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Zhang F, Tang Z, Du H, Wang Y, Du J, Zhao Z, Li Z. Identification of N-linked glycans recognized by WGA in saliva from patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Carbohydr Res 2024; 545:109256. [PMID: 39241666 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Saliva diagnosis is an essential approach for clinical applications owing to its noninvasive and material-rich features. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-based recognition of salivary protein N-linked glycan profiles to distinguish non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients from controls. We used WGA-magnetic particle conjugates to isolate glycoproteins in the pooled saliva of healthy volunteers (HV, n = 35), patients with benign pulmonary disease (BPD, n = 35), lung adenocarcinoma (ADC, n = 35), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, n = 35), following to release the N-linked glycans from the isolated proteins with PNGase F, and further identified and annotated the released glycans by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS, respectively. The results showed that 34, 35, 39, and 44 N-glycans recognized by WGA were identified and annotated from pooled saliva samples of HV, BPD, ADC, and SCC, respectively. Furthermore, the proportion of N-glycans recognized by WGA in BPD (81.2 %), ADC (90.1 %), and SCC (88.7 %), increased compared to HV (71.9 %). Two N-glycan peaks (m/z 2286.799, and 3399.211) specifically recognized by WGA were present only in NSCLC. These findings suggest that altered salivary glycopatterns such as sialic acids and GlcNAc containing N-glycans recognized by WGA might serve as potential personalized biomarkers for the diagnosis of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Tang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haoqi Du
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuzi Wang
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiabao Du
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China.
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Furlepa M, Zhang YP, Lobanova E, Kahanawita L, Vivacqua G, Williams-Gray CH, Klenerman D. Single-molecule characterization of salivary protein aggregates from Parkinson's disease patients: a pilot study. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae178. [PMID: 38863577 PMCID: PMC11166177 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a convenient and accessible biofluid that has potential as a future diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease. Candidate diagnostic tests for Parkinson's disease to date have predominantly focused on measurements of α-synuclein in CSF, but there is a need for accurate tests utilizing more easily accessible sample types. Prior studies utilizing saliva have used bulk measurements of salivary α-synuclein to provide diagnostic insight. Aggregate structure may influence the contribution of α-synuclein to disease pathology. Single-molecule approaches can characterize the structure of individual aggregates present in the biofluid and may, therefore, provide greater insight than bulk measurements. We have employed an antibody-based single-molecule pulldown assay to quantify salivary α-synuclein and amyloid-β peptide aggregate numbers and subsequently super-resolved captured aggregates using direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy to describe their morphological features. We show that the salivary α-synuclein aggregate/amyloid-β aggregate ratio is increased almost 2-fold in patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 20) compared with controls (n = 20, P < 0.05). Morphological information also provides insight, with saliva from patients with Parkinson's disease containing a greater proportion of larger and more fibrillar amyloid-β aggregates than control saliva (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the combination of count and morphology data provides greater diagnostic value than either measure alone, distinguishing between patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 17) and controls (n = 18) with a high degree of accuracy (area under the curve = 0.87, P < 0.001) and a larger dynamic range. We, therefore, demonstrate for the first time the application of highly sensitive single-molecule imaging techniques to saliva. In addition, we show that aggregates present within saliva retain relevant structural information, further expanding the potential utility of saliva-based diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Furlepa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Yu P Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Evgeniia Lobanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lakmini Kahanawita
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Giorgio Vivacqua
- Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy Research Unit-Integrated Research Centre (PRABB), Campus Biomedico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | | | - David Klenerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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Sen P, Zhang Z, Sakib S, Gu J, Li W, Adhikari BR, Motsenyat A, L'Heureux-Hache J, Ang JC, Panesar G, Salena BJ, Yamamura D, Miller MS, Li Y, Soleymani L. High-Precision Viral Detection Using Electrochemical Kinetic Profiling of Aptamer-Antigen Recognition in Clinical Samples and Machine Learning. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400413. [PMID: 38458987 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
High-precision viral detection at point of need with clinical samples plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis of infectious diseases and the control of a global pandemic. However, the complexity of clinical samples that often contain very low viral concentrations makes it a huge challenge to develop simple diagnostic devices that do not require any sample processing and yet are capable of meeting performance metrics such as very high sensitivity and specificity. Herein we describe a new single-pot and single-step electrochemical method that uses real-time kinetic profiling of the interaction between a high-affinity aptamer and an antigen on a viral surface. This method generates many data points per sample, which when combined with machine learning, can deliver highly accurate test results in a short testing time. We demonstrate this concept using both SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A viruses as model viruses with specifically engineered high-affinity aptamers. Utilizing this technique to diagnose COVID-19 with 37 real human saliva samples results in a sensitivity and specificity of both 100 % (27 true negatives and 10 true positives, with 0 false negative and 0 false positive), which showcases the superb diagnostic precision of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Sen
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Zijie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Sadman Sakib
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Jimmy Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Wantong Li
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Canada
| | | | - Ariel Motsenyat
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | | | - Jann C Ang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Panesar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Canada
| | | | - Debora Yamamura
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Leyla Soleymani
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Canada
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Kashyap B, Hyvärinen E, Laitinen I, Kullaa AM. Salivary metabolomics in patients with oral lichen planus: a preliminary study based on NMR spectroscopy. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:103. [PMID: 38236502 PMCID: PMC10796579 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present preliminary study aimed to investigate the salivary metabolic profile in patients with asymptomatic oral lichen planus (OLP) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Stimulated whole mouth saliva (SWMS) samples were collected from 15 reticular OLP female patients and 15 from age- and sex-matched controls (HCs). A total of 23 metabolites were identified and quantified. Mann-Whitney's U test was used to compare the determined concentration salivary metabolite concentrations between OLP patients and the healthy controls. RESULTS The concentration of acetate, methylamine, and pyruvate was elevated, whereas the concentration of tyrosine was decreased in the saliva of OLP patients compared with HCs. To identify a combination of metabolites, multivariate discrimination function analysis (DFA) was conducted. DFA analysis have shown that the most powerful discrimination between the groups was achieved when methylamine and tyrosine were considered as combined biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Salivary tyrosine was of particular interest and a promising finding for the screening of OLP and its progression. Further longitudinal studies are required to establish it as a reliable salivary biomarker in OLP. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The salivary metabolic profiling can describe the pathologic characteristics of OLP on non-invasive saliva samples and NMR analysis. Salivary metabolites provide details to considered early detectors and to impact oral health of OLP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Kashyap
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eelis Hyvärinen
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Arja M Kullaa
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Marin LM, Katselis GS, Chumala P, Sanche S, Julseth L, Penz E, Skomro R, Siqueira WL. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers in saliva by transcriptomic and proteomics analysis. Clin Proteomics 2023; 20:30. [PMID: 37537537 PMCID: PMC10398966 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-023-09417-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers by real time PCR (rRT-PCR) has shown that the sensitivity of the test is negatively affected by low viral loads and the severity of the disease. This limitation can be overcome by the use of more sensitive approaches such as mass spectrometry (MS), which has not been explored for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in saliva. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the translational applicability of mass spectrometry-based proteomics approaches to identify viral proteins in saliva from people diagnosed with COVID-19 within fourteen days after the initial diagnosis, and to compare its performance with rRT-PCR. After ethics approval, saliva samples were self-collected by 42 COVID-19 positive and 16 healthy individuals. Samples from people positive for COVID-19 were collected on average on the sixth day (± 4 days) after initial diagnosis. Viable viral particles in saliva were heat-inactivated followed by the extraction of total proteins and viral RNA. Proteins were digested and then subjected to tandem MS analysis (LC-QTOF-MS/MS) using a data-dependent MS/MS acquisition qualitative shotgun proteomics approach. The acquired spectra were queried against a combined SARS-CoV-2 and human database. The qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific RNA was done by rRT-PCR. SARS-CoV-2 proteins were identified in all COVID-19 samples (100%), while viral RNA was detected in only 24 out of 42 COVID-19 samples (57.1%). Seven out of 18 SARS-CoV-2 proteins were identified in saliva from COVID-19 positive individuals, from which the most frequent were replicase polyproteins 1ab (100%) and 1a (91.3%), and nucleocapsid (45.2%). Neither viral proteins nor RNA were detected in healthy individuals. Our mass spectrometry approach appears to be more sensitive than rRT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers in saliva collected from COVID-19 positive individuals up to 14 days after the initial diagnostic test. Based on the novel data presented here, our MS technology can be used as an effective diagnostic test of COVID-19 for initial diagnosis or follow-up of symptomatic cases, especially in patients with reduced viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Marin
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - George S Katselis
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Paulos Chumala
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Stephen Sanche
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X8, Canada
| | - Lucas Julseth
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Erika Penz
- Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X8, Canada
| | - Robert Skomro
- Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X8, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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Schönbacher M, Banfi C, Berghold A, Matzhold EM, Wagner T, Mayr WR, Körmöczi GF. Immunoglobulin Class Profiles of ABO Antibodies in Saliva and Serum of Healthy Individuals. Transfus Med Hemother 2023; 50:294-302. [PMID: 37767286 PMCID: PMC10521241 DOI: 10.1159/000527233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic gave rise to studies investigating the association of ABO blood group with COVID-19 susceptibility. It is hypothesized that ABO antibodies might play a role in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. However, ABO antibodies were exclusively analyzed in blood samples. Investigation of ABO antibodies in saliva, an easy-to-obtain surrogate for respiratory secretions, may provide novel insights into mucosal immunity crucial in early defense against respiratory pathogens. Methods In this study, saliva and serum samples from healthy individuals with known blood groups were investigated using a flow cytometric method for separate anti-A/anti-B IgA, IgM, and IgG class antibody detection. Saliva samples were additionally tested using hemagglutination-based neutral and indirect anti-human globulin test gel cards. This method comparison was complemented by dilution experiments with a high-titer anti-A/anti-B WHO standard. Results In saliva, IgA was the most abundant ABO antibody class, followed by IgM; IgG was detected only in low levels in all non-AB blood types. In serum, IgM was the predominant ABO antibody class in all non-AB blood types, followed by IgA and IgG, the latter mainly detected in group O individuals. Saliva and serum samples of group O individuals yielded the highest variability of ABO-specific antibody levels. Regardless of sample material and blood type, major interindividual differences in ABO antibody reactivities were recorded. Antibody levels correlated moderately between these two body fluids. There were no significant sex and age-group differences in ABO antibody levels in both serum and saliva. WHO standard dilution experiments yielded technique-specific limits of detection, illustrating the inherent differences of immunofluorescence versus agglutination. Conclusion For the first time, salivary ABO antibodies were investigated by separate detection of the three most relevant antibody classes IgA, IgM, and IgG in a healthy cohort. This study opens new perspectives regarding mucosal ABO antibody class profiles and their potential influence on respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Schönbacher
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chiara Banfi
- Statistics and Documentation, Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Statistics and Documentation, Institute for Medical Informatics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Matzhold
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Wagner
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R. Mayr
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther F. Körmöczi
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Morzel M, Ramsamy S, Le Feunteun S. Feasibility of using a realistic food bolus for semi-dynamic in vitro gastric digestion of hard cheese with pH-stat monitoring of protein hydrolysis. Food Res Int 2023; 169:112818. [PMID: 37254396 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Oral processing of solid foods leads to boluses made of a human saliva and particles distributed in the size range ∼ 0 to 5 mm. However, studies on the release of nutrients from realistic solid food boluses during digestion are scarce because such mechanisms are difficult to investigate in vivo, and in vitro experiments generally recommend to extensively mince solid foods during the oral stage. Similarly, it has previously been shown that the peptic hydrolysis of protein solutions during in vitro gastric digestion can be monitored by acid titration in both static and dynamic pH conditions, but such approach has never been evaluated in the presence of particles of several millimetres in size. The first objective of the study was therefore to test the feasibility of using a realistic food bolus for gastric digestion studies with a pH-stat monitoring of proteolysis, using Emmental cheese as a solid food and with consideration of gastric acidifying kinetics. Degree of hydrolysis (DH) of proteins was monitored from two series of experiments performed in the presence and absence of pepsin. Other DH measurements, estimated from an independent approach based on the amount of free NH2 groups (OPA method) contained by peptides released in the supernatant (UV absorbance) validated the pH-stat results. A second objective of this work was to test the possible influence of human saliva on gastric proteolysis (in comparison with a water-based bolus). Results showed that saliva slightly delayed initiation of proteolysis, which could be explained by the slightly higher initial pH of the saliva-based bolus, but had no statistical effects on pepsin activity. We conclude that acid titration with a pH-stat system can be a valuable approach to monitor the gastric in vitro proteolysis of realistic solid food boluses in dynamic pH conditions.
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Huang Z, Yang X, Huang Y, Tang Z, Chen Y, Liu H, Huang M, Qing L, Li L, Wang Q, Jie Z, Jin X, Jia B. Saliva - a new opportunity for fluid biopsy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:4-32. [PMID: 36285724 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex biological fluid with a variety of biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota, which can be used for the screening and diagnosis of many diseases. In addition, saliva has the characteristics of simple collection, non-invasive and convenient storage, which gives it the potential to replace blood as a new main body of fluid biopsy, and it is an excellent biological diagnostic fluid. This review integrates recent studies and summarizes the research contents of salivaomics and the research progress of saliva in early diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. This review aims to explore the value and prospect of saliva diagnosis in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhuye Jie
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Commensal Microorganisms and Health Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Bru S, González-Marrón A, Lidón-Moyano C, Carballar R, Martínez-Láinez JM, Pérez-Martín H, Fu M, Pérez-Ortuño R, Ballbè M, Pascual JA, Fernández E, Clotet J, Martínez-Sánchez JM. Determination of soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in saliva samples and its association with nicotine. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114443. [PMID: 36195157 PMCID: PMC9527194 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main receptor of the SARS-CoV-2. There is contradictory evidence on how the exposure to nicotine may module the concentration of soluble ACE2 (sACE2). The aim of this study was to assess the association between nicotine and sACE2 concentrations in saliva samples. METHODS Pooled analysis performed with data retrieved from two studies (n = 634 and n = 302). Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of sACE2, both total and relative to the total amount of protein in the sample, were compared according to sociodemographic variables and variables associated to nicotine. Multivariable linear regression models were fitted to explore the associations of sACE2 with nicotine adjusting for sex, age and body mass index. Spearman's rank-correlation coefficients were estimated between the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine, and pack-years, the concentration of relative sACE2 and the isoforms of sACE2. RESULTS We observed a significant increase of 0.108‰ and 0.087 ng/μl in the relative and absolute salivary sACE2 GM concentrations, respectively, between the lowest and highest nicotine levels. Similar results were observed for cotinine. These associations did not change in the multivariable linear models. There was a low correlation of nicotine and cotinine concentration with the concentration of relative salivary sACE2 (rs = 0.153 and rs = 0.132, respectively), pack-years (rs = 0.222 and rs = 0.235, respectively) and with the concentration of isoform 40 KDa (rs = 0.193 and rs = 0.140, respectively). CONCLUSION Salivary nicotine concentration seems to be limitedly associated with the concentration of sACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bru
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián González-Marrón
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Lidón-Moyano
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Reyes Carballar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Marc Martínez-Láinez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hipólito Pérez-Martín
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcela Fu
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ortuño
- Group of Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience, Neurosciences Programme, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute), Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Ballbè
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain; Addictions Unit, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose A Pascual
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteve Fernández
- Tobacco Control Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tobacco Control, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Tobacco Control Research Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Clotet
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jose M Martínez-Sánchez
- Group of Evaluation of Health Determinants and Health Policies, Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat Del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
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Nam M, Jo SR, Park JH, Kim MS. Evaluation of critical factors in the preparation of saliva sample from healthy subjects for metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 223:115145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Ultrafast one-minute electronic detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by 3CL pro enzymatic activity in untreated saliva samples. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6375. [PMID: 36289211 PMCID: PMC9605950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its onset in December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, has caused over 6.5 million deaths worldwide as of October 2022. Attempts to curb viral transmission rely heavily on reliable testing to detect infections since a large number of transmissions are carried through asymptomatic individuals. Many available detection methods fall short in terms of reliability or point-of-care applicability. Here, we report an electrochemical approach targeting a viral proteolytic enzyme, 3CLpro, as a marker of active infection. We detect proteolytic activity directly from untreated saliva within one minute of sample incubation using a reduction-oxidation pH indicator. Importantly, clinical tests of saliva samples from 50 subjects show accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2, with high sensitivity and specificity, validated by PCR testing. These, coupled with our platform's ultrafast detection, simplicity, low cost and point-of-care compatibility, make it a promising method for the real-world SARS-CoV-2 mass-screening.
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12
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Influence of different sample preparation strategies on hypothesis-driven shotgun proteomic analysis of human saliva. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This research aimed to find an efficient and repeatable bottom-up proteolytic strategy to process the unstimulated human saliva. The focus is on monitoring immune system activation via the cytokine and interleukin signaling pathways. Carbohydrate metabolism is also being studied as a possible trigger of inflammation and joint damage in the context of the diagnostic procedure of temporomandibular joint disorder. The preparation of clean peptide mixtures for liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis was performed considering different aspects of sample preparation: the filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) with different loadings of salivary proteins, the unfractionated saliva, amylase-depleted, and amylase-enriched salivary fractions. To optimize the efficiency of the FASP method, the protocols with the digestion in the presence of 80% acetonitrile and one-step digestion in the presence of 80% acetonitrile were used, omitting protein reduction and alkylation. The digestion procedures were repeated in the standard in-solution mode. Alternatively, the temperature of 24 and 37°C was examined during the trypsin digestion. DyNet analysis of the hierarchical networks of Gene Ontology terms corresponding to each sample preparation method for the bottom-up assay revealed the wide variability in protein properties. The method can easily be tailored to the specific samples and groups of proteins to be examined.
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13
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Eduardo FDP, Corrêa L, Mansur F, Benitez C, Hamerschlak N, Pinho JRR, Heller D, Bezinelli LM. Effectiveness of toothpastes on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva. Int Dent J 2022; 72:825-831. [PMID: 35570015 PMCID: PMC8940567 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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14
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Childhood Allergy Disease, Early Diagnosis, and the Potential of Salivary Protein Biomarkers. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9198249. [PMID: 34658668 PMCID: PMC8519724 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9198249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic disease has risen to epidemic proportions since the last decade and is among the most common noncommunicable, chronic diseases in children and adolescents worldwide. Allergic disease usually occurs in early life; thus, early biomarkers of allergic susceptibility are required for preventive measures to high-risk infants which enable early interventions to decrease allergic severity. However, to date, there is no reliable general or specific allergy phenotype detection method that is easy and noninvasive for children. Most reported allergic phenotype detection methods are invasive, such as the skin prick test (SPT), oral food challenge (OFC), and blood test, and many involve not readily accessible biological samples, such as cord blood (CB), maternal blood, or newborn vernix. Saliva is a biological sample that has great potential as a biomarker measurement as it consists of an abundance of biomarkers, such as genetic material and proteins. It is easily accessible, noninvasive, collected via a painless procedure, and an easy bedside screening for real-time measurement of the ongoing human physiological system. All these advantages emphasise saliva as a very promising diagnostic candidate for the detection and monitoring of disease biomarkers, especially in children. Furthermore, protein biomarkers have the advantages as modifiable influencing factors rather than genetic and epigenetic factors that are mostly nonmodifiable factors for allergic disease susceptibility in childhood. Saliva has great potential to replace serum as a biological fluid biomarker in diagnosing clinical allergy. However, to date, saliva is not considered as an established medically acceptable biomarker. This review considers whether the saliva could be suitable biological samples for early detection of allergic risk. Such tools may be used as justification for targeted interventions in early childhood for disease prevention and assisting in reducing morbidity and mortality caused by childhood allergy.
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15
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Shakeeb N, Varkey P, Ajit A. Human Saliva as a Diagnostic Specimen for Early Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers by Real-Time RT-PCR. Inflammation 2021; 44:1713-1723. [PMID: 34031776 PMCID: PMC8143742 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays human saliva is more frequently studied as a non-invasive, stress-free, and preferable diagnostic material than blood. Supporting evidences acknowledge saliva as a mirror that reflects the body's physical state. Numerous studies have also demonstrated the presence and use of RNA derived from saliva in the early diagnosis of disease by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Assessing the host inflammatory response in patients and its resolution at an early stage can serve as a prognostic and predictive method in determining therapeutic response or disease progression. In this context, the potential of saliva as a specimen to diagnose early inflammatory biomarkers using RT-PCR seems fascinating and useful. Here, we review inflammatory biomarkers within the saliva, focusing on early detection of these biomarkers using RT-PCR and the factors influencing the quality of saliva specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourin Shakeeb
- Research and Development, Zum Heilen Diagnostic and Therapeutics Pvt. Ltd, Office No. 12/1543-C, SB Center, 2nd Floor, Museum Road, Thrissur, Kerala 680020 India
| | - Prashanth Varkey
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute, P.B.No.737, Thrissur, Kerala 680005 India
| | - Amita Ajit
- Research and Development, Zum Heilen Diagnostic and Therapeutics Pvt. Ltd, Office No. 12/1543-C, SB Center, 2nd Floor, Museum Road, Thrissur, Kerala 680020 India
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16
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Duś-Ilnicka I, Krala E, Cholewińska P, Radwan-Oczko M. The Use of Saliva as a Biosample in the Light of COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1769. [PMID: 34679467 PMCID: PMC8534561 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is easy to collect and a biofluid that is readily available without the need for special equipment for its collection. The collection process, which is non-invasive and inexpensive, leads to obtaining a biomaterial that can serve as a source of information for molecular diagnostics of diseases in general medicine, genetics and dentistry. Unfortunately, many of the salivary methodologies are lacking important parameters to provide for not only the safety of the operator, but also the quality and reproducibility of the research. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, salivary diagnostics demonstrate a great potential for research of SARS-CoV 2. In this review, good practice for unstimulated saliva collection and patient preparation was provided, based on the latest literature and available guidelines. Schemes for saliva collection procedures were presented following an extended literature search. Descriptions of salivary probes/cups, techniques of saliva collection, and the use of specific buffering solutions for the stability of collected samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Duś-Ilnicka
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.K.); (M.R.-O.)
| | - Elżbieta Krala
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.K.); (M.R.-O.)
| | - Paulina Cholewińska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, ul. Chełmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Radwan-Oczko
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.K.); (M.R.-O.)
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17
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Clinical Evaluation of Pathognomonic Salivary Protease Fingerprinting for Oral Disease Diagnosis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11090866. [PMID: 34575643 PMCID: PMC8472161 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental decay (Caries) and periodontal disease are globally prevalent diseases with significant clinical need for improved diagnosis. As mediators of dental disease-specific extracellular matrix degradation, proteases are promising analytes. We hypothesized that dysregulation of active proteases can be functionally linked to oral disease status and may be used for diagnosis. To address this, we examined a total of 52 patients with varying oral disease states, including healthy controls. Whole mouth saliva samples and caries biopsies were collected and subjected to analysis. Overall proteolytic and substrate specific activities were assessed using five multiplexed, fluorogenic peptides. Peptide cleavage was further described by inhibitors targeting matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and cysteine, serine, calpain proteases (CSC). Proteolytic fingerprints, supported by supervised machine-learning analysis, were delineated by total proteolytic activity (PepE) and substrate preference combined with inhibition profiles. Caries and peridontitis showed increased enzymatic activities of MMPs with common (PepA) and divergent substrate cleavage patterns (PepE), suggesting different MMP contribution in particular disease states. Overall, sensitivity and specificity values of 84.6% and 90.0%, respectively, were attained. Thus, a combined analysis of protease derived individual and arrayed substrate cleavage rates in conjunction with inhibitor profiles may represent a sensitive and specific tool for oral disease detection.
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18
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Boroumand M, Olianas A, Cabras T, Manconi B, Fanni D, Faa G, Desiderio C, Messana I, Castagnola M. Saliva, a bodily fluid with recognized and potential diagnostic applications. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3677-3690. [PMID: 34350708 PMCID: PMC9290823 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human whole saliva is a bodily fluid that can be obtained easily by noninvasive techniques. Specimens can be collected by the patient also at home in order to monitor health status and variations of several analytes of clinical interest. The contributions to whole saliva include secretions from salivary glands and, among others, from the gingival crevicular fluid that derives from the epithelial mucosa. Therefore, saliva is currently a relevant diagnostic fluid for many substances, including steroids, nonpeptide hormones, therapeutic drugs, and drugs of abuse. This review at first briefly describes the different contributions to whole saliva. A section illustrates the procedures for the collection, handling, and storage of salivary specimens. Another section describes the present use of whole saliva for diagnostic purposes and its specific utilization for the diagnosis of several local and systemic diseases. The final sections illustrate the future opportunities offered by various not conventional techniques with a focus on the most recent –omic investigations. It describes the various issues that have to be taken into account to avoid false positives and negatives, such as the strength of the experimental plan, the adequacy of the number of samples under study, and the proper choice of controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Boroumand
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Fanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Patologia, Università di Cagliari, AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gavino Faa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Patologia, Università di Cagliari, AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
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19
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Optimization and Standardization of Human Saliva Collection for MALDI-TOF MS. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081304. [PMID: 34441239 PMCID: PMC8392517 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 outbreak led to unprecedented innovative scientific research to preclude the virus dissemination and limit its impact on life expectancy. Waiting for the collective immunity by vaccination, mass-testing, and isolation of positive cases remain essential. The development of a diagnosis method requiring a simple and non-invasive sampling with a quick and low-cost approach is on demand. We hypothesized that the combination of saliva specimens with MALDI-TOF MS profiling analyses could be the winning duo. Before characterizing MS saliva signatures associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, optimization and standardization of sample collection, preparation and storage up to MS analyses appeared compulsory. In this view, successive experiments were performed on saliva from healthy healthcare workers. Specimen sampling with a roll cotton of Salivette® devices appeared the most appropriate collection mode. Saliva protein precipitation with organic buffers did not improved MS spectra profiles compared to a direct loading of samples mixed with acetonitrile/formic acid buffer onto MS plate. The assessment of sample storage conditions and duration revealed that saliva should be stored on ice until MS analysis, which should occur on the day of sampling. Kinetic collection of saliva highlighted reproducibility of saliva MS profiles over four successive days and also at two-week intervals. The intra-individual stability of saliva MS profiles should be a key factor in the future investigation for biomarkers associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the singularity of MS profiles between individuals will require the development of sophisticated bio-statistical analyses such as machine learning approaches. MALDI-TOF MS profiling of saliva could be a promising PCR-free tool for SARS-CoV-2 screening.
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20
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Kang Y, Chen J, Li X, Luo M, Chen H, Cui B, Wang L, Lv D, Feng Y, Zhang P. Salivary KLK5 and uPA are potential biomarkers for malignant transformation of OLK and OLP. Cancer Biomark 2021; 31:317-328. [PMID: 33896830 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) usually originates from oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), such as oral leukoplakia (OLK) and oral lichen planus (OLP). Identifying biomarkers for the early diagnosis and evaluation of malignant transformation in OPMD could improve the survival rate of OSCC patients. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to screen for potential salivary biomarkers for evaluating the malignant transformation of OPMD. METHODS Salivary proteases from OLK and OSCC patients or healthy donors and proteases in cultural medium from DOK and Cal-27 cells were detected with a human protease array kit. The concentrations of the salivary Kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) proteases were measured by ELISA. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) to determine the potential value of these proteases in clinical diagnosis were calculated using SPSS software. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the KLK5 and uPA expression in the oral organizations. RESULTS The salivary protease spectrum was different among patients with OLK and OSCC and healthy donors. KLK5 and uPA levels in saliva tended to increase as the disease progressed (healthy < OPMD [OLK and OLP] < OSCC). ROC curves showed the optimum diagnostic cutoffs for KLK5 as a biomarker for OLK, OLP, and OSCC were 5.97, 6.03, and 9.45 pg/mL, respectively, while the cutoffs for uPA were 17.19, 17.26, and 20.96 pg/mL. Their combined analysis showed a higher sensitivity for the differential diagnosis of disease. Furthermore, higher levels of KLK5 and uPA were observed in OSCC tissues than in OLK and OLP. CONCLUSIONS Salivary KLK5 and uPA are potential biomarkers for evaluating OLK and OLP malignant transformation and early diagnosis of OSCC.
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21
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Bellagambi FG, Petersen C, Salvo P, Ghimenti S, Franzini M, Biagini D, Hangouët M, Trivella MG, Di Francesco F, Paolicchi A, Errachid A, Fuoco R, Lomonaco T. Determination and stability of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in saliva samples for monitoring heart failure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13088. [PMID: 34158583 PMCID: PMC8219749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the main cause of mortality worldwide, particularly in the elderly. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is the gold standard biomarker for HF diagnosis and therapy monitoring. It is determined in blood samples by the immunochemical methods generally adopted by most laboratories. Saliva analysis is a powerful tool for clinical applications, mainly due to its non-invasive and less risky sampling. This study describes a validated analytical procedure for NT-proBNP determination in saliva samples using a commercial Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay. Linearity, matrix effect, sensitivity, recovery and assay-precision were evaluated. The analytical approach showed a linear behaviour of the signal throughout the concentrations tested, with a minimum detectable dose of 1 pg/mL, a satisfactory NT-proBNP recovery (95-110%), and acceptable precision (coefficient of variation ≤ 10%). Short-term (3 weeks) and long-term (5 months) stability of NT-proBNP in saliva samples under the storage conditions most frequently used in clinical laboratories (4, - 20, and - 80 °C) was also investigated and showed that the optimal storage conditions were at - 20 °C for up to 2.5 months. Finally, the method was tested for the determination of NT-proBNP in saliva samples collected from ten hospitalized acute HF patients. Preliminary results indicate a decrease in NT-proBNP in saliva from admission to discharge, thus suggesting that this procedure is an effective saliva-based point-of-care device for HF monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca G. Bellagambi
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy ,grid.7849.20000 0001 2150 7757Institute of Analytical Sciences (ISA) – UMR 5280, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Christina Petersen
- grid.452599.60000 0004 1781 8976Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Salvo
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghimenti
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Franzini
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Denise Biagini
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marie Hangouët
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Institute of Analytical Sciences (ISA), UMR 5280, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Maria Giovanna Trivella
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Aldo Paolicchi
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- grid.7849.20000 0001 2150 7757Institute of Analytical Sciences (ISA) – UMR 5280, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Roger Fuoco
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Lomonaco
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Eduardo FDP, Corrêa L, Heller D, Daep CA, Benitez C, Malheiros Z, Stewart B, Ryan M, Machado CM, Hamerschlak N, Rebello Pinho JR, Bezinelli LM. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 load reduction with mouthwash use: A randomized pilot clinical trial. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07346. [PMID: 34189331 PMCID: PMC8222261 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The saliva of patients with COVID-19 has a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load. The risk of spreading the virus is high, and procedures for viral load reduction in the oral cavity are important. Little research to date has been performed on the effect of mouthwashes on the salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load. This pilot randomized single-center clinical trial investigated whether three types of mouthwash with solutions containing either 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride plus 0.28% zinc lactate (CPC + Zn), 1.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP), or 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) reduce the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva at different time points. Sixty SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were recruited and randomly partitioned into a placebo (oral rinsing with distilled water) group and other groups according to the type of mouthwash. Saliva samples were collected from the participants before rinsing (T0), immediately after rinsing (T1), 30 min after rinsing (T2), and 60 min after rinsing (T3). The salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load was measured by qRT-PCR assays. Rinsing with HP and CPC + Zn resulted in better reductions in viral load, with 15.8 ± 0.08- and 20.4 ± 3.7-fold reductions at T1, respectively. Although the CPC + Zn group maintained a 2.6 ± 0.1-fold reduction at T3, this trend was not observed for HP. HP mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction in the SARS-CoV-2 viral load up to 30 min after rinsing (6.5 ± 3.4). The CHX mouthwash significantly reduced the viral load at T1, T2, and T3 (2.1 ± 1.5-, 6.2 ± 3.8-, and 4.2 ± 2.4-fold reductions, respectively). In conclusion, mouthwash with CPC + Zinc and CHX resulted in significant reductions of the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in saliva up to 60 mins after rinsing, while HP mouthwash resulted in a significant reduction up to 30 mins after rinsing. Despite this transitory effect, these results encourage further studies and suggest that these products could be considered as risk-mitigation strategies for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Corrêa
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | | | - Carlos Benitez
- Latin American Oral Health Association, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zilson Malheiros
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Latin American Oral Health Association, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernal Stewart
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Latin American Oral Health Association, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Ryan
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Clarisse Martins Machado
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Brazil
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Duarte D, Castro B, Pereira JL, Marques JF, Costa AL, Gil AM. Evaluation of Saliva Stability for NMR Metabolomics: Collection and Handling Protocols. Metabolites 2020; 10:E515. [PMID: 33352779 PMCID: PMC7766053 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining a salivary metabolic profile upon sample collection and preparation is determinant in metabolomics. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to identify metabolite changes during short-term storage, at room temperature (RT)/4 °C/-20 °C, and after sample preparation, at RT/4 °C (mimicking typical clinical/laboratory settings). Interestingly, significant metabolic inter-individual and inter-day variability were noted, probably determining sample stability to some extent. After collection, no changes were noted at -20 °C (at least for 4 weeks). RT storage induced decreases in methylated macromolecules (6 h); lactate (8 h); alanine (12 h); galactose, hypoxanthine, pyruvate (24 h); sarcosine, betaine, choline, N-acetyl-glycoproteins (48 h), while acetate increased (48 h). Less, but different, changes were observed at 4 °C, suggesting different oral and microbial status at different temperatures (with a possible contribution from inter-individual and inter-day variability), and identifying galactose, hypoxanthine, and possibly, choline esters, as potential general stability indicators. After preparation, addition of NaN3 did not impact significantly on saliva stabilization, neither at RT nor at 4 °C, although its absence was accompanied by slight increases in fucose (6.5 h) and proline (8 h) at RT, and in xylose (24 h) at 4 °C. The putative metabolic origins of the above variations are discussed, with basis on the salivary microbiome. In summary, after collection, saliva can be stored at RT/4 °C for up to 6 h and at -20 °C for at least 4 weeks. Upon preparation for NMR analysis, samples are highly stable at 25 °C up to 8 h and at 4 °C up to 48 h, with NaN3 addition preventing possible early changes in fucose, proline (6-8 h), and xylose (24 h) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Duarte
- CICECO—Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Beatriz Castro
- CICECO—Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Joana Leonor Pereira
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.L.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Joana Faria Marques
- GIBBO-Oral Biology and Biochemistry Research Group, CEMBDE-COCHRANE Portugal—Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Ana Luísa Costa
- Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.L.P.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Ana M. Gil
- CICECO—Department of Chemistry, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.); (B.C.)
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Neves LX, Granato DC, Busso-Lopes AF, Carnielli CM, Patroni FMDS, De Rossi T, Oliveira AK, Ribeiro ACP, Brandão TB, Rodrigues AN, Lacerda PA, Uno M, Cervigne NK, Santos-Silva AR, Kowalski LP, Lopes MA, Paes Leme AF. Peptidomics-Driven Strategy Reveals Peptides and Predicted Proteases Associated With Oral Cancer Prognosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 20:100004. [PMID: 33578082 PMCID: PMC7950089 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activity has been associated with pathological processes that can lead to cancer development and progression. However, understanding the pathological unbalance in proteolysis is challenging because changes can occur simultaneously at protease, their inhibitor, and substrate levels. Here, we present a pipeline that combines peptidomics, proteomics, and peptidase predictions for studying proteolytic events in the saliva of 79 patients and their association with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) prognosis. Our findings revealed differences in the saliva peptidome of patients with (pN+) or without (pN0) lymph-node metastasis and delivered a panel of ten endogenous peptides correlated with poor prognostic factors plus five molecules able to classify pN0 and pN+ patients (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve > 0.85). In addition, endopeptidases and exopeptidases putatively implicated in the processing of differential peptides were investigated using cancer tissue gene expression data from public repositories, reinforcing their association with poorer survival rates and prognosis in oral cancer. The dynamics of the OSCC-related proteolysis were further explored via the proteomic profiling of saliva. This revealed that peptidase/endopeptidase inhibitors exhibited reduced levels in the saliva of pN+ patients, as confirmed by selected reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry, while minor changes were detected in the level of saliva proteases. Taken together, our results indicated that proteolytic activity is accentuated in the saliva of patients with OSCC and lymph-node metastasis and, at least in part, is modulated by reduced levels of salivary peptidase inhibitors. Therefore, this integrated pipeline provided better comprehension and discovery of molecular features with implications in the oral cancer metastasis prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Xavier Neves
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Granato
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ariane Fidelis Busso-Lopes
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolina M Carnielli
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Fábio M de Sá Patroni
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tatiane De Rossi
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Ana Karina Oliveira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - André Nimtz Rodrigues
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Pammela Araujo Lacerda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Miyuki Uno
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, São Paulo Cancer Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilva K Cervigne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Molecular Biology and Cell Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Jundiaí, Jundiaí, Brazil
| | - Alan Roger Santos-Silva
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Ajudarte Lopes
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil.
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25
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Saitou M, Gaylord EA, Xu E, May AJ, Neznanova L, Nathan S, Grawe A, Chang J, Ryan W, Ruhl S, Knox SM, Gokcumen O. Functional Specialization of Human Salivary Glands and Origins of Proteins Intrinsic to Human Saliva. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108402. [PMID: 33207190 PMCID: PMC7703872 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary proteins are essential for maintaining health in the oral cavity and proximal digestive tract, and they serve as potential diagnostic markers for monitoring human health and disease. However, their precise organ origins remain unclear. Through transcriptomic analysis of major adult and fetal salivary glands and integration with the saliva proteome, the blood plasma proteome, and transcriptomes of 28+ organs, we link human saliva proteins to their source, identify salivary-gland-specific genes, and uncover fetal- and adult-specific gene repertoires. Our results also provide insights into the degree of gene retention during gland maturation and suggest that functional diversity among adult gland types is driven by specific dosage combinations of hundreds of transcriptional regulators rather than by a few gland-specific factors. Finally, we demonstrate the heterogeneity of the human acinar cell lineage. Our results pave the way for future investigations into glandular biology and pathology, as well as saliva's use as a diagnostic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saitou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A; Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A; Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Viken, Norway
| | - Eliza A Gaylord
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Erica Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Alison J May
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Lubov Neznanova
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A
| | - Sara Nathan
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Anissa Grawe
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Jolie Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - William Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
| | - Sarah M Knox
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, U.S.A.
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26
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Nguyen TTH, Sodnom-Ish B, Choi SW, Jung HI, Cho J, Hwang I, Kim SM. Salivary biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 46:301-312. [PMID: 33122454 PMCID: PMC7609938 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2020.46.5.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In disease diagnostics and health surveillance, the use of saliva has potential because its collection is convenient and noninvasive. Over the past two decades, the development of salivary utilization for the early detection of cancer, especially oral cavity and oropharynx cancer has gained the interest of the researcher and clinician. Until recently, the oral cavity and oropharynx cancers are still having a five-year survival rate of 62%, one of the lowest in all major human cancers. More than 90% of oral cancers are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Despite the ease of accessing the oral cavity in clinical examination, most OSCC lesions are not diagnosed in the early stage, which is suggested to be the main cause of the low survival rate. Many studies have been performed and reported more than 100 potential saliva biomarkers for OSCC. However, there are still obstacles in figuring out the reliable OSCC salivary biomarkers and the clinical application of the early diagnosis protocol. The current review article discusses the emerging issues and is hoped to raise awareness of this topic in both researchers and clinicians. We also suggested the potential salivary biomarkers that are reliable, specific, and sensitive for the early detection of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truc Thi Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Buyanbileg Sodnom-Ish
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Weon Choi
- Oral Oncology Clinic, Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Soung Min Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Oral and Maxillofacial Microvascular Reconstruction LAB, Brong Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Ghana
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27
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Meleti M, Quartieri E, Antonelli R, Pezzi ME, Ghezzi B, Viani MV, Setti G, Casali E, Ferrari E, Ciociola T, Spisni A, Pertinhez TA. Metabolic Profiles of Whole, Parotid and Submandibular/Sublingual Saliva. Metabolites 2020; 10:E318. [PMID: 32781584 PMCID: PMC7466076 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of salivary molecules associated with pathological and physiological alterations has encouraged the search of novel and non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for oral health evaluation. While genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles of human saliva have been reported, its metabolic composition is a topic of research: metabolites in submandibular/sublingual saliva have never been analyzed systematically. In this study, samples of whole, parotid, and submandibular/sublingual saliva from 20 healthy donors, without dental or periodontal diseases, were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance. We identified metabolites which are differently distributed within the three saliva subtypes (54 in whole, 49 in parotid, and 36 in submandibular/sublingual saliva). Principal component analysis revealed a distinct cluster for whole saliva and a partial overlap for parotid and submandibular/sublingual metabolites. We found exclusive metabolites for each subtype: 2-hydroxy-3-methylvalerate, 3-methyl-glutarate, 3-phenylpropionate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, galactose, and isocaproate in whole saliva; caprylate and glycolate in submandibular/sublingual saliva; arginine in parotid saliva. Salivary metabolites were classified into standard and non-proteinogenic amino acids and amines; simple carbohydrates; organic acids; bacterial-derived metabolites. The identification of a salivary gland-specific metabolic composition in healthy people provides the basis to invigorate the search for salivary biomarkers associated with oral and systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meleti
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Eleonora Quartieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Umberto I 50, 43123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Rita Antonelli
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Margherita E. Pezzi
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Benedetta Ghezzi
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Viani
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Giacomo Setti
- Centro Universitario Odontoiatria, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (R.A.); (M.E.P.); (B.G.); (M.V.V.); (G.S.)
| | - Emanuela Casali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Tecla Ciociola
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Alberto Spisni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
| | - Thelma A. Pertinhez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy; (E.Q.); (E.C.); (T.C.); (A.S.); (T.A.P.)
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Viale Umberto I 50, 43123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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28
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Keles S, Anik A, Cevik O, Abas BI, Anik A. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in type 1 diabetic children with gingivitis. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3623-3631. [PMID: 32060657 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03238-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the levels of interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in gingival crevicular fluid of diabetic children with gingivitis. METHODOLOGY Eighty-eight children (44 with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 44 systemically healthy) were recruited for the study. The children were divided into four subgroups based on their periodontal and systemic condition: (1) systemically and periodontally healthy children (H), (2) systemically healthy children with gingivitis (G), (3) periodontally healthy children with T1DM (T1DM + H), and (4) children with T1DM and gingivitis (T1DM + G). The plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, and GCF volume were recorded. The IL-18 and TNF-α levels in GCF were determined by ELISA. RESULTS The clinical periodontal parameters, GCF IL-18 level, and TNF-α level were similar between diabetic and systemically healthy children (p > 0.05). The gingivitis subgroups had a significantly higher GI, PI, PPD, GCF volume, and TNF-α total amounts than the H subgroups (p < 0.0001). The IL-18 concentrations in the gingivitis subgroups were significantly lower than in the periodontally healthy subgroups. CONCLUSIONS In diabetic children with good metabolic control, T1DM did not affect the GCF levels of IL-18 and TNF-α in the presence of gingivitis. However, increased GCF TNF-α levels in children with gingivitis confirm that TNF-α is closely related to gingival inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not associated with GCF interleukin-18 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in children with gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Keles
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Anik
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ozge Cevik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Burcin Irem Abas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ayse Anik
- Department of Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
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29
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Khare R, Yasir M, Singh P, Shrivastava R. Diagnostic aids for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma: concepts and emerging techniques. MINERVA BIOTECNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s1120-4826.19.02586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Kc S, Wang XZ, Gallagher JE. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of host-derived salivary biomarkers in periodontal disease amongst adults: Systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 47:289-308. [PMID: 31701554 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically assess the diagnostic value of host-derived salivary biomarkers based on their reported sensitivity and specificity in relation to clinical parameters of periodontal disease diagnosis in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS Comprehensive search of PubMed, Nature, Cochrane and OVID (Embase, MEDLINE [R] and PsycINFO) was conducted up to 1 August 2018, using key terms relevant to the research questions and Cochrane methodology, supplemented by a grey literature search. The revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS- 2) tool was used to assess the methodological quality of all included studies. RESULTS Seven studies were included in the review. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1αlpha (MIP-1α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) were identified as diagnostically acceptable biomarkers for periodontal disease. Overall, the combination of IL-6 and MMP-8 showed best diagnostic performance. Also, a combination of the four key biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-8 and MIP-1α) showed promising results for distinction between gingivitis and periodontitis, as well as for periodontitis compared with gingival health. Results are interpreted with caution due to limitations in the number of studies included and their quality. CONCLUSION Certain salivary biomarkers can potentially be useful in combination and singularly for the diagnosis of periodontal disease. However, further methodically robust research is required to validate these biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukriti Kc
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaozhe Z Wang
- Kings College London Dental Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer E Gallagher
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
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31
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Hartenbach FARR, Velasquez É, Nogueira FCS, Domont GB, Ferreira E, Colombo APV. Proteomic analysis of whole saliva in chronic periodontitis. J Proteomics 2019; 213:103602. [PMID: 31809901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from a dysbiosis of the dental biofilm and a dysregulated host response in susceptible individuals. It is characterized by periodontal attachment destruction, bone resorption and eventual tooth loss. Salivary biomarkers have been sought to predict and prevent periodontitis. This comparative study analyzed the salivary proteome of individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP) and periodontal health (PH) and correlated specific proteins with clinical parameters of disease by using mass spectrometry. Stimulated whole saliva was obtained 10 PH and 30 CP patients and pooled into 5 healthy control samples and 15 CP samples. After precipitation with TCA, samples were digested enzymatically with trypsin and analyzed by a LTQ Orbitrap Velos equipped with a nanoelectrospray ion source. A wide range of salivary proteins of various functions was significantly reduced in CP individuals, whereas salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein, submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein, histatin-1, fatty acid binding protein, thioredoxin and cystatin-SA were predominant in diseased patients and correlated significantly with signs of periodontal attachment loss and inflammation. In conclusion, few specific salivary proteins were associated with CP. These findings may contribute to the identification of disease indicators or signatures for the improvement of periodontal diagnosis. SIGNIFICANCE: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that results in periodontal attachment destruction, bone resorption and eventual tooth loss. Salivary biomarkers have been sought to predict periodontitis. The analysis of the salivary proteome of individuals with chronic periodontitis indicated that several proteins of various functions were significantly reduced in these individuals, except for salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein, submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein, histatin, fatty acid binding protein, thioredoxin and cystatin. Differences in salivary proteome profiles between periodontal health and periodontitis may contribute to the identification of disease indicators and to the improvement of periodontal diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Aparecida Rocha Resende Hartenbach
- School of Dentistry, Department of Clinics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of MedicalMicrobiology, Institute of Microbiology, FederalUniversity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Érika Velasquez
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Domont
- Proteomics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliane Ferreira
- Department of MedicalMicrobiology, Institute of Microbiology, FederalUniversity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Vieira Colombo
- School of Dentistry, Department of Clinics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of MedicalMicrobiology, Institute of Microbiology, FederalUniversity of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Carvalho MFMSD, Cavalieri D, Do Nascimento S, Lourenço TGB, Ramos DVR, Pasqualin DDC, Martins LAL, Rocha FA, Heller D, Marti L. Cytokines Levels and Salivary Microbiome Play A Potential Role in Oral Lichen Planus Diagnosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18137. [PMID: 31792433 PMCID: PMC6889227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic Th1-mediated inflammatory mucocutaneous disease of the skin and oral mucosa that can have various clinical presentations. Lesions are usually bilateral and often painful. While cutaneous Lichen Planus (LP) lesions are self-limiting, the oral lesions are chronic and rarely remissive. The diagnosis of oral lichen planus (OLP) is often challenging, and confirmation by histopathological criterion is generally advised. The aim of our study was to identify the cytokines present in OLP-suggestive lesions and in non-specific inflammatory lesions (NSIL) used as controls. Moreover, assess cytokines protein levels and oral microbiota composition in whole saliva samples. Histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry and gene expression were used as techniques to analyze the oral mucosal tissue samples. ELISA was conducted to analyze salivary cytokine levels and 16S rRNA sequencing was used to determine the salivary microbiome. As a result we observed larger number of infiltrated lymphocytes (p = 0.025), as well, more T CD4 lymphocytes in the epithelial tissue (p = 0.006) in OLP samples compared to NSIL. In addition, the OLP samples displayed more apoptotic cells compared to NSIL (p = 0.047). Regarding the cytokine analysis, IFN-γ and IL-33 were more expressed in OLP lesions than in NSIL samples (p < 0.001; p = 0.026). Furthermore, our results demonstrated higher levels of IFN-γ protein expression in the saliva of OLP group compared to controls (p = 0.0156). We also observed noted differences in the oral microbiota composition between OLP and NSIL saliva samples. In conclusion, OLP lesions presented larger numbers of apoptotic and inflammatory cells, higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-33 compared to NSIL, and these lesions also differ regarding oral microbiota composition. These results are consistent with the Th-1-mediated chronic inflammation nature of oral lichen planus investigated lesions and displayed unique features that could be used as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Cavalieri
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Paulo, Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas III Alto da Boa Vista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Débora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Experimental Research, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul - College of Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Marti
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Experimental Research, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Feng Y, Li Q, Chen J, Yi P, Xu X, Fan Y, Cui B, Yu Y, Li X, Du Y, Chen Q, Zhang L, Jiang J, Zhou X, Zhang P. Salivary protease spectrum biomarkers of oral cancer. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:7. [PMID: 30602733 PMCID: PMC6315043 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases are important molecules that are involved in many physiological and pathological processes of the human body, such as growth, apoptosis and metastasis cancer cells. They are potential targets in cancer diagnosis and biotherapy. In this study, we analyzed the salivary protease spectrum of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral benign masses and chronic periodontitis, as well as that of health, using human protease array kits, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot and immunofluorescence. The salivary protease spectrum was found to be associated with oral diseases. For example, the saliva of patients with OSCC contained increased numbers of proteases than those of other oral diseases and health. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, MMP-10, MMP-12, A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)9, A disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 13 motifs (ADAMST13), cathepsin V and kallikrein 5 in the saliva of patients with OSCC were significantly increased compared with those of other groups. Taking MMP-1, cathepsin V, kallikrein 5 and ADAM9 as biomarkers of OSCC, cutoff values were199, 11.34, 9.29 and 202.55 pg·mL-1, respectively. From the area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity, the combination of cathepsin V/kallikrein5/ADAM9 was an optimal biomarker for diagnosing OSCC. Thus, analysis of the salivary protease spectrum may be an innovative and cost-efficient approach to evaluating the health status of the oral cavity. Specifically, increases in cathepsin V, kallikrein 5 and ADAM9 may be useful biomarkers in the screening and diagnosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaping Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bomiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Escribano D, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Miró S, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Lamy E, Tecles F. Stability of selected enzymes in saliva of pigs under different storage conditions: a pilot study. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1657-1661. [PMID: 30210072 PMCID: PMC6261806 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stability of α-amylase (α-A), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), lipase, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and total esterase activity (TEA) in two pools of porcine saliva was studied after 1 and 4 days at 4°C, and after 30, 90 and 360 days at -20° and -80°C. At 4°C, BChE, lipase and TEA were stable less than 1 day, α-A less than 4 days and ADA for up to 4 days. At -20°C, BChE and TEA were stable less than 30 days, α-A and lipase less than 90 days and ADA up to 360 days. At -80°C, TEA was stable less than 30 days, α-A and lipase less than 360 days, and BChE and ADA for up to 360 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damián Escribano
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María D Contreras-Aguilar
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (ICAAM), University of Évora, Polo da Mitra, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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Saliva as a source of new phosphopeptide biomarkers: Development of a comprehensive analytical method based on shotgun peptidomics. Talanta 2018; 183:245-249. [PMID: 29567172 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the development of an enrichment method for the analysis of the endogenous phosphopeptides in saliva. The method was based on magnetic solid phase extraction by a magnetic graphitized carbon black-TiO2 composite material and was developed considering different saliva pre-treatments, namely C18 solid phase extraction for purification, direct dilution in loading buffer or acetonitrile precipitation. The method was based on a shotgun proteomics workflow and the enriched peptide mixture was analysed by nanoHPLC and high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Acetonitrile precipitation provided the best results, with up to 165 endogenous phosphopeptides identified in saliva samples from healthy individuals. The physico-chemical features of the identified endogenous phosphopeptides indicated that such peptides were large, hydrophilic and basic.
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Revealing the Amylase Interactome in Whole Saliva Using Proteomic Approaches. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6346954. [PMID: 29662892 PMCID: PMC5831883 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6346954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding proteins present in saliva and their function when isolated is not enough to describe their real role in the mouth. Due to protein-protein interactions, structural changes may occur in macromolecules leading to functional modulation or modification. Besides amylase's function in carbohydrate breakdown, amylase can delay proteolytic degradation of protein partners (e.g., histatin 1) when complexed. Due to its biochemical characteristics and high abundance in saliva, amylase probably interacts with several proteins acting as a biological carrier. This study focused on identifying interactions between amylase and other proteins found in whole saliva (WS) using proteomic approaches. Affinity chromatography was used, followed by gel electrophoresis methods, sodium dodecyl sulfate and native, tryptic in-solution and in-gel digestion, and mass spectrometry. We identified 66 proteins that interact with amylase in WS. Characterization of the identified proteins suggests that acidic (pI < 6.8) and low molecular weight (MW < 56 kDa) proteins have preference during amylase complex formation. Most of the identified proteins present biological functions related to host protection. A new protein-amylase network was constructed using the STRING database. Further studies are necessary to investigate individualities of the identified amylase interactors. These observations open avenues for more comprehensive studies on not yet fully characterized biological function of amylase.
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EndoProteoFASP as a Tool to Unveil the Peptidome-Protease Profile: Application to Salivary Diagnostics. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1719:293-310. [PMID: 29476519 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7537-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the quest to fully comprehend the proteolytic events leading to the generation of the salivary peptidome, we have developed a method for the sequential elution of salivary peptides throughout progressive endogenous proteolysis. By screening the time-dependent changes in the salivary peptidome we can predict the activity pattern of salivary proteases responsible for such peptide fingerprint and identify susceptible protein targets. Herein, we describe a step-by-step tutorial based on a filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) method, taking advantage of the endogenous salivary proteases armamentarium (endoProteoFASP), to produce new peptides from the salivary proteins, adding to those present in the sample at the time of collection. In this protocol, the different sets of peptides retrieved after sample elution are identified following a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach. The likelihood of a large set of endogenous proteases (collected from several public sources) to be responsible for the generation of such peptides can be predicted by the analysis of the cleavage site specificity by Proteasix ( http://proteasix.cs.man.ac.uk /) algorithm. The attained peptidome-protease profile can be useful to elucidate the peptidome dynamics and the proteolytic events underpinning pathophysiological phenomena taking place locally within the oral cavity. This may help clinicians to diagnose oral pathologies and develop preventive therapeutic plans.
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Bhattarai KR, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Compliance with Saliva Collection Protocol in Healthy Volunteers: Strategies for Managing Risk and Errors. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:823-831. [PMID: 30008593 PMCID: PMC6036086 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.25146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary bioscience technologies such as electrophoresis are widely applied for diagnosing systemic health status. Diagnosis using a saliva sample has emerged as a preferred technique since the sample is easy to collect and the method is inexpensive and non-invasive. Salivary diagnostics have even been identified as potential substitutes for serum protein biomarkers. However, the optimal protocol for collecting saliva has not yet been established. In many scientific settings, such as randomized controlled trials, sampling and statistical errors often occur when handling samples from healthy volunteers. These errors can be due to the psychological behavior of the volunteers, subject nonadherence, questionnaire characteristics, collection methods, and/or sample processing. The purpose of the review presented here is to outline the strategies for managing the risk factors and to minimize the sampling errors during saliva collection in healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashi Raj Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of New Drug Development, School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Helmerhorst EJ, Dawes C, Oppenheim FG. The complexity of oral physiology and its impact on salivary diagnostics. Oral Dis 2017; 24:363-371. [PMID: 28922514 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saliva contains biomarkers for systemic as well as oral diseases. This study was undertaken to assess the variability in the sources of such biomarkers (plasma, cells) and attempted to identify saliva deterioration markers in order to improve saliva diagnostic outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Inter- and intrasubject variations in salivary gingival crevicular fluid levels were determined by measuring salivary albumin and transferrin levels. The purity of collected glandular secretions was determined by bacterial culture, and the variability in epithelial cell numbers by cell counting and optical density measurement. Saliva sample deterioration markers were identified by RP-HPLC and LC-ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS Tenfold variations were observed in plasma-derived albumin and transferrin levels, emphasizing the need for biomarker normalization with respect to plasma contributions to saliva. Epithelial cell levels varied 50-fold in samples collected before and after a meal. Salivary fungal levels varied within subjects and among subjects from 0 to >1,000 colony-forming units per milliliter. In saliva samples incubated for various time intervals at 37°C, five peptides were identified that steadily increased in intensity over time and which could be explored as "deterioration markers." CONCLUSION Taking saliva characteristics appropriately into account will help realize the promise that this body fluid is suitable to be exploited for reliable healthcare monitoring and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Helmerhorst
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Dawes
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - F G Oppenheim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Lin X, Lin D, Ge X, Qiu S, Feng S, Chen R. Noninvasive detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on saliva proteins using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-6. [PMID: 29030944 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.10.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the capability of saliva analysis combining membrane protein purification with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for noninvasive detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A rapid and convenient protein purification method based on cellulose acetate membrane was developed. A total of 659 high-quality SERS spectra were acquired from purified proteins extracted from the saliva samples of 170 patients with pathologically confirmed NPC and 71 healthy volunteers. Spectral analysis of those saliva protein SERS spectra revealed specific changes in some biochemical compositions, which were possibly associated with NPC transformation. Furthermore, principal component analysis combined with linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) was utilized to analyze and classify the saliva protein SERS spectra from NPC and healthy subjects. Diagnostic sensitivity of 70.7%, specificity of 70.3%, and diagnostic accuracy of 70.5% could be achieved by PCA-LDA for NPC identification. These results show that this assay based on saliva protein SERS analysis holds promising potential for developing a rapid, noninvasive, and convenient clinical tool for NPC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Lin
- Fujian Normal University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Techno, China
| | - Duo Lin
- Fujian Normal University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Techno, China
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Wes, China
| | - Xiaosong Ge
- Fujian Normal University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Techno, China
| | - Sufang Qiu
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer, China
| | - Shangyuan Feng
- Fujian Normal University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Techno, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Fujian Normal University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Techno, China
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Zuanazzi D, Arts EJ, Jorge PK, Mulyar Y, Gibson R, Xiao Y, Bringel Dos Santos M, Machado MAAM, Siqueira WL. Postnatal Identification of Zika Virus Peptides from Saliva. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1078-1084. [PMID: 28825520 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517723325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the potential to diagnose Zika virus (ZIKV) infection by analyzing peptides in saliva during a convalescent phase of infection, long after resolution of acute disease. A 25-y-old woman clinically diagnosed with Zika fever in the first trimester was enrolled with her dizygotic twins for a 3-mo postnatal sample of saliva (9-mo after maternal infection). The female baby (A) had microcephaly while the male baby (B) was born healthy. Peptidomic analysis was completed by mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and ZIKV peptides were identified using the National Institutes of Health Zika Virus Resource database, then aligned and mapped to the ZIKV polyprotein to determine proteome coverage and phylogenetic studies. A total of 423 (mother), 607 (baby A), and 183 (baby B) unique ZIKV peptides were identified in saliva by MS/MS, providing a coverage of 67%, 84%, and 45%, respectively, of the entire ZIKV polyprotein (>3,400 amino acids). All peptides were aligned to other flaviviruses that are circulating in Brazil (dengue and yellow fever) to discard false-positive matches. Nine peptides identified were highly conserved to dengue virus. Alignment of a contiguous peptide sequence for mother/babies with the 74 ZIKV sequences suggested that the virus may have entered the oral cavity through the salivary glands, leading to an infection that persists into the postnatal period (vertical transmission). Furthermore, we identified 9 sequence variations that were unique to the baby with microcephaly (not found in the mother or the twin). This sequence information could provide a template for future neuropathogenic studies. A much larger sample size is required to determine whether sequence variation in the envelope protein significantly associates with microcephaly. Finally, from a public health perspective, it will be important to determine whether viral replication is still taking place after birth and whether the virus can be transmitted through salivary contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zuanazzi
- 1 Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - E J Arts
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - P K Jorge
- 1 Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,3 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Y Mulyar
- 1 Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - R Gibson
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Y Xiao
- 1 Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - M Bringel Dos Santos
- 3 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - W L Siqueira
- 1 Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Hsiao YC, Chi LM, Chien KY, Chiang WF, Chen SF, Chuang YN, Lin SY, Wu CC, Chang YT, Chu LJ, Chen YT, Chia SL, Chien CY, Chang KP, Chang YS, Yu JS. Development of a Multiplexed Assay for Oral Cancer Candidate Biomarkers Using Peptide Immunoaffinity Enrichment and Targeted Mass Spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1829-1849. [PMID: 28821604 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and there are currently no biomarkers approved for aiding its management. Although many potential oral cancer biomarkers have been discovered, very few have been verified in body fluid specimens in parallel to evaluate their clinical utility. The lack of appropriate multiplexed assays for chosen targets represents one of the bottlenecks to achieving this goal. In the present study, we develop a peptide immunoaffinity enrichment-coupled multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (SISCAPA-MRM) assay for verifying multiple reported oral cancer biomarkers in saliva. We successfully produced 363 clones of mouse anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against 36 of 49 selected targets, and characterized useful mAbs against 24 targets in terms of their binding affinity for peptide antigens and immuno-capture ability. Comparative analyses revealed that an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD ) cut-off value < 2.82 × 10-9 m could identify most clones with an immuno-capture recovery rate >5%. Using these mAbs, we assembled a 24-plex SISCAPA-MRM assay and optimized assay conditions in a 25-μg saliva matrix background. This multiplexed assay showed reasonable precision (median coefficient of variation, 7.16 to 32.09%), with lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) of <10, 10-50, and >50 ng/ml for 14, 7 and 3 targets, respectively. When applied to a model saliva sample pooled from oral cancer patients, this assay could detect 19 targets at higher salivary levels than their LLOQs. Finally, we demonstrated the utility of this assay for quantification of multiple targets in individual saliva samples (20 healthy donors and 21 oral cancer patients), showing that levels of six targets were significantly altered in cancer compared with the control group. We propose that this assay could be used in future studies to compare the clinical utility of multiple oral cancer biomarker candidates in a large cohort of saliva samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chin Hsiao
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,§Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Lang-Ming Chi
- ¶Clinical Proteomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Chien
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,¶Clinical Proteomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,‖Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fan Chiang
- **Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Taiwan.,‡‡School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Fan Chen
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ning Chuang
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Lin
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Wu
- ‖Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lichieh Julie Chu
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,§Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,‖Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,§§Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,¶¶Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Chia
- ‖‖Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Chien
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Departments of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Departments of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- From the ‡Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; .,§Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,‖Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Heron SE, Elahi S. HIV Infection and Compromised Mucosal Immunity: Oral Manifestations and Systemic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:241. [PMID: 28326084 PMCID: PMC5339276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces account for the vast majority of HIV transmission. In adults, HIV transmission occurs mainly by vaginal and rectal routes but rarely via oral route. By contrast, pediatric HIV infections could be as the result of oral route by breastfeeding. As such mucosal surfaces play a crucial role in HIV acquisition, and spread of the virus depends on its ability to cross a mucosal barrier. HIV selectively infects, depletes, and/or dysregulates multiple arms of the human immune system particularly at the mucosal sites and causes substantial irreversible damage to the mucosal barriers. This leads to microbial products translocation and subsequently hyper-immune activation. Although introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, viral replication persists. As a result, antigen presence and immune activation are linked to “inflammaging” that attributes to a pro-inflammatory environment and the accelerated aging process in HIV patients. HIV infection is also associated with the prevalence of oral mucosal infections and dysregulation of oral microbiota, both of which may compromise the oral mucosal immunity of HIV-infected individuals. In addition, impaired oral immunity in HIV infection may predispose the patients to periodontal diseases that are associated with systemic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine existing evidence regarding the role of innate and cellular components of the oral cavity in HIV infection and how HIV infection may drive systemic hyper-immune activation in these patients. We will also discuss current knowledge on HIV oral transmission, HIV immunosenescence in relation to the oral mucosal alterations during the course of HIV infection and periodontal disease. Finally, we discuss oral manifestations associated with HIV infection and how HIV infection and ART influence the oral microbiome. Therefore, unraveling how HIV compromises the integrity of the oral mucosal tissues and innate immune components of the oral cavity and its association with induction of chronic inflammation are critical for the development of effective preventive interventions and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Heron
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Heron SE, Elahi S. HIV Infection and Compromised Mucosal Immunity: Oral Manifestations and Systemic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:241. [PMID: 28326084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00241doi|] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces account for the vast majority of HIV transmission. In adults, HIV transmission occurs mainly by vaginal and rectal routes but rarely via oral route. By contrast, pediatric HIV infections could be as the result of oral route by breastfeeding. As such mucosal surfaces play a crucial role in HIV acquisition, and spread of the virus depends on its ability to cross a mucosal barrier. HIV selectively infects, depletes, and/or dysregulates multiple arms of the human immune system particularly at the mucosal sites and causes substantial irreversible damage to the mucosal barriers. This leads to microbial products translocation and subsequently hyper-immune activation. Although introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant reduction in morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, viral replication persists. As a result, antigen presence and immune activation are linked to "inflammaging" that attributes to a pro-inflammatory environment and the accelerated aging process in HIV patients. HIV infection is also associated with the prevalence of oral mucosal infections and dysregulation of oral microbiota, both of which may compromise the oral mucosal immunity of HIV-infected individuals. In addition, impaired oral immunity in HIV infection may predispose the patients to periodontal diseases that are associated with systemic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine existing evidence regarding the role of innate and cellular components of the oral cavity in HIV infection and how HIV infection may drive systemic hyper-immune activation in these patients. We will also discuss current knowledge on HIV oral transmission, HIV immunosenescence in relation to the oral mucosal alterations during the course of HIV infection and periodontal disease. Finally, we discuss oral manifestations associated with HIV infection and how HIV infection and ART influence the oral microbiome. Therefore, unraveling how HIV compromises the integrity of the oral mucosal tissues and innate immune components of the oral cavity and its association with induction of chronic inflammation are critical for the development of effective preventive interventions and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Heron
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Sensory perception of and salivary protein response to astringency as a function of the 6-n-propylthioural (PROP) bitter-taste phenotype. Physiol Behav 2017; 173:163-173. [PMID: 28130087 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in astringency perception are poorly understood. Astringency from tannins stimulates the release of specific classes of salivary proteins. These proteins form complexes with tannins, altering their perceived astringency and reducing their bioavailability. We studied the bitter compound, 6-n-propylthioural (PROP), as a phenotypic marker for variation in astringency perception and salivary protein responses. Seventy-nine subjects classified by PROP taster status rated cranberry juice cocktail (CJC; with added sugar) supplemented with 0, 1.5 or 2.0g/L tannic acid (TA). Saliva for protein analyses was collected at rest, or after stimulation with TA or cranberry juice (CJ; without added sugar). CJC with 1.5g/L tannic acid was found to be less astringent, and was liked more by PROP non-taster males than PROP taster males, consistent with the expectation that non-tasters are less sensitive to astringency. Levels of acidic Proline Rich Proteins (aPRPs) and basic Proline Rich Proteins (bPRPs) decreased after TA, while levels of aPRPs, bPRPs and Cystatins unexpectedly rose after CJ. Increases in bPRPs and Cystatins were only observed in PROP tasters. The PROP phenotype plays a gender-specific, but somewhat limited role in the perceived astringency of tannic-acid supplemented, cranberry juice cocktail. The PROP phenotype (regardless of gender) may also be involved in the release of salivary proteins previously implicated in oral health.
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Heller D, Helmerhorst EJ, Oppenheim FG. Saliva and Serum Protein Exchange at the Tooth Enamel Surface. J Dent Res 2016; 96:437-443. [PMID: 27879420 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516680771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquired enamel pellicle is an oral, fluid-derived protein layer that forms on the tooth surface. It is a biologically and clinically important integument that protects teeth against enamel demineralization, and abrasion. Tooth surfaces are exposed to different proteinaceous microenvironments depending on the enamel location. For instance, tooth surfaces close to the gingival sulcus contact serum proteins that emanate via this sulcus, which may impact pellicle composition locally. The aims of this study were to define the major salivary and serum components that adsorb to hydroxyapatite, to study competition among them, and to obtain preliminary evidence in an in vivo saliva/serum pellicle model. Hydroxyapatite powder was incubated with saliva and serum, and the proteins that adsorbed were identified by mass spectrometry. To study competition, saliva and serum proteins were labeled with CyDyes, mixed in various proportions, and incubated with hydroxyapatite. In vivo competition was assessed using a split-mouth design, with half the buccal tooth surfaces coated with serum and the other half with saliva. After exposure to the oral environment for 0 min, 30 min and 2 h, the pellicles were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. In pure saliva- or serum-derived pellicles, 82 and 84 proteins were identified, respectively. When present concomitantly, salivary protein adsorbers effectively competed with serum protein adsorbers for the hydroxyapatite surface. Specifically, acidic proline-rich protein, cystatin, statherin and protein S100-A9 proteins competed off apolipoproteins, complement C4-A, haptoglobin, transthyretin and serotransferrin. In vivo evidence further supported the replacement of serum proteins by salivary proteins. In conclusion, although significant numbers of serum proteins emanate from the gingival sulcus, their ability to participate in dental pellicle formation is likely reduced in the presence of strong salivary protein adsorbers. The functional properties of the acquired enamel pellicle will therefore be mostly dictated by the salivary component.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Heller
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E J Helmerhorst
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - F G Oppenheim
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.,2 Department of Periodontology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Espinosa‐de Aquino W, Olvera‐Ramírez A, Arellano‐Carbajal F, Lanz‐Mendoza H, Villagrán‐Herrera E, Acevedo‐Whitehouse K. Protein and
RNA
extraction from mucosal swabs: a minimally invasive source of ecological data for studies of natural populations. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Espinosa‐de Aquino
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology School of Natural Sciences Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
| | - Andrea Olvera‐Ramírez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine School of Natural Sciences Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
| | - Fausto Arellano‐Carbajal
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology School of Natural Sciences Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz‐Mendoza
- Center for Infectious Diseases National Institute of Public Health Cuernavaca Morelos 62100 Mexico
| | - Elena Villagrán‐Herrera
- School of Medicine Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
| | - Karina Acevedo‐Whitehouse
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology School of Natural Sciences Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
- The Marine Mammal Center 2000 Bunker Road Sausalito CA 94965 USA
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Saliva ferning, an unorthodox estrus detection method in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology 2016; 86:1147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rosa N, Marques J, Esteves E, Fernandes M, Mendes VM, Afonso Â, Dias S, Pereira JP, Manadas B, Correia MJ, Barros M. Protein Quality Assessment on Saliva Samples for Biobanking Purposes. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:289-97. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Rosa
- Institute of Health Sciences (ICS), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Marques
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Esteves
- Institute of Health Sciences (ICS), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Mónica Fernandes
- Institute of Health Sciences (ICS), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Vera M. Mendes
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Biocant—Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ângela Afonso
- Biobanco-IMM, Instituto de Medicina Molecular-Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Dias
- Biobanco-IMM, Instituto de Medicina Molecular-Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Polido Pereira
- Biobanco-IMM, Instituto de Medicina Molecular-Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Biocant—Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Maria José Correia
- Institute of Health Sciences (ICS), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Marlene Barros
- Institute of Health Sciences (ICS), Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Viseu, Portugal
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Khurshid Z, Najeeb S, Mali M, Moin SF, Raza SQ, Zohaib S, Sefat F, Zafar MS. Histatin peptides: Pharmacological functions and their applications in dentistry. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 25:25-31. [PMID: 28223859 PMCID: PMC5310145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many human oral antimicrobial peptides responsible for playing important roles including maintenance, repairing of oral tissues (hard or soft) and defense against oral microbes. In this review we have highlighted the biochemistry, physiology and proteomics of human oral histatin peptides, secreted from parotid and submandibular salivary glands in human. The significance of these peptides includes capability for ionic binding that can kill fungal Candida albicans. They have histidine rich amino acid sequences (7-12 family members; corresponding to residues 12-24, 13-24, 12-25, 13-25, 5-11, and 5-12, respectively) for Histatin-3. However, Histatin-3 can be synthesized proteolytically from histatin 5 or 6. Due to their fungicidal response and high biocompatibility (little or no toxicity), these peptides can be considered as therapeutic agents with most probable applications for example, artificial saliva for denture wearers and salivary gland dysfunction conditions. The objectives of current article are to explore the human histatin peptides for its types, chemical and biological aspects. In addition, the potential for therapeutic bio-dental applications has been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shariq Najeeb
- School of Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Maria Mali
- Department of Endodontics, Fatima Jinnah Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Faraz Moin
- National Centre for Proteomics, Karachi University, Pakistan
| | - Syed Qasim Raza
- Institute of Research and Consulting, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Zohaib
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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