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Pijnenburg LJ, Velikonja T, Pietrzak RH, DePierro J, de Haan L, Todd AC, Dasaro CR, Feder A, Velthorst E. Perceived social support and longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety in World Trade Center responders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:1413-1424. [PMID: 37874384 PMCID: PMC11291574 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While severely distressing events are known to affect mental health adversely, some survivors develop only short-lived or no psychiatric symptoms in the aftermath of a disaster. In the WTC Health Program General Responder Cohort (WTCHP GRC) we examined whether social support was protective against the development of depression or anxiety symptoms after the 9/11 WTC attacks and explored in a subsample whether trait resilience moderated this relationship. METHODS We analyzed data from 14,033 traditional and 13,478 non-traditional responders who attended at least three periodic health monitoring visits between 2002 and 2019. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener; GAD-7) scores. In a subsample of 812 participants, we also assessed if the association between social support and symptoms was moderated by an individual's trait resilience level (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC). RESULTS For both traditional and non-traditional responders, perceived social support around 9/11 was associated with lower levels of depressive (β = - 0.24, S.E. = 0.017, z = - 14.29, p < 0.001) and anxiety symptoms (β = - 0.17, S. E. = 0.016, z = - 10.48, p < 0.001). Trait resilience scores were higher in responders with at least one source of social support during the aftermath of 9/11 compared to those without (mean 71.56, SD 21.58 vs mean 76.64, SD 17.06; β = 5.08, S.E. = 0.36, p < 0.001). Trait resilience moderated the association between social support and depressive (p < 0.001) and anxiety trajectories (p < 0.001) for traditional responders. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that perceived social support around a severely distressing event may have long-term protective effects on symptoms of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Pijnenburg
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- GGZ Rivierduinen, Institute for Mental Health Care, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tjasa Velikonja
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Essex Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Runwell, UK
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan DePierro
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Stress, Resilience and Personal Growth, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Todd
- World Trade Center Health Program General Responder Data Center, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher R Dasaro
- World Trade Center Health Program General Responder Data Center, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Feder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eva Velthorst
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- GGZ Noord-Holland-Noord, Institute for Mental Health Care, Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands
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LeBlanc JA, Jones W, Harewood H. The lived experiences and perceptions of middle-aged adults in Dominica who have survived severe storms-a qualitative exploration. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1372971. [PMID: 38895038 PMCID: PMC11184466 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1372971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Eastern Caribbean island of Dominica has experienced diverse negative effects from the North Atlantic hurricane season, including deadly storms like Hurricane Maria in 2017. Vulnerability is increased by geographic location, small island developing state (SIDS) status, and ecosystem characteristics. A variety of negative health effects including stress and anxiety are caused by powerful storms. The perspectives of middle-aged (the "sandwich generation") survivors in this post-storm milieu are understudied. Methods This phenomenological qualitative study describes the perceptions of middle-aged (35-55 years) Dominicans, purposively recruited with gatekeeper assistance from communities stratified according to four natural hazard vulnerability categories designated by the Climate Resilience Execution Agency for Dominica (CREAD), regarding their lived experiences in the context of severe storms. Data was collected between June and August 2022, using primarily Zoom-based semi-structured, individual interviews (12 of 13), guided by the principles of saturation and maximum variation. Verbatim interview transcripts were thematically analyzed with constant comparison using an ATLAS.ti-supported hybrid deductive-inductive coding frame. Reflexivity and contact summary sheets were used to minimize bias. Results Ten women and three men from diverse CREAD vulnerability and sociodemographic backgrounds were recruited. Data condensation yielded three organizing themes: (i) "The diverse health effects of severe storms", (ii) "Response to and recovery from severe storms", and (iii) "Preparedness and precaution for severe storms". These themes encapsulated the health impacts of severe storms on Dominicans and elucidated the role of facilitating and barricading resilience factors. Discussion Severe storms produced direct and indirect mental, social, and physical health impacts on middle-aged Dominicans, including anxiety and burnout. Participants used faith-based, tangible community-based support, and emotional mechanisms to cope with and demonstrate resilience. Better risk communication and early warning systems would improve population readiness. Persistent dispirited attitudes toward storm preparedness among some participants suggest the need for targeted methods to enhance community involvement in disaster planning, including traditional approaches like "coup-de-main" (self-help).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heather Harewood
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown, Barbados
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Bai C, Bai B, Zhang H, Kong F, Wang S. How does gratitude relate to nurses' job satisfaction? The mediating role of resilience and stress. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2024; 21:120-127. [PMID: 38374516 DOI: 10.1111/wvn.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nurse job satisfaction is a critical area of study with far-reaching implications for healthcare organizations, patient care, and the retention of nursing staff. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the association of gratitude with job satisfaction among Chinese nurses and examine the potential mediating roles of resilience and stress in this relationship. METHODS Two separate studies were conducted to examine our research hypotheses. In Study 1, a total of 460 nurses completed the questionnaire related to gratitude, resilience, stress, and job satisfaction. A validation study was conducted in Study 2, which consisted of 709 nurses who also completed the same measures of gratitude, resilience, and stress to ensure the repeatability of the Study 1 results. Furthermore, a different scale was used to measure nurses' job satisfaction. RESULTS The two studies consistently found that both resilience and stress mediated gratitude-job satisfaction independently among Chinese nurses. Furthermore, resilience was found to be a significantly stronger mediator than stress in the association of gratitude with job satisfaction. Finally, we found that gratitude predicted nurses' job satisfaction via the serial mediating effects of resilience and stress. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the complex interplay between gratitude, resilience, stress, and job satisfaction by demonstrating that resilience and stress act as parallel and sequential mediators between nurses' gratitude and job satisfaction. The healthcare sector can improve nurses' job satisfaction by increasing gratitude, building resilience, and reducing feelings of stress. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION Nurse managers have the potential to enhance job satisfaction among nurses by implementing measures that increase gratitude, build resilience, and reduce stress levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Bai
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoyu Bai
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Outpatient Operating Room, Xiantao First People's Hospital, Xiantao, China
| | - Feng Kong
- School of Psychology, Shanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Gawlik KS, Teall AM, Zeno R, Newtz C, Conrad K, Kolcun K, Bobek H, Deerhake A, Sullivan K, Rengers B, O'Hara S. Integrating wellness into curricula using the ten dimensions of wellness as a framework. J Prof Nurs 2024; 50:73-82. [PMID: 38369375 DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Burnout is a public health crisis that persists at the expense of clinician well-being, the healthcare workforce, and the quality of care provided. Clinician well-being is a professional imperative, yet nursing students still report higher levels of burnout than non-nursing students. Cultivating an academic learning environment that supports the development of resiliency, well-being, and improved student mental health requires a coordinated and sustained effort from nurse educators and academic leaders. This article aims to inspire nurse educators to take the first or next steps toward integrating wellness into nursing curricula. The ten dimensions of wellness provide a framework for wellness programming. Practical strategies aligned with each dimension are offered. As an exemplar, the Banding Together for Wellness program is summarized, including innovative incentives for student participation. Over the past five years, 426 (approximately 54 %) undergraduate nursing students voluntarily completed the program. While best practices may vary by institution, the strategies and resources offered herein can support nurse educators in the classroom, lab, and clinical setting as we all work to foster personal and professional well-being in nursing students. Nurse educators can be instrumental in cultivating the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for life-long self-care, well-being, and nursing practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Sustersic Gawlik
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Alice M Teall
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rosie Zeno
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christa Newtz
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Katey Conrad
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Kolcun
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Heidi Bobek
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ann Deerhake
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kelly Sullivan
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Brooke Rengers
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Susan O'Hara
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, 1577 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Hsieh YW, Huang CLC. Stress and depression among male police officers in Taiwan: Severity, determinants, and coping strategies. Work 2024; 79:899-909. [PMID: 38701122 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Police work, known for its high stress, exhibits elevated depression rates. OBJECTIVE This study explores stress and depression in male officers, examining personality traits, coping strategies, family, and social support. Aligned with the diathesis-stress hypothesis and job demands-resources model, it aims to illuminate these factors in policing. METHODS Two hundred and sixty-four male police officers from Yunlin, Taiwan were enrolled in this study. Structured measurements of stress level, depression symptoms, personality traits, family functioning, and social support were made. We used multiple regression analysis to assess predictors of stress level and depression and identified coping strategies used by the police officers. RESULTS Of the 264 male police officers, 36.4% had clinically significant depression. Occupational stress was mostly related to organizational factors. Multivariate regression analyses showed that age, personality traits, officer's rank, and period of education obtained could predict police officers' occupational stress. Personality traits, social support, occupational stress, and period of education obtained could predict depression. The most frequently used coping strategies were drinking and smoking. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study support the diathesis-stress hypothesis and the job demands-resources model. Enhancing male police officers' mental well-being requires addressing key factors like social support and occupational stress. Strategic measures, such as mental health education, destigmatization, counseling, and community-building, are vital. Policymakers should collaborate with mental health professionals for tailored interventions, fostering a healthier work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Charles Lung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Franceschi L, Small N, Goldsby T, Goldsby M, Padamada S, Ziegler MG, Mills PJ. The Groundswell Community Surf Therapy Intervention for At-Risk Women and Changes in Body Acceptance, Resilience, and Emotional Regulation. GLOBAL ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE AND HEALTH 2024; 13:27536130241278970. [PMID: 39219712 PMCID: PMC11365036 DOI: 10.1177/27536130241278970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Surf therapy combines physical activity with social support to provide a healing environment. Objective This exploratory pre-to post-intervention study examined the effects of a novel surf therapy program for women who experienced abuse, trauma, and/or mental illness on emotional regulation, resilience, body acceptance, and gratitude. Methods Twenty-seven women (ages 25 to 54; mean 36.32 + SD 7.79) participated in an 8-week Groundswell Surf Therapy Program held in four different coastal cities in California. Standardized self-report questionnaires were administered prior to and following the therapy program, including the Body Acceptance Scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Affective Style Questionnaire, and the Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form (GQ-6) in a pre-post study design. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Body acceptance [P < 0.001; partial Eta squared = 0.472] and resilience were increased [P = 0.005; partial Eta squared = 0.319] following the surf therapy intervention. Emotional regulation was examined according to three subscales, with the adjust [P < 0.001; partial Eta squared = 0.397] and tolerate [P < 0.001; partial Eta squared = 0.299] subscales increasing following the intervention, and the conceal subscale [P = 0.459; partial Eta squared = 0.031] remaining unchanged. Gratitude scores were unchanged [P = 0.425; partial Eta squared = 0.026]. Conclusion A surf therapy program rooted in somatic and trauma-informed models was associated with improved resilience, emotional regulation, and body acceptance in at-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tamara Goldsby
- Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Goldsby
- Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael G. Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul J Mills
- Center of Excellence for Research and Training in Integrative Health, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Lovell B, Wetherell MA. Social support mediates the relationship between dispositional gratitude and psychological distress in caregivers of autistic children. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:2084-2094. [PMID: 36617657 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2162939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Grateful caregivers report lower levels of psychological distress. Social support, engendered by gratitude and buffering against stress, might mediate this effect. Here we explored whether the protective psychological effect of dispositional gratitude might be mediated by increased social support. A sample of 126 caregivers of autistic children completed questionnaires assessing dispositional gratitude, social support and psychological distress. Gratitude inversely predicted psychological distress, as did social support after adjusting for gratitude. Gratitude positively predicted social support. Gratitude no longer predicted psychological distress after adjusting for social support. Indirect effects analysis revealed the gratitude-distress relationship occurred indirectly via social support. Grateful caregivers reported higher levels of social support, and this predicted lower psychological distress. Gratitude, relatively stable as a disposition, has a state component that is sensitive to change, and healthcare professionals might do well to recommend gratitude enhancing interventions for caregivers of autistic children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lovell
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark A Wetherell
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Kalamatianos A, Kounenou K, Pezirkianidis C, Kourmousi N. The Role of Gratitude in a Positive Psychology Group Intervention Program Implemented for Undergraduate Engineering Students. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:460. [PMID: 37366712 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, research on positive psychology for building strengths has proliferated. The present study aimed to explore the effect of gratitude in a 5-week positive psychology group program for undergraduate engineering students which included an intermediary 2-week gratitude intervention. In a mixed-design, 69 students from three engineering departments of the School of Pedagogical and Technological Education (ASPETE), assigned to the intervention (N = 34) and the control group (N = 35), with an average age of 21.52 years (SD = 4.63), were administered the Gratitude Questionnaire-six item form (GQ-6), the Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS), and the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). The condition experimental vs. control group was designated as the between-subjects factor, and time, that is, baseline vs. post intervention, was set as the within-subjects factor. Students who received the intervention reported significantly higher levels of gratitude. The increase in gratitude was due to the positive psychology group program. In addition, gratitude showed a significant effect on happiness and optimism, but failed to attain a significant impact on positive and negative emotions and resilience. Further research is needed to elucidate the effectiveness of positive psychology programs for undergraduate engineering students and the intervening cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Kalamatianos
- Department of Education, School of Education, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
- Student Counseling Center, School of Pedagogical & Technological Education, 15122 Maroussi, Greece
| | - Kalliope Kounenou
- Department of Education, School of Pedagogical & Technological Education, 15122 Maroussi, Greece
| | - Christos Pezirkianidis
- Laboratory of Positive Psychology, Panteion University of Social & Political Sciences, Syggrou Ave. 136, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Ntina Kourmousi
- Department of Education, School of Pedagogical & Technological Education, 15122 Maroussi, Greece
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Green J, Berdahl CT, Ye X, Wertheimer JC. The impact of positive reinforcement on teamwork climate, resiliency, and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: The TEAM-ICU (Transforming Employee Attitudes via Messaging strengthens Interconnection, Communication, and Unity) pilot study. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:267-278. [PMID: 35723168 PMCID: PMC9982400 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221103640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Burnout is an internationally recognized occupational phenomenon that negatively impacts the healthcare workforce and its recipients. The aim of this pilot study was to test whether positive reinforcement and integrating a language of support among co-workers can enhance resiliency, facilitate psychological wellness, and encourage hope. This embedded mixed methods prospective, behavioral, interventional study evaluated the effects of positive feedback on wellness among intensive care unit clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic in a single center, quaternary care medical center. The deliberate positive feedback paradigm has the potential to augment resiliency and improve attitudes toward a teamwork climate. The routine use of deliberate positivity may represent a scalable, low-cost initiative to enhance wellness in a healthcare organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xin Ye
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, USA
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Demerouti E, Bakker AB. Job demands-resources theory in times of crises: New propositions. ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20413866221135022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical paper presents an extended Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) theory aimed at understanding how organizations and their employees can best deal with COVID-19 and other crises in the workplace. The crisis showed that job characteristics alone are insufficient to explain employee health and motivation, i.e., the two focal outcomes of the JD-R theory. Rather, demands and resources of the individual, the family, the job and the organization interact with each other to predict outcomes. Moreover, next to individual regulatory strategies also the regulatory strategies of the family, the leader and organization/team are suggested to modify the impact of demands and resources on outcomes. This was possible by integrating the crisis management literature in JD-R theory. Viewing the crisis from a job design perspective helped us to introduce several new and testable propositions that specify how employee well-being and functioning are impacted by crises and turbulent times. Plain Language Summary Organizations have been struggling to find out how their employees are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and what they can do to support their well-being and improve their functioning during the pandemic and beyond. The well-being and job performance of individual employees are difficult to predict which becomes even more complicated during times of crisis. The Job Demands–Resources theory is a helpful means because it suggests that employee health and motivation are outcomes of two different processes, i.e., the health impairment process and the motivational process. Job demands, such as work pressure and demanding customers, exhaust the energy of employees and consequently diminish their health, whereas job resources, such as autonomy and social support, help employees to deal with the demands and to develop themselves. The pandemic showed that the interplay between demands and resources of the individual, the job, the family and the organization predict outcomes. Moreover, next to individual regulatory strategies also the regulatory strategies of the family, the leader and organization/team are suggested to modify the impact of demands and resources on outcomes. Viewing the crisis from a job design perspective helped us to introduce in the Job Demands–Resources theory several testable propositions that specify how employee well-being and functioning are impacted by crises and turbulent times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Demerouti
- Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
- University of Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Arnold B. Bakker
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- University of Johannesburg, South Africa
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Anders R, Willemin-Petignat L, Rolli Salathé C, Samson AC, Putois B. Profiling Police Forces against Stress: Risk and Protective Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Burnout in Police Officers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9218. [PMID: 35954576 PMCID: PMC9368562 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Police officers are frequently exposed to highly stressful situations at work and have an increased risk to develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and burnout (BO). It is currently not well understood which officers are most at risk to develop these disorders. The aim of this study was to determine which coping strategies and personality traits could act as protective or risk factors in relation to PTSD and BO. The second aim, in the interest of designating preventive and therapeutical measures, was to determine whether certain profiles of police officers could be identified as high risk for developing mental disorders. Herein, 1073 French-speaking police officers in Switzerland reported in an online survey about their PTSD and BO symptoms, anxiety, depression, suicide ideation, coping strategies, occupational stress, and personality factors. The cluster analysis highlighted three principal profiles of police officers: those who are not at risk of developing pathologies because they are not exposed or insensitive to these stressors, and those who are, among which personality and coping strategies oriented the risk of developing PTSD or BO. These same protective and risk factors were also corroborated in the linear and logistic regression analyses. These results may suggest that a crucial opportunity for mitigating mental health issues in the force could consist of screening recruits for risk-related personality traits and orienting them towards psychological training programs for the development of functional coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce Anders
- EPSYLON Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, F34000 Montpellier, France
- EMC Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, University of Lyon 2, F69500 Bron, France
| | | | - Cornelia Rolli Salathé
- Faculty of Psychology, Unidistance Suisse, 3900 Brig, Switzerland; (C.R.S.); (A.C.S.); (B.P.)
- Occupational Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andrea C. Samson
- Faculty of Psychology, Unidistance Suisse, 3900 Brig, Switzerland; (C.R.S.); (A.C.S.); (B.P.)
- Institute of Special Education, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Putois
- Faculty of Psychology, Unidistance Suisse, 3900 Brig, Switzerland; (C.R.S.); (A.C.S.); (B.P.)
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, University of Lyon 1, F69675 Bron, France
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Wang D, Chen X, Zhai S, Fan F. Gratitude and internalizing/externalizing symptoms among adolescents after the Wenchuan earthquake: Mediating roles of social support and resilience. J Adolesc 2022; 94:867-879. [DOI: 10.1002/jad.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Wang
- School of Psychology, Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Yan Chen
- School of Psychology, Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Shuyi Zhai
- Faculty of Medicine McGill University Montreal Québec Canada
| | - Fang Fan
- School of Psychology, Centre for Studies of Psychological Applications, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Brain Cognition and Educational Science South China Normal University Guangzhou China
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Rabbing L, Bjørkelo B, Langvik E. Upper and lower musculoskeletal back pain, stress, physical activity, and organisational work support: An exploratory study of police investigative interviewers. Health Psychol Open 2022; 9:20551029221146396. [PMID: 36545002 PMCID: PMC9761228 DOI: 10.1177/20551029221146396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Police investigative interviewers in special victims' units have particularly stressing work conditions. Being few in numbers, with highly specialised competence, the health and well-being of this workgroup are key. This study explores the prevalence of muscular lower and upper back pain and stress and associations with physical activity and organisational work support among 77 police investigators. The police investigative interviewers reported high levels of physical activity. Compared to other police employees, they reported similar levels of musculoskeletal back pain, higher levels of upper back pain, and higher levels of stress. Physical activity was not related to musculoskeletal back pain. In the regression analysis, musculoskeletal back pain was negatively associated with organisational work support. Limitations due to low statistical power and a cross-sectional design apply. However, the study provides interesting insight into the prevalence of musculoskeletal back pain and its association with organisational work support and stress among police employees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Langvik
- Department of Psychology,
Norwegian
University of Science and Technology,
NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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14
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Kim H, Jhon M, Kim JW, Kang HJ, Ryu S, Kim JM, Lee JY, Kim SW. Factors Associated With Depression and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychiatry Investig 2022; 19:551-561. [PMID: 35903057 PMCID: PMC9334801 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2021.0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to identify factors associated with depression and anxiety among Korean adolescents during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,898 Korean adolescents (55.2% male, 44.8% female) ranging in age from 12 to 17 years (mean±standard deviaion age, 15.4±2.6 years). Depression and anxiety were defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥10 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score ≥10, respectively. Other questionnaires included sociodemographic data, psychosocial stresses, and experiences in association with COVID-19. Psychiatric scales included Gratitude Questionnaire-6, Perceived Stress Scale-10, and UCLA Loneliness Scale-3. RESULTS The prevalence rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among participants were 13.8% and 21.0%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that female sex, fear of COVID-19 infection, low gratitude were risk factors for depression. Fear of COVID-19 infection, increased TV watching time, and academic-related stress were risk factors for anxiety. CONCLUSION Depression and anxiety were prevalent during the pandemic in Korean adolescents, and were associated with fear of COVID-19 infection. Providing appropriate information on COVID-19, helping adolescents manage academic-related stress and maintain daily life patterns, and implementing interventions to foster gratitude are important for preventing depression and anxiety in Korean adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honey Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jhon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.,Gwangju Bukgu Community Mental Health and Welfare Center, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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15
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Challenges Faced by Dialysis Unit Staff During COVID-19 Times: A Qualitative Study. Nephrourol Mon 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/numonthly-121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Coronavirus has caused an epidemic affecting the whole world for the last two years and has been spreading steadily. The hemodialysis patients are at high risk because of their lowered immunity status. The dialysis staff is also at higher risk of contracting COVID-19 as these patients come for twice/thrice weekly treatment sessions. Objectives: This study was done to study the hardships and problems afflicting the dialysis staff during the infections caused by COVID-19 in a rural hemodialysis unit. Methods: This study setting was the hemodialysis unit located in a rural hospital in Pondicherry, India. Free listing and pile sorting were done to study the structure and salient problems as felt in the cognitive domain by the dialysis team. Smith's S value was calculated for a free listing. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were conducted to do pile sorting of data. Data were analyzed using Anthropac 4.983/X. Group interviews were carried out to get in-depth information and validate the findings obtained from the free list and pile sorting exercise. Results: Twelve salient items were obtained from the free list. Three broad domains emerged: the absence of personal safety, shortage of personal safety equipment, and presence of logistical and operational problems. Surprisingly, RT-PCR testing was not perceived to be of importance for them. Conclusions: Accepting the true feelings, fears, and needs of the dialysis staff, helping to tackle the impediments to personal safety, and the lack of personal safety equipment in a dialysis unit during COVID-19 outbreak are vital in ensuring personal safety and improving working dynamics.
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16
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Jeleff M, Traugott M, Jirovsky-Platter E, Jordakieva G, Kutalek R. Occupational challenges of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054516. [PMID: 35256442 PMCID: PMC8905413 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To address structural determinants and healthcare workers' (HCWs) physical, mental, emotional and professional challenges of working during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN Exploratory qualitative study with semistructured interviews. Collected data were analysed using thematic analysis. SETTING This qualitative study was undertaken with HCWs who mainly worked in intensive care units in six non-profit hospitals in Vienna, Austria. Data were collected from June 2020 to January 2021. PARTICIPANTS A total of 30 HCWs (13 medical doctors, 11 qualified nursing staff, 2 nurse assistants, 2 physiotherapists and 2 technical/cleaning staff) who were in direct and indirect contact with patients with COVID-19 were included. RESULTS Three overall themes resulted as relevant: challenges due to lack of preparedness, structural conditions, and physical and mental health of HCWs. Lack of preparedness included delayed infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines, shortages of personal protective equipment combined with staff shortages (especially of nursing staff) and overworked personnel. Physical and mental strains resulted from HCWs being overworked and working permanently on alert to face medical uncertainties and the critical conditions of patients. HCWs lacked recognition on multiple levels and dealt with stigma and avoidance behaviour of colleagues. CONCLUSION To mitigate HCWs' occupational health risks and staff turnover, we propose context-specific recommendations. The number of available essential workers in care of patients with COVID-19, especially nursing staff, should be carefully planned and increased to avert chronic work overload. Timely training and education in IPC for all HCWs is important. Providing supportive supervision is as essential as appropriate recognition by higher level management and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Jeleff
- Unit Medical Anthropology and Global Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Marianna Traugott
- Department of Internal Medicine IV with Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Clinic Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Jirovsky-Platter
- Unit Medical Anthropology and Global Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Galateja Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Ruth Kutalek
- Unit Medical Anthropology and Global Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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17
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Granholm Valmari E, Ghazinour M, Nygren U, Gilenstam K. Exploring the life contexts of patrolling police officers in the European Union – A scoping review. Scand J Occup Ther 2022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2022.2041088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulla Nygren
- Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Gilenstam
- Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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18
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Thielmann B, Böckelmann I, Schumann H. Work-Related Behavior and Experience Patterns Among Ambulance Service Personnel of Different Organizational Structures in Urban and Rural Regions. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:26-33. [PMID: 34267105 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify work-related experience and behavior patterns among rescue workers in different urban and rural organizational structures. METHODS The subjects included 276 paramedics from Germany (average age 39.3 ± 8.04 years) in three groups (professional fire department, aid organization in urban or rural regions). Work-related behavior and experience patterns (AVEM) were examined. Influences of age, gender, professional qualifications, frequency of operation, and organization were analyzed. RESULTS AVEM risk patterns were detectable in 44.3% of professional fire department personnel and in 20% of both aid organization groups. There were differences in the various AVEM dimensions. Age had a strong influence on the AVEM dimension work-related ambition. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for workplace health promotion and prevention measures, which are especially useful for employees in professional fire departments. Aid organizations in urban and rural regions should also attend to these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Thielmann
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany (Dr Thielmann, Prof Böckelmann, and Dr Schumann)
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19
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Jesuthasan J, Powell RA, Burmester V, Nicholls D. 'We weren't checked in on, nobody spoke to us': an exploratory qualitative analysis of two focus groups on the concerns of ethnic minority NHS staff during COVID-19. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e053396. [PMID: 34972767 PMCID: PMC8720640 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain exploratory insights into the multifaceted, lived experience impact of COVID-19 on a small sample of ethnic minority healthcare staff to cocreate a module of questions for follow-up online surveys on the well-being of healthcare staff during the pandemic. DESIGN A cross-sectional design using two online focus groups among ethnic minority healthcare workers who worked in care or supportive roles in a hospital, community health or primary care setting for at least 12 months. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen healthcare workers (11 female) aged 26-62 years from diverse ethnic minority backgrounds, 11 working in clinical roles. RESULTS Five primary thematic domains emerged: (1) viral vulnerability, centring around perceived individual risk and vulnerability perceptions; (2) risk assessment, comprising pressures to comply, perception of a tick-box exercise and issues with risk and resource stratification; (3) interpersonal relations in the workplace, highlighting deficient consultation of ethnic minority staff, cultural insensitivity, need for support and collegiate judgement; (4) lived experience of racial inequality, consisting of job insecurity and the exacerbation of systemic racism and its emotional burden; (5) community attitudes, including public prejudice and judgement, and patient appreciation. CONCLUSIONS Our novel study has shown ethnic minority National Health Service (NHS) staff have experienced COVID-19 in a complex, multidimensional manner. Future research with a larger sample should further examine the complexity of these experiences and should enumerate the extent to which these varied thematic experiences are shared among ethnic minority NHS workers so that more empathetic and supportive management and related occupational practices can be instituted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehanita Jesuthasan
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Richard A Powell
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London School of Public Health, London, UK
| | - Victoria Burmester
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dasha Nicholls
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
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20
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Sørensen T, Hestad K, Grov EK. Relationships of Sources of Meaning and Resilience With Meaningfulness and Satisfaction With Life: A Population-Based Study of Norwegians in Late Adulthood. Front Psychol 2021; 12:685125. [PMID: 34925118 PMCID: PMC8674485 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Health-promoting initiatives incorporating meaning-making to enhance the well-being of people in late adulthood are important, particularly as the number of older people is increasing. Resilience and sources of meaning may be related to individuals' experience of meaningfulness and satisfaction with life. However, few studies have investigated these relations among people in late adulthood. In the present exploratory study, we asked the following questions: What are the differences regarding scores on sources of meaning, resilience, meaningfulness, and satisfaction between people in late adulthood (≥65) and other adults (18-64)? What is the association between sources of meaning and meaningfulness, and between resilience and meaningfulness? What is the association between sources of meaning and satisfaction with life, and between resilience and satisfaction with life? A cross-sectional design was used. A population-based sample of 925 participants (aged 18-91 years) was recruited from the National Population Register in Norway. Of these, 219 participants were 65 years old and older (mean age 73 years). Additionally, sub-analyses for the age-group ≥ 75 (N = 71) were performed. Independent-samples t-tests, chi-square tests, one-way ANOVA, and linear regressions adjusted for demographics, anxiety, and depression were performed utilizing standardized questionnaires. It was found that people in late adulthood (≥65 years) scored significantly higher on meaningfulness compared to younger adults (18-64). Of the sources of meaning, vertical self-transcendence, including explicit religiosity and spirituality, had the strongest relation to meaningfulness for people in late adulthood, after adjusting for demographics, anxiety, and depression. For the same group, accomplishment, including generativity and unselfish engagement with the surroundings and future generations, also stood out as a prominent source of meaning when related to meaningfulness. No sources of meaning were associated with satisfaction with life in the older group. No associations between resilience and meaningfulness, nor between resilience and satisfaction with life, were found among people in late adulthood. However, positive associations were found between resilience and meaningfulness, as well as between resilience and satisfaction with life, in the 18-64 age group. Longitudinal research and interventional studies are needed to confirm whether the designated sources contribute to meaningfulness in a Norwegian context. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torgeir Sørensen
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Sandnes, Norway
| | - Knut Hestad
- Center for Psychology of Religion, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Hamar, Norway
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Ellen Karine Grov
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Resnick KS, Fins JJ. Professionalism and Resilience After COVID-19. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2021; 45:552-556. [PMID: 33649940 PMCID: PMC7920636 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-021-01416-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Resnick
- New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Joseph J Fins
- New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Kim SW, Park IH, Kim M, Park AL, Jhon M, Kim JW, Kang HJ, Ryu S, Lee JY, Kim JM. Risk and protective factors of depression in the general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in Korea. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:445. [PMID: 34496823 PMCID: PMC8425318 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of depression has risen in the general population during the COVID-19 epidemic. This study was conducted to explore risk and protective factors associated with depression among the general population uninfected by COVID-19. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,500 representative South Korean citizens aged 19-65 years through an anonymous online survey. Depression was defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of 10 or higher. Other questionnaires included one measuring psycho-behavioural and social changes, and stress, due to COVID-19, a six-item version of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), and a three-item version of the UCLA loneliness scale. RESULTS Of the 1492 participants not infected by COVID-19, 312 (20.9%) exhibited depression. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that depression was positively associated with COVID-19-related stress and psycho-behavioural variables such as disturbances in eating and sleeping, younger age, smoking, underlying mental illness, and loneliness scale scores. In contrast, exercise three or more times per week and GQ-6 scale scores were inversely associated with depression. CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining daily routines including eating, sleeping, and regular exercise and focusing on gratitude may be important for the prevention of depression. In addition, more attention should be paid to vulnerable populations, including young people, those with mental illnesses, and smokers, who might be more susceptible to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
- Gwangju Mental Health Commission, Gwangju, Korea.
| | - In-Hoo Park
- Gwangju Mental Health Commission, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mina Kim
- Gwangju Mental Health Commission, Gwangju, Korea
| | - A-La Park
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
| | - Min Jhon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Wan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyong Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
- Gwangju Mental Health Commission, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Min Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Medical School, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Cénat JM, Dalexis RD, Derivois D, Hébert M, Hajizadeh S, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Guerrier M, Rousseau C. The Transcultural Community Resilience Scale: Psychometric Properties and Multinational Validity in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:713477. [PMID: 34489816 PMCID: PMC8417301 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few instruments assess community resilience. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the capacity of communities to support resilience of members deserves to be assessed to develop programs for improving mental health of affected populations. This article presents the development of the Ottawa-Community Resilience Scale (O-CRS), its underlying factorial structure and transcultural validity with a multilingual (English, French, Creole, Kinyarwanda), multinational (DR Congo, Haiti, Rwanda, Togo) and multicultural sample affected by this pandemic. A sample of 1,267 participants (40.9% women) were recruited in the four countries: DRC (n = 626, 43.4% women), Haiti (n = 225, 42.0% women), Rwanda (n = 174, 40.5% women), and Togo (n = 242, 33.2% women), with a mean age of 32 (SD = 10.1). They completed measures assessing individual resilience, depression and the O-CRS. Exploratory and confirmatory Factor Analyses, Cronbach alpha, coefficient H and the McDonald's Omega, and bivariate regression were used to estimate the underlying components of the O-CRS, its internal consistency and concurrent validity. Parallel factorial analysis and confirmatory factor analysis results revealed an excellent fit 3-factor structure. Internal consistency coefficients varied between 0.82 and 0.95. The O-CRS showed a good construct validity with a positive association with individual resilience and negative association with depression score. Developed with a collaborative approach involving researchers, practitioners, and clients/patients, the O-CRS and its three factors (community strengths and support, community trust and faith, and community values) demonstrated excellent psychometric properties for assessing community resilience among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Martine Hébert
- Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Saba Hajizadeh
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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24
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Smida M, Khoodoruth MAS, Al‐Nuaimi SK, Al‐Salihy Z, Ghaffar A, Khoodoruth WNC, Mohammed MFH, Ouanes S. Coping strategies, optimism, and resilience factors associated with mental health outcomes among medical residents exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 in Qatar. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e2320. [PMID: 34342152 PMCID: PMC8413747 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the association between coping strategies, resilience, optimism and different mental health outcomes like stress, anxiety, and depression among the medical residents' during the COVID-19 pandemic, with consideration of different factors like seniority, frontliner, gender, and coping style. METHODS An electronic survey was sent to all medical residents in Qatar. Depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed by the DASS-21. Professional quality of life was measured by the ProQOL scale. The coping mechanisms were assessed with the Brief-COPE, and resilience was measured by the Brief Resilience Scale. RESULTS The most commonly used coping strategies were acceptance, religion, and active coping. The avoidant coping style scores were higher among junior residents (p = .032) and non-COVID-19 frontliners (p = .039). Optimism LOT-R score was higher in senior than in junior residents (p < .001). Lower avoidant coping scores, higher optimism, and higher resilience were associated with lower stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION It seems that avoidant coping styles can exacerbate depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms in medical residents amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Strategies promoting optimism, resilience, and approach coping styles can decrease the mental health burden of the pandemic on medical residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek Smida
- Department of PsychiatryHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | | | | | | | - Adeel Ghaffar
- Graduate Medical EducationHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
| | | | | | - Sami Ouanes
- Department of PsychiatryHamad Medical CorporationDohaQatar
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25
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Edwards AM, Kotera Y. Policing in a Pandemic: a Commentary on Officer Well-being During COVID-19. JOURNAL OF POLICE AND CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 36:360-364. [PMID: 34334937 PMCID: PMC8302465 DOI: 10.1007/s11896-021-09469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of police officers during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is challenging, faced with the difficult task of keeping communities safe and preventing the spread of COVID-19 while putting their physical and mental health at risk. Emerging evidence points to the stress experiences of officers during the COVID-19 pandemic. With cases now surpassing 174 million and close to four million deaths worldwide, as well as stringent lockdown measures, police officers are faced with unprecedented challenges resulting from the pandemic. This commentary suggests police departments strengthen resources by putting in place appropriate emergency planning for future public health incidents, in addition to preparing for temporary or permanent loss of human resources. It is important to implement robust training plans post-pandemic to allow officers to offer better care for communities when faced with future public health emergencies. Finally, police officers should be provided with the resources and support to cope with the stresses associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Edwards
- Graduate Student, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB UK
| | - Yasuhiro Kotera
- Academic Lead, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB UK
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26
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A Concept Analysis on Disaster Resilience in Rescue Workers: The Psychological Perspective. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2021; 16:1682-1691. [PMID: 34286679 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The term disaster resilience has not been well defined. The purpose of this article is to scrutinize the concept of disaster resilience in rescue workers. METHODS A systematic search was conducted of the PsychInfo, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, and Scopus databases using the key terms. The framework from Walker and Avant was used to analyze the concept of disaster resilience. RESULTS A total of 26 papers was included in this analysis. The attributes of disaster resilience have been identified from the literature as including personality, perceived control, self-efficacy, coping strategies, and social support. The antecedents of disaster resilience are disastrous events and preparedness for disaster. The consequences of disaster resilience are psychological well-being, posttraumatic growth, and enhanced work engagement. CONCLUSION This concept analysis presents a definition of the concept of disaster resilience that could contribute to the development of a standardized screening or assessment tool and tailored training programs to strengthen disaster resilience among those who are willing to be deployed to engage in disaster rescue work and those who have been involved in such work.
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27
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Gratitude, social support and cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress. Biol Psychol 2021; 162:108090. [PMID: 33839208 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathways linking gratitude to cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) to acute stress are not fully understood. We examine whether this association is mediated by social support. Healthy adults (N = 178) completed measures of trait gratitude and perceived social support and participated in a standardised mental arithmetic and speech stress testing protocol. Their CVR (i.e., systolic and diastolic blood pressure [SBP, DBP], heart rate [HR], cardiac output [CO] and total peripheral resistance [TPR]) were monitored throughout. Gratitude was positively associated with SBP, DBP and TPR reactivity, with those reporting higher gratitude showing higher CVR. Social support was positively associated with TPR to the maths task. The association between gratitude and TPR was mediated by social support but this was only evident in response to the maths task and not the speech task. These novel findings suggest that CVR may be a potential mechanism underlying the gratitude-physical health link.
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Burke-Garcia A, Johnson-Turbes A, Mitchell EW, Verlenden JMV, Puddy R, Mercado MC, Nelson P, Rabinowitz L, Xia K, Wagstaff L, Feng M, Caicedo L, Tolbert E. How Right Now? Supporting Mental Health and Resilience Amid COVID-19. TRAUMATOLOGY 2021; 27:399-412. [PMID: 35360002 PMCID: PMC8967147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The How Right Now communication initiative (HRN) was developed to facilitate resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. HRN was designed as a conduit for promoting mental health and addressing feelings of grief, worry, and stress experienced during this time. This article provides an overview of the rapid, mixed-method, culturally responsive formative research process undertaken to inform the development of HRN. Specifically, it describes how HRN's disproportionately affected audiences (adults aged 65 and older and their caregivers, adults with preexisting physical and mental health conditions, adults experiencing violence, and adults experiencing economic distress) describe and discuss emotional resilience, what they need to be resilient, and what factors contribute to the perceptions of their ability to "bounce back" from the conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection methods included an environmental scan (n ≥ 700 publications), social listening (n ≥ 1 million social media posts), partner needs-assessment calls (n = 16), partner-convened listening sessions with community members (n = 29), online focus groups (n = 58), and a national probability survey (n = 731), all in English and Spanish. Results revealed that HRN's audiences have diverse perceptions of what constitutes resilience. However, common factors were identified across populations to support resilience amid the COVID-19 pandemic, including informal and formal social support and access to services to meet basic needs, including food and housing resources. Stress, anxiety, depression, and experience with stigma and discrimination were also linked to resilience. Understanding the perspectives and experiences of disproportionately affected populations is vital to identifying supports and services, including the engagement of community stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Burke-Garcia
- Department of Public Health, National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | | | | | | | - Richard Puddy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Melissa C. Mercado
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Lucy Rabinowitz
- Department of Public Health, National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Kanru Xia
- Department of Public Health, National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Laura Wagstaff
- Department of Public Health, National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Miao Feng
- Department of Public Health, National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Emily Tolbert
- Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Thompson J, Drew JM. Warr;or21: A 21-Day Program to Enhance First Responder Resilience and Mental Health. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2078. [PMID: 33013529 PMCID: PMC7505768 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
First responders face multiple stressors on a daily basis. They have experienced higher rates of anxiety disorders, depression, burnout, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide (Asmundson and Stapleton, 2008), alcohol and substance abuse (Ballenger et al., 2010), and deficient sleep hygiene (Pearsall, 2012) compared to the general population. Existing resilience research can be utilized and adapted to help first responders cope in a positive manner as a form of prevention and also as part of their recovery. New resiliency programs continue to emerge and this paper details one – warr;or21. The warr;or21 program is explained and based on an evaluation of the program’s preliminary data, the results are promising with how the program can assist first responders (and the general public) increase their resiliency and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Thompson
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Drew
- Griffith Criminology Institute, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, QLD, Australia
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Kim-Godwin Y. Effectiveness of Best Possible Self and Gratitude Writing Intervention on Mental Health Among Parents of Troubled Children. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2020; 58:31-39. [PMID: 32609859 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20200624-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to determine if journaling focused on best possible self and gratitude could improve physiological and mental health outcomes in a sample of affected parents who have teenagers or adult children with emotional and/or behavioral problems. A quasi-experimental, pretest/posttest design was used with blood pressure measure and saliva collection at baseline, after a first journal entry, and after a 6-week journaling intervention. Among 42 parents who completed the pretest, 37 (88.1%) completed the 6-week guided journal and posttest. Findings of paired t tests indicated a statistically significant decrease in stress level (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), somatic symptoms (p = 0.001), and depression (p = 0.01), as well as increased gratitude (p = 0.012) among participants. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated the journaling intervention showed a statistically significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.016), but not diastolic blood pressure, or cortisol level at the three testing times. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 58(9), 31-39.].
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Greenberg N, Brooks SK, Wessely S, Tracy DK. How might the NHS protect the mental health of health-care workers after the COVID-19 crisis? Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:733-734. [PMID: 32473664 PMCID: PMC7255732 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Greenberg
- The Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Samantha K Brooks
- The Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simon Wessely
- The Health Protection Research Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Derek K Tracy
- Cognition, Schizophrenia, and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Allison P, Mnatsakanova A, McCanlies E, Fekedulegn D, Hartley TA, Andrew ME, Violanti JM. Police stress and depressive symptoms: role of coping and hardiness. POLICING (BRADFORD, ENGLAND) 2019; 43:247-261. [PMID: 32714068 PMCID: PMC7380884 DOI: 10.1108/pijpsm-04-2019-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE – Chronic exposure to occupational stress may lead to depressive symptoms in police officers. The association between police stress and depressive symptoms and the potential influences of coping and hardiness were evaluated. The paper aims to discuss this issue. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH – Stress level was assessed in the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress Study (2004-2009) with the Spielberger Police Stress Survey. The frequency and severity of events at work were used to calculate stress indices for the past year. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms during the past week. Linear regression was used to evaluate the association between the stress indices and depressive symptom scores. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking status and alcohol intake, and stratified by median values for coping (passive, active and support seeking) and hardiness (control, commitment and challenge) to assess effect modification. FINDINGS – Among the 388 officers (73.2 percent men), a significant positive association was observed between total stress and the CES-D score (β = 1.98 (SE = 0.36); p < 0.001). Lower CES-D scores were observed for officers who reported lower passive coping (β = 0.94 (SE = 0.45); p = 0.038) and higher active coping (β = 1.41 (SE = 0.44); p = 0.002), compared with their counterparts. Officers higher in hardiness had lower CES-D scores, particularly for commitment (β = 0.86 (SE = 0.35); p = 0.016) and control (β = 1.58 (SE = 0.34); p < 0.001). ORIGINALITY/VALUE – Results indicate that high active coping and hardiness modify the effect of work stress in law enforcement, acting to reduce depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Allison
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Mnatsakanova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Erin McCanlies
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tara A Hartley
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael E Andrew
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - John M Violanti
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, State University of NY at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Moosavi S, Nwaka B, Akinjise I, Corbett SE, Chue P, Greenshaw AJ, Silverstone PH, Li XM, Agyapong VIO. Mental Health Effects in Primary Care Patients 18 Months After a Major Wildfire in Fort McMurray: Risk Increased by Social Demographic Issues, Clinical Antecedents, and Degree of Fire Exposure. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:683. [PMID: 31620033 PMCID: PMC6760025 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To assess prevalence of likely posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in patients attending the only out-of-hours primary care clinic in Fort McMurray some 18 months following a major fire. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was used to collect data through self-administered paper-based questionnaires to determine likely PTSD, MDD, and GAD using the PTSD Checklists for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) 5, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) 9, and GAD-7, respectively, from residents of Fort McMurray who were impacted by the wildfires. This was carried out eighteen (18) months after a major wildfire, which required the rapid evacuation of the entire city population (approximately 90,000 individuals). Results: We achieved a response rate of 48% and results from the 290 respondents showed the 1 month prevalence rate for likely PTSD was 13.6%, likely MDD was 24.8%, and likely GAD was 18.0%. Compared to self-reported prevalence rates before the wildfire (0%, 15.2%, and 14.5% respectively), these were increased for all diagnoses. After controlling for other factors in a logistic regression model, there were statistically significant associations between individuals who had likely PTSD, MDD, and GAD diagnoses and multiple socio-demographic, clinical, and exposure-related variables as follows: PTSD: History of anxiety disorder and received counselling had odds ratios (ORs) of 5.80 and 7.14, respectively. MDD: Age, witnessed the burning of homes, history of depressive disorder, and receiving low level support from friends and family had ORs of 2.08, 2.29, 4.63, and 2.5, respectively. GAD: Fearful for their lives or the lives of friends/family, history of depressive disorder, and history of anxiety disorder had ORs of 3.52, 3.04, and 2.68, respectively. There were also associations between individuals with a likely psychiatric diagnosis and those who also had likely alcohol or drug abuse/dependence. Conclusion: Our study suggests there are high prevalence rates for mental health and addiction conditions in patients attending the out-of-hours clinic 18 months after the wildfires, with significant associations between multiple variables and likely PTSD, MDD, and GAD. Further studies are needed to explore the impact of population-based mental health interventions on the long-term mental health effects of the wildfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Moosavi
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bernard Nwaka
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Idowu Akinjise
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sandra E. Corbett
- Department of Psychiatry, Northern Lights Regional Health Centre, Fort McMurray, AB, Canada
| | - Pierre Chue
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Greenshaw
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peter H. Silverstone
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xin-Min Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vincent I. O. Agyapong
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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