1
|
Parker DA, Imes S, Ruban G, Ousley OY, Henshey B, Massa NM, Walker E, Cubells JF, Duncan E. Reduced amplitude and slowed latency of the acoustic startle response in adolescents and adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Schizophr Res 2024; 269:9-17. [PMID: 38703519 PMCID: PMC11180576 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is one of the most robust genetic predictors of psychosis and other psychiatric illnesses. In this study, we examined 22q11DS subjects' acoustic startle responses (ASRs), which putatively index psychosis risk. Latency of the ASR is a presumptive marker of neural processing speed and is prolonged (slower) in schizophrenia. ASR measures correlate with increased psychosis risk, depend on glutamate and dopamine receptor signaling, and could serve as translational biomarkers in interventions for groups at high psychosis risk. METHODS Startle magnitude, latency, and prepulse inhibition were assessed with a standard acoustic startle paradigm in 31 individuals with 22q11.2DS and 32 healthy comparison (HC) subjects. Surface electrodes placed on participants' orbicularis oculi recorded the electromyographic signal in ASR eyeblinks. Individuals without measurable startle blinks in the initial habituation block were classified as non-startlers. RESULTS Across the startle session, the ASR magnitude was significantly lower in 22q11DS subjects than HCs because a significantly higher proportion of 22q11DS subjects were non-startlers. Latency of the ASR to pulse-alone stimuli was significantly slower in 22q11DS than HC subjects. Due to the overall lower 22q11DS startle response frequency and magnitudes prepulse inhibition could not be analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Reduced magnitude and slow latency of 22q11DS subjects' responses suggest reduced central nervous system and neuronal responsiveness. These findings are consistent with significant cognitive impairments observed in 22q11DS subjects. Further research is needed to untangle the connections among basic neurotransmission dysfunction, psychophysiological responsiveness, and cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Alan Parker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America.
| | - Sid Imes
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Ruban
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Opal Yates Ousley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | | | - Nicholas M Massa
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Health Care System, United States of America
| | - Elaine Walker
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, United States of America
| | - Joseph F Cubells
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory Autism Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Erica Duncan
- Atlanta Veterans Administration Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schiöth HB, Donzelli L, Arvidsson N, Williams MJ, Moulin TC. Evidence for Prepulse Inhibition of Visually Evoked Motor Response in Drosophila melanogaster. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040635. [PMID: 37106835 PMCID: PMC10135638 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a widely investigated behavior to study the mechanisms of disorders such as anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar mania. PPI has been observed across various vertebrate and invertebrate species; however, it has not yet been reported in adult Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we describe the first detection of PPI of visually evoked locomotor arousal in flies. To validate our findings, we demonstrate that PPI in Drosophila can be partially reverted by the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801, known for inducing sensorimotor gating deficits in rodent models. Additionally, we show that the visually evoked response can be inhibited by multiple stimuli presentation, which can also be affected by MK-801. Given the versatility of Drosophila as a model organism for genetic screening and analysis, our results suggest that high-throughput behavioral screenings of adult flies can become a valuable tool for investigating the mechanisms behind PPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura Donzelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Arvidsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Williams
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thiago C Moulin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Division of Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al-Absi AR, Thambiappa SK, Khan AR, Glerup S, Sanchez C, Landau AM, Nyengaard JR. Df(h22q11)/+ mouse model exhibits reduced binding levels of GABA A receptors and structural and functional dysregulation in the inhibitory and excitatory networks of hippocampus. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 122:103769. [PMID: 35988854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 hemizygous deletion confers high risk for multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. Inhibitory signaling, largely regulated through GABAA receptors, is suggested to serve a multitude of brain functions that are disrupted in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We investigated the putative deficit of GABAA receptors and the potential substrates contributing to the inhibitory and excitatory dysregulations in hippocampal networks of the Df(h22q11)/+ mouse model of the 22q11.2 hemizygous deletion. The Df(h22q11)/+ mice exhibited impairments in several hippocampus-related functional domains, represented by impaired spatial memory and sensory gating functions. Autoradiography using the [3H]muscimol tracer revealed a significant reduction in GABAA receptor binding in the CA1 and CA3 subregions, together with a loss of GAD67+ interneurons in CA1 of Df(h22q11)/+ mice. Furthermore, electrophysiology recordings exhibited significantly higher neuronal activity in CA3, in response to the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, as compared with wild type mice. Density and volume of dendritic spines in pyramidal neurons were reduced and Sholl analysis also showed a reduction in the complexity of basal dendritic tree in CA1 and CA3 subregions of Df(h22q11)/+ mice. Overall, our findings demonstrate that hemizygous deletion in the 22q11.2 locus leads to dysregulations in the inhibitory circuits, involving reduced binding levels of GABAA receptors, in addition to functional and structural modulations of the excitatory networks of hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Rahman Al-Absi
- Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Sakeerthi Kethees Thambiappa
- Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Ahmad Raza Khan
- Centre of Biomedical Research (CBMR), SGPGIMS Campus, Lucknow, India.
| | - Simon Glerup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Connie Sanchez
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Anne M Landau
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cornblath EJ, Mahadevan A, He X, Ruparel K, Lydon-Staley DM, Moore TM, Gur RC, Zackai EH, Emanuel B, McDonald-McGinn DM, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Roalf DR, Gur RE, Bassett DS. Altered functional brain dynamics in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome during facial affect processing. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1158-1166. [PMID: 34686764 PMCID: PMC9023602 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multisystem disorder associated with multiple congenital anomalies, variable medical features, and neurodevelopmental differences resulting in diverse psychiatric phenotypes, including marked deficits in facial memory and social cognition. Neuroimaging in individuals with 22q11.2DS has revealed differences relative to matched controls in BOLD fMRI activation during facial affect processing tasks. However, time-varying interactions between brain areas during facial affect processing have not yet been studied with BOLD fMRI in 22q11.2DS. We applied constrained principal component analysis to identify temporally overlapping brain activation patterns from BOLD fMRI data acquired during an emotion identification task from 58 individuals with 22q11.2DS and 58 age-, race-, and sex-matched healthy controls. Delayed frontal-motor feedback signals were diminished in individuals with 22q11.2DS, as were delayed emotional memory signals engaging amygdala, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. Early task-related engagement of motor and visual cortices and salience-related insular activation were relatively preserved in 22q11.2DS. Insular activation was associated with task performance within the 22q11.2DS sample. Differences in cortical surface area, but not cortical thickness, showed spatial alignment with an activation pattern associated with face processing. These findings suggest that relative to matched controls, primary visual processing and insular function are relatively intact in individuals with 22q11.22DS, while motor feedback, face processing, and emotional memory processes are more affected. Such insights may help inform potential interventional targets and enhance the specificity of neuroimaging indices of cognitive dysfunction in 22q11.2DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eli J. Cornblath
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Arun Mahadevan
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Xiaosong He
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Kosha Ruparel
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David M. Lydon-Staley
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 877022q and You and Clinical Genetics Centers, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Beverly Emanuel
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 877022q and You and Clinical Genetics Centers, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Daniel H. Wolf
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - David R. Roalf
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Dani S. Bassett
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA ,Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, Philadelphia, PA USA ,grid.209665.e0000 0001 1941 1940Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, & Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu N, Lei L, Lin Y, Ju LS, Morey TE, Gravenstein N, Yang J, Martynyuk AE. A Methyltransferase Inhibitor (Decitabine) Alleviates Intergenerational Effects of Paternal Neonatal Exposure to Anesthesia With Sevoflurane. Anesth Analg 2020; 131:1291-1299. [PMID: 32925350 PMCID: PMC7593836 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal exposure to sevoflurane induces neurobehavioral and neuroendocrine abnormalities in exposed male rats (generation F0) and neurobehavioral, but not neuroendocrine, abnormalities in their male, but not female, offspring (generation F1). These effects of sevoflurane are accompanied by a hypermethylated neuron-specific K-2Cl (Kcc2) Cl exporter gene in the F0 spermatozoa and the F1 male hypothalamus, while the gene's expression is reduced in the F0 and F1 hypothalamus. We investigated whether inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferases (DNMTs) before paternal sevoflurane exposure could alleviate the anesthetic's F0 and F1 effects. METHODS Sprague-Dawley male rats were anesthetized with 2.1% sevoflurane for 5 hours on postnatal day (P) 5 and mated with control females on P90 to generate offspring. The nonselective DNMT inhibitor decitabine (0.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered 30 minutes before sevoflurane exposure. The F0 and F1 male rats were evaluated in in vivo and in vitro tests in adulthood. RESULTS Paternal exposure to sevoflurane induced impaired prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and exacerbated corticosterone responses to stress in F0 males and impaired prepulse inhibition of the startle responses in F1 males. These effects were accompanied in both generations by reduced and increased expressions of hypothalamic Kcc2 and Dnmt3a/b, respectively. Decitabine deterred the effects of paternal exposure to sevoflurane in F0 and F1 males. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that similar decitabine-sensitive mechanisms regulating expression of multiple genes are involved in the mediation of neurobehavioral abnormalities in sires neonatally exposed to sevoflurane and in their future unexposed male offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yunan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ling-Sha Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Timothy E. Morey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Nikolaus Gravenstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Anatoly E. Martynyuk
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Linton SR, Popa AM, Luck SJ, Bolden K, Carter CS, Niendam TA, Simon TJ. Neural and behavioral measures suggest that cognitive and affective functioning interactions mediate risk for psychosis-proneness symptoms in youth with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1615-1630. [PMID: 32319730 PMCID: PMC9196260 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral components of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q), caused by the most common human microdeletion, include cognitive and adaptive functioning impairments, heightened anxiety, and an elevated risk of schizophrenia. We investigated how interactions between executive function and the largely overlooked factor of emotion regulation might relate to the incidence of symptoms of psychotic thinking in youth with 22q. We measured neural activity with event-related potentials (ERPs) in variants of an inhibitory function (Go/No-Go) experimental paradigm that presented affective or non-affective stimuli. The study replicated inhibition impairments in the 22q group that were amplified in the presence of stimuli with negative, more than positive affective salience. Importantly, the anterior N2 conflict monitoring ERP significantly increased when youth with 22q viewed angry and happy facial expressions, unlike the typically developing participants. This suggests that youth with 22q may require greater conflict monitoring resources when controlling their behavior in response to highly salient social signals. This evidence of both behavioral and neurophysiological differences in affectively influenced inhibitory function suggests that frequently anxious youth with 22q may struggle more with cognitive control in emotionally charged social settings, which could influence their risk of developing symptoms of psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Linton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Abbie M Popa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Steven J Luck
- Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Khalima Bolden
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Cameron S Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Tara A Niendam
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kponee-Shovein KZ, Weisskopf MG, Grashow R, Rotem RS, Coull BA, Schnaas L, Hernández-Chávez MDC, Sanchez B, Peterson K, Hu H, Téllez-Rojo MM. Estimating the causal effect of prenatal lead exposure on prepulse inhibition deficits in children and adolescents. Neurotoxicology 2020; 78:116-126. [PMID: 32126243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, maternal lead from earlier exposures mobilizes and crosses placental barriers, placing the developing fetus at risk for lead exposure and neurodevelopmental deficits. Some neuronal circuits known to be affected in neurodevelopment disorders can be probed with simple physiological behavioral paradigms. One such neural biomarker is Pre-Pulse Inhibition (PPI), an indicator of adequate sensorimotor gating processing. In clinical studies, deficits in PPI have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in human subjects. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the use of PPI as a biomarker of toxicant effects on the brain in epidemiological studies. We aimed to estimate the causal effect of prenatal lead exposure, assessed by maternal cortical bone lead concentrations, on PPI in 279 children from Mexico City. in vivo maternal cortical bone lead measurements were taken at four weeks postpartum at the mid-tibia shaft using a K-Shell X-ray fluorescence instrument. PPI recording occurred in an isolated clinical setting and eye blink responses were measured using electromyography. We assessed if the conditions for causal inference held in our study and used the results of our assessment to estimate the causal effect of prenatal lead exposure on PPI using an ordinary least squares regression model, a marginal structural model, and the parametric g-formula. Results were consistent across the three modeling approaches. For the parametric g-formula, a one standard deviation (10.0 μg/g) increase in prenatal lead significantly reduced PPI by approximately 19.0 % (95 % CI: 5.4 %, 34.3 %). This decrease is similar in magnitude to clinical studies on schizophrenia, which have observed PPI impairments in patients with schizophrenia as compared to controls. Our results are consistent with findings from other studies establishing an association between lead exposure and neurodevelopmental disorders in children and suggest that PPI may be useful as an objective biomarker of toxicant effects on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalé Z Kponee-Shovein
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Grashow
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ran S Rotem
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Departments of Biostatistics and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Division of Research in Community Interventions, Instituto Nacional De Perinatología Isidro Espinosa De Los Reyes, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Maria Del Carmen Hernández-Chávez
- Division of Research in Community Interventions, Instituto Nacional De Perinatología Isidro Espinosa De Los Reyes, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Brisa Sanchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karen Peterson
- Departments of Global Public Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Howard Hu
- University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kponee-Shovein KZ, Grashow R, Coull BA, Téllez-Rojo MM, Schnaas L, Del Carmen Hernández-Chávez M, Sánchez B, Peterson K, Hu H, Hernandez-Avila M, Weisskopf MG. Socio-demographic predictors of prepulse inhibition: A prospective study in children and adolescents from Mexico City. Biol Psychol 2019; 145:8-16. [PMID: 30940478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a sensorimotor gating mechanism that reduces interfering influences to the neural processing of incoming stimuli, and is associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. To date, research on PPI and neurodevelopmental disorders has primarily been in cross-sectional, clinical settings. In this prospective, epidemiologic study, we used a data-driven prediction model to identify socio-demographic predictors of PPI in children and adolescents from Mexico City to inform future etiologic studies evaluating PPI. We conducted variable selection and validation using a modified version of the multiple imputation random lasso (MIRL) variable selection algorithm. MIRL identified six predictors of PPI at a stimulus onset asynchrony of 120 ms or 240 ms. Of those six predictors, maternal education, birthweight, and total breastfeeding months were highlighted as previously unstudied variables associated with enhanced PPI. Our findings highlight the potential value of PPI as an adjunct screening tool for identifying children at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders and underscore the relevance for validation research on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalé Z Kponee-Shovein
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rachel Grashow
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent A Coull
- Departments of Biostatistics and Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martha M Téllez-Rojo
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Schnaas
- Division of Research in Community Interventions, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Maria Del Carmen Hernández-Chávez
- Division of Research in Community Interventions, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Brisa Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karen Peterson
- Departments of Global Public Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Howard Hu
- University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Marc G Weisskopf
- Departments of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Forsingdal A, Jørgensen TN, Olsen L, Werge T, Didriksen M, Nielsen J. Can Animal Models of Copy Number Variants That Predispose to Schizophrenia Elucidate Underlying Biology? Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:13-24. [PMID: 30144930 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of schizophrenia rests on clinical criteria that cannot be assessed in animal models. Together with absence of a clear underlying pathology and understanding of what causes schizophrenia, this has hindered development of informative animal models. However, recent large-scale genomic studies have identified copy number variants (CNVs) that confer high risk of schizophrenia and have opened a new avenue for generation of relevant animal models. Eight recurrent CNVs have reproducibly been shown to increase the risk of schizophrenia by severalfold: 22q11.2(del), 15q13.3(del), 1q21(del), 1q21(dup), NRXN1(del), 3q29(del), 7q11.23(dup), and 16p11.2(dup). Five of these CNVs have been modeled in animals, mainly mice, but also rats, flies, and zebrafish, and have been shown to recapitulate behavioral and electrophysiological aspects of schizophrenia. Here, we provide an overview of the schizophrenia-related phenotypes found in animal models of schizophrenia high-risk CNVs. We also discuss strengths and limitations of the CNV models, and how they can advance our biological understanding of mechanisms that can lead to schizophrenia and can be used to develop new and better treatments for schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Forsingdal
- Division of Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Mental Health Center, Sankt Hans Hospital, Mental Health Services, Roskilde; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center, Sankt Hans Hospital, Mental Health Services, Roskilde; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Nygaard Jørgensen
- Division of Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Mental Health Center, Sankt Hans Hospital, Mental Health Services, Roskilde
| | - Line Olsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center, Sankt Hans Hospital, Mental Health Services, Roskilde; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Center, Sankt Hans Hospital, Mental Health Services, Roskilde; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Didriksen
- Division of Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Mental Health Center, Sankt Hans Hospital, Mental Health Services, Roskilde
| | - Jacob Nielsen
- Division of Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Mental Health Center, Sankt Hans Hospital, Mental Health Services, Roskilde.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Scarborough J, Mueller F, Weber-Stadlbauer U, Richetto J, Meyer U. Dependency of prepulse inhibition deficits on baseline startle reactivity in a mouse model of the human 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12523. [PMID: 30267483 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemizygous microdeletion at the chromosomal locus 22q11.2 is a copy number variation with strong genetic linkage to schizophrenia and related disorders. This association, along with its phenotypic overlap with the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome, has motivated the establishment of Df[h22q11]/+ mice, in which the human 22q11.2 orthologous region is deleted. Previous investigations using this model showed the presence of reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, a form of sensorimotor gating known to be impaired in a number of psychiatric disorders. Concomitantly to reduced PPI, however, Df[h22q11]/+ mice are also characterized by a robust increase in baseline startle reactivity, which may complicate or confound the interpretation of PPI. Therefore, the present study re-examined the relationship between acoustic startle reactivity and PPI in this mouse model. We found that while PPI is reduced in Df[h22q11]/+ mice when using its relative indexation (ie, % PPI), this deficit is no longer apparent when using the absolute quantification, that is, the direct comparison between pulse-alone and prepulse-plus-pulse conditions with successively increasing prepulse intensities. We further identified marked negative correlations between % PPI and startle reactivity in Df[h22q11]/+ mice. Moreover, when stratifying Df[h22q11]/+ mice into subgroups displaying low- and high-startle reactivity, only the latter subgroup displayed a significant reduction in % PPI. Collectively, our data suggest that alterations in baseline startle reactivity can confound the outcomes and interpretation of PPI in this mouse model of the human 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Scarborough
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Mueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Weber-Stadlbauer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Meyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quednow BB, Ejebe K, Wagner M, Giakoumaki SG, Bitsios P, Kumari V, Roussos P. Meta-analysis on the association between genetic polymorphisms and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:52-59. [PMID: 29287625 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) has been proposed as one of the most promising electrophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia. During the past decade, a number of publications have reported significant associations between genetic polymorphisms and PPI in samples of schizophrenia patients and healthy volunteers. However, an overall evaluation of the robustness of these results has not been published so far. Therefore, we performed the first meta-analysis of published and unpublished associations between gene polymorphisms and PPI of ASR. Unpublished associations between genetic polymorphisms and PPI were derived from three independent samples. In total, 120 single observations from 16 independent samples with 2660 study participants and 43 polymorphisms were included. After correction for multiple testing based on false discovery rate and considering the number of analyzed polymorphisms, significant associations were shown for four variants, even though none of these associations survived a genome-wide correction (P<5∗10-8). These results imply that PPI might be modulated by four genotypes - COMT rs4680 (primarily in males), GRIK3 rs1027599, TCF4 rs9960767, and PRODH rs385440 - indicating a role of these gene variations in the development of early information processing deficits in schizophrenia. However, the overall impact of single genes on PPI is still rather small suggesting that PPI is - like the disease phenotype - highly polygenic. Future genome-wide analyses studies with large sample sizes will enhance our understanding on the genetic architecture of PPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kenechi Ejebe
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and GeriatricPsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stella G Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, Gallos University campus, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Voutes University campus, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khan A, Powell SB. Sensorimotor gating deficits in "two-hit" models of schizophrenia risk factors. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:68-83. [PMID: 29070440 PMCID: PMC5911431 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental models of neuropsychiatric disease have grown exponentially over the last 20years. One measure that is often used to evaluate the translational relevance of these models to human neuropsychiatric disease is prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Deficient PPI characterizes several neuropsychiatric disorders but has been most extensively studied in schizophrenia. It has become a useful tool in translational neuropharmacological and molecular genetics studies because it can be measured across species using almost the same experimental parameters. Although initial studies of PPI in rodents were pharmacological because of the robust predictive validity of PPI for antipsychotic efficacy, more recently, PPI has become standard common behavioral measures used in genetic and neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia. Here we review "two hit" models of schizophrenia and discuss the utility of PPI as a tool in phenotyping these models of relevant risk factors. In the review, we consider approaches to rodent models of genetic and neurodevelopmental risk factors and selectively review "two hit" models of gene×environment and environment×environment interactions in which PPI has been measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Swerdlow NR, Light GA. Sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia: Advancing our understanding of the phenotype, its neural circuitry and genetic substrates. Schizophr Res 2018; 198. [PMID: 29525460 PMCID: PMC6103885 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mannarelli D, Pauletti C, Accinni T, Carlone L, Frascarelli M, Lattanzi GM, Currà A, Fattapposta F. Attentional functioning in individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome: insight from ERPs. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018. [PMID: 29520614 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), or DiGeorge syndrome (DG), is one of the most common genetic deletion syndromes. DG also carries a high risk for psychiatric disorders, with learning disabilities frequently being reported. Impairments in specific cognitive domains, such as executive functioning and attention, have also been described. The aim of this study was to investigate attentional functioning in a group of subjects with DG using ERPs, and in particular the P300 and CNV components. We studied ten patients with DG and ten healthy subjects that performed a P300 Novelty task and a CNV motor task. P3b amplitude was significantly lower in patients than in controls, while P3b latency was comparable in patients and controls. The P3a parameters were similar in both groups. All CNV amplitudes were significantly lower in DG patients than in controls. DG patients displayed slower reaction times in the CNV motor task than healthy subjects. These results point to a cognitive dysfunction related above all to executive attentional processing in DG patients. In particular, a specific difficulty emerged in selective attention and in the ability to orient and to sustain the anticipatory attention required for an executive motor response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mannarelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Caterina Pauletti
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Accinni
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Carlone
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marianna Frascarelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Maria Lattanzi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Currà
- Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, A. Fiorini Hospital, Terracina, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, Latina, Italy
| | - Francesco Fattapposta
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Flore G, Cioffi S, Bilio M, Illingworth E. Cortical Development Requires Mesodermal Expression of Tbx1, a Gene Haploinsufficient in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2210-2225. [PMID: 27005988 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, proper temporal control of neurogenesis and neural migration during embryonic development ensures correct formation of the cerebral cortex. Changes in the distribution of cortical projection neurons and interneurons are associated with behavioral disorders and psychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia and autism, suggesting that disrupted cortical connectivity contributes to the brain pathology. TBX1 is the major candidate gene for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), a chromosomal deletion disorder characterized by a greatly increased risk for schizophrenia. We have previously shown that Tbx1 heterozygous mice have reduced prepulse inhibition, a behavioral abnormality that is associated with 22q11.2DS and nonsyndromic schizophrenia. Here, we show that loss of Tbx1 disrupts corticogenesis in mice by promoting premature neuronal differentiation in the medio-lateral embryonic cortex, which gives rise to the somatosensory cortex (S1). In addition, we found altered polarity in both radially migrating excitatory neurons and tangentially migrating inhibitory interneurons. Together, these abnormalities lead to altered lamination in the S1 at the terminal stages of corticogenesis in Tbx1 null mice and similar anomalies in Tbx1 heterozygous adult mice. Finally, we show that mesoderm-specific inactivation of Tbx1 is sufficient to recapitulate the brain phenotype indicating that Tbx1 exerts a cell nonautonomous role in cortical development from the mesoderm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Flore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "ABT", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Cioffi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "ABT", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Bio-Ker srl, c/o Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "ABT", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marchesa Bilio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "ABT", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Illingworth
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "ABT", CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Didriksen M, Fejgin K, Nilsson SR, Birknow MR, Grayton HM, Larsen PH, Lauridsen JB, Nielsen V, Celada P, Santana N, Kallunki P, Christensen KV, Werge TM, Stensbøl TB, Egebjerg J, Gastambide F, Artigas F, Bastlund JF, Nielsen J. Persistent gating deficit and increased sensitivity to NMDA receptor antagonism after puberty in a new mouse model of the human 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome: a study in male mice. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2017; 42:48-58. [PMID: 27391101 PMCID: PMC5373712 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemizygous 22q11.2 microdeletion is a common copy number variant in humans. The deletion confers high risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. Up to 41% of deletion carriers experience psychotic symptoms. METHODS We present a new mouse model (Df(h22q11)/+) of the deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and report on, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive study undertaken to date in 22q11.2DS models. The study was conducted in male mice. RESULTS We found elevated postpubertal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist-induced hyperlocomotion, age-independent prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits and increased acoustic startle response (ASR). The PPI deficit and increased ASR were resistant to antipsychotic treatment. The PPI deficit was not a consequence of impaired hearing measured by auditory brain stem responses. The Df(h22q11)/+ mice also displayed increased amplitude of loudness-dependent auditory evoked potentials. Prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatal elevations of the dopamine metabolite DOPAC and increased dorsal striatal expression of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 was found. The Df(h22q11)/+ mice did not deviate from wild-type mice in a wide range of other behavioural and biochemical assays. LIMITATIONS The 22q11.2 microdeletion has incomplete penetrance in humans, and the severity of disease depends on the complete genetic makeup in concert with environmental factors. In order to obtain more marked phenotypes reflecting the severe conditions related to 22q11.2DS it is suggested to expose the Df(h22q11)/+ mice to environmental stressors that may unmask latent psychopathology. CONCLUSION The Df(h22q11)/+ model will be a valuable tool for increasing our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders associated with the 22q11DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Didriksen
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Kim Fejgin
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Simon R.O. Nilsson
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Michelle R. Birknow
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Hannah M. Grayton
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Peter H. Larsen
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Jes B. Lauridsen
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Vibeke Nielsen
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Pau Celada
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Noemi Santana
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Pekka Kallunki
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Kenneth V. Christensen
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Thomas M. Werge
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Tine B. Stensbøl
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Jan Egebjerg
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Francois Gastambide
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Francesc Artigas
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Jesper F. Bastlund
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| | - Jacob Nielsen
- From H. Lundbeck A/S, Research DK, Valby, Denmark (Didriksen Fejgin, Birknow, Larsen, Lauridsen, Nielsen, Kallunki, Christensen, Stensbøl, Egebjerg, Nielsen); the Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK (Nilsson); the Lilly Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Lilly Research Laboratories, Windlesham, UK (Grayton, Gastambide); the Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Celada, Artigas); the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Spain (Santana, Artigas); the Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Copenhagen Mental Health Services; and the Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen; iP-SYCH - The Lundbeck Foundation’s Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Roskilde, Denmark (Werge)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Swerdlow NR, Braff DL, Geyer MA. Sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: what we said 25 years ago, what has happened since then, and what comes next. J Psychopharmacol 2016; 30:1072-1081. [PMID: 27539931 PMCID: PMC6036900 DOI: 10.1177/0269881116661075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our 1992 paper, 'The neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: a review of recent findings and their implications', reviewed a series of (then) new and preliminary findings from cross-species studies of prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, and commented on their implications. At the time that the report was composed, PubMed listed about 40 citations for studies using the search term 'prepulse inhibition'. In the ensuing 25 years, the field has added about 2700 such reports, reflecting the substantial growth in interest in prepulse inhibition and its utility across a number of different experimental applications. The 30th anniversary of the Journal of Psychopharmacology provides an opportunity to comment briefly on what was described in that 1992 report, how the field has progressed in the subsequent decades, and the paths forward for studies of prepulse inhibition and its use as an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Among these future paths, we highlight the use of prepulse inhibition as: an endophenotype for genomic studies, and a biomarker for healthy brain circuitry, which may predict sensitivity to psychotherapeutics. Our 1992 report was highly speculative and based on paper-thin empirical data, yet viewed in a certain light, it appears to have contained a basic roadmap for a journey spanning the next 25 years of prepulse inhibition research… and 'what a long, strange trip it's been'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David L Braff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sánchez-Morla EM, Mateo J, Aparicio A, García-Jiménez MÁ, Jiménez E, Santos JL. Prepulse inhibition in euthymic bipolar disorder patients in comparison with control subjects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134:350-9. [PMID: 27294331 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficient prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response, indicating sensorimotor gating deficits, has been reported in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. This study aimed to assess sensorimotor gating deficits in patients with euthymic bipolar. Furthermore, we analysed the relationships between PPI and clinical and cognitive measures. METHOD Prepulse inhibition was measured in 64 patients with euthymic bipolar and in 64 control subjects matched for age, gender, education level and smoking status. Clinical characteristics and level of functioning were assessed in all participants using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST). Cognition was evaluated using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Stroop test as an additional measure of executive function. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients with bipolar disorder exhibited PPI deficits at 60- and 120-millisecond prepulse-pulse intervals. Among patients with bipolar disorder, PPI was correlated with the social cognition domain of the MCCB. PPI was not significantly correlated with other clinical, functional and neurocognitive variables in either group. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that PPI deficit is a neurobiological marker in euthymic bipolar disorder, which is associated with social cognition but not with other clinical, functional or cognitive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Sánchez-Morla
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain. .,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Mateo
- Innovation in Bioengineering Research Group, University of Castilla La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - A Aparicio
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
| | | | - E Jiménez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
| | - J L Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
de Sonneville LMJ, Hidding E, van Engeland H, Vorstman JAS, Sijmens-Morcus MEJ, Swaab H. [Formula: see text]Executive functioning and its relation to ASD and ADHD symptomatology in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 24:1-19. [PMID: 27608887 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1221064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS; velo-cardio-facial-syndrome) are at risk for the developmental disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, the relation between executive functioning (EF) and the severity of ADHD and ASD symptoms is examined, since EF is known to be important in relation to emotional and behavioral problems. The participants consist of 58 children (38 females) with a mean age of 13.5 years (SD 2.6). Standardized assessment was used to evaluate the severity of ASD and ADHD symptomatology. The major aspects of EF, i.e., cognitive flexibility, inhibition, sustained attention, distractibility, working memory and reaction speed, were evaluated. The profile of EF in 22q11DS was found to be characterized by weaker performance compared to the norms on all subdomains of EF. Poor cognitive flexibility and inhibition, as well as high distractibility, were found to be related to more severe ASD symptoms, while poor quality of sustained attention and high distractibility were found to be related to more severe ADHD symptoms. It is concluded that children with 22q11DS experience impairments in EF, and that the degree of impairment on specific EF subdomains is related to the severity of ASD and/or ADHD symptomatology. These results may help in defining the mediating role of neurocognitive dysfunctions in the development of social and behavioral problems in 22q11DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo M J de Sonneville
- a Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands.,b Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Elske Hidding
- a Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Herman van Engeland
- c Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolph Magnus , University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Jacob A S Vorstman
- c Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolph Magnus , University Medical Centre Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | | | - Hanna Swaab
- a Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Studies , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands.,b Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition , Leiden , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Recent data have paved the way to mechanistic studies into the role of Tbx1 during development. Tbx1 is haploinsufficient and is involved in an important genetic disorder. The gene encodes a T-box transcription factor that is expressed from approximately E7.5 in mouse embryos and continues to be expressed in a highly dynamic manner. It is neither a strong transcriptional activator nor a strong repressor, but it regulates a large number of genes through epigenetic modifications. Here, we review recent literature concerning mechanisms of gene regulation by Tbx1 and its role in mammalian development, with a special focus on the cardiac, vascular, and central nervous systems.
Collapse
|
21
|
McCabe KL, Marlin S, Cooper G, Morris R, Schall U, Murphy DG, Murphy KC, Campbell LE. Visual perception and processing in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: associations with social cognition measures of face identity and emotion recognition. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:30. [PMID: 27536336 PMCID: PMC4988033 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have difficulty processing social information including facial identity and emotion processing. However, difficulties with visual and attentional processes may play a role in difficulties observed with these social cognitive skills. METHODS A cross-sectional study investigated visual perception and processing as well as facial processing abilities in a group of 49 children and adolescents with 22q11DS and 30 age and socio-economic status-matched healthy sibling controls using the Birmingham Object Recognition Battery and face processing sub-tests from the MRC face processing skills battery. RESULTS The 22q11DS group demonstrated poorer performance on all measures of visual perception and processing, with greatest impairment on perceptual processes relating to form perception as well as object recognition and memory. In addition, form perception was found to make a significant and unique contribution to higher order social-perceptual processing (face identity) in the 22q11DS group. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate evidence for impaired visual perception and processing capabilities in 22q11DS. In turn, these were found to influence cognitive skills needed for social processes such as facial identity recognition in the children with 22q11DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L McCabe
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA USA ; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart Marlin
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Gavin Cooper
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia ; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robin Morris
- King's College Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia ; Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Declan G Murphy
- King's College Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Kieran C Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linda E Campbell
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia ; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia ; Priority Research Centre GrowUpWell, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nilsson SR, Fejgin K, Gastambide F, Vogt MA, Kent BA, Nielsen V, Nielsen J, Gass P, Robbins TW, Saksida LM, Stensbøl TB, Tricklebank MD, Didriksen M, Bussey TJ. Assessing the Cognitive Translational Potential of a Mouse Model of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:3991-4003. [PMID: 27507786 PMCID: PMC5028007 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A chromosomal microdeletion at the 22q11.2 locus is associated with extensive cognitive impairments, schizophrenia and other psychopathology in humans. Previous reports indicate that mouse models of the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) may model the genetic basis of cognitive deficits relevant for neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. To assess the models usefulness for drug discovery, a novel mouse (Df(h22q11)/+) was assessed in an extensive battery of cognitive assays by partners within the NEWMEDS collaboration (Innovative Medicines Initiative Grant Agreement No. 115008). This battery included classic and touchscreen-based paradigms with recognized sensitivity and multiple attempts at reproducing previously published findings in 22q11.2DS mouse models. This work represents one of the most comprehensive reports of cognitive functioning in a transgenic animal model. In accordance with previous reports, there were non-significant trends or marginal impairment in some tasks. However, the Df(h22q11)/+ mouse did not show comprehensive deficits; no robust impairment was observed following more than 17 experiments and 14 behavioral paradigms. Thus - within the current protocols - the 22q11.2DS mouse model fails to mimic the cognitive alterations observed in human 22q11.2 deletion carriers. We suggest that the 22q11.2DS model may induce liability for cognitive dysfunction with additional "hits" being required for phenotypic expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ro Nilsson
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Kim Fejgin
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroscience Research DK, Ottiliavej 9, Valby 2500, Denmark
| | - Francois Gastambide
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Miriam A Vogt
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim Faculty, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Brianne A Kent
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Vibeke Nielsen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroscience Research DK, Ottiliavej 9, Valby 2500, Denmark
| | - Jacob Nielsen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroscience Research DK, Ottiliavej 9, Valby 2500, Denmark
| | - Peter Gass
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim Faculty, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Tine B Stensbøl
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroscience Research DK, Ottiliavej 9, Valby 2500, Denmark
| | - Mark D Tricklebank
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co. Ltd, Erl Wood Manor, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham GU20 6PH, UK
| | - Michael Didriksen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Synaptic Transmission, Neuroscience Research DK, Ottiliavej 9, Valby 2500, Denmark
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Scott JA, Goodrich-Hunsaker N, Kalish K, Lee A, Hunsaker MR, Schumann CM, Carmichael OT, Simon TJ. The hippocampi of children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome have localized anterior alterations that predict severity of anxiety. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:203-13. [PMID: 26599134 PMCID: PMC4853211 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.140299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have an elevated risk for schizophrenia, which increases with history of childhood anxiety. Altered hippocampal morphology is a common neuroanatomical feature of 22q11.2DS and idiopathic schizophrenia. Relating hippocampal structure in children with 22q11.2DS to anxiety and impaired cognitive ability could lead to hippocampus-based characterization of psychosis-proneness in this at-risk population. METHODS We measured hippocampal volume using a semiautomated approach on MRIs collected from typically developing children and children with 22q11.2DS. We then analyzed hippocampal morphology with Localized Components Analysis. We tested the modulating roles of diagnostic group, hippocampal volume, sex and age on local hippocampal shape components. Lastly, volume and shape components were tested as covariates of IQ and anxiety. RESULTS We included 48 typically developing children and 69 children with 22q11.2DS in our study. Hippocampal volume was reduced bilaterally in children with 22q11.2DS, and these children showed greater variation in the shape of the anterior hippocampus than typically developing children. Children with 22q11.2DS had greater inward deformation of the anterior hippocampus than typically developing children. Greater inward deformation of the anterior hippocampus was associated with greater severity of anxiety, specifically fear of physical injury, within the 22q11.2DS group. LIMITATIONS Shape alterations are not specific to hippocampal subfields. CONCLUSION Alterations in the structure of the anterior hippocampus likely affect function and may impact limbic circuitry. We suggest these alterations potentially contribute to anxiety symptoms in individuals with 22q11.2DS through modulatory pathways. Altered hippocampal morphology may be uniquely linked to anxiety risk factors for schizophrenia, which could be a powerful neuroanatomical marker of schizophrenia risk and hence protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Scott
- Correspondence to: J.A. Scott, Center for Neuroscience, 1544 Newton Court, University of California, Davis CA, United States;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Powell SB, Swerdlow NR. Social Isolation Rearing and Sensorimotor Gating in Rat Models of Relevance to Schizophrenia. HANDBOOK OF BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800981-9.00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
25
|
de Koning MB, van Duin EDA, Boot E, Bloemen OJN, Bakker JA, Abel KM, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. PRODH rs450046 and proline x COMT Val¹⁵⁸ Met interaction effects on intelligence and startle in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3111-22. [PMID: 26068888 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with an increased risk for psychotic disorders, suggesting a relationship between genotypes and the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders. Two genes in the deleted region, catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (oxidase) 1 (PRODH), contain polymorphisms associated with neuropsychiatric phenotypes. OBJECTIVES Here, we explored the association between polymorphisms and full-scale intelligence (FSIQ), startle reactivity (SR) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) in adults with 22q11DS. METHODS Forty-five adults with 22q11DS were genotyped for PRODH rs450046, rs372055 and COMT Val(158)Met. Plasma proline levels, FSIQ, SR and PPI were measured. RESULTS Thirty-five percent of the subjects were hyperprolinemic with a median proline value of 456 μmol/L. C allele carriers of PRODH rs450046 had a lower FSIQ compared to T allele carriers, indicating the C allele to be a risk allele (C allele: mean FSIQ 60.2 (sd 8.7); T allele: mean FSIQ 73.7 (sd 11.5); F 1,43 = 7.59; p = 0.009; partial η (2) = 0.15). A significant interaction effect of proline levels and COMT Val(158)Met genotype was found for SR (F 1,16 = 7.9; p = 0.01; partial η (2) = 0.33), but not for PPI and FSIQ. In subjects with hyperprolinemia, the COMT Val(158)Met genotype effect on SR was stronger than in subjects with normal proline levels. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data provide further evidence for the risk effect of elevated proline levels combined with the COMT Met allele and support the possibilities of using 22q11DS as a model to investigate genotype effects on psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariken B de Koning
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Baron G.A. Tindalstraat 27, 1019 TS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Swerdlow NR, Light GA. Animal Models of Deficient Sensorimotor Gating in Schizophrenia: Are They Still Relevant? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 28:305-25. [PMID: 27311762 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_5012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of impaired sensorimotor gating, as assessed by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle, have demonstrated clear validity at face, predictive, and construct levels for schizophrenia therapeutics, neurophysiological endophenotypes, and potential causative insults for this group of disorders. However, with the growing recognition of the heterogeneity of the schizophrenias, and the less sanguine view of the clinical value of antipsychotic (AP) medications, our field must look beyond "validity," to assess the actual utility of these models. At a substantial cost in terms of research support and intellectual capital, what has come from these models, that we can say has actually helped schizophrenia patients? Such introspection is timely, as we are reassessing not only our view of the genetic and pathophysiological diversity of these disorders, but also the predominant strategies for SZ therapeutics; indeed, our field is gaining awareness that we must move away from a "find what's broke and fix it" approach, toward identifying spared neural and cognitive function in SZ patients, and matching these residual neural assets with learning-based therapies. Perhaps, construct-valid models that identify evidence of "spared function" in neural substrates might reveal opportunities for future therapeutics and allow us to study these substrates at a mechanistic level to maximize opportunities for neuroplasticity. Such an effort will require a retooling of our models, and more importantly, a re-evaluation of their utility. For animal models to remain relevant in the search for schizophrenia therapeutics, they will need to focus less on what is valid and focus more on what is useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0804, USA.
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
McCabe KL, Atkinson RJ, Cooper G, Melville JL, Harris J, Schall U, Loughland CM, Thienel R, Campbell LE. Pre-pulse inhibition and antisaccade performance indicate impaired attention modulation of cognitive inhibition in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:38. [PMID: 25279014 PMCID: PMC4182838 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a number of physical anomalies and neuropsychological deficits including impairments in executive and sensorimotor function. It is estimated that 25% of children with 22q11DS will develop schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders later in life. Evidence of genetic transmission of information processing deficits in schizophrenia suggests performance in 22q11DS individuals will enhance understanding of the neurobiological and genetic substrates associated with information processing. In this report, we examine information processing in 22q11DS using measures of startle eyeblink modification and antisaccade inhibition to explore similarities with schizophrenia and associations with neurocognitive performance. METHODS Startle modification (passive and active tasks; 120- and 480-ms pre-pulse intervals) and antisaccade inhibition were measured in 25 individuals with genetically confirmed 22q11DS and 30 healthy control subjects. RESULTS Individuals with 22q11DS exhibited increased antisaccade error as well as some evidence (trend-level effect) of impaired sensorimotor gating during the active condition, suggesting a dysfunction in controlled attentional processing, rather than a pre-attentive dysfunction using this paradigm. CONCLUSIONS The findings from the present study show similarities with previous studies in clinical populations associated with 22q11DS such as schizophrenia that may indicate shared dysfunction of inhibition pathways in these groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Louise McCabe
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Brain & Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia
| | - Rebbekah Josephine Atkinson
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Gavin Cooper
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Callaghan, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Jessica Lauren Melville
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Callaghan, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia
| | - Jill Harris
- Minerals Industry Safety and Health Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ulrich Schall
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Carmel Maree Loughland
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia
| | - Renate Thienel
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Linda Elisabet Campbell
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia ; Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle Australia ; School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Science Offices, Callaghan, Ourimbah, NSW 2258 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shapiro HM, Tassone F, Choudhary NS, Simon TJ. The development of cognitive control in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Front Psychol 2014; 5:566. [PMID: 24959159 PMCID: PMC4050531 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is caused by the most common human microdeletion, and it is associated with cognitive impairments across many domains. While impairments in cognitive control have been described in children with 22q11.2DS, the nature and development of these impairments are not clear. Children with 22q11.2DS and typically developing children (TD) were tested on four well-validated tasks aimed at measuring specific foundational components of cognitive control: response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. Molecular assays were also conducted in order to examine genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a gene located within the deleted region in 22q11.2DS and hypothesized to play a role in cognitive control. Mixed model regression analyses were used to examine group differences, as well as age-related effects on cognitive control component processes in a cross-sectional analysis. Regression models with COMT genotype were also conducted in order to examine potential effects of the different variants of the gene. Response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and working memory were impaired in children with 22q11.2DS relative to TD children, even after accounting for global intellectual functioning (as measured by full-scale IQ). When compared with TD individuals, children with 22q11.2DS demonstrated atypical age-related patterns of response inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Both groups demonstrated typical age-related associations with working memory. The results of this cross-sectional analysis suggest a specific aberration in the development of systems mediating response inhibition in a sub-set of children with 22q11.2DS. It will be important to follow up with longitudinal analyses to directly examine these developmental trajectories, and correlate neurocognitive variables with clinical and adaptive outcome measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Shapiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Nimrah S Choudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Light GA, Swerdlow NR. Neurophysiological biomarkers informing the clinical neuroscience of schizophrenia: mismatch negativity and prepulse inhibition of startle. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014; 21:293-314. [PMID: 24850080 PMCID: PMC5951188 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the growing recognition of the heterogeneity of major brain disorders, and particularly the schizophrenias (SZ), biomarkers are being sought that parse patient groups in ways that can be used to predict treatment response, prognosis, and pathophysiology. A primary focus to date has been to identify biomarkers that predict damage or dysfunction within brain systems in SZ patients, that could then serve as targets for interventions designed to "undo" the causative pathology. After almost 50 years as the predominant strategy for developing SZ therapeutics, evidence supporting the value of this "find what's broke and fix it" approach is lacking. Here, we suggest an alternative strategy of using biomarkers to identify evidence of spared neural and cognitive function in SZ patients, and matching these residual neural assets with therapies toward which they can be applied. We describe ways to extract and interpret evidence of "spared function," using neurocognitive, and neurophysiological measures, and, suggest that further evidence of available neuroplasticity might be gleaned from studies in which the response to drug challenges and "practice effects" are measured. Finally, we discuss examples in which "better" (more normal) performance in specific neurophysiological measures predict a positive response to a neurocognitive task or therapeutic intervention. We believe that our field stands to gain tremendous therapeutic leverage by focusing less on what is "wrong" with our patients, and instead, focusing more on what is "right".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Quintero AI, Beaton EA, Harvey DJ, Ross JL, Simon TJ. Common and specific impairments in attention functioning in girls with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion, fragile X or Turner syndromes. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:5. [PMID: 24628892 PMCID: PMC3995552 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), fragile X syndrome (FXS), and Turner syndrome (TS) are complex and variable developmental syndromes caused by different genetic abnormalities; yet, they share similar cognitive impairments in the domains of numbers, space, and time. The atypical development of foundational neural networks that underpin the attentional system is thought to result in further impairments in higher-order cognitive functions. The current study investigates whether children with similar higher-order cognitive impairments but different genetic disorders also show similar impairments in alerting, orienting, and executive control of attention. Methods Girls with 22q11.2DS, FXS, or TS and typically developing (TD) girls, aged 7 to 15 years, completed an attention network test, a flanker task with alerting and orienting cues. Exploration of reaction times and accuracy allowed us to test for potential commonalities in attentional functioning in alerting, orienting, and executive control. Linear regression models were used to test whether the predictors of group and chronological age were able to predict differences in attention indices. Results Girls with 22q11.2DS, FXS, or TS demonstrated unimpaired function of the alerting system and impaired function of the executive control system. Diagnosis-specific impairments were found such that girls with FXS made more errors and had a reduced orienting index, while girls with 22q11.2DS showed specific age-related deficits in the executive control system. Conclusions These results suggest that the control but not the implementation of attention is selectively impaired in girls with 22q11.2DS, TS or FXS. Additionally, the age effect on executive control in girls with 22q11.2DS implies a possible altered developmental trajectory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Quintero
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, 2825 50th Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jonas RK, Montojo CA, Bearden CE. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome as a window into complex neuropsychiatric disorders over the lifespan. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75:351-60. [PMID: 23992925 PMCID: PMC3875621 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is rapidly accumulating that rare, recurrent copy number variants represent large effect risk factors for neuropsychiatric disorders. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) (velocardiofacial syndrome or DiGeorge syndrome) is the most common known contiguous gene deletion syndrome and is associated with diverse neuropsychiatric disorders across the life span. One of the most intriguing aspects of the syndrome is the variability in clinical and cognitive presentation: children with 22q11DS have high prevalence of autism spectrum, attention deficit, and anxiety disorders, as well as psychotic-like features, and up to 30% of adolescents and adults develop schizophrenia-like psychosis. Recently, cases of early-onset Parkinson's disease in adults have been reported, collectively suggesting a role for disrupted dopaminergic neurotransmission in the observed neuropsychiatric phenotypes. There is also some evidence that 22q11DS-associated autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia represent two unrelated phenotypic manifestations, consistent with a neuropsychiatric pleiotropy model. This genetic lesion thus provides a unique model for the discovery of specific genomic risk and (potentially) protective factors for neuropsychiatric disease. Here, we provide an overview of neuropsychiatric findings to date, which highlight the value of this syndrome in mapping the developmental trajectory of dimensional phenotypes that traverse multiple diagnostic categories. Potential sources of genetic variability that may contribute to the disorder's heterogeneous presentation are reviewed. Because of its known genetic etiology, animal models can readily be developed that recapitulate specific aspects of the syndrome. Future research directions involve translational models and potential for drug screenable targets in the context of this human model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Jonas
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Caroline A Montojo
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fuchs JC, Zinnamon FA, Taylor RR, Ivins S, Scambler PJ, Forge A, Tucker AS, Linden JF. Hearing loss in a mouse model of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80104. [PMID: 24244619 PMCID: PMC3828191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) arises from an interstitial chromosomal microdeletion encompassing at least 30 genes. This disorder is one of the most significant known cytogenetic risk factors for schizophrenia, and can also cause heart abnormalities, cognitive deficits, hearing difficulties, and a variety of other medical problems. The Df1/+ hemizygous knockout mouse, a model for human 22q11DS, recapitulates many of the deficits observed in the human syndrome including heart defects, impaired memory, and abnormal auditory sensorimotor gating. Here we show that Df1/+ mice, like human 22q11DS patients, have substantial rates of hearing loss arising from chronic middle ear infection. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) measurements revealed significant elevation of click-response thresholds in 48% of Df1/+ mice, often in only one ear. Anatomical and histological analysis of the middle ear demonstrated no gross structural abnormalities, but frequent signs of otitis media (OM, chronic inflammation of the middle ear), including excessive effusion and thickened mucosa. In mice for which both in vivo ABR thresholds and post mortem middle-ear histology were obtained, the severity of signs of OM correlated directly with the level of hearing impairment. These results suggest that abnormal auditory sensorimotor gating previously reported in mouse models of 22q11DS could arise from abnormalities in auditory processing. Furthermore, the findings indicate that Df1/+ mice are an excellent model for increased risk of OM in human 22q11DS patients. Given the frequently monaural nature of OM in Df1/+ mice, these animals could also be a powerful tool for investigating the interplay between genetic and environmental causes of OM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Fuchs
- Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruth R. Taylor
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Ivins
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Scambler
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Forge
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer F. Linden
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Copy number variation at 22q11.2: from rare variants to common mechanisms of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1153-65. [PMID: 23917946 PMCID: PMC3852900 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently discovered genome-wide rare copy number variants (CNVs) have unprecedented levels of statistical association with many developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, as CNVs often include multiple genes, causal genes responsible for CNV-associated diagnoses and traits are still poorly understood. Mouse models of CNVs are in use to delve into the precise mechanisms through which CNVs contribute to disorders and associated traits. Based on human and mouse model studies on rare CNVs within human chromosome 22q11.2, we propose that alterations of a distinct set of multiple, noncontiguous genes encoded in this chromosomal region, in concert with modulatory impacts of genetic background and environmental factors, variably shift the probabilities of phenotypes along a predetermined developmental trajectory. This model can be further extended to the study of other CNVs and may serve as a guide to help characterize the impact of genes in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
34
|
Schizophrenia-like neurophysiological abnormalities in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and their association to COMT and PRODH genotypes. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1623-9. [PMID: 23910792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common genetic risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. We investigated two neurophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia - P50 sensory gating and mismatch negativity in 22q11.2DS subject and evaluated their association with catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) genetic variants. We also assessed the association of neurophysiological measures with schizophrenia-like symptomatology in 22q11.2DS. Fifty-nine subjects, 41 with 22q11.2DS and 18 typically developing controls, participated in the study. The participants with 22q11.2DS were genotyped for the COMT Val(158)Met (rs4680) and PRODH Gln(19)Pro (rs2008720) and Arg(185)Trp (rs4819756) polymorphisms. Following psychiatric evaluation, all the participants underwent neurophysiological recordings and executive function assessment. The 22q11.2DS group showed poorer sensory gating of the P50 response than the controls. Within the 22q11.2DS group, the COMT Met allele was associated with poorer sensory gating, while both the COMT Met allele and the PRODH Pro-Arg haplotype were associated with smaller mismatch negativity amplitudes. Smaller mismatch negativity amplitudes predicted greater impairment of executive functions and greater severity of schizophrenia-like negative symptoms in 22q11.2DS. The current study demonstrates that sensory gating impairments that are typical of schizophrenia are found in 22q11.2DS subjects. Our results further suggest that COMT and PRODH genetic variations contribute to sensory gating and mismatch negativity schizophrenia-like impairments in 22q11.2DS, possibly via dopaminergic/glutamatergic networks. The associations of mismatch negativity impairments with increased severity of schizophrenia-like negative symptoms and poorer executive functions performance in our 22q11.2DS sample suggest that mismatch negativity is a potential endophenotype for schizophrenia in 22q11.2DS.
Collapse
|
35
|
Swerdlow NR, Light GA, Trim RS, Breier MR, Hines SR, Powell SB. Forebrain gene expression predicts deficits in sensorimotor gating after isolation rearing in male rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 257:118-28. [PMID: 24076151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Compared to socially housed (SH) rats, adult isolation-reared (IR) rats exhibit phenotypes relevant to schizophrenia (SZ), including reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle. PPI is normally regulated by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAC). We assessed PPI, auditory-evoked local field potentials (LFPs) and expression of seven PPI- and SZ-related genes in the mPFC and NAC, in IR and SH rats. Buffalo (BUF) rats were raised in same-sex groups of 2-3 (SH) or in isolation (IR). PPI was measured early (d53) and later in adulthood (d74); LFPs were measured approximately on d66. Brains were processed for RT-PCR measures of mPFC and NAC expression of Comt, Erbb4, Grid2, Ncam1, Slc1a2, Nrg1 and Reln. Male IR rats exhibited PPI deficits, most pronounced at d53; male and female IR rats had significantly elevated startle magnitude on both test days. Gene expression levels were not significantly altered by IR. PPI levels (d53) were positively correlated with mPFC expression of several genes, and negatively correlated with NAC expression of several genes, in male IR but not SH rats. Late (P90) LFP amplitudes correlated significantly with expression levels of 6/7 mPFC genes in male rats, independent of rearing. After IR that disrupts early adult PPI in male BUF rats, expression levels of PPI- and SZ-associated genes in the mPFC correlate positively with PPI, and levels in the NAC correlate negatively with PPI. These results support the model that specific gene-behavior relationships moderate the impact of early-life experience on SZ-linked behavioral and neurophysiological markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Swerdlow NR, Powell SB, Breier MR, Hines SR, Light GA. Coupling of gene expression in medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens after neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions accompanies deficits in sensorimotor gating and auditory processing in rats. Neuropharmacology 2013; 75:38-46. [PMID: 23810830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHLs), adult rats exhibit evidence of neural processing deficits relevant to schizophrenia, including reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle and impaired sensory processing. In intact rats, the regulation of PPI by the ventral hippocampus (VH) is mediated via interactions with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAC). We assessed PPI, auditory-evoked responses and expression of 7 schizophrenia-related genes in mPFC and NAC, in adult rats after sham- or real NVHLs. METHODS Male inbred Buffalo (BUF) rat pups (d7; n=36) received either vehicle or ibotenic acid infusion into the VH. PPI and auditory-evoked dentate gyrus local field potentials (LFPs) were measured on d56 and d66, respectively. Brains were processed for RT-PCR measures of mPFC and NAC Comt, Erbb4, Grid2, Ncam1, Slc1a2, Nrg1 and Reln. RESULTS NVHL rats exhibited significant deficits in PPI (p=0.005) and LFPs (p<0.015) proportional to lesion size. Sham vs. NVHL rats did not differ in gene expression levels in mPFC or NAC. As we previously reported, multiple gene expression levels were highly correlated within- (mean r's≈0.5), but not across-brain regions (mean r's≈0). However, for three genes--Comt, Slc1a2 and Ncam1--after NVHLs, expression levels became significantly correlated, or "coupled," across the mPFC and NAC (p's<0.03, 0.002 and 0.05, respectively), and the degree of "coupling" increased with VH lesion size. CONCLUSIONS After NVHLs that disrupt PPI and auditory processing, specific gene expression levels suggest an abnormal functional coupling of the mPFC and NAC. This model of VH-mPFC-NAC network dysfunction after NVHLs may have implications for understanding the neural basis for PPI- and related sensory processing deficits in schizophrenia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
| | - Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michelle R Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Samantha R Hines
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Gregory A Light
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Spruijt NE, Rana MS, Christoffels VM, Mink van der Molen AB. Exploring a neurogenic basis of velopharyngeal dysfunction in Tbx1 mutant mice: no difference in volumes of the nucleus ambiguus. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77:1002-7. [PMID: 23642587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Velopharyngeal hypotonia seems to be an important factor in velopharyngeal dysfunction in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, but the etiology is not understood. Because TBX1 maps within the typical 22q11.2 deletion and Tbx1-deficient mice phenocopy many findings in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, TBX1 is considered the major candidate gene in the etiology of these defects. Tbx1 heterozygosity in mice results in abnormal vocalization 7 days postnatally, suggestive of velopharyngeal dysfunction. Previous case-control studies on muscle specimens from patients and mice revealed no evidence for a myogenic cause of velopharyngeal dysfunction. Velopharyngeal muscles are innervated by cranial nerves that receive signals from the nucleus ambiguus in the brainstem. In this study, a possible neurogenic cause underlying velopharyngeal dysfunction in Tbx1 heterozygous mice was explored by determining the size of the nucleus ambiguus in Tbx1 heterozygous and wild type mice. METHODS The cranial motor nuclei in the brainstems of postnatal day 7 wild type (n=4) and Tbx1 heterozygous (n=4) mice were visualized by in situ hybridization on transverse sections to detect Islet-1 mRNA, a transcription factor known to be expressed in motor neurons. The volumes of the nucleus ambiguus were calculated. RESULTS No substantial histological differences were noted between the nucleus ambiguus of the two groups. Tbx1 mutant mice had mean nucleus ambiguus volumes of 4.6 million μm(3) (standard error of the mean 0.9 million μm(3)) and wild type mice had mean volumes of 3.4 million μm(3) (standard error of the mean 0.6 million μm(3)). Neither the difference nor the variance between the means were statistically significant (t-test p=0.30, Levene's test p=0.47, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Based on the histology, there is no difference or variability between the volumes of the nucleus ambiguus of Tbx1 heterozygous and wild type mice. The etiology of velopharyngeal hypotonia and variable speech in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Spruijt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Postbus 85090, KE 04.140.0, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schreiner MJ, Lazaro MT, Jalbrzikowski M, Bearden CE. Converging levels of analysis on a genomic hotspot for psychosis: insights from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2013; 68:157-73. [PMID: 23098994 PMCID: PMC3677073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder that, despite extensive research, still poses a considerable challenge to attempts to unravel its heterogeneity, and the complex biochemical mechanisms by which it arises. While the majority of cases are of unknown etiology, accumulating evidence suggests that rare genetic mutations, such as 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22qDS), can play a significant role in predisposition to the illness. Up to 25% of individuals with 22qDS eventually develop schizophrenia; conversely, this deletion is estimated to account for 1-2% of schizophrenia cases overall. This locus of Chromosome 22q11.2 contains genes that encode for proteins and enzymes involved in regulating neurotransmission, neuronal development, myelination, microRNA processing, and post-translational protein modifications. As a consequence of the deletion, affected individuals exhibit cognitive dysfunction, structural and functional brain abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental anomalies that parallel many of the phenotypic characteristics of schizophrenia. As an illustration of the value of rare, highly penetrant genetic subtypes for elucidating pathological mechanisms of complex neuropsychiatric disorders, we provide here an overview of the cellular, network, and systems-level anomalies found in 22qDS, and review the intriguing evidence for this disorder's association with schizophrenia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schreiner
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maria T. Lazaro
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kohl S, Heekeren K, Klosterkötter J, Kuhn J. Prepulse inhibition in psychiatric disorders--apart from schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:445-52. [PMID: 23287742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a robust operational measure of sensorimotor gating. In schizophrenic patients PPI is deficient. The aim of our review was to investigate the state of science regarding PPI and psychiatric disorders aside from schizophrenia. We used the online database PubMed in order to search for original published reports on PPI studies. The terms "prepulse inhibition", "sensorimotor gating", "blink recovery", and "blink reflex excitability" have been combined with the names of psychiatric disorders. We found that PPI is deficient in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (GTS). In bipolar disorder dysfunctional PPI seems to be rather state dependent. Studies on depression and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently report no alterations. Evidence regarding sensorimotor gating in anxiety, autism, fragile X syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance disorders, and Huntington's disease is still poor. There is a strong need for further studies on PPI in psychiatric disorders. PPI is highly applicable for translational research and might also be a very useful tool to investigate the mode of action of innovative, neuro-modulative techniques. Future PPI studies should control for influencing variables such as smoking, sex, or medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kohl
- University of Cologne, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kerpener Straße 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shapiro HM, Wong LM, Simon TJ. A cross-sectional analysis of the development of response inhibition in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23966958 PMCID: PMC3736116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a neurogenetic disorder that is associated with cognitive impairments and significantly elevated risk for developing schizophrenia. While impairments in response inhibition are central to executive dysfunction in schizophrenia, the nature and development of such impairments in children with 22q11.2DS, a group at high risk for the disorder, are not clear. Here we used a classic Go/No-Go paradigm to quantify proactive (anticipatory stopping) and reactive (actual stopping) response inhibition in 47 children with 22q11.2DS and 36 typically developing (TD) children, all ages 7-14. A cross-sectional design was used to examine age-related associations with response inhibition. When compared with TD individuals, children with 22q11.2DS demonstrated typical proactive response inhibition at all ages. By contrast, reactive response inhibition was impaired in children with 22q11.2DS relative to TD children. While older age predicted better reactive response inhibition in TD children, there was no age-related association with reactive response inhibition in children with 22q11.2DS. Closer examination of individual performance data revealed a wide range of performance abilities in older children with 22q11.2DS; some typical and others highly impaired. The results of this cross-sectional analysis suggest an impaired developmental trajectory of reactive response inhibition in some children with 22q11.2DS that might be related to atypical development of neuroanatomical systems underlying this cognitive process. As part of a larger study, this investigation might help identify risk factors for conversion to schizophrenia and lead to early diagnosis and preventive intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Shapiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, University of California Davis , Sacramento, CA , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Swerdlow NR, Shilling PD, Breier M, Trim RS, Light GA, Saint Marie R. Fronto-temporal-mesolimbic gene expression and heritable differences in amphetamine-disrupted sensorimotor gating in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:349-62. [PMID: 22700037 PMCID: PMC5215002 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Differences in sensitivity to the prepulse inhibition (PPI)-disruptive effects of D2-family agonists in Sprague-Dawley (SD) vs. Long Evans (LE) rats are heritable, reflect differential activation of DA signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAC), and are associated with differences in expression of specific NAC genes. These differences may inform us about the biology of PPI deficits in disorders such as schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES After confirming these strain-based PPI differences, we measured expression of four genes in NAC and other regions that regulate PPI: medial prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus (VH). METHODS Startle and PPI were assessed in SD and LE rats administered D-amphetamine (0 vs. 4.5 mg/kg, sc). Two weeks later, brain tissue was processed for comt, nrg1, grid2, and csnk1e expression; blood comt expression was also tested. RESULTS Data confirmed expected PPI phenotypes. Gene expression levels differed across strains, sexes, and brain regions, with LE > SD expression in most genes and regions, and female > male expression for all NAC genes. Within any brain region, expression of the four genes was highly inter-correlated; across regions, correlations were less robust, reflecting distinct strain- or sex-based subgroups. PPI amphetamine sensitivity at 120 ms correlated significantly with NAC nrg1 expression, while amphetamine sensitivity for 30 ms PPI and startle magnitude correlated significantly with VH nrg1 and blood comt expression. CONCLUSIONS Rat strains differing in a schizophrenia-linked phenotype also differ in expression levels of genes associated both with that phenotype, and with schizophrenia, within brain regions associated with that phenotype and schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Paul D. Shilling
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Michelle Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Ryan S. Trim
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA,VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA,VISN 22, Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard Saint Marie
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
de Koning MB, Boot E, Bloemen OJN, van Duin EDA, Abel KM, de Haan L, Linszen DH, van Amelsvoort TAMJ. Startle reactivity and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response are modulated by catechol-O-methyl-transferase Val(158) Met polymorphism in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1548-60. [PMID: 22952320 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112456610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 22, which includes the gene coding for catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT). High dopamine (DA) levels due to COMT haplo-insufficiency may be associated with the increased risk of developing schizophrenia in adults with 22q11DS. Reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response has been associated with schizophrenia and with disrupted DAergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism has been shown to influence PPI. We report the first study in adults with 22q11DS to examine PPI of the acoustic startle response and its modulation by COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism. Startle reactivity (SR) and PPI of the acoustic startle response were measured in 23 adults with 22q11DS and 21 healthy controls. 22q11DS subjects were genotyped for the functional COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism. 22q11DS Met hemizygotes showed reduced SR and PPI compared with 22q11DS Val hemizygotes. The effect of COMT Val(158)Met polymorphism on PPI was no longer significant when controlling for baseline SR. Met hemizygosity in 22q11DS is associated with reduced SR and influences PPI indirectly. Decreased PFC functioning following excessive PFC DA levels may be one of the mechanisms by which the Met genotype in 22q11DS disrupts SR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariken B de Koning
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Swerdlow NR. Update: studies of prepulse inhibition of startle, with particular relevance to the pathophysiology or treatment of Tourette Syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 37:1150-6. [PMID: 23017868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI) is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating, in which the motor response to an abrupt, intense stimulus is inhibited by a weak lead stimulus. PPI is reduced in several brain disorders, including Tourette Syndrome (TS); it is regulated by forebrain circuitry, including portions of the basal ganglia implicated in the pathophysiology of TS, and is also heritable and under strong genetic control. PPI has been the focus of numerous translational models, because it is expressed by most mammalian species, with remarkable conservation of response characteristics and underlying neural circuitry between rodents and primates. Several of these models have recently explored causative factors in TS - from genes to specific basal ganglia perturbations - as well as potential TS therapeutics, including novel pharmacological and neurosurgical interventions. With the focus on Comprehensive Behavioral Interventions for Tics (CBIT) in the evolving treatment model for TS, future studies might apply PPI as a predictive measure for CBIT response, or for identifying medications that might augment CBIT efficacy. In the end, a measure based on a simple pontine-based reflex will have limitations in its ability to explicate any complex behavioral phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Xu B, Hsu PK, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA. MicroRNA dysregulation in neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:291-301. [PMID: 22406400 PMCID: PMC3329786 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA), a class of non-coding RNAs, are emerging as important modulators of neuronal development, structure and function. A connection has been established between abnormalities in miRNA expression and miRNA-mediated gene regulation and psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders as well as cognitive dysfunction. Establishment of this connection has been driven by progress in elucidating the genetic etiology of these phenotypes and has provided a context to interpret additional supporting evidence accumulating from parallel expression profiling studies in brains and peripheral blood of patients. Here we review relevant evidence that supports this connection and explore possible mechanisms that underlie the contribution of individual miRNAs and miRNA-related pathways to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of these complex clinical phenotypes. The existing evidence provides useful hypotheses for further investigation as well as important clues for identifying novel therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Pei-Ken Hsu
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Jolin EM, Weller RA, Weller EB. Occurrence of affective disorders compared to other psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Affect Disord 2012; 136:222-8. [PMID: 21215459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22qDS) is a common genetic disorder with highly variable clinical manifestations that may include depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Studies of psychiatric disorders in youth with 22qDS often had methodological limitations. This study reviewed clinical studies with the currently best available methodology to determine the occurrence of affective disorders compared to other psychiatric disorders in youth with 22qDS. METHOD A PubMed search was performed to identify psychiatric studies published from 2000 through 2009 of children and adolescents with genetically confirmed 22qDS who underwent systematic psychiatric assessments. Studies that met defined inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected for further analysis. RESULTS Seven studies with a total of 323 children and adolescents with 22qDS (mean age=10.8 years) met the defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Depressive disorders, but not bipolar spectrum disorders, were increased compared to community-based rates in youth without 22qDS. Anxiety disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were the most frequent disorders. Although psychotic-like phenomena and schizotypical traits were reported, only two adolescents (<1%) had a psychotic disorder. LIMITATIONS Unknown selection and assessment factors may have impacted on occurrence rates. CONCLUSION The elevated occurrence of depressive, anxiety, and attention disorders in children with 22qDS, compared to community-based rates in children without 22qDS, suggest that psychiatric screening is needed. Longitudinal study is needed to determine if these childhood psychiatric disorders will resolve, continue into adulthood, or develop into more serious psychopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edith M Jolin
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hiroi N, Hiramoto T, Harper KM, Suzuki G, Boku S. Mouse Models of 22q11.2-Associated Autism Spectrum Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Suppl 1:001. [PMID: 25089229 PMCID: PMC4118685 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7890.s1-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) of human chromosome 22q11.2 is associated with an elevated rate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and represents one of syndromic ASDs with rare genetic variants. However, the precise genetic basis of this association remains unclear due to its relatively large hemizygous and duplication region, including more than 30 genes. Previous studies using genetic mouse models suggested that although not all 22q11.2 genes contribute to ASD symptomatology, more than one 22q11.2 genes have distinct phenotypic targets for ASD symptoms. Our data show that deficiency of the two 22q11.2 genesTbx1 and Sept5 causes distinct phenotypic sets of ASD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hiroi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA ; Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA
| | - Takeshi Hiramoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA
| | - Kathryn M Harper
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Ward Building Room 9-258, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Go Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Golding 104, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461 USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Takahashi H, Hashimoto R, Iwase M, Ishii R, Kamio Y, Takeda M. Prepulse inhibition of startle response: recent advances in human studies of psychiatric disease. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 9:102-10. [PMID: 23429840 PMCID: PMC3569113 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2011.9.3.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is considered to be one of the most promising neurophysiological indexes for translational research in psychiatry. Impairment of PPI has been reported in several psychiatric diseases, particularly schizophrenia, where PPI is considered a candidate intermediate phenotype (endophenotype) of the disease. Recent findings from a variety of research areas have provided important evidence regarding PPI impairment. Human brain imaging studies have demonstrated the involvement of the striatum, hippocampus, thalamus and frontal and parietal cortical regions in PPI. In addition, several genetic polymorphisms, including variations in the genes coding for Catechol O-methyltransferase, Neuregulin 1, nuclear factor kappa-B subunit 3 and serotonin-2A receptor were related to PPI; and these findings support PPI as a polygenetic trait that involves several neurotransmitter pathways. Early psychosis studies suggest that PPI disruption is present before the onset of psychosis. Also, discrepancy of PPI impairment between children and adults can be found in other psychiatric diseases, such as autistic spectrum disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder, and comprehensive investigation of startle response might contribute to understand the impairment of the neural circuitry in psychiatric diseases. Finally, recent studies with both Asian and Caucasian subjects indicate that patients with schizophrenia exhibit impaired PPI, and impaired sensorimotor gating might be a global common psychophysiological feature of schizophrenia. In conclusion, studies of PPI have successfully contributed to a better understanding of the fundamental neural mechanisms underlying sensorimotor gating and will certainly be most valuable in devising future approaches that aim to investigate the complex pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan. ; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mao JC, Pace E, Pierozynski P, Kou Z, Shen Y, VandeVord P, Haacke EM, Zhang X, Zhang J. Blast-induced tinnitus and hearing loss in rats: behavioral and imaging assays. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:430-44. [PMID: 21933015 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The current study used a rat model to investigate the underlying mechanisms of blast-induced tinnitus, hearing loss, and associated traumatic brain injury (TBI). Seven rats were used to evaluate behavioral evidence of tinnitus and hearing loss, and TBI using magnetic resonance imaging following a single 10-msec blast at 14 psi or 194 dB sound pressure level (SPL). The results demonstrated that the blast exposure induced early onset of tinnitus and central hearing impairment at a broad frequency range. The induced tinnitus and central hearing impairment tended to shift towards high frequencies over time. Hearing threshold measured with auditory brainstem responses also showed an immediate elevation followed by recovery on day 14, coinciding with behaviorally-measured results. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging results demonstrated significant damage and compensatory plastic changes to certain auditory brain regions, with the majority of changes occurring in the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body. No significant microstructural changes found in the corpus callosum indicates that the currently adopted blast exposure mainly exerts effects through the auditory pathways rather than through direct impact onto the brain parenchyma. The results showed that this animal model is appropriate for investigation of the mechanisms underlying blast-induced tinnitus, hearing loss, and related TBI. Continued investigation along these lines will help identify pathology with injury/recovery patterns, aiding development of effective treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny C Mao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Furniss F, Biswas AB, Gumber R, Singh N. Cognitive phenotype of velocardiofacial syndrome: a review. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 32:2206-2213. [PMID: 21764255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The behavioural phenotype of velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), one of the most common human multiple anomaly syndromes, includes developmental disabilities, frequently including intellectual disability (ID) and high risk of diagnosis of psychotic disorders including schizophrenia. VCFS may offer a model of the relationship between ID and risk of major mental health difficulties. This paper reviews literature on the cognitive phenotype and its relationship with a polymorphism of the gene coding for catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT), a gene haploinsufficient in VCFS which modulates prefrontal dopamine levels. Principal features of the variable cognitive phenotype of VCFS in young people are ID, superiority of verbal over performance I.Q. and verbal over visuospatial memory, and difficulties with number and object magnitude comparisons, time perception and memory for serial order, and orienting of attention. Despite some improvements with age, problems with higher order attentional tasks involving planning persist, possibly modulated by COMT activity levels. Candidate cognitive endophenotypes include problems with retrieval of contextual information from memory and in executive control and focussing of attention. Longitudinal research using common core batteries of psychometric assessments, and experimental measures of cognitive function capable of direct translation for use with animal models, will further advance understanding of the developmental dynamics of VCFS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Furniss
- The Hesley Group, Doncaster, UK & School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Hesley Hall, Stripe Road, Tickhill, Doncaster DN11 9HH, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kvajo M, McKellar H, Gogos JA. Avoiding mouse traps in schizophrenia genetics: lessons and promises from current and emerging mouse models. Neuroscience 2011; 211:136-64. [PMID: 21821099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, but despite progress in identifying the genetic factors implicated in its development, the mechanisms underlying its etiology and pathogenesis remain poorly understood. Development of mouse models is critical for expanding our understanding of the causes of schizophrenia. However, translation of disease pathology into mouse models has proven to be challenging, primarily due to the complex genetic architecture of schizophrenia and the difficulties in the re-creation of susceptibility alleles in the mouse genome. In this review we highlight current research on models of major susceptibility loci and the information accrued from their analysis. We describe and compare the different approaches that are necessitated by diverse susceptibility alleles, and discuss their advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we discuss emerging mouse models, such as second-generation pathophysiology models based on innovative approaches that are facilitated by the information gathered from the current genetic mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kvajo
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|