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Arockiaraj N, Gupta R, Ahmad R, Halder S, Bhatia MS. Sertraline with desvenlafaxine and sertraline with mirtazapine as treatment initiation in MDD patients with moderate to severe depression and effect on inflammatory markers. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2024; 28:9-16. [PMID: 38019131 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2023.2287754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effect of sertraline with desvenlafaxine and sertraline with mirtazapine on HAM-D score and inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-α levels) in major depressive disorder. METHODS Patients (18-60 years) with MDD diagnosed by DSM-V criteria and HAM-D score 18 or more were included (n = 60). Group A patients (n = 30) received sertraline 50 mg/day and desvenlafaxine 50 mg/day. Group B patients (n = 30) received sertraline 50 mg/day and mirtazapine 30 mg/day. All patients were followed up for 8 weeks for the evaluation of clinical efficacy, safety, serum IL-6, and TNF-α levels. RESULTS Our study showed a comparatively similar and statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in HAM-D score in both groups in the 4th and 8th week of the treatment. Both drug combinations significantly (p < 0.05) decreased serum IL-6 and TNF-α after 8 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the combination therapy (as treatment initiation) with sertraline and desvenlafaxine, and sertraline with mirtazapine is effective and well tolerated in MDD patients with moderate to severe depression, and their therapeutic efficacy is accompanied by decreased inflammatory markers (serum IL-6 and TNF-α).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Arockiaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Rafat Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumita Halder
- Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - M S Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li H, Feng Q, Ge W, Xu X. Investigating the Potential Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets of Inflammatory Cytokines in Post-stroke Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:132-147. [PMID: 37592185 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) affects approximately one-third of stroke survivors, severely impacting general recovery and quality of life. Despite extensive studies, the exact mechanisms underlying PSD remain elusive. However, emerging evidence implicates proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-18, play critical roles in PSD development. These cytokines contribute to PSD through various mechanisms, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, neurotransmitter alterations, neurotrophic factor changes, gut microbiota imbalances, and genetic predispositions. This review is aimed at exploring the role of cytokines in stroke and PSD while identifying their potential as specific therapeutic targets for managing PSD. A more profound understanding of the mechanisms regulating inflammatory cytokine expression and anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 in PSD may facilitate the development of innovative interventions to improve outcomes for stroke survivors experiencing depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yuehua Yang
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Yongding Hospital, Suzhou, 215028, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221600, China.
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang J, Wu Q, Ou C, Lu G, Yu H. Research on Xiaoyao Powder in the treatment of depression based on epigenetics and quality markers. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1223451. [PMID: 37694120 PMCID: PMC10483571 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1223451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression has become one of the most common public health issues around the world, and the incidence has been increasing in recent years. A large amount of clinical investigations have proven that the treatment of depression is difficult. The prognosis is poor, and the fatality rate is high. At present, western medicine is the preferred treatment for depression, but it often causes adverse clinical reactions such as dry mouth, blurred vision, and memory loss, etc. The herbal compound Xiaoyao Powder is a traditional medicine for soothing the liver and relieving depression, strengthening the spleen, and nourishing the blood. It can reduce adverse reactions. It is effective in treating depression. In this study, we elucidate the function of Xiaoyao Powder in anti-depression from the perspective of clinical application and pharmacological mechanisms such as regulating epigenetic and chemical quality markers to provide empirical and experimental theoretical results that contribute to developing future depression therapy with Xiaoyao Powder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guangying Lu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huayun Yu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Abtahi-Naeini B, Rastegarnasab F, Saffaei A. Liquid vitamin E injection for cosmetic facial rejuvenation: A disaster report of lipogranuloma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5549-5554. [PMID: 35947509 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of vitamin E for Facial rejuvenation is a dangerous practice and is associated with potential local, and sometimes systemic and life-threatening complications. Clinicians should be aware of complications induced by the injection of illegal products for tissue augmentation. Also, regulatory organizations should monitor illegal beauty centers and enact restrictive laws. CASE PRESENTATION Herein, we report a case of liquid vitamin E injection for cosmetic facial rejuvenation and development of facial persistent erythema and induration, treated with oral prednisolone, azathioprine, and minocycline. Also, we review the reported cases of vitamin E injection for cosmetic facial rejuvenation. CONCLUSION Lipogranuloma is one of those complications of vitamin E injection for cosmetic rejuvenation. It mostly represents inflammation, edema, erythema, and tenderness. Since there was no standard treatment for this complication, the management of these patients is challenging. Patients who have undergone cosmetic interventions in illegal institutions are more likely to develop such complications including medical and psychological problems. Clinicians should be aware of these complications for the best diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Abtahi-Naeini
- Pediatric Dermatology Division of Department of Pediatrics, Imam Hossein Children's Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Ali Saffaei
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Peng S, Zhou Y, Lu M, Wang Q. Review of Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of Depression. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221139082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression, a mental illness that is receiving increasing attention, is caused by multiple factors and genes and adversely affects social life and health. Several hypotheses have been proposed to clarify the pathogenesis of depression, and various synthetic antidepressants have been introduced to treat patients with depression. However, these drugs are effective only in a proportion of patients and fail to achieve complete remission. Recently, herbal medicines have received much attention as alternative treatments for depression because of their fewer side effects and lower costs. In this review, we have mainly focused on the herbal medicines that have been proven in clinical studies (especially randomized controlled trials and preclinical studies) to have antidepressant effects; we also describe the potential mechanisms of the antidepressant effects of those herbal medicines; the cellular and animal model of depression; and the development of novel drug delivery systems for herbal antidepressants. Finally, we objectively elaborate on the challenges of using herbal medicines as antidepressants and describe the benefits, adverse effects, and toxicity of these medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Peng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalan Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Lu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shan LL, Wang YL, Qiao TC, Bian YF, Huo YJ, Guo C, Liu QY, Yang ZD, Li ZZ, Liu MY, Han Y. Association of Serum Interleukin-8 and Serum Amyloid A With Anxiety Symptoms in Patients With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:938655. [PMID: 35923828 PMCID: PMC9341200 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.938655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a clinical syndrome caused by pathological changes in small vessels. Anxiety is a common symptom of CSVD. Previous studies have reported the association between inflammatory factors and anxiety in other diseases, but this association in patients with CSVD remains uncovered. Our study aimed to investigate whether serum inflammatory factors correlated with anxiety in patients with CSVD. Methods A total of 245 CSVD patients confirmed using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were recruited from December 2019 to December 2021. Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) was used to assess the anxiety symptoms of CSVD patients. Patients with HAMA scores ≥7 were considered to have anxiety symptoms. The serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were detected. We compared levels of inflammatory factors between the anxiety and non-anxiety groups. Logistic regression analyses examined the correlation between inflammatory factors and anxiety symptoms. We further performed a gender subgroup analysis to investigate whether this association differed by gender. Results In the fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis model, we found that lower levels of IL-8 were linked to a higher risk of anxiety symptoms. Moreover, higher levels of SAA were linked to a lower risk of anxiety symptoms. Our study identified sex-specific effects, and the correlation between IL-8 and anxiety symptoms remained significant among males, while the correlation between SAA and anxiety symptoms remained significant among females. Conclusions In this study, we found a suggestive association between IL-8, SAA, and anxiety symptoms in CSVD participants. Furthermore, IL-8 and SAA may have a sex-specific relationship with anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Shan
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lin Wang
- Georgetown Preparatory School, North Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tian-Ci Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Feng Bian
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Jing Huo
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Guo
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Dong Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Zhi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Ming-Yuan Liu
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Neurology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Han ; orcid.org/0000-0002-7654-0906
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Li C, Li J, Lai J, Liu Y. The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of esculin: A comprehensive review. Phytother Res 2022; 36:2434-2448. [PMID: 35599456 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐xiao Li
- Department of Dermatology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Jing‐chun Li
- Department of Dermatology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
| | - Jiang Lai
- Department of Anorectal Surgery Third People's Hospital of Chengdu Chengdu China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Dermatology Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu China
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Inflammation: A New Look at an Old Problem. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094596. [PMID: 35562986 PMCID: PMC9100490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory stress is inherent in any cells that are subject to damage or threat of damage. It is defined by a number of universal components, including oxidative stress, cellular response to DNA damage, unfolded protein response to mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress, changes in autophagy, inflammasome formation, non-coding RNA response, formation of an inducible network of signaling pathways, and epigenetic changes. The presence of an inducible receptor and secretory phenotype in many cells is the cause of tissue pro-inflammatory stress. The key phenomenon determining the occurrence of a classical inflammatory focus is the microvascular inflammatory response (exudation, leukocyte migration to the alteration zone). This same reaction at the systemic level leads to the development of life-critical systemic inflammation. From this standpoint, we can characterize the common mechanisms of pathologies that differ in their clinical appearance. The division of inflammation into alternative variants has deep evolutionary roots. Evolutionary aspects of inflammation are also described in the review. The aim of the review is to provide theoretical arguments for the need for an up-to-date theory of the relationship between key human pathological processes based on the integrative role of the molecular mechanisms of cellular and tissue pro-inflammatory stress.
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Sodium Benzoate—Harmfulness and Potential Use in Therapies for Disorders Related to the Nervous System: A Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071497. [PMID: 35406109 PMCID: PMC9003278 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, due to the large number of reports regarding the harmfulness of food additives, more and more consumers follow the so-called “clean label” trend, i.e., prefer and choose the least-processed food products. One of the compounds known as a preservative with a high safety profile is sodium benzoate. While some studies show that it can be used to treat conditions such as depression, pain, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, others report its harmfulness. For example, it was found to cause mutagenic effects, generate oxidative stress, disrupt hormones, and reduce fertility. Due to such disparate results, the purpose of this study is to comprehensively discuss the safety profile of sodium benzoate and its potential use in neurodegenerative diseases, especially in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), and pain relief.
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10
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Zhou Y, Murrough J, Yu Y, Roy N, Sayegh R, Asbell P, Maguire MG, Ying GS. Association Between Depression and Severity of Dry Eye Symptoms, Signs, and Inflammatory Markers in the DREAM Study. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 140:392-399. [PMID: 35266971 PMCID: PMC8914873 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Depression is more prevalent in patients with dry eye disease (DED) than in the general population; however, the association between severity of DED and depression needs further evaluation. Objective To investigate the association between depression and severity of DED symptoms and signs, including inflammatory markers. Design, Setting, and Participants Secondary cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis performed in April to December 2020 of data from Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study, a randomized clinical trial from October 2014 to July 2016 including patients with moderate to severe symptoms and signs of DED. Enrolled from 27 ophthalmology and optometry centers, both academic and private, in 17 US states, 535 patients were followed up for 1 year. Exposure Participants screened positive for depression if they scored 42 or less on the Mental Component Summary (MCS) of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. Main Outcomes and Measures Symptoms of DED were assessed by Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Brief Ocular Discomfort Index (BODI) and signs assessed by tear film breakup time, Schirmer test, corneal and conjunctival staining, tear osmolarity, and meibomian gland dysfunction at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. A composite severity sign score was calculated from all 6 signs. Inflammatory markers (cytokines in tears and HLA-DR expression by conjunctival surface cells) were measured for some trial participants. Features of DED were compared between participants with and without depression and adjusted for age, sex, race, visits, and baseline comorbidities. Results Among the 535 participants, mean (SD) age was 58 (13.2) years, 434 participants (81%) were women, and 398 (74.4%) were White. Participants who screened positive for depression had worse DED symptoms by OSDI (effect size = 0.45, P < .001) and BODI (effect size = 0.46, P < .001) and composite DED sign score (effect size = 0.21, P = .006). Lower MCS score (ie, worse depression) was correlated with higher OSDI score (ie, worse DED symptoms) at baseline (Spearman ρ = -0.09, P = .03), 6 months (ρ = -0.20, P < .001), and 12 months (ρ = -0.21, P < .001). Inflammatory markers did not differ by depression status. Conclusions and Relevance Depression was associated with more severe dry eye symptoms and overall signs, suggesting that among patients with moderate to severe DED, those with depression may be likely to have more severe DED. These findings support consideration of depression as a comorbidity when managing patients with DED. Further study is needed to elucidate the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James Murrough
- Depression and Anxiety Center for Discovery and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yinxi Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Neeta Roy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Rony Sayegh
- Cole Eye Institute, Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Penny Asbell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gui-Shuang Ying
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Tayab MA, Islam MN, Chowdhury KAA, Tasnim FM. Targeting neuroinflammation by polyphenols: A promising therapeutic approach against inflammation-associated depression. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 147:112668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Klyne DM, Barbe MF, Hodges PW. Relationship between systemic inflammation and recovery over 12 months after an acute episode of low back pain. Spine J 2022; 22:214-225. [PMID: 34547387 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Individual characteristics can influence outcomes after injury. Our previous work in individuals with early-acute low back pain (LBP) identified subgroups (clusters) with specific biopsychosocial features that recovered poorly or well by 6 months. PURPOSE This study extends on that work by revealing the short- and long-term trajectories of recovery and systemic inflammation of these participant clusters: (1) "inflammatory & poor sleep" (Cluster 1), "high TNF & depression" (Cluster 2), "high pain & high pain-related fear" (Cluster 3), and "low pain & low pain-related fear" (Cluster 4). STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Longitudinal cohort study. PATIENT SAMPLE Eighty-three individuals within 2 weeks of an acute episode of LBP - grouped into their a priori-defined cluster. OUTCOME MEASURES General participant characteristics (sex, age, body mass index, smoking history, previous LBP history); self-reported LBP (0-10 numerical rating scale, LBP-related disability (Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, pain catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), fear avoidance (Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire), pain self-efficacy (Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire), and sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index); systemic inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]). METHODS Participants provided blood for the measurement of CRP/cytokines, and completed questionnaires related to their pain/disability, psychological and sleep status. Blood measures were repeated 3-monthly for 9 months, and pain/disability were self-reported fortnightly for 12 months. Recovery (change in pain) and CRP/cytokines were longitudinally compared between clusters using mixed-models. Associations between baseline factors and follow-up CRP/cytokines levels were assessed with multiple regression. RESULTS Clusters 1 and 2 were associated, but oppositely, with recovery over the 12-months. Cluster 1 reported most recovery at every 3-monthly interval, whereas Cluster 2 reported least recovery. Cluster 1 had elevated CRP (and IL-6) at baseline that continued to decrease from 3 to 9 months. TNF was elevated early and persistently in Cluster 2. Baseline factors other than inflammation generally failed to predict follow-up inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the early role of CRP (and perhaps IL-6) in control of inflammation and recovery, and a pathological role of persistent TNF overexpression, which may be perpetuated by depressive-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Klyne
- NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul W Hodges
- NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Wu X, Luo X, Li S, Zhu G, Liu J, Gong Q, Jiang Y, Lui S. Cerebral Structural Abnormalities and Their Associations With Peripheral Cytokine Levels in a Group of Untreated Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:740033. [PMID: 34900691 PMCID: PMC8660672 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.740033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study is to characterize the alterations of peripheral cytokines and anatomical brain changes, and their relationships in untreated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with depressive symptoms. Twenty-nine newly diagnosed NPC patients without any treatment and 46 matched healthy comparisons were recruited, scanned with high-resolution T1 images and assessed psychologically using Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). Serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were measured by quantitative chemiluminescence assay. Inter-group comparisons of anatomical brain measures were performed, and regions with significant inter-group differences were correlated to HAMD scores and cytokines in NPC patients. A subgroup analysis especially within NPC patients with depression was conducted to precisely characterize the associations among serum cytokines, brain changes and depressive symptoms. Relative to healthy subjects, NPC patients showed significantly decreased cortical thickness in the left parahippocampal gyrus, increased surface area in the right superior parietal lobule and precentral gyrus, and increased gray matter volume in the right postcentral gyrus, bilateral caudate nucleus and right thalamus, as well as significantly elevated IL-1β, IL-2 and IL-10. The elevated IL-2 and IL-10 were negatively correlated with surface area in right superior parietal lobule, whilst IL-1β level was positively correlated to HAMD scores. In patients with depression, specific brain changes and evaluated IL-1β were identified, and the IL-1β interacted with right precentral gyrus to significantly affect the depressive symptoms. Our findings provide novel evidence indicating potential effects of inflammation on brain structure and behavior in NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinmei Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyi Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guannan Zhu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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The dietary inflammatory index is inversely associated with depression, which is minimally mediated by C-reactive protein. Nutr Res 2021; 97:11-21. [PMID: 34922121 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Depression affects 8% of adults in America and is one of the leading causes of disability in Western countries. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) has previously been reported to be associated with inflammation and depression. However, no study to date has looked at the potential mediating effect of inflammation on the association of DII and depression. We hypothesized that the association of DII and depression would be both statistically and clinically mediated substantially by inflammation. We assessed these associations using the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2010 database. Our analysis included 10,022 participants aged 20 years and older. Inflammation was assessed with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Diet was measured using two 24 hour dietary recalls. Depression was assessed using the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), which has a score range of 0 to 27, with the higher score showing more severe depressive symptoms. Comparing the highest to lowest DII quartiles, the mean score difference for depression was 0.47 units (95% CI 0.24-0.70, P-trend <.001) in the multivariable adjusted model. In the sex-stratified models, the results remained significant only among females, with the mean score difference of 0.72 (95% CI 0.34-1.10, P-trend <.001). CRP mediated 3.6% of the association between DII and depression in the total population in the fully adjusted model, which was statistically significant (P-trend <.001) but not clinically significant. No mediation association was found in the sex-stratified models. Further studies are needed to assess the associations with various inflammatory biomarkers in larger and more diverse populations.
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15
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Zhu Y, Wu X, Zhou R, Sie O, Niu Z, Wang F, Fang Y. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-End-Organ Axes: Hormone Function in Female Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:1176-1187. [PMID: 33909242 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic hypothalamic-pituitary-end-organ feedback loops - the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal axis (HPTA), and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) - are associated with the neuroendocrine and immune systems in major depressive disorder (MDD). Female patients with MDD present with evident neuroendocrine and immunological changes. Glucocorticoid, thyroid hormone, and reproductive steroid levels fluctuate with menstrual cycles, which might lead to glucocorticoid receptor resistance, impairment of triiodothyronine conversion, and sex hormone secretion disorders. In this review, we summarize the independent and interactive functions of these three axes in female MDD patients. The similar molecular structure of steroids implies an interrelationship between the hypothalamic-pituitary-end-organ axes and the competitive inhibitory effects at the receptor level, especially when considering the HPAA and HPGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncheng Zhu
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Hongkou Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200083, China.,Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Rubai Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Oliver Sie
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhiang Niu
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Shanghai Yangpu Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Yiru Fang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, 201108, China.
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16
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Yang J, Chen C, Jin X, Liu L, Lin J, Kang X, Zhu S. Wfs1 and Related Molecules as Key Candidate Genes in the Hippocampus of Depression. Front Genet 2021; 11:589370. [PMID: 33552119 PMCID: PMC7863986 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.589370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is a prevalent mental disorder, which is difficult to diagnose and treat due to its unclear pathogenic mechanisms. The discovery of novel and effective therapeutic targets for depression is urgently needed. The hippocampus is a crucial region involved in depression and has been a therapeutic target for many antidepressants. Thus, it is beneficial for comprehensive research to be carried out on the molecular mechanisms of the hippocampus involved in the pathogenesis of depression. This study aims to investigate the differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the hippocampus in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model. Method The study obtained GSE84183 from the GEO database. The R language screened the differential expression genes (DEG) in the hippocampus tissue of depressed mice, and the enrichment pathways of DEGs were analyzed. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed in the STRING database and visualized in Cytoscape software. MicroRNAs for these DEGs were obtained from TarBase and mortar base databases, and transcription factors (TF) related to DEG were predicted from the ENCODE database. Both networks used the visual analysis platform NetworkAnalyst. Finally, the microRNA-TF network was integrated based on the above two networks and imported into Cytoscape for further analysis. Results This study screened 325 differentially expressed genes, containing 42 downregulated genes and 283 upregulated genes. Most of these genes are enriched in the cell cycle and the chemokine signaling pathway. Meanwhile, Wfs1, one of the top ten DEGs, was identified as the key regulator of the cell cycle and the participator in the highest number of modules screened out in PPI networks. Wfs1-related molecules, including UBTF, mmu-mir-17-5p, and mmu-mir-7b-5p, were therefore screened out. Furthermore, we confirmed the downregulation of Wfs1 and upregulation of UBTF/mmu-mir-17-5p/mmu-mir-7b-5p in the hippocampus of the CUMS mouse model. Our data indicate that Wfs1 and related molecules were predicted to be associated with the pathological process of depression. This research provided potential new molecular targets of stress-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaoqin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Jin
- Department of Public Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, The Innovation Center for Brain Science, Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Elsadek AE, Al-Shokary AH, Abdelghani WE, Kamal NM, Ibrahim AO, El-Shorbagy HH, Suliman HA, Barseem NF, Abdel Maksoud YH, Azab SM, Nour El Din DM. Serum Levels of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Pediatr Neurosci 2021; 15:402-408. [PMID: 33936305 PMCID: PMC8078629 DOI: 10.4103/jpn.jpn_1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder in children, but its etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. Aims: The aims of this study were to measure the level of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) as markers of immune system involvement in children with ADHD, and to study their correlation with symptoms severity of ADHD. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 80 children diagnosed as ADHD based on the criteria adapted from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. Eighty healthy children of matched age and sex served as a control group. All children enrolled in the study were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, and psychometric tests. Assay for serum IL-6 and TNF-α for all patients and controls was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The mean serum level of IL-6 was 26.11 ± 11.14 and 6.23 ± 2.52 in children with ADHD and controls, respectively. Children with ADHD showed significantly higher serum IL-6 levels than the control group (P = 0.001). Serum IL-6 showed no significant correlation with the intelligence quotient (IQ) or the Abbreviated Conners’ Rating Scale scores for parents. However, TNF-α showed no significant differences between the two groups and no significant correlation with the IQ or the Abbreviated Conners’ Rating Scale scores for parents. Conclusion: Serum IL-6 levels were significantly higher in children with ADHD compared to controls; however, the IL-6 levels did not correlate with ADHD symptoms severity. Increased IL-6 levels may contribute to the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naglaa M Kamal
- Department of Pediatric/Pediatric Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pediatric/Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Alhada and Taif Armed Forces Hospitals, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hatem H El-Shorbagy
- Department of Pediatric/Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen Elkom, Egypt.,Department of Pediatric/Pediatric Neurology, Alhada and Taif Armed Forces, Hospitals, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naglaa Fathy Barseem
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen Elkom, Egypt
| | | | - Sanaa M Azab
- Pediatric Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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Lu C, Gao R, Zhang Y, Jiang N, Chen Y, Sun J, Wang Q, Fan B, Liu X, Wang F. S-equol, a metabolite of dietary soy isoflavones, alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice by inhibiting neuroinflammation and enhancing synaptic plasticity. Food Funct 2021; 12:5770-5778. [PMID: 34038497 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00547b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Systemic injection with lipopolysaccharide can lead to depressive-like behavior in experimental animals by inducing neuroinflammation and is considered to be a classic model of depression. S-equol is a major metabolite of dietary soy isoflavones with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and it has many beneficial effects on human health, including alleviation of menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, cancer, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and cognitive dysfunction. A recent study reported that S-equol inhibited lipopolysaccharide-stimulated neuroinflammation in astrocytes. However, there is no research on the antidepressant-like effects of S-equol. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of S-equol in a lipopolysaccharide-induced depression model in mice and explore its underlying mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that treatment with S-equol (10, 20 and 40 mg kg-1) for 19 days markedly reversed the behavior of acute LPS (1.0 mg kg-1) treated mice in sucrose preference, tail suspension and forced swimming tests, exerting antidepressant-like effects. In addition, S-equol administration significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interleukin-1β), increased the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine, and normalized the release of tryptophan and kynurenine in the hippocampi of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. Moreover, treatment with S-equol significantly up-regulated the expression of synaptic plasticity-related proteins (phospho synapsin, synapsin, postsynaptic density-95) and down-regulated the toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway in the hippocampi of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. These findings demonstrated that S-equol significantly alleviated the depressive-like behavior induced by acute systemic injection of LPS, and its antidepressant action was related to mediation of neuroinflammation via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, normalization of the monoamine neurotransmitter levels, reversal of tryptophan metabolism dysfunction, and enhancement of synaptic plasticity. The current study provides insight into the potential of S-equol in the prevention of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Rongjing Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China. and College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingyu Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ning Jiang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (CACM), Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China. and College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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19
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Prenatal developmental origins of behavior and mental health: The influence of maternal stress in pregnancy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 117:26-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Jiang N, Jingwei L, Wang H, Huang H, Wang Q, Zeng G, Li S, Liu X. Ginsenoside 20(S)-protopanaxadiol attenuates depressive-like behaviour and neuroinflammation in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive rats. Behav Brain Res 2020; 393:112710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Donfrancesco R, Nativio P, Di Benedetto A, Villa MP, Andriola E, Melegari MG, Cipriano E, Di Trani M. Anti-Yo Antibodies in Children With ADHD: First Results About Serum Cytokines. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1497-1502. [PMID: 27095560 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716643387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We investigated whether ADHD children who are positive to Purkinje cell antibodies display pro-inflammatory activity associated with high cytokine serum levels. Method: Fifty-eight ADHD outpatients were compared with 36 healthy, age- and sex-matched children. Forty-five of the ADHD children were positive to anti-Yo antibodies, whereas 34 of the control children were negative. Interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interferon gamma (IFNγ) cytokine serum levels were tested in ADHD children who were positive to anti-Yo antibodies and in the control children who were negative. Results: Anti-Yo antibodies were present to a greater extent in the ADHD group: 77.58% versus 22.42%. Significant differences emerged between the two groups in IL-6 and IL-10, with higher cytokine levels being detected in ADHD children than in controls. Conclusion: Immune processes in ADHD are likely to be associated with mediators of inflammation, such as cytokines. These results contribute to our understanding of action of neural antibodies and cytokines in ADHD.
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22
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Li M, Su S, Cai W, Cao J, Miao X, Zang W, Gao S, Xu Y, Yang J, Tao YX, Ai Y. Differentially Expressed Genes in the Brain of Aging Mice With Cognitive Alteration and Depression- and Anxiety-Like Behaviors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:814. [PMID: 33015035 PMCID: PMC7493670 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great increase in human lifespan with improved medical care, the physiological and pathological changes such as memory and cognitive disorders and associated anxiety and depression are major concern with aging. Molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are little known. The present study examined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the genes with differentially expressed isoforms in three brain regions, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala and hippocampus, throughout the lifespan of mice. Compared to 2-month old mice, both 12- and 24-month old mice displayed memory and cognitive impairments in the Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition tests and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in the tail suspension, forced swimming, open field, and elevated plus maze tests. RNA sequencing analysis identified 634 and 1078 DEGs in ACC, 453 and 1015 DEGs in the amygdala and 884 and 1054 DEGs in hippocampus in the 12- and 24-month old mice, respectively. Similarly, many genes with differentially expressed isoforms were also identified in these three brain regions in the 12- and 24-month old mice. Further functional analysis revealed that many DEGs and the genes with differentially expressed isoforms in the ACC and amygdala were mapped to depression- and anxiety-related genes, respectively and that a lot of DEGs and the genes with differentially expressed isoforms in hippocampus were mapped to cognitive dysfunction-related genes from both 12- and 24-month old mice. All of these mapped DEGs and the genes with differentially expressed isoforms were closely related to neuroinflammation. Our findings indicate that these neuroinflammation-related DEGs and the genes with differentially expressed isoforms are likely new targets in the management of memory/cognitive impairment and emotional disorders during the aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Songxue Su
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weihua Cai
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuerong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Third Affiliated Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shichao Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yanqiu Ai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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23
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Liu CH, Tan YZ, Li DD, Tang SS, Wen XA, Long Y, Sun HB, Hong H, Hu M. Zileuton ameliorates depressive-like behaviors, hippocampal neuroinflammation, apoptosis and synapse dysfunction in mice exposed to chronic mild stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:105947. [PMID: 31796384 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has found that zileuton, a selective 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) inhibitor, abrogated lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal neuroinflammation. Herein, we further extended our curiosity to investigate effects of zileuton on stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. Our data indicated that zileuton significantly ameliorated depressive-like behaviors in mice subjected to chronic mild stress (CMS), as shown in the tail suspension test, forced swimming test and novelty-suppressed feeding test. The further studies indicated that zileuton suppressed hippocampal neuroinflammation, evidenced by lower levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and nuclear NF-κB p65 as well as decreased number of Iba1-positive cells. It also significantly ameliorated hippocampal apoptosis, indicated by deceased number of TUNEL-positive cells, deceased ratio of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3 and increased ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. More importantly, zileuton increased the level of synaptic proteins PSD-95 and SYN and the number of NeuN+/BrdU+ cells in the hippocampus. Over all, zileuton alleviated CMS-induced depressive-like behaviors, neuroinflammatory and apoptotic responses, abnormalities of synapse and neurogenesis in the hippocampus, suggesting that it might has beneficial effects on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Hong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Su-Su Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao-An Wen
- Department of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong-Bin Sun
- Department of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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24
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Gulyaeva NV. Biochemical Mechanisms and Translational Relevance of Hippocampal Vulnerability to Distant Focal Brain Injury: The Price of Stress Response. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1306-1328. [PMID: 31760920 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal brain injuries (in particular, stroke and traumatic brain injury) induce with high probability the development of delayed (months, years) cognitive and depressive disturbances which are frequently comorbid. The association of these complications with hippocampal alterations (in spite of the lack of a primary injury of this structure), as well as the lack of a clear dependence between the probability of depression and dementia development and primary damage severity and localization served as the basis for a new hypothesis on the distant hippocampal damage as a key link in the pathogenesis of cognitive and psychiatric disturbances. According to this hypothesis, the excess of corticosteroids secreted after a focal brain damage, in particular in patients with abnormal stress-response due to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) dysfunction, interacts with corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus inducing signaling pathways which stimulate neuroinflammation and subsequent events including disturbances in neurogenesis and hippocampal neurodegeneration. In this article, the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the regulatory role of the HPAA and multiple functions of brain corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus are analyzed. Functional and structural damage to the hippocampus, a brain region selectively vulnerable to external factors and responding to them by increased cytokine secretion, forms the basis for cognitive function disturbances and psychopathology development. This concept is confirmed by our own experimental data, results of other groups and by prospective clinical studies of post-stroke complications. Clinically relevant biochemical approaches to predict the risks and probability of post-stroke/post-trauma cognitive and depressive disturbances are suggested using the evaluation of biochemical markers of patients' individual stress-response. Pathogenetically justified ways for preventing these consequences of focal brain damage are proposed by targeting key molecular mechanisms underlying hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia. .,Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow, 115419, Russia
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25
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Chang D, Zhao J, Zhang X, Lian H, Du X, Yuan R, Wen Y, Gao L. Effect of ketamine combined with DHA on lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105788. [PMID: 31377587 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression has become a common mental illness, and studies have shown that neuroinflammation is associated with depression. Ketamine is a rapid antidepressant. In order to obtain better antidepressant effects, it is necessary to explore the efficacy of combination therapy with ketamine and other antidepressants. DHA is an unsaturated fatty acid with excellent application prospects due to its safety and antidepressant effects. This study was designed to investigate the effect of ketamine combined with DHA on lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior. In behavioral experiments, lipopolysaccharide prolongs the immobility time of the forced swimming and tail suspension tests in rats and reduces the sucrose preference. The combination of ketamine and DHA can reverse these changes and work better than the single application. Nissl staining showed that ketamine combined with DHA can reverse the nerve damage caused by lipopolysaccharide. Cell morphology observation the combination of ketamine and DHA group was more complete than that of LPS group. The combination of ketamine and DHA significantly decreased the levels of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-ɑin hippocampus and PC12 cells and increased the content of BDNF. Immunofluorescence results showed that ketamine combined with DHA can effectively inhibit PP65 nuclear translocation. Western blot results showed that ketamine combined with DHA can effectively inhibit the expression of NF-KB in hippocampus and PC12 cells, and increase the expression of P-CREB and BDNF. In summary, the combination of ketamine with DHA may be a more effective treatment for depression caused by inflammation and is mediated by inhibition of the inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyue Chang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - HuiMin Lian
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - XueMan Du
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rui Yuan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yajing Wen
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Li Gao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Grygiel-Górniak B, Limphaibool N, Puszczewicz M. Cytokine secretion and the risk of depression development in patients with connective tissue diseases. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:302-316. [PMID: 30719813 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research in the past two decades has revolutionized our understanding of depressive illnesses. Proinflammatory cytokines have become a point of interest in the interconnecting areas of neuropsychiatric and autoimmune diseases. The cytokine hypothesis of depression suggests that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a primary role in the mediation of the pathophysiological characteristics of major depression, in which an inflammatory process may be induced by external and internal stressors, such as psychological and inflammatory diseases, respectively. The higher prevalence of depression, particularly in patients with chronic autoimmune connective tissue disorders (CTD), suggests that depression may present a dysfunctional adaptation of cytokine-induced sickness, which could manifest in times of an exacerbated activation of the innate immune system. Inflammation is thought to contribute to the development of clinical depression through its ability to induce sickness behaviors corresponding to the neurovegetative features of depression, through the dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, alterations in neurotransmitter synthesis and reuptake, and through its involvement in the neuroprogression pathways. This review explores the complex interrelationships in which inflammatory responses alter neuroendocrine and neuropsychological regulation contributing to depressive symptoms in CTD. The prevalence and characteristics of depression, and its correlation to the levels of inflammatory cytokines and disease activity among different CTD will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogna Grygiel-Górniak
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Nattakarn Limphaibool
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Puszczewicz
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Resveratrol exerts a protective effect in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behavior: involvement of the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway in hippocampus. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:591-602. [PMID: 30374891 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is an important contributing factor for depression with inflammatory response alteration, neuron apoptosis, and decreased neurogenesis. Previous study reported that the administration of resveratrol alleviated depression by normalizing the increased proinflammatory cytokine levels and inhibiting apoptosis in the hippocampus. However, the upstream signaling pathway that regulates cytokines and apoptosis in the antidepressant effect of resveratrol remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate the possible mechanism of the effect of resveratrol on depression. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to CUMS for four consecutive weeks to elicit depressive-like behavior. The rats in the drug treatment groups were injected with resveratrol (40 or 80 mg/kg/day) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. Rats in two additional groups were administered LY294002 by bilateral stereotaxic microinjection into the lateral ventricle before resveratrol administration. Behavioral tests, including sucrose preference test, forced swim test, and open field test, were used after 4 weeks of a CUMS procedure to appraise depressive-like behavior. Then, the proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) tissues of rats were measured. Apoptosis-related molecules such as Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA levels in the hippocampus were analyzed. Furthermore, p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK3β/GSK3β protein expression in the hippocampus were also measured. RESULTS The results show that rats were subjected to CUMS procedure exhibited depressive-like behavior, increased TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in hippocampus and PFC, alteration of Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA levels in hippocampus, decreased p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK3β/GSK3β protein expression in hippocampus, and an increased apoptotic cell percentage in the hippocampal CA1 region. However, resveratrol (40 or 80 mg/kg) treatment reversed these behavioral and molecular changes in CUMS rats. The positive control drug fluoxetine showed a similar effect as the resveratrol treatment. When rats were injected with LY294002 before resveratrol treatment, the antidepressant effect of resveratrol was significantly attenuated, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β levels in hippocampus and PFC increased again, Bax mRNA levels increased and Bcl-2 mRNA levels decreased in hippocampus, and Akt/GSK3β protein expression in hippocampus decreased. CONCLUSIONS The findings in the present study suggest that the antidepressant effect of resveratrol treatment may act through activation of the Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway and then regulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression and alteration of apoptosis.
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Pandey GN, Rizavi HS, Bhaumik R, Ren X. Innate immunity in the postmortem brain of depressed and suicide subjects: Role of Toll-like receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:101-111. [PMID: 30266463 PMCID: PMC6476429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and suicide. Interactions of TLRs with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) initiate signaling through myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MyD88) and produce cytokines through the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB). We have earlier shown an increase in the protein and mRNA expression of TLR3 and TLR4 in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of depressed suicide (DS) subjects compared with normal control (NC) subjects. To examine if other TLRs are altered in postmortem brain, we have now determined the protein and mRNA expression of other TLRs (TLR1, TLR2, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR10) in the PFC of DS, depressed non-suicide (DNS), non-depressed suicide (NDS) and NC subjects. We determined the protein expression by Western blot and mRNA expression levels by real-time PCR (qPCR) in the PFC of 24 NC, 24 DS, 12 DNS and 11 NDS subjects. Combined with our previous study of TLR3 and TLR4, we found that the protein expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR6 and TLR10, and mRNA expression of TLR2 and TLR3 was significantly increased in the DS group compared with NC group. This study demonstrated that certain specific TLRs are altered in DS subjects, and hence those TLRs may be appropriate targets for the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N Pandey
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Hooriyah S Rizavi
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Runa Bhaumik
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xinguo Ren
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Avcil S. Evaluation of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, platelet/lymphocyte ratio, and mean platelet volume as inflammatory markers in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 72:522-530. [PMID: 29607599 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV) have recently been used as indicators of a systemic inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to investigate the relations of the NLR, PLR, MLR, and MPV with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS The study group consisting of 82 children diagnosed with ADHD was compared with a healthy control (HC) group of 70 age-, sex-, and body-mass-index-matched subjects. The NLR, PLR, MLR, and MPV were measured according to the complete blood count. RESULTS The NLR, PLR, MLR, MPV, and neutrophil count of the ADHD group were significantly higher than those of the HC group. The lymphocyte counts of the patients were significantly lower than those of the HC group. CONCLUSION Inflammation might play a role in the etiopathogenesis of ADHD. The NLR, PLR, MLR, and MPV may be potential inflammation markers for ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibelnur Avcil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Medicine, Aydın, Turkey
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Zhao Y, Li H, Fang F, Qin T, Xiao W, Wang Z, Ma S. Geniposide improves repeated restraint stress-induced depression-like behavior in mice by ameliorating neuronal apoptosis via regulating GLP-1R/AKT signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2018; 676:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Heinzel S, Rapp MA, Fydrich T, Ströhle A, Terán C, Kallies G, Schwefel M, Heissel A. Neurobiological mechanisms of exercise and psychotherapy in depression: The SPeED study-Rationale, design, and methodological issues. Clin Trials 2017; 15:53-64. [PMID: 28905640 DOI: 10.1177/1740774517729161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Even though cognitive behavioral therapy has become a relatively effective treatment for major depressive disorder and cognitive behavioral therapy-related changes of dysfunctional neural activations were shown in recent studies, remission rates still remain at an insufficient level. Therefore, the implementation of effective augmentation strategies is needed. In recent meta-analyses, exercise therapy (especially endurance exercise) was reported to be an effective intervention in major depressive disorder. Despite these findings, underlying mechanisms of the antidepressant effect of exercise especially in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy have rarely been studied to date and an investigation of its neural underpinnings is lacking. A better understanding of the psychological and neural mechanisms of exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy would be important for developing optimal treatment strategies in depression. The SPeED study (Sport/Exercise Therapy and Psychotherapy-evaluating treatment Effects in Depressive patients) is a randomized controlled trial to investigate underlying physiological, neurobiological, and psychological mechanisms of the augmentation of cognitive behavioral therapy with endurance exercise. It is investigated if a preceding endurance exercise program will enhance the effect of a subsequent cognitive behavioral therapy. METHODS This study will include 105 patients diagnosed with a mild or moderate depressive episode according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). The participants are randomized into one of three groups: a high-intensive or a low-intensive endurance exercise group or a waiting list control group. After the exercise program/waiting period, all patients receive an outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy treatment according to a standardized therapy manual. At four measurement points, major depressive disorder symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression), (neuro)biological measures (neural activations during working memory, monetary incentive delay task, and emotion regulation, as well as cortisol levels and brain-derived neurotrophic factor), neuropsychological test performance, and questionnaires (psychological needs, self-efficacy, and quality of life) are assessed. RESULTS In this article, we report the design of the SPeED study and refer to important methodological issues such as including both high- and low-intensity endurance exercise groups to allow the investigation of dose-response effects and physiological components of the therapy effects. CONCLUSION The main aims of this research project are to study effects of endurance exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy on depressive symptoms and to investigate underlying physiological and neurobiological mechanisms of these effects. Results may provide important implications for the development of effective treatment strategies in major depressive disorder, specifically concerning the augmentation of cognitive behavioral therapy by endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Heinzel
- 1 Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,3 Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael A Rapp
- 2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Fydrich
- 3 Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Terán
- 2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,4 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kallies
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwefel
- 1 Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,3 Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heissel
- 2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Mrugacz M, Ostrowska L, Bryl A, Szulc A, Zelazowska-Rutkowska B, Mrugacz G. Pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with clinical severity of dry eye disease of patients with depression. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:338-344. [PMID: 28511072 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of inflammatory cytokines levels in tears with severity of dry eye disease in a cohort of patients with depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tear fluid samples were collected from 32 patients with depression treated with antidepressants, and 34 healthy subjects. Cytokines were assessed by ELISA. All the subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory and performed the ophthalmic examination, including dry eye tests. RESULTS The tear fluid levels of IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α in depressive patients were higher than in controls. The clinical severity of dry eye disease correlated significantly with the IL-17 and TNF-α levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a crucial role of inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-17 and TNF-α, in the development of severe dry eye disease in patients with depression. Clarification of the role pro-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of ocular findings in depressive patients may be useful in establishing immunotherapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Romańska I, Wąsik A, Michaluk J. Antidepressant-Like Effect of the Endogenous Neuroprotective Amine, 1MeTIQ in Clonidine-Induced Depression: Behavioral and Neurochemical Studies in Rats. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:94-106. [PMID: 28367606 PMCID: PMC5487857 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9715-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic amines such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin play a well-described role in the treatment of mood disorders especially depression. Animal models are widely used to study antidepressant-like effect in rodents; however, it should be taken into account that pharmacological models do not always answer to the complexity of the disease processes. This study verified the behavioral (forced swim test (FST), locomotor activity test) and neurochemical effects (monoamines metabolism) of a low dose of clonidine (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) which was used as an experimental model of depression. In such pharmacological model, we investigated the antidepressant-like effect of an endogenous neuroprotective amine, 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ) administered in a dose of 25 mg/kg (i.p.) before clonidine in the behavioral and neurochemical tests carried out in rats. The behavioral study has shown that clonidine produced depression in the locomotor activity test but did not cause pro-depressive effect in the FST. 1MeTIQ produced antidepressant-like effect in the FST and completely antagonized clonidine-induced sedation in the locomotor activity test. Neurochemical data demonstrated that clonidine produced a significant inhibition of monoamine metabolism in the central nervous system. The release of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin as well as the rate of their metabolism were diminished in the investigated brain structures (frontal cortex, hypothalamus, and striatum). 1MeTIQ completely antagonized the clonidine-induced depression of monoaminergic systems and restored their levels to the control values. 1MeTIQ as an endogenous neuroprotective compound with a distinct antidepressant-like activity in rodents produces hope on the efficiency of antidepressant medicines for future practical clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Irena Romańska
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wąsik
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Michaluk
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343, Kraków, Poland
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Donfrancesco R, Nativio P, Borrelli E, Giua E, Andriola E, Villa MP, DI Trani M. Serum cytokines in pediatric neuropsychiatric syndromes: focus on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2016; 73:398-404. [PMID: 28006890 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.16.04642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation may represent a common underlying mechanism in a wide range of diseases, including neuropsychiatric disorders. Cytokine involvement has been investigated in some studies on patients with childhood neuropsychiatric diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether cytokines are involved in ADHD to provide a rationale for immune-based therapeutic strategies in this disorder. METHODS Sixty children were studied: 34 consecutive drug-naïve children with ADHD (30 males and 4 females; mean age of 10.10 years, SD=2.43 age) and 26 healthy control children (22 males and 4 females; mean age of 10.70 years, SD=1.81). All cytokines but IL-2 (IL4-IL6-IL10- IL17-TNFA and IFNG) were studied by ELISAs; IL-2 was instead studied by means of paired anti-cytokine Abs and cytokine standards obtained from PharMingen. RESULTS Data reveal higher IL-6 and IL-10 levels in ADHD patients than in the control group (P=0.03). No differences emerged between the two groups for the other cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Nativio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Giua
- Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria P Villa
- NESMOS Department, S. Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela DI Trani
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy -
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Salvianolic acid B ameliorates depressive-like behaviors in chronic mild stress-treated mice: involvement of the neuroinflammatory pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1141-53. [PMID: 27424655 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental disorder associated with dysfunction of the neurotransmitter-neuroendocrine system and neuroinflammatory responses. Salvianolic acid B (SalB) has shown a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we examined whether SalB produced antidepressant-like actions in a chronic mild stress (CMS) mouse model, and explored the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant-like actions of SalB. METHODS Mice were subjected to a CMS paradigm for 6 weeks. In the last 3 weeks the mice were daily administered SalB (20 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip) or a positive control drug imipramine (20 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1), ip). The depressant-like behaviors were evaluated using the sucrose preference test, the forced swimming test (FST), and the tail suspension test (TST). The gene expression of cytokines in the hippocampus and cortex was analyzed with RT-PCR. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) and cerebral cytokines levels were assayed with an ELISA kit. Neural apoptosis and microglial activation in brain tissues were detected using immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Administration of SalB or imipramine reversed the reduced sucrose preference ratio of CMS-treated mice, and significantly decreased their immobility time in the FST and TST. Administration of SalB significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, and markedly increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in the hippocampus and cortex of CMS-treated mice, and normalized their elevated plasma CORT levels, whereas administration of imipramine did not significantly affect the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and cortex of CMS-treated mice. Finally, administration of SalB significantly decreased CMS-induced apoptosis and microglia activation in the hippocampus and cortex, whereas administration of imipramine had no significant effect on CMS-induced apoptosis and microglia activation in the hippocampus and cortex. CONCLUSION SalB exerts potent antidepressant-like effects in CMS-induced mouse model of depression, which is associated with the inhibiting microglia-related apoptosis in the hippocampus and the cortex.
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Hallgren M, Nakitanda OA, Ekblom Ö, Herring MP, Owen N, Dunstan D, Helgadottir B, Forsell Y. Habitual physical activity levels predict treatment outcomes in depressed adults: A prospective cohort study. Prev Med 2016; 88:53-8. [PMID: 27061876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise is an efficacious stand-alone therapy for mild-to-moderate depression, but little is known about the influence of physical activity levels on responses to depression treatment. This study aimed to prospectively assess the association between self-reported habitual physical activity levels and depression severity following a 12-week intervention. METHOD 629 adults (75% women; aged 18-71years) with mild-to-moderate depression were recruited from primary care centres across Sweden and treated for 12weeks. The interventions included internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (ICBT) and 'usual care' (CBT or supportive counselling). One third of all participants were taking anti-depressant medication. The primary outcome was the change in depression severity assessed using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Habitual physical activity levels were self-rated and based on the estimated frequency, duration and intensity of total physical activity, including planned exercise, 'during a typical week'. Prospective associations were explored using linear regression models (percentage change) with 95% confidence intervals (CI's). RESULTS Following adjustment for relevant covariates, high levels of habitual physical activity were associated with larger relative reductions in depression severity compared to low physical activity (β=-9.19, 95% CI=-18.46, -0.09, p=0.052) and moderate physical activity (β=-10.81, 95% CI=-21.09, -0.53, p<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION Adults who routinely engage in high levels of physical activity respond more favourably to CBT-focused depression treatments than adults who engage in low-to-moderate levels of activity. The optimal level of physical activity associated with reductions in depression severity corresponds to consensus recommendations for maximizing general health. One limitation is the use of self-reported physical activity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Hallgren
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health Intervention Research (EPHIR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 171 77, Sweden.
| | - Olivia Aya Nakitanda
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health Intervention Research (EPHIR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 171 77, Sweden
| | - Örjan Ekblom
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Box 5626, Stockholm 114 86, Sweden
| | - Matthew P Herring
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Neville Owen
- Behavioural Epidemiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Dunstan
- Physical Activity Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Björg Helgadottir
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health Intervention Research (EPHIR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 171 77, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Forsell
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health Intervention Research (EPHIR), Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Solna 171 77, Sweden
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Wu YQ, Dang RL, Tang MM, Cai HL, Li HD, Liao DH, He X, Cao LJ, Xue Y, Jiang P. Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors and Neurotoxicity in Rats: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation. Nutrients 2016; 8:243. [PMID: 27120616 PMCID: PMC4848711 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in human malignancies. Its long-term use can cause neurobiological side-effects associated with depression. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), the essential fatty acids found in fish oil, possess neuroprotecitve and antidepressant activities. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the potential protective effects of ω-3 PUFAs against DOX-induced behavioral changes and neurotoxicity. ω-3 PUFAs were given daily by gavage (1.5 g/kg) over three weeks starting seven days before DOX administration (2.5 mg/kg). Open-field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST) were conducted to assess exploratory activity and despair behavior, respectively. Our data showed that ω-3 PUFAs supplementation significantly mitigated the behavioral changes induced by DOX. ω-3 PUFAs pretreatment also alleviated the DOX-induced neural apoptosis. Meanwhile, ω-3 PUFAs treatment ameliorated DOX-induced oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Additionally, gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the protein levels of NF-κB and iNOS were significantly increased in brain tissues of DOX-treated group, whereas ω-3 PUFAs supplementation significantly attenuated DOX-induced neuroinflammation. In conclusion, ω-3 PUFAs can effectively protect against DOX-induced depressive-like behaviors, and the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect are potentially associated with its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qin Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Rui-Li Dang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China.
| | - Mi-Mi Tang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Hua-Lin Cai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Huan-De Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - De-Hua Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Ling-Juan Cao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Ying Xue
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Pei Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, China.
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Advances in Stem Cells Biology: New Approaches to Understand Depression. STEM CELLS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41603-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chronic Supplementation of Curcumin Enhances the Efficacy of Antidepressants in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 35:406-10. [PMID: 26066335 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a devastating mental illness leading to a lifetime prevalence of higher than 16% on individuals. The treatment delay and inevitable adverse effects are major limitations of current depression interventions. Emerging evidence indicates that curcumin produced significant antidepressant properties in depression in both rodents and humans without adverse effects. Therefore, it is necessary to further clarify the antidepressant actions of curcumin and the underlying mechanism in depressed patients. A total of 108 male adults aged between 31 and 59 years were systematically recruited in Tianjin Anding Hospital. Subjects were administered the Chinese version of 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale that measures different scores of depressive symptoms. The subjects were asked to take 2 capsules containing either 1000 mg of curcumin or placebo soybean powder daily for 6 weeks on the basis of their current antidepressant medications. The plasma levels of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and salivary cortisol were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and after curcumin or placebo treatment during the 6-week procedure. Chronic supplementation with curcumin produced significant antidepressant behavioral response in depressed patients by reduction of 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale scores. Furthermore, curcumin decreases inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α level, increases plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and decreases salivary cortisol concentrations compared with placebo group. These findings indicate the potential benefits of further implications of supplementary administration of curcumin to reverse the development of depression and enhance the outcome of antidepressants treatment in major depressive disorder.
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The role of inflammatory cytokines as key modulators of neurogenesis. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:145-57. [PMID: 25579391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is an important process in the regulation of brain function and behaviour, highly active in early development and continuing throughout life. Recent studies have shown that neurogenesis is modulated by inflammatory cytokines in response to an activated immune system. To disentangle the effects of the different cytokines on neurogenesis, here we summarise and discuss in vitro studies on individual cytokines. We show that inflammatory cytokines have both a positive and negative role on proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Hence, this strengthens the notion that inflammation is involved in molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with complex cognitive processes and, therefore, that alterations in brain-immune communication are relevant to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Tesfaye M, Hanlon C, Tessema F, Prince M, Alem A. Common mental disorder symptoms among patients with malaria attending primary care in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108923. [PMID: 25268347 PMCID: PMC4182507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Common Mental Disorders (CMDs) are frequent among patients attending primary care. In Africa, CMDs are often misdiagnosed as physical illnesses because many of the patients complain of somatic symptoms of mental distress. We explored whether there was difference in the levels of CMD symptoms between patients with thick film confirmed and clinical cases of malaria with negative thick film in primary care. Methods A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 300 adults with a clinical diagnosis of malaria in primary care centres in Jimma, Ethiopia. Patients were recruited consecutively until 100 cases of ‘malaria’ with a negative thick film and 200 cases of malaria with a positive thick film consented to participate. The 20-item Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to measure CMD. The non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to explore the association between thick film result and CMD. Results Participants had a mean age of 28.2 (S.D = 10.9) years and the majority (57.3%) were women. The prevalence of high CMD symptoms (six or more symptoms on the SRQ-20) was 24.5%. Suicidal ideation was reported by 13.8% of the participants. CMD symptoms were significantly higher in patients who had taken medication prior to visiting the primary care (p = 0.012) and in those whose symptoms had been present for seven days or more (p = 0.041). There was no statistically significant association between level of CMD symptoms and having a negative thick film result (OR 0.98; 95%CI 0.92, 1.04) or objective presence of fever (OR 1.04; 95%CI 0.93, 1.15). Conclusions CMD symptoms among cases of malaria did not appear to be associated with a negative thick film result. The high levels of CMD symptoms, including suicidal ideation, calls for further studies to investigate the persistence and progression of these symptoms following resolution of the acute malarial episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markos Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Public Health & Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Charlotte Hanlon
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fasil Tessema
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health & Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Martin Prince
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Services and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Atalay Alem
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Effects of indole-3-carbinol on clonidine-induced neurotoxicity in rats: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and monoamine levels. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Hood JL, Morabito MV, Martinez CR, Gilbert JA, Ferrick EA, Ayers GD, Chappell JD, Dermody TS, Emeson RB. Reovirus-mediated induction of ADAR1 (p150) minimally alters RNA editing patterns in discrete brain regions. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 61:97-109. [PMID: 24906008 PMCID: PMC4134954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcripts encoding ADAR1, a double-stranded, RNA-specific adenosine deaminase involved in the adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing of mammalian RNAs, can be alternatively spliced to produce an interferon-inducible protein isoform (p150) that is up-regulated in both cell culture and in vivo model systems in response to pathogen or interferon stimulation. In contrast to other tissues, p150 is expressed at extremely low levels in the brain and it is unclear what role, if any, this isoform may play in the innate immune response of the central nervous system (CNS) or whether the extent of editing for RNA substrates critical for CNS function is affected by its induction. To investigate the expression of ADAR1 isoforms in response to viral infection and subsequent alterations in A-to-I editing profiles for endogenous ADAR targets, we used a neurotropic strain of reovirus to infect neonatal mice and quantify A-to-I editing in discrete brain regions using a multiplexed, high-throughput sequencing strategy. While intracranial injection of reovirus resulted in a widespread increase in the expression of ADAR1 (p150) in multiple brain regions and peripheral organs, significant changes in site-specific A-to-I conversion were quite limited, suggesting that steady-state levels of p150 expression are not a primary determinant for modulating the extent of editing for numerous ADAR targets in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hood
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael V Morabito
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Charles R Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James A Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Ferrick
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gregory D Ayers
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ronald B Emeson
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Khemk V, Ganguly A, Bagchi D, Ghosh A, Bir A, Biswas A, Chattopadhyay S, Chakrabarti S. Raised serum proinflammatory cytokines in Alzheimer's disease with depression. Aging Dis 2014; 5:170-6. [PMID: 24900939 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to identify the changes in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in peripheral circulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects and to correlate these with associated depression and cognitive deficit. Fifty five AD subjects and thirty seven age and sex matched controls were included in the study. The AD patients were grouped as AD with depression (n= 31) and AD without depression (n= 24). The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by immunoassay by commercially available kits. The serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were elevated in AD patients with depression compared to control (p<0.001) or AD without depression (p<0.001). The serum level of IL-1β was higher in AD patients with or without depression as compared to controls. Furthermore, a strong inverse correlation was observed between the MMSE scores and serum levels of IL-6 or TNF-α in AD subjects with depression. The study highlights the important role of peripheral IL-6 and TNF-α in AD associated depression and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Debajit Bagchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Aritri Bir
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Sita Chattopadhyay
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
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Pamphlett R. Uptake of environmental toxicants by the locus ceruleus: a potential trigger for neurodegenerative, demyelinating and psychiatric disorders. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:97-104. [PMID: 24315447 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to the locus ceruleus, with a subsequent decrease of CNS noradrenaline, occurs in a wide range of neurodegenerative, demyelinating and psychiatric disorders. The cause of the initial locus ceruleus damage remains unknown. Recently, inorganic mercury was found to enter human locus ceruleus neurons selectively. This has led to the formulation of a new hypothesis as to the cause of these disorders. HYPOTHESIS Toxicants enter locus ceruleus neurons selectively, aided by the extensive exposure these neurons have to CNS capillaries, as well as by stressors that upregulate locus ceruleus activity. The resulting noradrenaline dysfunction affects a wide range of CNS cells and can trigger a number of neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and motor neuron disease), demyelinating (multiple sclerosis), and psychiatric (major depression and bipolar disorder) conditions. CONCLUSIONS This hypothesis proposes that environmental toxicants entering the locus ceruleus can give rise to a variety of CNS disorders. Proposals are made for experiments to gain further evidence for this hypothesis. If it is shown that toxicants in the locus ceruleus are responsible for these conditions, attempts can be made to prevent the toxicant exposures or to remove the toxicants from the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pamphlett
- The Stacey Motor Neuron Disease Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Munzer A, Sack U, Mergl R, Schönherr J, Petersein C, Bartsch S, Kirkby KC, Bauer K, Himmerich H. Impact of antidepressants on cytokine production of depressed patients in vitro. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2227-40. [PMID: 24257035 PMCID: PMC3847723 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5112227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between immune and nervous systems plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of depression. In depressive episodes, patients show increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. There is limited information on the effect of antidepressant drugs on cytokines, most studies report on a limited sample of cytokines and none have reported effects on IL-22. We systematically investigated the effect of three antidepressant drugs, citalopram, escitalopram and mirtazapine, on secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α in a whole blood assay in vitro, using murine anti-human CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3, and 5C3 monoclonal antibody against CD40, to stimulate T and B cells respectively. Citalopram increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-22. Mirtazapine increased IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-22. Escitalopram decreased IL-17 levels. The influence of antidepressants on IL-2 and IL-4 levels was not significant for all three drugs. Compared to escitalopram, citalopram led to higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-22; and mirtazapine to higher levels of IL-1β, IL-17, IL-22 and TNF-α. Mirtazapine and citalopram increased IL-22 production. The differing profile of cytokine production may relate to differences in therapeutic effects, risk of relapse and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Munzer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.); (R.M.); (J.S); (C.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Immunology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; E-Mails: (U.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Roland Mergl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.); (R.M.); (J.S); (C.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Jeremias Schönherr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.); (R.M.); (J.S); (C.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Charlotte Petersein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.); (R.M.); (J.S); (C.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Stefanie Bartsch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.); (R.M.); (J.S); (C.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Kenneth C. Kirkby
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Katrin Bauer
- Institute of Immunology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; E-Mails: (U.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 10, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; E-Mails: (A.M.); (R.M.); (J.S); (C.P.); (S.B.)
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Neurobiology of major depressive disorder. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:873278. [PMID: 24222865 PMCID: PMC3810062 DOI: 10.1155/2013/873278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We survey studies which relate abnormal neurogenesis to major depressive disorder. Clinically, descriptive gene and protein expression analysis and genetic and functional studies revised here show that individual alterations of a complex signaling network, which includes the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; the production of neurotrophins and growth factors; the expression of miRNAs; the production of proinflammatory cytokines; and, even, the abnormal delivery of gastrointestinal signaling peptides, are able to induce major mood alterations. Furthermore, all of these factors modulate neurogenesis in brain regions involved in MDD, and are functionally interconnected in such a fashion that initial alteration in one of them results in abnormalities in the others. We highlight data of potential diagnostic significance and the relevance of this information to develop new therapeutic approaches. Controversial issues, such as whether neurogenesis is the basis of the disease or whether it is a response induced by antidepressant treatments, are also discussed.
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Henderson S. Opinions, data and policy. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013; 47:793-4. [PMID: 23985790 DOI: 10.1177/0004867413501268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Henderson
- Psychiatry Department, The Canberra Hospital, Garran, Australia.
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Pilkington K. Acupuncture Therapy for Psychiatric Illness. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 111:197-216. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411545-3.00010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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