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Moore J, Castro Y, DiNitto D, Hernandez M, Velasquez M. Sociodemographic and treatment-related determinants of recent substance use among adults with comorbid substance misuse and psychotic disorders discharged from substance use treatment. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 161:209349. [PMID: 38494053 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rates of alcohol and illicit substance use are higher among persons with psychotic disorders relative to the general population. The adverse health and psychological effects of substance use behaviors disproportionately impact persons with psychotic disorders. Prior research has shown that persons with psychotic disorders experience increased difficulty in reducing substance use behaviors, and interventions targeting substance use behavior change among this population have demonstrated limited effectiveness. One reason for this is that little is known about the factors that influence substance use and behavior change among this population. To address these disparities, the present study investigated sociodemographic and treatment-related factors of substance use recurrence among persons with psychotic disorders who received substance use treatment services. METHODS Data came from the 2015-2018 Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharges (TEDS-D). TEDS-D collects annual data on adolescent and adult discharges from state-certified substance use treatment centers in the United States. The study conducted all analyses with a subsample of 1956 adult discharges with a psychotic disorder who received services from an outpatient substance use treatment center for at least one month. χ2 tests of independence and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations of sociodemographic and treatment-related characteristics with substance use recurrence while in treatment (α < 0.05 analyses). The study presents results from multivariable logistic regression models as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Those who were age 50 or older, were referred to treatment by the criminal justice system, and attended substance use self-help groups had lower odds of substance use recurrence while in treatment. Sex, educational attainment, employment status, living situation, type of substance use, and treatment history were not significantly associated with substance use recurrence. CONCLUSIONS In designing treatment services, providers should consider whether focusing on sociodemographic, including cultural, factors can affect more positive substance use behavior change and other desired treatment outcomes among those with psychotic disorders and comorbid substance misuse. Further study is needed to identify these factors among specific subpopulations of those with psychotic disorders and substance misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Moore
- Florida State University, College of Social Work, 296 Champions Way, Tallahassee, FL 32304, United States of America.
| | - Yessenia Castro
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Diana DiNitto
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Hernandez
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Mary Velasquez
- Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
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Mueller-Coyne J. Introduction to Special Section: CSA Victimization in Incarcerated Populations. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2024; 33:415-423. [PMID: 38769896 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2024.2357271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that individuals involved in the criminal justice system have higher rates of childhood trauma, including experiences of child sexual abuse (CSA). Studies also suggest that childhood victimization has an impact on the success of mental health treatment for offenders which may contribute to recidivism rates. Accordingly, policymakers and correctional staff can be better informed in choosing appropriate assessments and intervention approaches when they understand the ways in which prior experiences of CSA impact individuals in correctional settings. This special section highlights four novel studies that advance the research examining CSA in incarcerated populations.
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Lowder EM, Grommon E, Bailey K, Ray B. Police-mental health co-response versus police-as-usual response to behavioral health emergencies: A pragmatic randomized effectiveness trial. Soc Sci Med 2024; 345:116723. [PMID: 38422686 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with mental illness are overrepresented in United States (US) criminal legal systems. In response, alternatives to traditional police response to behavioral health emergencies have become more common, despite limited evidence for their effectiveness. We conducted the first randomized controlled trial of a police-mental health co-response team to determine program effectiveness relative to a police-as-usual response on key outcomes identified by community stakeholders. METHODS Between January 2020 and March 2021, we randomized behavioral health emergency calls for service in one of six police districts in Indianapolis, Indiana to receive a co-response or police-as-usual response during operational hours between 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. Mondays - Fridays. Eligible calls for service were determined via pre-specified phrases indicating a behavioral health incident over the police dispatch radio. Researchers then communicated random assignment with the co-response team to indicate whether they should respond or withhold. Logistic and negative binomial regression were used to assess group differences in emergency medical services (EMS) events within 12 months of the randomized incident along with jail booking, outpatient encounters, and emergency department visits. FINDINGS We randomized 686 calls for service with co-response completed in 264 cases and police-as-usual response in 267 cases. The overall rate of attrition was similar across conditions and the final sample included 211 co-responses and 224 police-as-usual responses. We found no significant differences in any EMS event (odds ratio [OR]: 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-1.88, p = .246) or event counts (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.52-1.37, p = .504). We also found no differences in secondary outcomes (jail booking, outpatient encounters, and emergency department visits). DISCUSSION A police-mental health co-response team model was not more effective than traditional police response on key outcomes. Co-response team models, such as the one reported here, may unintentionally foster emergency services utilization among persons with behavioral health needs. Without a functioning national mental health system, communities in the US will continue to struggle to identify solutions to meet the needs of community members with complex behavioral health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Marie Lowder
- George Mason University Department of Criminology, Law and Society, 4400 University Drive, 4F4, Fairfax, VA, 22030, United States
| | - Eric Grommon
- Indiana University O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, 801 W. Michigan Street BS 3025, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - Katie Bailey
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Bradley Ray
- RTI International, 3040 East Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709-2194, United States.
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Macassa G, McGrath C. Common Problems! and Common Solutions? - Teaching at the Intersection Between Public Health and Criminology: A Public Health Perspective. Ann Glob Health 2024; 90:12. [PMID: 38370862 PMCID: PMC10870948 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.4375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Public health and criminology share similar current and future challenges, mostly related to crime and health causation, prevention, and sustainable development. Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches to education at the intersection of public health and criminology can be an integral part of future training in areas of mutual interest. Based on reflections on teaching criminology students, this viewpoint discusses the main interconnections between public health and criminology teaching through the public health lens. The paper discusses potential challenges associated with interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. Among these challenges is communication across the different fields and their perspectives to be able to achieve the desired complementarity at the intersection of the two disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Macassa
- Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of Gävle, Kungsbacksvägen 47, 80176 Gävle, Sweden
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, 541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Cormac McGrath
- EPIUnit–Instituto de Saude Publica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas 135, 4050–600 Porto, Portugal
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Pro G, Horton H, Tody B, Gu M, Washington T, Williams A, Gorvine MM, Johnson O, Lovelady N, Jackson T, Ray A, Montgomery B, Zaller N. National and state-level trends in the availability of mental health treatment services tailored to individuals ordered to treatment by a court: United States, 2016, 2018, and 2020. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-023-02589-8. [PMID: 38193943 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to identify trends and characteristics associated with the availability of tailored mental health services for individuals involved in the criminal justice system and ordered to treatment by a court, nationally in the US and by state. METHODS We used National Mental Health Services Survey to identify outpatient mental health treatment facilities in the US (2016 n = 4744; 2018 n = 4626; 2020 n = 4869). We used clustered multiple logistic regression to identify changes over time as well as facility- and state-level factors associated with the availability of specialty court-ordered services. RESULTS Slightly more than half of the outpatient mental health treatment facilities offered specialized services for individuals ordered to treatment by a court, with wide variation between states. Nationally, there was a significant increase in the odds of offering court-ordered treatment in 2020 compared to 2016 (aOR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.06-1.27, p < 0.01). Notable associations included offering integrated substance use treatment (versus none, aOR = 2.95, 95% CI = 2.70-3.22, p < 0.0001) and offering trauma therapy (versus none, aOR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.85-2.27, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The availability of mental health services for individuals ordered to treatment by a court is growing nationally but several states are lagging behind. Court ordered treatment is a promising strategy to improve health and reduce reliance on the carceral system as a healthcare provider. At the same time, we express caution around disparities within behavioral health courts and advocate for equity in access to incarceration alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Pro
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Heather Horton
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Brooklyn Tody
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mofan Gu
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Taylor Washington
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ashley Williams
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Margaret M Gorvine
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - O'Dell Johnson
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nakita Lovelady
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Timikia Jackson
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Azizi Ray
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Brooke Montgomery
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nick Zaller
- Southern Public Health and Criminal Justice Research Center, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Will J, Walsh K, Chyten-Brennan J. A comparison of chronic conditions between transgender and cisgender individuals with recent incarceration and in the community in a United States county. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2023; 25:187-198. [PMID: 38681500 PMCID: PMC11044716 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2023.2280175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Background: Transgender individuals are known to be at a higher risk for certain chronic conditions compared to cisgender individuals. Similarly, research also shows justice-involved individuals have a higher risk of chronic conditions compared to non-justice-involved individuals. Aim: This study aims to investigate the differences in chronic disease diagnoses between transgender and cisgender individuals who either utilized healthcare services provided by a US county health system or who were incarcerated in the same county's jail. Method: We leveraged electronic health record data from a United States county health system, including data from the local jail, to evaluate the difference in diagnosis of certain chronic conditions among transgender and cisgender individuals. We also compared individuals who experienced incarceration and those who did not. Results: We found transgender individuals experiencing recent incarceration were more likely to be diagnosed with substance use disorder, HIV/AIDS, and Hepatitis C than cisgender individuals. Transgender individuals not experiencing recent incarceration were more likely to be diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, seizure disorder, major depressive disorder, and bipolar disorder than cisgender individuals. Conclusion: These results highlight how transgender individuals may be disproportionately impacted by certain diseases within and outside carceral settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Will
- Custody Health Services, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
- New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristin Walsh
- Custody Health Services, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Jules Chyten-Brennan
- Custody Health Services, Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, California, USA
- Thundermist Health Center, Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Hood BJ, Komoski MC. Treating Trauma in Criminal Justice-Involved with SMI: "Trauma Is a Huge Part of It". Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:1537-1548. [PMID: 37268846 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-023-01141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with serious mental illness are both disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system and more likely to experience correlates with offending (e.g., trauma, substance abuse, and homelessness). Moreover, research using the Adverse Childhood Experiences has found strong correlation between childhood trauma and later negative outcomes, including criminal justice involvement. Despite this, research has yet to examine how trauma can influence treatment decisions for criminal justice-involved individuals with SMI. Using a qualitative approach and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 61 community mental health service providers, the current study addresses this gap in the literature. Findings confirm the high prevalence of trauma in this population as well as suggests a number of key findings for this population including (1) how trauma affects treatment decisions, (2) the existing barriers related to the treatment of trauma, and (3) what service providers need to effectively treat trauma. Implications for policy and practice are extensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany J Hood
- Texas A&M International University, 5201 University Boulevard, Academic Innovation Center (AIC) 314, Laredo, TX, 78041, USA.
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8
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Jenkins D, Burton C, Holmes D. "So There. I Won.": The Struggle for Power Between Caring and Carceral Institutions. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2023; 19:170-178. [PMID: 37590939 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to give voice to the lived experiences of nurses and law enforcement officers (LEOs) who interact with one another in acute hospital settings and to interpret and understand their unique perspectives and experiences. METHODS This qualitative study employed interpretative phenomenological analysis in the interviews of registered nurses and LEOs. The analysis and discussion was underpinned by biopolitical theories of power and control, including Georgio Agamben, Michel Foucault, and Erving Goffman. RESULTS There is a paucity of literature on nurse and law enforcement interactions in the hospital setting. Nurses and law enforcement exerted power and authority through several means. Overwhelmingly, participants described a contentious dynamic between nurses and LEOs in the hospital, wrought with argument, stress, and a feeling of coming from "different worlds." CONCLUSION The results provide alarming examples of deformed caring practices and assert the necessity for continued unearthing and discussion of how nurses can, and should, navigate law enforcement interaction. The tangible interference of care is of particular importance and consideration for nurses. Inequity in care and unfavorable outcomes for already marginalized and vulnerable populations are of grave concern. Additional research is needed on the specific ways this struggle for power between institutions and their political actors impairs caring practices and the emotional and psychological sequelae of these interactions.
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Shen Y. Mental health and labor supply: Evidence from Canada. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101414. [PMID: 37168248 PMCID: PMC10165450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between mental health and employment using an instrumental variable approach with the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health. Using a family member's mental health problem(s) as an instrument for poor mental health, the estimates reveal that poor mental health significantly reduces employment outcomes. These findings are robust to various specifications, such as an alternative instrument and a relaxation of the exclusion restriction assumption. In addition, the relationship is driven mainly by men and younger workers. Moreover, the findings suggest that the relationship is mediated by a decline in cognitive abilities, such as difficulties in concentration and motivation, and social relations with acquaintances and friends. Finally, the estimates show that this phenomenon is contagious: poor mental health has a significant spillover effect on coworkers' mental health in workplaces. This study demonstrates the importance of mental health illness in Canada and other developed countries.
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Pope LG, Stagoff-Belfort A, Warnock A, de Bibiana JT, Watson AC, Wood J, Compton MT. Competing Concerns in Efforts to Reduce Criminal Legal Contact Among People with Serious Mental Illnesses: Findings from a Multi-City Study on Misdemeanor Arrests. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2023; 50:476-487. [PMID: 36717527 PMCID: PMC9886548 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-023-01252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
People with serious mental illnesses are disproportionately involved in the criminal legal system, often for low-level, non-violent misdemeanors. This paper examines how decision-makers at different stages of the criminal legal system articulate unique visions of the "best approach" for addressing this problem of over-representation. Focus groups and in-depth interviews were conducted with 94 stakeholders from Atlanta, Chicago, New York City, and Philadelphia to understand how decision-makers from different agencies use and process specific misdemeanor charges in relation to people with serious mental illnesses. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach. The data reveal a series of tensions regarding how criminal legal system stakeholders process people with serious mental illnesses through the misdemeanor system. Three key themes emerged from analysis. The first characterizes the shared commitment across agencies to reducing system contact among people with mental illnesses. The second explores how agencies differ on how to make good on that commitment because of the distinct values and goals they bring to the table. The final theme explores the limits of current approaches to reducing system contact for people with mental illnesses. Findings are discussed in the context of literature on "loose coupling" and the focal concerns framework and demonstrate that decisions about how and when to intervene with people with mental illnesses in the criminal legal system are influenced by the varying orientations, goals, and values of stakeholder agencies. Understanding these core differences is a critical step toward value alignment in strategies to reduce system involvement among people with mental illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Pope
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - Amanda Warnock
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Amy C Watson
- Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael T Compton
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Wood JD, Watson AC, Pope L, Warnock A, Nelson V, Gesser N, Zern A, Stagoff-Belfort A, de Bibiana JT, Compton MT. Contexts shaping misdemeanor system interventions among people with mental illnesses: qualitative findings from a multi-site system mapping exercise. HEALTH & JUSTICE 2023; 11:20. [PMID: 37014478 PMCID: PMC10071260 DOI: 10.1186/s40352-023-00219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with mental illnesses are disproportionately entangled in the criminal legal system. Historically, this involvement has resulted from minor offending, often accompanied by misdemeanor charges. In recent years, policymakers have worked to reduce the footprint of the criminal legal system. This paper seeks to better understand how misdemeanor systems intervene in the lives of people with mental illnesses. METHODS System mapping exercises were conducted with misdemeanor system stakeholders from the jurisdictions of Atlanta, Chicago, Manhattan, and Philadelphia. Narrative detail on decision-making and case processing, both generally and in relation to specific types of behavior, including trespassing, retail theft/shoplifting, and simple assault, were coded and analyzed for thematic patterns. Based on the qualitative analysis, this paper offers a conceptual diagram of contexts shaping misdemeanor system interventions among people with mental illnesses. RESULTS All four sites have been engaged in efforts to reduce the use of misdemeanor charges both generally and in relation to people with mental illnesses. Decision-makers across all sites experience contexts that shape how, when, and where they intervene, which are: (1) law and policy environments; (2) location of the behavior; (3) expectations of stakeholders; (4) knowledge of mental illnesses; and (5) access to community resources. Law and policy environments expand or constrain opportunities for diversion. The location of offending is relevant to who has a stake in the behavior, and what demands they have. Clinical, experiential, and system-level knowledge of mental illnesses inform a chain of decisions about what to do. The capacity to address mental health needs is contingent on access to social services, including housing. CONCLUSION People making decisions along the criminal legal continuum are critical to illuminating the dynamic, inter-related contexts that facilitate and frustrate attempts to address defendants' mental health needs while balancing considerations of public safety. Multi-sector, scenario-based or case study exercises could help identify concrete ways of improving each of the contexts that surround whole-of-system decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Wood
- Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Amy C. Watson
- Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Leah Pope
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Amanda Warnock
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Veronica Nelson
- Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Nili Gesser
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND USA
| | - Adria Zern
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | | | | | - Michael T. Compton
- Department of Psychiatry, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
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Brown LA, AlRabiah R, Terasse M, Aksianiuk V, Sisti D. Knowledge of evidence-based practices for PTSD among mental health court judges. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2023; 63:42-52. [PMID: 35473423 DOI: 10.1177/00258024221096250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mental health courts offer access to community-based care for defendants with psychiatric disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, limited information is available on how judges make treatment decisions about evidence-based practices. In this qualitative study, we interviewed mental health court judges to evaluate: (1) perspectives toward the role of PTSD in criminal behavior; (2) knowledge about evidence-based practice for PTSD; (3) treatment decisions for defendants with PTSD; and (4) treatment decisions for defendants at risk for suicide, a common comorbidity with PTSD. We hypothesized that mental health court judges would report low familiarity with evidence-based practices for PTSD despite wide recognition of the impact of trauma on criminal behavior. Methods: Mental health court judges (N = 11, 60% women, 60% between 50-59 years) were recruited from 7 states in the US and completed a demographics questionnaire and semi-structured qualitative interview that was transcribed and double-coded. Results: Judges in mental health court unanimously agreed that PTSD is highly prevalent among their defendants, but that they had not having received formal education about evidence-based practices for PTSD. They reported relying on their team members to provide recommendations for treatment planning and viewed their role as the enforcer of the treatment teams' suggestions. Finally, judges also reported that suicide prevention is an important consideration and that there is a need for universal suicide risk assessments. Conclusions: These findings have implications for continuing education among judges in mental health court, and we recommend mandated training to increase awareness of evidence-based practices for PTSD and suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reem AlRabiah
- Department of Psychiatry, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Terasse
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Scattergood Program for Applied Ethics in Behavioral Health Care, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valeryia Aksianiuk
- Scattergood Program for Applied Ethics in Behavioral Health Care, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dominic Sisti
- Department of Psychiatry, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Scattergood Program for Applied Ethics in Behavioral Health Care, 6572University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Compton MT, Zern A, Pope LG, Gesser N, Stagoff-Belfort A, Tan de Bibiana J, Watson AC, Wood J, Smith TE. Misdemeanor Charges Among Individuals With Serious Mental Illnesses: A Statewide Analysis of More Than Two Million Arrests. Psychiatr Serv 2023; 74:31-37. [PMID: 35795979 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reducing the overrepresentation of individuals with serious mental illnesses in the criminal legal system requires a better understanding of the charges for which they are most commonly arrested. This study aimed to compare violent offenses, penal code classifications, Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) codes, and specific charges in arrests among individuals with and individuals without serious mental illnesses. METHODS The authors analyzed all arrests (N=2,224,847) in New York State during 2010-2013. Medicaid data and the state mental health authority's records were used to create an indicator of serious mental illness for each arrest. RESULTS Among arrests involving individuals with the serious mental illness indicator (N=91,363), 7.3% were for violent offenses, compared with 7.6% of arrests involving individuals without the indicator. Among 10 penal code classifications, class B felonies and class A misdemeanors were more likely in arrests among those with the indicator than among those without it. Of the 14 UCR codes examined, seven were more common in arrests with the serious mental illness indicator. Criminal trespass was among the most common charges in arrests involving individuals with the indicator. CONCLUSIONS Most arrests involving people with serious mental illnesses were for misdemeanors, specifically class A misdemeanors, and this class comprised a larger proportion of arrests for those with the indicator than of arrests for those without it. New approaches are needed to address the situations-usually related to socioeconomic disadvantage-that result in individuals with mental illnesses receiving misdemeanor charges and cycling through the criminal legal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Compton
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope, Smith); New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Compton, Pope); Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Gesser); Vera Institute of Justice, New York City (Stagoff-Belfort, Tan de Bibiana); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood); New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany (Smith)
| | - Adria Zern
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope, Smith); New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Compton, Pope); Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Gesser); Vera Institute of Justice, New York City (Stagoff-Belfort, Tan de Bibiana); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood); New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany (Smith)
| | - Leah G Pope
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope, Smith); New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Compton, Pope); Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Gesser); Vera Institute of Justice, New York City (Stagoff-Belfort, Tan de Bibiana); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood); New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany (Smith)
| | - Nili Gesser
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope, Smith); New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Compton, Pope); Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Gesser); Vera Institute of Justice, New York City (Stagoff-Belfort, Tan de Bibiana); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood); New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany (Smith)
| | - Aaron Stagoff-Belfort
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope, Smith); New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Compton, Pope); Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Gesser); Vera Institute of Justice, New York City (Stagoff-Belfort, Tan de Bibiana); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood); New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany (Smith)
| | - Jason Tan de Bibiana
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope, Smith); New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Compton, Pope); Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Gesser); Vera Institute of Justice, New York City (Stagoff-Belfort, Tan de Bibiana); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood); New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany (Smith)
| | - Amy C Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope, Smith); New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Compton, Pope); Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Gesser); Vera Institute of Justice, New York City (Stagoff-Belfort, Tan de Bibiana); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood); New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany (Smith)
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope, Smith); New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Compton, Pope); Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Gesser); Vera Institute of Justice, New York City (Stagoff-Belfort, Tan de Bibiana); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood); New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany (Smith)
| | - Thomas E Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope, Smith); New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York City (Compton, Pope); Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks (Gesser); Vera Institute of Justice, New York City (Stagoff-Belfort, Tan de Bibiana); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood); New York State Office of Mental Health, Albany (Smith)
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14
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Compton MT, Graves J, Zern A, Pauselli L, Anderson S, Ashekun O, Ellis S, Langlois S, Pope L, Watson AC, Wood J. Characterizing Arrests and Charges Among Individuals With Serious Mental Illnesses in Public-Sector Treatment Settings. Psychiatr Serv 2022; 73:1102-1108. [PMID: 35378991 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with serious mental illnesses are overrepresented in all facets of the legal system. State-level criminal histories of patients with serious mental illnesses were analyzed to determine the proportion who had been arrested and number of lifetime arrests and charges, associations of six variables with number of arrests, and the most common charges from individuals’ first two arrests and most recent two arrests. METHODS A total of 240 patients were recruited at three inpatient psychiatric facilities and gave consent to access their criminal history. Information was extracted from Record of Arrest and Prosecution (RAP) sheets for lifetime arrests in Georgia. RESULTS A total of 171 (71%) had been arrested. Their mean±SD lifetime arrests were 8.6±10.1, and mean lifetime charges were 12.6±14.6. In a Poisson regression, number of arrests was associated with lower educational attainment, Black or African American race, the presence of a substance use disorder, the presence of a mood disorder, and female sex. Common early charges included marijuana possession, driving under the influence of alcohol, and burglary and shoplifting. Common recent charges included probation violations, failure to appear in court, officer obstruction–related charges, and disorderly conduct. CONCLUSIONS Findings point to a need for policy and program development in the legal system (e.g., pertaining to charges such as willful obstruction of an officer), the mental health community (e.g., to ensure that professionals know about clients’ legal involvement and can partner in strategies to reduce arrests), and social services sectors (to address charges, such as shoplifting, often related to material disadvantage).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Compton
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - JaShala Graves
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - Adria Zern
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - Luca Pauselli
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - Simone Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - Oluwatoyin Ashekun
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - Samantha Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - Stephanie Langlois
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - Leah Pope
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - Amy C Watson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City (Compton, Zern, Pope); Gateway Behavioral Health Services, Savannah, Georgia (Graves, Anderson, Ellis); Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and St. Luke's/West Hospital Center, New York City (Pauselli); DeKalb Community Service Board, Atlanta (Ashekun, Langlois); Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee (Watson); Department of Criminal Justice, College of Liberal Arts, Temple University, Philadelphia (Wood)
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15
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Warner AR, Glazier S, Lavagnino L, Ruiz A, Hernandez S, Lane SD. Inpatient early intervention for serious mental illnesses and post-discharge criminal involvement in a high-volume psychiatric hospital setting. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 143:285-291. [PMID: 34530339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) are at increased risk for arrest and incarceration relative to the same-community population without SMI. Publicly-funded inpatient psychiatric hospitals usually feature short lengths of stay and limited opportunities for extended services that might impact criminal justice involvement after discharge. This study examined the influence of an early intervention program for SMI at a high-volume public psychiatric hospital on involvement in the criminal justice system post-discharge. The Early Onset Treatment Program (EOTP) is an extended service intervention program for uninsured patients who are within 5 years of SMI onset. Criminal justice records (number of arrests with conviction, days of incarceration) were obtained for EOTP participants (n = 164) and comparison patients (n = 164) matched on demographics, diagnosis, and discharge date via propensity score matching. Data were zero-inflated and analyzed using hurdle models, controlling for prior arrests. The EOTP group was less likely to be convicted of at least one crime post-discharge (0 arrests vs. > 0, p < .001), and spent fewer days incarcerated (if incarcerated ≥1 day, p < .03). Participation in the EOTP service was linked to reduced likelihood of post-discharge arrest and days incarcerated. Several alternative variables may contribute to this preliminary observation, including length of stay, medication adherence, longer environmental stability, and individual patient characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia R Warner
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth McGovern Medical School UTHealth Harris County Psychiatric Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77054, TX, USA
| | - Stephen Glazier
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth McGovern Medical School UTHealth Harris County Psychiatric Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77054, TX, USA
| | - Luca Lavagnino
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth McGovern Medical School UTHealth Harris County Psychiatric Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77054, TX, USA
| | - Ana Ruiz
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth McGovern Medical School UTHealth Harris County Psychiatric Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77054, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Hernandez
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth McGovern Medical School UTHealth Harris County Psychiatric Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77054, TX, USA
| | - Scott D Lane
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth McGovern Medical School UTHealth Harris County Psychiatric Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77054, TX, USA.
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16
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Evans M, Barker H, Peddireddy S, Zhang A, Luu S, Qian Y, Tang PY, Fisher EB. Peer-delivered services and peer support reaching people with schizophrenia: A scoping review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2021.1975441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Evans
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Barker
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Snigdha Peddireddy
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Angela Zhang
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samantha Luu
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yiqing Qian
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick Y. Tang
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edwin B. Fisher
- Peers for Progress and Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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17
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Adams WE, Lincoln AK. Barriers to and Facilitators of Implementing Peer Support Services for Criminal Justice-Involved Individuals. Psychiatr Serv 2021; 72:626-632. [PMID: 33730877 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to examine perceived barriers to and facilitators of the adoption, implementation, and sustainability of community-based mental health peer support services for criminal justice-involved individuals, also known as "forensic peer support" (FPS). METHODS Qualitative interviews were conducted with stakeholders (N=14) and peer specialists (N=37) to better understand delivery of peer support services for justice-involved individuals in Pennsylvania. Thematic analysis followed by directed content analysis was used to identify factors in three a priori implementation categories based on the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) model: initial facilitators (adoption), barriers (implementation), and facilitators (maintenance) to long-term sustainability. RESULTS Initial service adoption was facilitated by buy-in from recovery-oriented gatekeepers in the criminal justice system. Unique implementation barriers included the chasm between the orientations of the two systems (recovery vs. punitive) and formal and informal limitations on the employment of individuals with criminal justice system exposure. For services to be sustainable and have an impact over the long term, FPS advocates and workers must develop rapport with on-the-ground employees of the criminal justice system. Funding barriers specific to the criminal justice system limited the adoption, implementation, and maintenance of FPS services. CONCLUSIONS Although many of the factors that affect FPS service implementation were similar to those identified in the broader peer support literature, important differences must be addressed for successful FPS service delivery. Within the criminal justice system, both policies and norms presented barriers to the expansion of peer support services for justice-involved individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallis E Adams
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston (Adams, Lincoln); Department of Sociology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward (Adams)
| | - Alisa K Lincoln
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston (Adams, Lincoln); Department of Sociology, California State University, East Bay, Hayward (Adams)
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18
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D’Aurizio G, Caldarola A, Ninniri M, Avvantaggiato M, Curcio G. Sleep Quality and Psychological Status in a Group of Italian Prisoners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124224. [PMID: 32545743 PMCID: PMC7344845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prison could be considered a prolonged stressful situation that can trigger not only a dysregulation of sleep patterns but can also bring out psychiatric illness, such as anxiety and depression symptoms. Our study is aimed at exploring sleep quality and sleep habits in an Italian prison ward with three different security levels, and to attempt to clarify how anxiety state and the total time spent in prison can moderate insomnia complaints. There were 129 participants divided into three groups who enrolled in this study: 50 were in the medium-security prison ward (Group 1), 58 were in the high-security prison ward (Group 2) and 21 were in the medium-security following a protocol of detention with reduced custodial measures (Group 3). All participants filled in a set of questionnaires that included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-2), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Based on their responses, we observed that all participants showed poor sleep quality and insomnia, mild to moderate depressive symptoms that tended to a higher severity in Groups 1 and 3, and the presence of clinically significant anxiety symptoms, mainly in Groups 1 and 3. Our study shows that increased anxiety state-level and the presence of mood alteration corresponds to an increase in both poor sleep quality and, more specifically, insomnia complaints. Finally, we propose that TiP (total time in prison) could have an interesting and stabilizing paradox-function on anxiety state and insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia D’Aurizio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Angelica Caldarola
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (A.C.)
| | - Marianna Ninniri
- Penitentiary Institution-Casa Circondariale Lanciano, 66034 Chieti, Italy; (M.N.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Giuseppe Curcio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (G.D.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0862-433407
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19
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Sánchez J, Rush RD, Rothmiller SJ, Tansey TN, Crespo-Jones M, Chan F. A factor analytic evaluation of the Self-Stigma Scale-Short (SSS-S) among psychosocial clubhouse members in the United States. Psychiatry Res 2020; 286:112836. [PMID: 32062519 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure, the internal consistency, and other aspects of validity of the English version of the Self-Stigma Scale-Short (SSS-S). In the present study, the SSS-S was assessed in a sample of 194 adults with psychiatric disabilities from four Psychosocial Clubhouses in the Southern and Midwestern United States. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 98) supported a one-factor structure of the SSS-S, which accounted for 59% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 96) demonstrated that the factor structure of the SSS-S was satisfactory. The scale was also reliable, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.93 and 0.91 for the EFA and CFA samples, respectively. The SSS-S showed adequate convergent and criterion-related validity, as indicated by statistically significant positive correlations between internalized stigma with perceived societal stigma, symptom severity, and functional impairment, as well as negative correlations between internalized stigma with perceived social self-efficacy, social support, and resiliency. Overall, these findings support the English version of the SSS-S as a valid and reliable tool for determining the internalized stigma of adults with psychiatric disabilities in clinical settings and similar research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Sánchez
- Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Iowa Consortium for Substance Abuse Research and Evaluation, The University of Iowa, Coralville, IA, United States; I-SERVE (Iowa-Supports, Education, and Resources for Veterans and Enlisted), The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Romá D Rush
- Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Shamira J Rothmiller
- Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Timothy N Tansey
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mileidy Crespo-Jones
- Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Fong Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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