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Li Y, Wang J, Qiao Y, Li H, Wang Z, Tian M, Che L, Du Y. Serum metabolomics analysis combined with network pharmacology reveals possible mechanisms of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the treatment of Mongolian medicine Eerdun Wurile basic formula. Biomed Chromatogr 2024; 38:e5858. [PMID: 38501365 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
This study analyzed the endogenous metabolites and metabolic pathways in the serum of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats gavaged with the Eerdun Wurile basic formula (EWB) using metabolomics methods and network pharmacology to explore the possible mechanism of action of the EWB in improving postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). SD rats were divided into the basic formula group, which received the EWB, and the control group, which received equal amounts of distilled water. The blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and analyzed for metabolite profiles using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Network pharmacology predicts the targets of the differential metabolites and disease targets; takes the intersection and constructs a "metabolite-disease-target" network; and performs protein-protein interaction, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. A total of 56 metabolites were selected for significant differences between the groups, mainly affecting amphetamine addiction, alcoholism, and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes. A total of 177 potential targets for differential metabolite action in POCD were selected. The PI3K-Akt pathway, the HIF-1 pathway, and the FoxO pathway were in key positions. The studies have shown that EWB could improve POCD through multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways, providing new possibilities and reference values for the treatment of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yun Qiao
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Huiru Li
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Mengke Tian
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Limuge Che
- Medicine Innovation Center for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yiri Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Xiao L, Xiang J, Liu X, Yang L, Wei Y, Fang S, Li J, Ye Y. Lipidomic changes of cerebral cortex in aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 knock-in heterozygote mice after chronic alcohol exposure. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1053411. [PMID: 36743287 PMCID: PMC9893510 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1053411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcohol is the main legal drug in the world, and excessive consumption of alcohol seriously damages the morphological structure and function of various organs. The insufficiency of an essential enzyme in ethanol metabolism, aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2), will aggravate the alcohol-induced brain injury. The effect of ALDH2 after chronic alcohol exposure on global lipid profiling of the brain remains unclear. Methods In this study, ALDH2*2 knock-in mice were fed the Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet containing ethanol for 8 weeks. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde levels were examined, and the mice were tested through novel object recognition and the Y-maze test to evaluate cognitive impairment toward the end of the study. The lipidome profiling of cerebral cortex samples was investigated using a lipidomics method based on ultra-high performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOFMS). Results and Discussion Compared with similarly treated wild-type (WT) mice, ALDH2*2 mice exhibited poor cognitive performance, though the result did not achieve statistical significance. The lipidomics results indicated that 74 differential lipid species were selected in WT mice, of which 57 species were up-regulated, and 17 were down-regulated. Moreover, 99 differential lipids were identified in ALDH2*2 mice, of which 73 were up-regulated, and 26 were down-regulated. For ALDH2*2 mice, the number of changed significantly glycerophospholipids (GPs) subtypes was lower than that of WT mice. Interestingly, compared with WT mice, a lower proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was found in ALDH2*2 mice. Collectively, the results provide clear evidence for a lipidomic signature of marked changes in the cerebral cortex of ALDH2*2 mice after chronic alcohol exposure. Highlights • The cerebral cortex of heterozygous ALDH2*2 mice showed more significant changes in lipidome profiles after chronic alcohol exposure than wild-type mice.• Most lipids were significantly up-regulated in both groups of mice, whereas the increase in TAG was restricted to WT mice.• For ALDH2*2 mice, GPs substances changed significantly, and SHexCer and SM subclasses in sphingolipids also deserved attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Xiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyong Fang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Yi Ye
- Department of Forensic Toxicological Analysis, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Yi Ye, ✉
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Rhea EM, Raber J, Banks WA. ApoE and cerebral insulin: Trafficking, receptors, and resistance. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104755. [PMID: 31978603 PMCID: PMC7050417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) isoform is a risk factor for AD. The connection between these two factors in relation to AD is being actively explored. We summarize this literature with a focus on the transport of insulin and apoE across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into the CNS, the impact of apoE and insulin on the BBB, and the interactions between apoE, insulin, and the insulin receptor once present in the CNS. We highlight how CNS insulin resistance is apparent in AD and potential ways to overcome this resistance by repurposing currently approved drugs, with apoE genotype taken into consideration as the treatment response following most interventions is apoE isoform-dependent. This review is part of a special issue focusing on apoE in AD and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - William A Banks
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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Kao YC, Ho PC, Tu YK, Jou IM, Tsai KJ. Lipids and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041505. [PMID: 32098382 PMCID: PMC7073164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids, as the basic component of cell membranes, play an important role in human health as well as brain function. The brain is highly enriched in lipids, and disruption of lipid homeostasis is related to neurologic disorders as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aging is associated with changes in lipid composition. Alterations of fatty acids at the level of lipid rafts and cerebral lipid peroxidation were found in the early stage of AD. Genetic and environmental factors such as apolipoprotein and lipid transporter carrying status and dietary lipid content are associated with AD. Insight into the connection between lipids and AD is crucial to unraveling the metabolic aspects of this puzzling disease. Recent advances in lipid analytical methodology have led us to gain an in-depth understanding on lipids. As a result, lipidomics have becoming a hot topic of investigation in AD, in order to find biomarkers for disease prediction, diagnosis, and prevention, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (P.-C.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (P.-C.H.)
| | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; (Y.-K.T.); (I.-M.J.)
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; (Y.-K.T.); (I.-M.J.)
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (P.-C.H.)
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-235-3535-4254; Fax: +886-6-275-8781
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King KS, Sheng M, Liu P, Maroules CD, Rubin CD, Peshock RM, McColl RW, Lu H. Detrimental effect of systemic vascular risk factors on brain hemodynamic function assessed with MRI. Neuroradiol J 2018; 31:253-261. [PMID: 29319396 DOI: 10.1177/1971400917750375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Vascular risk factors have been associated with decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) but this is etiologically nonspecific and may result from vascular insufficiency or a response to decreased brain metabolic activity. We apply new MRI techniques to measure oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), hypothesizing that decreased CBF related to these vascular risk factors will be associated with increased OEF, confirming a primary vascular insufficiency. Methods 3T MRI was obtained on 70 community-based participants in this IRB-approved study with informed consent, with previous assessment of systolic blood pressure, hypertension medication, elevated serum triglycerides, low serum HDL, and diabetes mellitus. CBF was measured using phase contrast adjusted for brain volume (ml/100 g/min), OEF (%) was obtained from T2-Relaxation-Under-Spin-Tagging (TRUST), and CMRO2 (μmol/100 g/min) was derived using the Fick principle. Stepwise linear regression identified optimal predictors of CBF with age, sex, and hematocrit included for adjustment. This predictive model was then evaluated against OEF and CMRO2. Results Hypertriglyceridemia was associated with low CBF and high OEF. High systolic blood pressure was associated with high CBF and low OEF, which was primarily attributable to those with pressures above 160 mmHg. Neither risk factor was associated with significant differences in cerebral metabolic rate. Conclusion Low CBF related to hypertriglyceridemia was accompanied by high OEF with no significant difference in CMRO2, confirming subclinical vascular insufficiency. High CBF related to high systolic blood pressure likely reflected limitations of autoregulation at higher blood pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S King
- 1 Huntington Medical Research Institutes, USA.,2 Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Min Sheng
- 3 Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Peiying Liu
- 3 Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.,4 Department of Radiology, 1501 Johns Hopkins University , USA
| | | | - Craig D Rubin
- 5 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Ron M Peshock
- 2 Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.,5 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Roderick W McColl
- 2 Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Hanzhang Lu
- 3 Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.,4 Department of Radiology, 1501 Johns Hopkins University , USA
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Birdsill AC, Carlsson CM, Willette AA, Okonkwo OC, Johnson SC, Xu G, Oh JM, Gallagher CL, Koscik RL, Jonaitis EM, Hermann BP, LaRue A, Rowley HA, Asthana S, Sager MA, Bendlin BB. Low cerebral blood flow is associated with lower memory function in metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1313-20. [PMID: 23687103 PMCID: PMC3742665 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS)--a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors--is linked with cognitive decline and dementia. However, the brain changes underlying this link are presently unknown. In this study, we tested the relationship between MetS, cerebral blood flow (CBF), white matter hyperintensity burden, and gray matter (GM) volume in cognitively healthy late middle-aged adults. Additionally, the extent to which MetS was associated with cognitive performance was assessed. DESIGN AND METHODS Late middle-aged adults from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention (N = 69, mean age = 60.4 years) underwent a fasting blood draw, arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI, T1-weighted MRI, T2FLAIR MRI, and neuropsychological testing. MetS was defined as abnormalities on three or more factors, including abdominal obesity, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose. RESULTS Mean GM CBF was 15% lower in MetS compared to controls. Voxel-wise image analysis indicated that the MetS group had lower CBF across a large portion of the cortical surface, with the exception of medial and inferior parts of the occipital and temporal lobes. The MetS group also had lower immediate memory function; a mediation analysis indicated this relationship was partially mediated by CBF. Among the MetS factors, abdominal obesity and elevated triglycerides were most strongly associated with lower CBF. CONCLUSIONS The results underscore the importance of reducing the number of cardiovascular risk factors for maintaining CBF and cognition in an aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Birdsill
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Ozioma C Okonkwo
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Guofan Xu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer M Oh
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Catherine L Gallagher
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial V. A. Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rebecca L Koscik
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Erin M Jonaitis
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Bruce P Hermann
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Asenath LaRue
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Howard A Rowley
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Radiology, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark A Sager
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding Author: Barbara Bendlin, PhD, Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, J5/1M Clinical Science Center, MC 2420, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, Phone: (608) 265-2483, Fax: (608) 265-3091,
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Vasselli JR, Scarpace PJ, Harris RBS, Banks WA. Dietary components in the development of leptin resistance. Adv Nutr 2013; 4:164-75. [PMID: 23493533 PMCID: PMC3649097 DOI: 10.3945/an.112.003152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, leptin resistance has been associated with increased body fat and circulating leptin levels, and the condition is believed to contribute to the onset and/or maintenance of obesity. Although a great deal is known about the central nervous system mechanisms mediating leptin resistance, considerably less is known about the role of diet in establishing and maintaining this altered hormonal state. An exciting new finding has recently been published demonstrating the existence of leptin resistance in normal-weight rats with lean leptin levels by feeding them a high-concentration-fructose diet. This finding has opened the possibility that specific macronutrients may be capable of inducing leptin resistance, independently of the amount of body fat or circulating leptin present in the treated animals. This review describes several lines of research that have recently emerged indicating that specific types of dietary sugars and fats are capable of inducing leptin resistance in experimental rodent models. The results further show that diet-induced leptin resistance is capable of increasing energy intake and elevating body weight gain under appropriate dietary challenges. It appears that biological mechanisms on multiple levels may underlie the dietary induction of leptin resistance, including alterations in the leptin blood-to-brain transport system, in peripheral glucose metabolism, and in central leptin receptor signaling pathways. What is clear from the findings reviewed here is that diet-induced leptin resistance can occur in the absence of elevated circulating leptin levels and body weight, rendering it a potential cause and/or predisposing factor to excess body weight gain and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Vasselli
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Department of Medicine, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, and Columbia University Institute of Human Nutrition, New York, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Philip J. Scarpace
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ruth B. S. Harris
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA; and
| | - William A. Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Veterans Administration Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center/University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Apolipoprotein C3 polymorphisms, cognitive function and diabetes in Caribbean origin Hispanics. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5465. [PMID: 19424489 PMCID: PMC2674932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) modulates triglyceride metabolism through inhibition of lipoprotein lipase, but is itself regulated by insulin, so that APOC3 represents a potential mechanism by which glucose metabolism may affect lipid metabolism. Unfavorable lipoprotein profiles and impaired glucose metabolism are linked to cognitive decline, and all three conditions may decrease lifespan. Associations between apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) gene polymorphisms and impaired lipid and glucose metabolism are well-established, but potential connections between APOC3 polymorphisms, cognitive decline and diabetes deserve further attention. METHODS We examined whether APOC3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) m482 (rs2854117) and 3u386 (rs5128) were related to cognitive measures, whether the associations between cognitive differences and genotype were related to metabolic differences, and how diabetes status affected these associations. Study subjects were Hispanics of Caribbean origin (n = 991, aged 45-74) living in the Boston metropolitan area. RESULTS Cognitive and metabolic measures differed substantially by type II diabetes status. In multivariate regression models, APOC3 m482 AA subjects with diabetes exhibited lower executive function (P = 0.009), Stroop color naming score (P = 0.014) and Stroop color-word score (P = 0.022) compared to AG/GG subjects. APOC3 m482 AA subjects with diabetes exhibited significantly higher glucose (P = 0.032) and total cholesterol (P = 0.028) compared to AG/GG subjects. APOC3 3u386 GC/GG subjects with diabetes exhibited significantly higher triglyceride (P = 0.004), total cholesterol (P = 0.003) and glucose (P = 0.016) compared to CC subjects. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we identified significant associations between APOC3 polymorphisms, impaired cognition and metabolic dysregulation in Caribbean Hispanics with diabetes. Further research investigating these relationships in other populations is warranted.
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Sims RC, Madhere S, Gordon S, Clark E, Abayomi KA, Callender CO, Campbell AL. Relationships among blood pressure, triglycerides and verbal learning in African Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 2008; 100:1193-8. [PMID: 18942281 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)31474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals at greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) display poorer cognitive functioning across various cognitive domains. This finding is particularly prevalent among older adults; however, few studies examine these relationships among younger adults or among African Americans. PURPOSE The objective was to examine the relationships among 2 cardiovascular risk factors, elevated blood pressure and elevated triglycerides, and verbal learning in a community-based sample of African Americans. METHODS Measurements of blood pressure and triglycerides were obtained in 121 African-American adults and compared to performance on 3 domains of the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II). RESULTS Blood pressure was not related to CVLT-II performance. Triglyceride levels were inversely related to CVLT-II performance. Higher triglyceride levels were associated with poorer immediate, short delay and long delay recall. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with studies involving older participants, the current investigation shows that in a nonelderly sample of African Americans, triglyceride levels may be related to cognitive functioning. Because early detection and intervention of vascular-related cognitive impairment may have a salutary effect, future studies should include younger adults to highlight the impact of cardiovascular risk on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina C Sims
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27706, USA.
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Farr SA, Yamada KA, Butterfield DA, Abdul HM, Xu L, Miller NE, Banks WA, Morley JE. Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia produce cognitive impairment. Endocrinology 2008; 149:2628-36. [PMID: 18276751 PMCID: PMC2329289 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with cognitive impairments. Long-term mechanisms for this association include consequences of hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, or other factors comprising metabolic syndrome X. We found that hypertriglyceridemia, the main dyslipidemia of metabolic syndrome X, is in part responsible for the leptin resistance seen in obesity. Here we determined whether triglycerides have an immediate and direct effect on cognition. Obese mice showed impaired acquisition in three different cognitive paradigms: the active avoidance T-maze, the Morris water maze, and a food reward lever press. These impairments were not attributable to differences in foot shock sensitivity, swim speed, swimming distance, or voluntary milk consumption. Impaired cognition in obese mice was improved by selectively lowering triglycerides with gemfibrozil. Injection into the brain of the triglyceride triolein, but not of the free fatty acid palmitate, impaired acquisition in normal body weight mice. Triolein or milk (97% of fats are triglycerides), but not skim milk (no triglycerides), impaired maintenance of the N-methyl-d-aspartate component of the hippocampal long-term synaptic potential. Measures of oxidative stress in whole brain were reduced by gemfibrozil. We conclude that triglycerides mediate cognitive impairment as seen in obesity, possibly by impairing maintenance of the N-methyl-d-aspartate component of hippocampal long-term potentiation, and that lowering triglycerides can reverse the cognitive impairment and improve oxidative stress in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine and GRECC, VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
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Berk-Planken I, de Konig I, Stolk R, Jansen H, Hoogerbrugge N. Atorvastatin, diabetic dyslipidemia, and cognitive functioning. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:1250-1. [PMID: 12087035 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.7.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment associated with vascular disease may be the only preventable form of dementia of late life. Identification of risk factors for dementia associated with stroke may be a prelude to improved intervention. SUMMARY OF REVIEW I reviewed putative risk factors for dementia associated with stroke. These included demographic, atherogenic, stroke-related, and genetic factors. Key studies from the English literature were reviewed and graded according to quality of evidence ratings (classes I, II, and III). Although many of the cardiovascular disease risk factors are logical antecedents of dementia associated with stroke, age was the only factor that could be considered a well-documented risk factor. CONCLUSIONS We should continue to support efforts directed at primary stroke prevention and the brain-at-risk and predementia stages. Additional rigorous epidemiological study is needed to clarify risk factors for dementia associated with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Gorelick
- Department of Neurologic Sciences, Rush Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Orengo CA, Kunik ME, Molinari VA, Teasdale TA, Workman RH, Yudofsky SC. Association of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels with agitation and cognitive function in a geropsychiatry unit. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1996; 9:53-6. [PMID: 8736586 DOI: 10.1177/089198879600900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have reported an association between aggression and cholesterol levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels with aggression and cognitive function in elderly inpatients. One hundred ten patients consecutively admitted to the Geriatric Psychiatry inpatient unit at Houston's Veterans Affairs Hospital received comprehensive evaluations by a multidisciplinary team. Fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were obtained within 3 days of admission. In addition, two geriatric psychiatrists administered the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI). Correlation coefficients were calculated between lipid levels, CMAI total and subscale scores, and MMSE scores. Multiple linear-regression analyses were done to further investigate the relation between lipid concentrations and various confounders. We found no significant correlation between serum triglyceride levels and MMSE, CMAI total, and CMAI factor scores. In addition, we found a significant positive correlation between serum cholesterol levels and physical nonaggressive behavior, and a significant negative correlation between serum cholesterol levels and MMSE scores. We found no relationship between aggressive behavior and serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels. However, an association between high cholesterol levels and agitation exists, which may be mediated by the association between high cholesterol levels and impaired cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Orengo
- Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
An accelerated atherosclerosis, in particular of the coronary arteries, was documented in hypertriglyceridemia. The objective of the present study was to assess the cutaneous dynamic blood flow in hypertriglyceridemia, utilizing the optical noninvasive method of laser Doppler flowmetry. The cutaneous blood flow on the forearms was measured during the postischemic reactive hyperemia test in treated and non-treated patients with hypertriglyceridemia and healthy control subjects. The subjects were 32 patients with hypertriglyceridemia--15 untreated and 17 following 6-9 months of bezafibrate treatment--and 27 healthy control subjects. In untreated patients with hypertriglyceridemia, the peak flow was significantly lower than in both the treated group (p < 0.005) and control group (p < 0.02). Similarly, the area under the response-time curve of the untreated patients with hypertriglyceridemia was smaller (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). These parameters were similar in the treated group and the control group. The reaction was faster in the treated group, as compared to the other two groups (p < 0.001). The control group exhibited a longer time to decay than the treated group (p < 0.01). Postischemic reactive hyperemia tests in patients with hypertriglyceridemia reveal cutaneous microcirculatory changes in the forearm. These changes may arise from several mechanisms, including functional abnormalities of the endothelium or vascular smooth muscle, or structural changes in the blood vessels that limit vasodilatation. These changes are reversible, and corrected when reducing the triglyceride levels, but other abnormalities are then present, suggesting a permanent damage. These dynamic measurements of cutaneous blood flow are sensitive indicators of atherogenesis, and can be employed for the evaluation of microvascular involvement and follow-up of patients with hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tur
- Department of Dermatology, Elias-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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