Namur (U.N.), Namur, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Boulanger
- Center for Human Genetics, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (I.P.G.), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Pascal Vrielynck
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital de Jolimont, Haine-saint-Paul, Belgium
| | - Anne Destrée
- Center for Human Genetics, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (I.P.G.), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Damien Lederer
- Center for Human Genetics, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (I.P.G.), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Moortgat
- Center for Human Genetics, Institut de Pathologie et Génétique (I.P.G.), Gosselies, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fabio RA, Billeci L, Crifaci G, Troise E, Tortorella G, Pioggia G. Cognitive training modifies frequency EEG bands and neuropsychological measures in Rett syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2016; 53-54:73-85. [PMID: 26859707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RS) is a childhood neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a primary disturbance in neuronal development. Neurological abnormalities in RS are reflected in several behavioral and cognitive impairments such as stereotypies, loss of speech and hand skills, gait apraxia, irregular breathing with hyperventilation while awake, and frequent seizures. Cognitive training can enhance both neuropsychological and neurophysiological parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate whether behaviors and brain activity were modified by training in RS. The modifications were assessed in two phases: (a) after a short-term training (STT) session, i.e., after 30 min of training and (b) after long-term training (LTT), i.e., after 5 days of training. Thirty-four girls with RS were divided into two groups: a training group (21 girls) who underwent the LTT and a control group (13 girls) that did not undergo LTT. The gaze and quantitative EEG (QEEG) data were recorded during the administration of the tasks. A gold-standard eye-tracker and a wearable EEG equipment were used. Results suggest that the participants in the STT task showed a habituation effect, decreased beta activity and increased right asymmetry. The participants in the LTT task looked faster and longer at the target, and show increased beta activity and decreased theta activity, while a leftward asymmetry was re-established. The overall result of this study indicates a positive effect of long-term cognitive training on brain and behavioral parameters in subject with RS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Lucia Billeci
- Department of Clinical Physiology, CNR Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Crifaci
- Department of Clinical Physiology, CNR Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Troise
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pioggia
- ISASI (Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti), CNR, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
McGowan H, Pang ZP. Regulatory functions and pathological relevance of the MECP2 3'UTR in the central nervous system. CELL REGENERATION 2015; 4:9. [PMID: 26516454 PMCID: PMC4625459 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-015-0023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2), encoded by the gene MECP2, is a transcriptional regulator and chromatin-remodeling protein, which is ubiquitously expressed and plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). Highly enriched in post-migratory neurons, MeCP2 is needed for neuronal maturation, including dendritic arborization and the development of synapses. Loss-of-function mutations in MECP2 cause Rett syndrome (RTT), a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a phase of normal development, followed by the progressive loss of milestones and cognitive disability. While a great deal has been discovered about the structure, function, and regulation of MeCP2 in the time since its discovery as the genetic cause of RTT, including its involvement in a number of RTT-related syndromes that have come to be known as MeCP2-spectrum disorders, much about this multifunctional protein remains enigmatic. One unequivocal fact that has become apparent is the importance of maintaining MeCP2 protein levels within a narrow range, the limits of which may depend upon the cell type and developmental time point. As such, MeCP2 is amenable to complex, multifactorial regulation. Here, we summarize the role of the MECP2 3' untranslated region (UTR) in the regulation of MeCP2 protein levels and how mutations in this region contribute to autism and other non-RTT neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather McGowan
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, Room 3277, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 89 French Street, Room 3277, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tsujimura K, Irie K, Nakashima H, Egashira Y, Fukao Y, Fujiwara M, Itoh M, Uesaka M, Imamura T, Nakahata Y, Yamashita Y, Abe T, Takamori S, Nakashima K. miR-199a Links MeCP2 with mTOR Signaling and Its Dysregulation Leads to Rett Syndrome Phenotypes. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1887-901. [PMID: 26344767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by MECP2 mutations. Although emerging evidence suggests that MeCP2 deficiency is associated with dysregulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which functions as a hub for various signaling pathways, the mechanism underlying this association and the molecular pathophysiology of RTT remain elusive. We show here that MeCP2 promotes the posttranscriptional processing of particular microRNAs (miRNAs) as a component of the microprocessor Drosha complex. Among the MeCP2-regulated miRNAs, we found that miR-199a positively controls mTOR signaling by targeting inhibitors for mTOR signaling. miR-199a and its targets have opposite effects on mTOR activity, ameliorating and inducing RTT neuronal phenotypes, respectively. Furthermore, genetic deletion of miR-199a-2 led to a reduction of mTOR activity in the brain and recapitulated numerous RTT phenotypes in mice. Together, these findings establish miR-199a as a critical downstream target of MeCP2 in RTT pathogenesis by linking MeCP2 with mTOR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Tsujimura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Koichiro Irie
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Egashira
- Laboratory of Neural Membrane Biology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Plant Global Education Project, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan; Department of Bioinformatics, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Plant Global Education Project, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Uesaka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takuya Imamura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Nakahata
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation Research, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yui Yamashita
- Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minami-machi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takamori
- Laboratory of Neural Membrane Biology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani, Tatara, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Two severe, progressive neurological disorders characterized by intellectual disability, autism, and developmental regression, Rett syndrome and MECP2 duplication syndrome, result from loss and gain of function, respectively, of the same critical gene, methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2). Neurons acutely require the appropriate dose of MECP2 to function properly but do not die in its absence or overexpression. Instead, neuronal dysfunction can be reversed in a Rett syndrome mouse model if MeCP2 function is restored. Thus, MECP2 disorders provide a unique window into the delicate balance of neuronal health, the power of mouse models, and the importance of chromatin regulation in mature neurons. In this Review, we will discuss the clinical profiles of MECP2 disorders, the knowledge acquired from mouse models of the syndromes, and how that knowledge is informing current and future clinical studies.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric disorder that lacks a unifying neuropathology, while currently available pharmacological treatments provide only limited benefits to many patients. This review will discuss how the field of neuroepigenetics could contribute to advancements of the existing knowledge on the neurobiology and treatment of psychosis. Genome-scale mapping of DMA methylation, histone modifications and variants, and chromosomal loopings for promoter-enhancer interactions and other epigenetic determinants of genome organization and function are likely to provide important clues about mechanisms contributing to dysregulated expression of synaptic and metabolic genes in schizophrenia brain, including the potential links to the underlying genetic risk architecture and environmental exposures. In addition, studies in animal models are providing a rapidly increasing list of chromatin-regulatory mechanisms with significant effects on cognition and complex behaviors, thereby pointing to the therapeutic potential of epigenetic drug targets in the nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pohodich AE, Zoghbi HY. Rett syndrome: disruption of epigenetic control of postnatal neurological functions. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R10-6. [PMID: 26060191 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene Methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) cause a devastating pediatric neurological disorder called Rett syndrome. In males, these mutations typically result in severe neonatal encephalopathy and early lethality. On the other hand, owing to expression of the normal allele in ∼50% of cells, females do not suffer encephalopathy but instead develop Rett syndrome. Typically females with Rett syndrome exhibit a delayed onset of neurologic dysfunction that manifests around the child's first birthday and progresses over the next few years. Features of this disorder include loss of acquired language and motor skills, intellectual impairment and hand stereotypies. The developmental regression observed in patients with Rett syndrome arises from altered neuronal function and is not the result of neurodegeneration. Maintenance of an appropriate level of MeCP2 appears integral to the function of healthy neurons as patients with increased levels of MeCP2, owing to duplication of the Xq28 region encompassing the MECP2 locus, also present with intellectual disability and progressive neurologic symptoms. Despite major efforts over the past two decades to elucidate the molecular functions of MeCP2, the mechanisms underlying the delayed appearance of symptoms remain unclear. In this review, we will highlight recent findings that have expanded our knowledge of MeCP2's functions, and we will discuss how epigenetic regulation, chromatin organization and circuit dynamics may contribute to the postnatal onset of Rett syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Pohodich
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston 77030, USA and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sánchez Delgado M, Camprubí C, Tümer Z, Martínez F, Milà M, Monk D. Screening individuals with intellectual disability, autism and Tourette's syndrome for KCNK9 mutations and aberrant DNA methylation within the 8q24 imprinted cluster. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:472-8. [PMID: 24980697 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype overlap between autism spectrum disorders (ASD) & intellectual disabilities (ID) is mirrored at the genetic level, with common genes being reported mutated in variety of developmental disabilities. However despite widespread genetic screening for mutations, in approximately 40-60% of childhood developmental disorders the genetic cause remains unknown. Several genome-wide linkage screens in ASD have identified a locus mapping to distal 8q. We have recently identified a novel brain-specific imprinted cluster at this location, which contains the reciprocally expressed maternal KCNK9 and paternally expressed non-coding PEG13 transcripts, the latter located within an intron of TRAPPC9. Interestingly, mutations of KCNK9 and TRAPPC9 have been reported in Birk-Barel mental retardation and non-syndromic familial forms of ID, respectively. Here, we report a genetic screen for KCNK9 coding mutations and potential epigenetic aberrations that could result in deregulated imprinting in a cohort of 120 ID, 86 ASD and 86 Tourette syndrome patients. Fifteen of the ID patients had clinical characteristics overlapping with Birk-Barel syndrome. Sequencing of the two coding exons of KCNK9 failed to identify pathologic mutations, with only one variant, rs2615374, being present with allele frequencies similar to those described in dbSNP database. DNA methylation profiling of the KCNK9 and TRAPPC9 promoters, the maternally methylated PEG13 DMR and a long-range enhancer region were normal in all patients. Our findings suggest that mutations of KCNK9 or epigenetic disturbances within the PEG13 imprinted cluster do not significantly contribute to the cause of the developmental disabilities tested in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sánchez Delgado
- Imprinting and Cancer Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wong EH, So HC, Li M, Wang Q, Butler AW, Paul B, Wu HM, Hui TC, Choi SC, So MT, Garcia-Barcelo MM, McAlonan GM, Chen EY, Cheung EF, Chan RC, Purcell SM, Cherny SS, Chen RR, Li T, Sham PC. Common variants on Xq28 conferring risk of schizophrenia in Han Chinese. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:777-86. [PMID: 24043878 PMCID: PMC4059435 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable, severe psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the world population. A substantial portion of heritability is still unexplained and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains to be elucidated. To identify more schizophrenia susceptibility loci, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 498 patients with schizophrenia and 2025 controls from the Han Chinese population, and a follow-up study on 1027 cases and 1005 controls. In the follow-up study, we included 384 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which were selected from the top hits in our GWAS (130 SNPs) and from previously implicated loci for schizophrenia based on the SZGene database, NHGRI GWAS Catalog, copy number variation studies, GWAS meta-analysis results from the international Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) and candidate genes from plausible biological pathways (254 SNPs). Within the chromosomal region Xq28, SNP rs2269372 in RENBP achieved genome-wide significance with a combined P value of 3.98 × 10(-8) (OR of allele A = 1.31). SNPs with suggestive P values were identified within 2 genes that have been previously implicated in schizophrenia, MECP2 (rs2734647, P combined = 8.78 × 10(-7), OR = 1.28; rs2239464, P combined = 6.71 × 10(-6), OR = 1.26) and ARHGAP4 (rs2269368, P combined = 4.74 × 10(-7), OR = 1.25). In addition, the patient sample in our follow-up study showed a significantly greater burden for pre-defined risk alleles based on the SNPs selected than the controls. This indicates the existence of schizophrenia susceptibility loci among the SNPs we selected. This also further supports multigenic inheritance in schizophrenia. Our findings identified a new schizophrenia susceptibility locus on Xq28, which harbor the genes RENBP, MECP2, and ARHGAP4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily H.M. Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,
Co-first authors
| | - Hon-Cheong So
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,
Co-first authors
| | - Miaoxin Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quang Wang
- The Mental Health Centre and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Amy W. Butler
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Basil Paul
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hei-Man Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tomy C.K. Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu-Chung Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man-Ting So
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Maria-Mercè Garcia-Barcelo
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grainne M. McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, UK
| | - Eric Y.H. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Raymond C.K. Chan
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaun M. Purcell
- Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
| | - Stacey S. Cherny
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;,State Key Laboratory in Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong King, China
| | - Ronald R.L. Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Li
- The Mental Health Centre and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Pak-Chung Sham
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory in Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong King, China;
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe and progressive neurological disorder, which mainly affects young females. Mutations of the methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene are the most prevalent cause of classical RTT cases. MECP2 mutations or altered expression are also associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders with recent links to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Collectively, MeCP2 relation to these neurodevelopmental disorders highlights the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms by which MeCP2 impacts brain development, mental conditions, and compromised brain function. Since MECP2 mutations were discovered to be the primary cause of RTT, a significant progress has been made in the MeCP2 research, with respect to the expression, function and regulation of MeCP2 in the brain and its contribution in RTT pathogenesis. To date, there have been intensive efforts in designing effective therapeutic strategies for RTT benefiting from mouse models and cells collected from RTT patients. Despite significant progress in MeCP2 research over the last few decades, there is still a knowledge gap between the in vitro and in vivo research findings and translating these findings into effective therapeutic interventions in human RTT patients. In this review, we will provide a synopsis of Rett syndrome as a severe neurological disorder and will discuss the role of MeCP2 in RTT pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
34
|
Fabio RA, Castelli I, Marchetti A, Antonietti A. Training communication abilities in Rett Syndrome through reading and writing. Front Psychol 2013; 4:911. [PMID: 24367345 PMCID: PMC3854542 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this clinical case study is to investigate the possibility of training communication abilities in people with Rett Syndrome (RS). Usually, girls with RS never exceed the sensorimotor stage of development, but the inter-individual variability typical of RS may lead us to doubt the irrevocability of that developmental limit, especially for those girls who are engaged in cognitive rehabilitation. The case study reported here concerns a 21-year-old girl with RS who was engaged in cognitive rehabilitation training based upon the principles of Feuerstein's modificability and mediated learning theory. The training aimed to teach her basic concepts and enhance reading-writing abilities. Statistical analyses showed that the girl reached adequate reading-writing abilities, proving the validity of the cognitive intervention which allowed her to communicate by composing words with her forefinger on an alphabetic table. Although these results need to be cautiously considered as they derive from a single case study, they have implications for future cognitive rehabilitation for deeply impaired clinical conditions as in the case of RS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Angela Fabio
- Department of Cognitive Science and Education, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Marchetti
- Research Unit on Theory of Mind, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonietti
- Service of Learning and Education Psychology, Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mullin AP, Gokhale A, Moreno-De-Luca A, Sanyal S, Waddington JL, Faundez V. Neurodevelopmental disorders: mechanisms and boundary definitions from genomes, interactomes and proteomes. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e329. [PMID: 24301647 PMCID: PMC4030327 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia lack precise boundaries in their clinical definitions, epidemiology, genetics and protein-protein interactomes. This calls into question the appropriateness of current categorical disease concepts. Recently, there has been a rising tide to reformulate neurodevelopmental nosological entities from biology upward. To facilitate this developing trend, we propose that identification of unique proteomic signatures that can be strongly associated with patient's risk alleles and proteome-interactome-guided exploration of patient genomes could define biological mechanisms necessary to reformulate disorder definitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Mullin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Moreno-De-Luca
- Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute, Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA
| | - S Sanyal
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Biogen-Idec, 14 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J L Waddington
- Molecular & Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - V Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA,Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Center for Social Translational Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Prefrontal cortical dysfunction after overexpression of histone deacetylase 1. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:696-705. [PMID: 23664640 PMCID: PMC3797203 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postmortem brain studies have shown that HDAC1-a lysine deacetylase with broad activity against histones and nonhistone proteins-is frequently expressed at increased levels in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia and related disease. However, it remains unclear whether upregulated expression of Hdac1 in the PFC could affect cognition and behavior. METHODS Using adeno-associated virus, an Hdac1 transgene was expressed in young adult mouse PFC, followed by behavioral assays for working and long-term memory, repetitive activity, and response to novelty. Prefrontal cortex transcriptomes were profiled by microarray. Antipsychotic drug effects were explored in mice treated for 21 days with haloperidol or clozapine. RESULTS Hdac1 overexpression in PFC neurons and astrocytes resulted in robust impairments in working memory, increased repetitive behaviors, and abnormal locomotor response profiles in novel environments. Long-term memory remained intact. Over 300 transcripts showed subtle but significant changes in Hdac1-overexpressing PFC. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)-related transcripts, including HLA-DQA1/H2-Aa, HLA-DQB1/H2-Ab1, and HLA-DRB1/H2-Eb1, located in the chromosome 6p21.3-22.1 schizophrenia and bipolar disorder risk locus, were among the subset of genes with a more robust (>1.5-fold) downregulation in expression. Hdac1 levels declined during the course of normal PFC development. Antipsychotic drug treatment, including the atypical clozapine, did not affect Hdac1 levels in PFC but induced expression of multiple MHC II transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Excessive HDAC1 activity, due to developmental defects or other factors, is associated with behavioral alterations and dysregulated expression of MHC II and other gene transcripts in the PFC.
Collapse
|
37
|
Larimore J, Ryder PV, Kim KY, Ambrose LA, Chapleau C, Calfa G, Gross C, Bassell GJ, Pozzo-Miller L, Smith Y, Talbot K, Park IH, Faundez V. MeCP2 regulates the synaptic expression of a Dysbindin-BLOC-1 network component in mouse brain and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65069. [PMID: 23750231 PMCID: PMC3672180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic evidence suggest overlapping pathogenic mechanisms between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. We tested this hypothesis by asking if mutations in the ASD gene MECP2 which cause Rett syndrome affect the expression of genes encoding the schizophrenia risk factor dysbindin, a subunit of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1), and associated interacting proteins. We measured mRNA and protein levels of key components of a dysbindin interaction network by, quantitative real time PCR and quantitative immunohistochemistry in hippocampal samples of wild-type and Mecp2 mutant mice. In addition, we confirmed results by performing immunohistochemistry of normal human hippocampus and quantitative qRT-PCR of human inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived human neurons from Rett syndrome patients. We defined the distribution of the BLOC-1 subunit pallidin in human and mouse hippocampus and contrasted this distribution with that of symptomatic Mecp2 mutant mice. Neurons from mutant mice and Rett syndrome patients displayed selectively reduced levels of pallidin transcript. Pallidin immunoreactivity decreased in the hippocampus of symptomatic Mecp2 mutant mice, a feature most prominent at asymmetric synapses as determined by immunoelectron microcopy. Pallidin immunoreactivity decreased concomitantly with reduced BDNF content in the hippocampus of Mecp2 mice. Similarly, BDNF content was reduced in the hippocampus of BLOC-1 deficient mice suggesting that genetic defects in BLOC-1 are upstream of the BDNF phenotype in Mecp2 deficient mice. Our results demonstrate that the ASD-related gene Mecp2 regulates the expression of components belonging to the dysbindin interactome and these molecular differences may contribute to synaptic phenotypes that characterize Mecp2 deficiencies and ASD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Larimore
- Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pearl V. Ryder
- Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kun-Yong Kim
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - L. Alex Ambrose
- Department of Biology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher Chapleau
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gaston Calfa
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christina Gross
- Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gary J. Bassell
- Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yoland Smith
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Konrad Talbot
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Victor Faundez
- Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chapleau CA, Lane J, Kirwin SM, Schanen C, Vinette KMB, Stubbolo D, MacLeod P, Glaze DG, Motil KJ, Neul JL, Skinner SA, Kaufmann WE, Percy AK. Detection of rarely identified multiple mutations in MECP2 gene do not contribute to enhanced severity in Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1638-46. [PMID: 23696494 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to characterize the influence of multiple mutations in the MECP2 gene in a cohort of individuals with Rett syndrome. Further analysis demonstrated that nearly all resulted from de novo in cis mutations, where the disease severity was indistinguishable from single mutations. Our methods involved enrolling participants in the RTT Natural History Study (NHS). After providing informed consent through their parents or principal caretakers, additional molecular assessments were performed in the participants and their parents to assess the presence and location of more than one mutation in each. Clinical severity was assessed at each visit in those participants in the NHS. Non-contiguous MECP2 gene variations were detected in 12 participants and contiguous mutations involving a deletion and insertion in three participants. Thirteen of 15 participants had mutations that were in cis; four (of 13) had three MECP2 mutations; two (of 15) had mutations that were both in cis and in trans (i.e., on different alleles). Clinical severity did not appear different from NHS participants with a single similar mutation. Mutations in cis were identified in most participants; two individuals had mutations both in cis and in trans. The presence of multiple mutations was not associated with greater severity. Nevertheless, multiple mutations will require greater thought in the future, if genetic assignment to drug treatment protocols is considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Chapleau
- Department of Pharmacy, Civitan International Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT, MIM#312750) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is classified as an autism spectrum disorder. Clinically, RTT is characterized by psychomotor regression with loss of volitional hand use and spoken language, the development of repetitive hand stereotypies, and gait impairment. The majority of people with RTT have mutations in Methyl-CpG-binding Protein 2 (MECP2), a transcriptional regulator. Interestingly, alterations in the function of the protein product produced by MECP2, MeCP2, have been identified in a number of other clinical conditions. The many clinical features found in RTT and the various clinical problems that result from alteration in MeCP2 function have led to the belief that understanding RTT will provide insight into a number of other neurological disorders. Excitingly, RTT is reversible in a mouse model, providing inspiration and hope that such a goal may be achieved for RTT and potentially for many neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Lorenz Neul
- Neurological Research Institute, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1250.18, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chapleau CA, Lane J, Larimore J, Li W, Pozzo-Miller L, Percy AK. Recent Progress in Rett Syndrome and MeCP2 Dysfunction: Assessment of Potential Treatment Options. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013; 8. [PMID: 24348096 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic communication is highly regulated process of contact between cells allowing information to be stored and modified. Synaptic formation and maturation is the result of interactions between intrinsic genetic/molecular factors and the external environment to establish the communication in the brain. One disorder associated with faulty synapse communication is Rett Syndrome (RTT). RTT is the leading form of severe MR in females, affecting approximately 1:10,000 females worldwide, without predisposition to any particular racial or ethnic group. Mutations in MECP2, the gene encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein-2, have been identified in more than 95% of individuals with RTT. Birth and the milestones of early development appear to be normal in individuals with RTT until approximately 6-18 months when in the subsequent months and years that follows, physical, motor, and social-cognitive development enter a period of regression. The clinical management of these individuals is extremely multifaceted, relying on collaborations of specialists and researchers from many different fields. In this critical literature review, we provide an overview of Rett Syndrome, from patient to pathophysiology with a therapeutic summary of clinical trials in RTT and preclinical studies using mouse and cell models of RTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Chapleau
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jane Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, Civitan International Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer Larimore
- Biology Department and Neuroscience Program, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Alan K Percy
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Civitan International Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Ten percent of cases of intellectual deficiency in boys are caused by genes located on the X chromosome. X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) includes more than 200 syndromes and 80 genes identified to date. The fragile X syndrome is the most frequent syndrome, due to a dynamic mutation with a CGG triplet amplification. Mental retardation is virtually always present. Phonological and syntactic impairments are often combined with pragmatic language impairment and visuospatial reasoning difficulties. A minority fulfill the criteria for autism. In girls, the clinical expression of the complete mutation varies according to the X chromosome inactivation profile. Several XLMR occur as severe early onset encephalopathies: Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome, ATR-X syndrome (alpha thalassemia/mental retardation X-linked), Allan-Herdon-Dudley syndrome (MCT8 gene). Two genes, ARX (X-LAG; Partington syndrome) and MECP2 (Rett syndrome in females; mild MR with spastic diplegia/psychotic problems in males) are associated with various phenotypes, according to the mutation involved. Oligophrenine 1 (OPHN-1) gene mutations lead to vermal dysplasia. PQBP1 gene mutations (Renpenning syndrome) are responsible for moderate to severe mental deficiency, microcephaly, and small stature. Although some forms of XLMR are not very specific and the phenotype for each given gene is somewhat heterogeneous, a clinical diagnostic strategy is emerging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent des Portes
- Reference Center for Fragile X and other X-linked Intellectual Disabilities and Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, CHU de Lyon, Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Farra N, Zhang WB, Pasceri P, Eubanks JH, Salter MW, Ellis J. Rett syndrome induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons reveal novel neurophysiological alterations. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:1261-71. [PMID: 22230884 PMCID: PMC3504383 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental autism spectrum disorder caused by mutations in the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) gene. Here, we describe the first characterization and neuronal differentiation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from Mecp2-deficient mice. Fully reprogrammed wild-type (WT) and heterozygous female iPS cells express endogenous pluripotency markers, reactivate the X-chromosome and differentiate into the three germ layers. We directed iPS cells to produce glutamatergic neurons, which generated action potentials and formed functional excitatory synapses. iPS cell-derived neurons from heterozygous Mecp2(308) mice showed defects in the generation of evoked action potentials and glutamatergic synaptic transmission, as previously reported in brain slices. Further, we examined electrophysiology features not yet studied with the RTT iPS cell system and discovered that MeCP2-deficient neurons fired fewer action potentials, and displayed decreased action potential amplitude, diminished peak inward currents and higher input resistance relative to WT iPS-derived neurons. Deficiencies in action potential firing and inward currents suggest that disturbed Na(+) channel function may contribute to the dysfunctional RTT neuronal network. These phenotypes were additionally confirmed in neurons derived from independent WT and hemizygous mutant iPS cell lines, indicating that these reproducible deficits are attributable to MeCP2 deficiency. Taken together, these results demonstrate that neuronally differentiated MeCP2-deficient iPS cells recapitulate deficits observed previously in primary neurons, and these identified phenotypes further illustrate the requirement of MeCP2 in neuronal development and/or in the maintenance of normal function. By validating the use of iPS cells to delineate mechanisms underlying RTT pathogenesis, we identify deficiencies that can be targeted for in vitro translational screens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Farra
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guerrini R, Parrini E. Epilepsy in Rett syndrome, and CDKL5- and FOXG1-gene-related encephalopathies. Epilepsia 2012; 53:2067-78. [PMID: 22998673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rett syndrome is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in early childhood with developmental stagnation, and loss of spoken language and hand use, with the development of distinctive hand stereotypies, severe cognitive impairment, and autistic features. About 60% of patients have epilepsy. Seizure onset before the age of 3 years is unlikely, and onset after age 20 is rare. Diagnosis of Rett syndrome is based on key clinical elements that identify "typical" Rett syndrome but also "variant" or "atypical" forms. Diagnostic criteria have been modified only slightly over time, even after discovering that MECP2 gene alterations are present in >90% of patients with typical Rett syndrome but only in 50-70% of atypical cases. Over the last several years, intragenic or genomic alterations of the CDKL5 and FOXG1 genes have been associated with severe cognitive impairment, early onset epilepsy and, often, dyskinetic movement disorders, which have variably been defined as Rett variants. It is now clearly emerging that epilepsy has distinctive characteristics in typical Rett syndrome and in the different syndromes caused by CDKL5 and FOXG1 gene alterations. The progressive parting of CDKL5- and FOXG1-gene-related encephalopathies from the core Rett syndrome is reflected by the effort to produce clearer diagnostic criteria for typical and atypical Rett syndrome. Efforts to characterize the molecular pathology underlying these developmental encephalopathies are pointing to abnormalities of telencephalic development, neuronal morphogenesis, maturation and maintenance, and dendritic arborization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Children's Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Blank T, Prinz M. Microglia as modulators of cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. Glia 2012; 61:62-70. [PMID: 22740320 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has become evident recently only that microglia are not only responsible for immunomodulatory functions in the brain but represent vital components of the larger synaptic formation, which also includes pre and postsynaptic neurones as well as astrocytes. Microglia critically contribute to CNS homeostasis by their actions in phagocytosis of cellular debris, release of a variety of cell signaling factors including neurotrophins and extracellular matrix components and direct contact with neurons. The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the involvement of microglia in cognitive processes and neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and Rett syndrome and to outline their potential signaling mechanisms in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Blank
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zoghbi HY, Bear MF. Synaptic dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with autism and intellectual disabilities. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a009886. [PMID: 22258914 PMCID: PMC3282414 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the genetic causes of syndromic autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disabilities has greatly informed our understanding of the molecular pathways critical for normal synaptic function. The top-down approaches using human phenotypes and genetics helped identify causative genes and uncovered the broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric features that can result from various mutations in the same gene. Importantly, the human studies unveiled the exquisite sensitivity of cognitive function to precise levels of many diverse proteins. Bottom-up approaches applying molecular, biochemical, and neurophysiological studies to genetic models of these disorders revealed unsuspected pathogenic mechanisms and identified potential therapeutic targets. Moreover, studies in model organisms showed that symptoms of these devastating disorders can be reversed, which brings hope that affected individuals might benefit from interventions even after symptoms set in. Scientists predict that insights gained from studying these rare syndromic disorders will have an impact on the more common nonsyndromic autism and mild cognitive deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huda Y Zoghbi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Dysfunction in GABA signalling mediates autism-like stereotypies and Rett syndrome phenotypes. Nature 2010; 468:263-9. [PMID: 21068835 PMCID: PMC3057962 DOI: 10.1038/nature09582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the X-linked MECP2, which encodes the transcriptional regulator methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) cause Rett syndrome (RTT) and several neurodevelopmental disorders including cognitive disorders, autism, juvenile-onset schizophrenia, and encephalopathy with early lethality. RTT is characterized by apparently normal early development followed by regression, motor abnormalities, seizures, and features of autism, especially stereotyped behaviors. The mechanisms mediating these striking features are poorly understood. Here we show that mice lacking Mecp2 from γ-amino-butyric-acid-(GABA)-ergic neurons recapitulate numerous RTT and autistic features, including repetitive behaviors. Loss of MeCP2 from a subset of forebrain GABAergic neurons also recapitulates many features of RTT. MeCP2-deficient GABAergic neurons show reduced inhibitory quantal size consistent with presynaptic reduction in glutamic acid decarboxylase-1 and -2 levels and GABA immunoreactivity. These data demonstrate that MeCP2 is critical for normal GABAergic neuronal function and that subtle dysfunction of GABAergic neurons contributes to numerous neuropsychiatric phenotypes.
Collapse
|
47
|
Wong J, Hyde TM, Cassano HL, Deep-Soboslay A, Kleinman JE, Weickert CS. Promoter specific alterations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2010; 169:1071-84. [PMID: 20553817 PMCID: PMC3118308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene contains multiple 5' promoters which generate alternate transcripts. Previously, we found that pan-BDNF mRNA and protein are reduced in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) from patients with schizophrenia. In this study, we determined which of the four most abundant and best characterized BDNF alternate transcripts, I-IX, II-IX, IV-IX, and VI-IX are altered in schizophrenia. Using a cohort from the NIMH, USA, we found that BDNF II-IX mRNA was significantly reduced in the DLPFC of patients with schizophrenia, and we replicated this finding using a second cohort from Sydney, Australia. Moreover, we show that BDNF protein expression [including prepro ( approximately 32 kDa), pro ( approximately 28 kDa) and mature ( approximately 14 kDa) BDNF] is reduced in the DLPFC of patients with schizophrenia. We next determined the regional specificity of the BDNF mRNA reduction by measuring BDNF transcripts in the parietal cortex and hippocampus and found no significant changes. The effect of antipsychotics on BDNF alternate transcript expression was also examined and we found no relationship between BDNF mRNA expression and antipsychotic use. As schizophrenic patients are often prescribed antidepressants which can up-regulate expression of BDNF, we investigated the relationship between antidepressant treatment and BDNF transcript expression. All four BDNF transcripts were significantly up-regulated in schizophrenic patients treated with antidepressants. Moreover, we found significant reductions in BDNF transcripts II-IX and IV-IX in the parietal cortex and VI-IX in the hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia who did not have a history of treatment with antidepressants. This suggests that down-regulation of at least one out of four major BDNF transcripts occurs in various brain regions of patients with schizophrenia, particularly in the DLPFC which appears to have the most robust BDNF deficit in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Wong
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Hyde
- Section on Neuropathology of the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hope L. Cassano
- Section on Neuropathology of the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy Deep-Soboslay
- Section on Neuropathology of the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joel E. Kleinman
- Section on Neuropathology of the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick NSW 2031, Australia
- Section on Neuropathology of the Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, GCAP, IRP, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
McWilliam C, Cooke A, Lobo D, Warner J, Taylor M, Tolmie JL. Semi-dominant X-chromosome linked learning disability with progressive ataxia, spasticity and dystonia associated with the novel MECP2 variant p.V122A: akin to the new MECP2 duplication syndrome? Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2010; 14:267-9. [PMID: 19592282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel X-chromosome linked phenotype is reported. Three affected males had learning disability in early childhood and subsequently developed progressive ataxia, dystonia, and spasticity with death at ages 9, 14 and 19 years. Two female obligate carriers had learning difficulties with psychosis in one case. A third, possible carrier had learning difficulties and epilepsy. A family study indicates that this inherited syndrome is most likely due to an unreported MECP2 variant, p.V122A, located in the methyl binding domain of the MECP2 protein. The clinical features are similar to those present in the newly reported MECP2 duplication syndrome. Non-progressive neuropsychiatric symptoms in female relatives of a male child with learning disability, ataxia and progressive spasticity may constitute a clue to inherited, MECP2 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine McWilliam
- West of Scotland Regional Genetics Service, Yorkhill Hospitals, Glasgow G3 8 SJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Jentarra GM, Olfers SL, Rice SG, Srivastava N, Homanics GE, Blue M, Naidu S, Narayanan V. Abnormalities of cell packing density and dendritic complexity in the MeCP2 A140V mouse model of Rett syndrome/X-linked mental retardation. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:19. [PMID: 20163734 PMCID: PMC2836362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rett syndrome (RTT), a common cause of mental retardation in girls, is associated with mutations in the MECP2 gene. Most human cases of MECP2 mutation in girls result in classical or variant forms of RTT. When these same mutations occur in males, they often present as severe neonatal encephalopathy. However, some MECP2 mutations can also lead to diseases characterized as mental retardation syndromes, particularly in boys. One of these mutations, A140V, is a common, recurring missense mutation accounting for about 0.6% of all MeCP2 mutations and ranking 21st by frequency. It has been described in familial X-linked mental retardation (XLMR), PPM- X syndrome (Parkinsonism, Pyramidal signs, Macroorchidism, X-linked mental retardation) and in other neuropsychiatric syndromes. Interestingly, this mutation has been reported to preserve the methyl-CpG binding function of the MeCP2 protein while compromising its ability to bind to the mental retardation associated protein ATRX. Results We report the construction and initial characterization of a mouse model expressing the A140V MeCP2 mutation. These initial descriptive studies in male hemizygous mice have revealed brain abnormalities seen in both RTT and mental retardation. The abnormalities found include increases in cell packing density in the brain and a significant reduction in the complexity of neuronal dendritic branching. In contrast to some MeCP2 mutation mouse models, the A140V mouse has an apparently normal lifespan and normal weight gain patterns with no obvious seizures, tremors, breathing difficulties or kyphosis. Conclusion We have identified various neurological abnormalities in this mouse model of Rett syndrome/X-linked mental retardation which may help to elucidate the manner in which MECP2 mutations cause neuronal changes resulting in mental retardation without the confounding effects of seizures, chronic hypoventilation, or other Rett syndrome associated symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garilyn M Jentarra
- Neurology Research Department, Barrow Neurological Institute, NRC 438, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Methyl CpG binding protein-2 (MeCP2) is an essential epigenetic regulator in human brain development. Rett syndrome, the primary disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene, is characterized by a period of cognitive decline and development of hand stereotypies and seizures following an apparently normal early infancy. In addition, MECP2 mutations and duplications are observed in a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, including severe neonatal encephalopathy, X-linked mental retardation, and autism, implicating MeCP2 as an essential regulator of postnatal brain development. In this review, we compare the mutation types and inheritance patterns of the human disorders associated with MECP2. In addition, we summarize the current understanding of MeCP2 as a central epigenetic regulator of activity-dependent synaptic maturation. As MeCP2 occupies a central role in the pathogenesis of multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, continued investigation into MeCP2 function and regulatory pathways may show promise for developing broad-spectrum therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Gonzales
- School of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Janine M. LaSalle
- School of Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| |
Collapse
|