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Ganapathy A, Narayanan K, Chen Y, Villani C, George A. Dentin matrix protein 1 and HUVEC-ECM scaffold promote the differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into endothelial lineage: implications in regenerative medicine. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1429247. [PMID: 39040080 PMCID: PMC11260688 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1429247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Reprograming of the dental pulp somatic cells to endothelial cells is an attractive strategy for generation of new blood vessels. For tissue regeneration, vascularization of engineered constructs is crucial to improve repair mechanisms. In this study, we show that dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and HUVEC-ECM scaffold enhances the differentiation potential of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) to an endothelial phenotype. Our results show that the differentiated DPSCs expressed endothelial markers CD31 and VE-Cadherin (CD144) at 7 and 14 days. Expression of CD31 and VE-Cadherin (CD144) were also confirmed by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis revealed a steady increase in CD31 and VE-Cadherin (CD144) positive cells with DMP1 treatment when compared with control. In addition, integrins specific for endothelial cells were highly expressed during the differentiation process. The endothelial cell signature of differentiated DPSCs were additionally characterized for key endothelial cell markers using gene expression by RT-PCR, Western blotting, immunostaining, and RNA-seq analysis. Furthermore, the angiogenic phenotype was confirmed by tubule and capillary sprout formation. Overall, stimulation of DPSCs by DMP1 and use of HUVEC-ECM scaffold promoted their differentiation into phenotypically, transcriptionally, and functionally differentiated bonafide endothelial cells. This study is novel, physiologically relevant and different from conventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anne George
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Shekatkar M, Kheur S, Deshpande S, Sanap A, Kharat A, Navalakha S, Gupta A, Kheur M, Bhonde R, Merchant YP. Angiogenic Potential of Various Oral Cavity-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cell-Derived Secretome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur J Dent 2024; 18:712-742. [PMID: 37995732 PMCID: PMC11290931 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the immense potential of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) secretome conditioned medium-mediated augmentation of angiogenesis. However, angiogenesis potential varies from source and origin. The hMSCs derived from the oral cavity share an exceptional quality due to their origin from a hypoxic environment. Our systematic review aimed to compare the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from various oral cavity sources and cell-derived secretomes, and evaluate their angiogenic potential. A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus from January 2000 to September 2020. Source-wise outcomes were systematically analyzed using in vitro, in vivo, and in ovo studies, emphasizing endothelial cell migration, tube formation, and blood vessel formation. Ninety-four studies were included in the systematic review, out of which 4 studies were subsequently included in the meta-analysis. Prominent growth factors and other bioactive components implicated in improving angiogenesis were included in the respective studies. The findings suggest that oral tissues are a rich source of hMSCs. The meta-analysis revealed a positive correlation between dental pulp-derived MSCs (DPMSCs) and stem cells derived from apical papilla (SCAP) compared to human umbilical cord-derived endothelial cell lines as a control. It shows a statistically significant positive correlation between the co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and DPMSCs with tubule length formation and total branching points. Our meta-analysis revealed that oral-derived MSCs (dental pulp stem cells and SCAP) carry a better angiogenic potential in vitro than endothelial cell lines alone. The reviewed literature illustrates that oral cavity-derived MSCs (OC-MSCs) increased angiogenesis. The present literature reveals a dearth of investigations involving sources other than dental pulp. Even though OC-MSCs have revealed more significant potential than other MSCs, more comprehensive, target-oriented interinstitutional prospective studies are warranted to determine whether oral cavity-derived stem cells are the most excellent sources of significant angiogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Shekatkar
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Supriya Kheur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Shantanu Deshpande
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Avinash Sanap
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Avinash Kharat
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Shivani Navalakha
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Archana Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
| | - Mohit Kheur
- Department of Prosthodontics, M.A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Pune, India
| | | | - Yash P. Merchant
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College, and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune, India
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Qi Y, Wang X, Bai Z, Xu Y, Lu T, Zhu H, Zhang S, Wu Z, Liu Z, He Z, Jia W. Enhancement of the function of mesenchymal stem cells by using a GMP-grade three-dimensional hypoxic large-scale production system. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30968. [PMID: 38826705 PMCID: PMC11141262 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Efficiently increasing the production of clinical-grade mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is crucial for clinical applications. Challenges with the current planar culture methods include scalability issues, labour intensity, concerns related to cell senescence, and heterogeneous responses. This study aimed to establish a large-scale production system for MSC generation. In addition, a comparative analysis of the biological differences between MSCs cultured under various conditions was conducted. Methods and materials We developed a GMP-grade three-dimensional hypoxic large-scale production (TDHLSP) system for MSCs using self-fabricated glass microcarriers and a multifunctional bioreactor. Different parameters, including cell viability, cell diameter, immunophenotype, morphology, karyotype, and tumourigenicity were assessed in MSCs cultured using different methods. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revealed pathways and genes associated with the enhanced functionality of MSCs cultured in three dimensions under hypoxic conditions (3D_Hypo MSCs). Moreover, CD142 knockdown in 3D_Hypo MSCs confirmed its in vitro functions. Results Inoculating 2 × 108 MSCs into a 2.6 L bioreactor in the TDHLSP system resulted in a final scale of 4.6 × 109 3D_Hypo MSCs by day 10. The 3D_Hypo MSCs retained characteristics of the 2D MSCs, demonstrating their genomic stability and non-tumourigenicity. Interestingly, the subpopulations of 3D_Hypo MSCs exhibited a more uniform distribution and a closer relationship than those of 2D MSCs. The heterogeneity of MSCs was strongly correlated with 'cell cycle' and 'stroma/mesenchyme', with 3D_Hypo MSCs expressing higher levels of activated stroma genes. Compared to 2D MSCs, 3D_Hypo MSCs demonstrated enhanced capabilities in blood vessel formation, TGF-β1 secretion, and inhibition of BV2 proliferation, with maintenance of Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase (SA-β-gal) negativity. However, the enhanced functions of 3D_Hypo MSCs decreased upon the downregulation of CD142 expression. Conclusion The TDHLSP system led to a high overall production of MSCs and promoted uniform distribution of MSC clusters. This cultivation method also enhanced key cellular properties, such as angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and anti-aging. These functionally improved and uniform MSC subpopulations provide a solid basis for the clinical application of stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyao Qi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Tingting Lu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Shoumei Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Zhihong Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
| | - Wenwen Jia
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
- National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123, China
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Jenkner S, Clark JM, Gronthos S, O’Hare Doig RL. Molars to Medicine: A Focused Review on the Pre-Clinical Investigation and Treatment of Secondary Degeneration following Spinal Cord Injury Using Dental Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:817. [PMID: 38786039 PMCID: PMC11119219 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in the permanent loss of mobility, sensation, and autonomic function. Secondary degeneration after SCI both initiates and propagates a hostile microenvironment that is resistant to natural repair mechanisms. Consequently, exogenous stem cells have been investigated as a potential therapy for repairing and recovering damaged cells after SCI and other CNS disorders. This focused review highlights the contributions of mesenchymal (MSCs) and dental stem cells (DSCs) in attenuating various secondary injury sequelae through paracrine and cell-to-cell communication mechanisms following SCI and other types of neurotrauma. These mechanistic events include vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptosis and cell loss, neuroinflammation, and structural deficits. The review of studies that directly compare MSC and DSC capabilities also reveals the superior capabilities of DSC in reducing the effects of secondary injury and promoting a favorable microenvironment conducive to repair and regeneration. This review concludes with a discussion of the current limitations and proposes improvements in the future assessment of stem cell therapy through the reporting of the effects of DSC viability and DSC efficacy in attenuating secondary damage after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jenkner
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (S.J.); (S.G.)
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
| | - Jillian Mary Clark
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (S.J.); (S.G.)
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Ryan Louis O’Hare Doig
- Neil Sachse Centre for Spinal Cord Research, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia;
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Pignatti E, Maccaferri M, Pisciotta A, Carnevale G, Salvarani C. A comprehensive review on the role of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:463-484. [PMID: 38163928 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2299729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease with systemic manifestations. Although the success of immune modulatory drug therapy is considerable, about 40% of patients do not respond to treatment. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to have therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases. AREAS COVERED This review provides an update on RA disease and on pre-clinical and clinical studies using MSCs from bone marrow, umbilical cord, adipose tissue, and dental pulp, to regulate the immune response. Moreover, the clinical use, safety, limitations, and future perspective of MSCs in RA are discussed. Using the PubMed database and ClincalTrials.gov, peer-reviewed full-text papers, abstracts and clinical trials were identified from 1985 through to April 2023. EXPERT OPINION MSCs demonstrated a satisfactory safety profile and potential for clinical efficacy. However, it is mandatory to deepen the investigations on how MSCs affect the proinflammatory deregulated RA patients' cells. MSCs are potentially good candidates for severe RA patients not responding to conventional therapies but a long-term follow-up after stem cells treatment and standardized protocols are needed. Future research should focus on well-designed multicenter randomized clinical trials with adequate sample sizes and properly selected patients satisfying RA criteria for a valid efficacy evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pignatti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Monia Maccaferri
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pisciotta
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Koutrouli A, Machla F, Arapostathis K, Kokoti M, Bakopoulou A. "Biological responses of two calcium-silicate-based cements on a tissue-engineered 3D organotypic deciduous pulp analogue". Dent Mater 2024; 40:e14-e25. [PMID: 38431482 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The biological responses of MTA and Biodentine™ has been assessed on a three-dimensional, tissue-engineered organotypic deciduous pulp analogue. METHODS Human endothelial (HUVEC) and dental mesenchymal stem cells (SHED) at a ratio of 3:1, were incorporated into a collagen I/fibrin hydrogel; succeeding Biodentine™ and MTA cylindrical specimens were placed in direct contact with the pulp analogue 48 h later. Cell viability/proliferation and morphology were evaluated through live/dead staining, MTT assay and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and expression of angiogenic, odontogenic markers through real time PCR. RESULTS Viable cells dominated at day 3 after treatment presenting typical morphology, firmly attached within the hydrogel structures, as shown by live/dead staining and SEM images. MTT assay at day 1 presented a significant increase of cell proliferation in Biodentine™ group. Real-time PCR showed significant upregulation of odontogenic markers DSPP, BMP-2 (day 3,6), RUNX2, ALP (day 3) in contact with Biodentine™ compared to MTA and the control, whereas MTA promoted significant upregulation of DSPP, BMP-2, RUNX2, Osterix (day 3) and ALP (day 6) compared to the control. MSX1 presented downregulation in both experimental groups. Expression of angiogenic markers VEGFa and ANGPT-1 at day 3 was significantly upregulated in contact with Biodentine™ and MTA respectively, while the receptors VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and Tie-2, as well as PECAM-1 were downregulated. SIGNIFICANCE Both calcium silicate-based materials are biocompatible and exert positive angiogenic and odontogenic effects, although Biodentine™ during the first days of culture, seems to induce higher cell proliferation and provoke a more profound odontogenic and angiogenic response from SHED.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koutrouli
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - F Machla
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - K Arapostathis
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - M Kokoti
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece
| | - A Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece.
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Wang YT, Meng XT. A review of the evidence to support electrical stimulation -induced vascularization in engineered tissue. Regen Ther 2023; 24:237-244. [PMID: 37534238 PMCID: PMC10393514 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering presents a promising solution for regenerative medicine and the success depends on the supply of oxygen/nutrients to the cells by rapid vascularization. More and more technologies are being developed to facilitate vascularization of engineered tissues. In this review, we indicated that a regulatory system which influences all angiogenesis associated cells to achieve their desired functional state is ideal for the construction of vascularized engineered tissues in vitro. We presented the evidence that electrical stimulation (ES) enhances the synergistic promotion of co-cultured angiogenesis associated cells and its potential regulatory mechanisms, highlighted the potential advantages of a combination of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells (ECs) and ES to achieve tissue vascularization, with particular emphasis on the different biological pathways of ES-regulated ECs. Finally, we proposed the future direction of using ES to reconstruct engineered tissue blood vessels, pointed out the potential advantages and disadvantages of ES application on tissue vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-tong Wang
- Department of Histology & Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
- The Undergraduate Center of Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiao-ting Meng
- Department of Histology & Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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Liu D, Shi B, Zhou W, Tao G. Exosomes from hypoxia-conditioned apical papilla stem cells accelerate angiogenesis in vitro through Notch/JAG1/VEGF signaling. Tissue Cell 2023; 84:102197. [PMID: 37595532 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Dental pulp angiogenesis is a committed step in pulp regeneration therapy, and exosomes provide a new cell-free choice for tissue regeneration. This study revealed the underlying regulatory mechanism of exosomes from stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs) under hypoxic state on angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Exosomes extracted from normoxia or hypoxia-pretreated SCAPs were co-cultured with HUVECs, and hypoxia pretreatment increased the release of exosomes and the internalization of exosomes by HUVECs. Compared to normoxic SCAPs-derived exosomes, exosomes from hypoxic SCAPs were found to promote cell proliferation and migration in HUVECs, as it was respectively determined by Cell Counting Kit-8, RT-qPCR and Transwell assay. Besides, hypoxia-educated SCAPs-exosomes especially enhanced the angiogenesis abilities of HUVECs in vitro, which were confirmed by tube formation assay and RT-qPCR detection of angiogenesis-related molecular markers. Interestingly, we found that the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/Notch1 signaling pathway was activated in hypoxic SCAPs, and protein jagged-1 (JAG1) was delivered by hypoxic SCAPs-derived exosomes to increase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in HUVECs. Moreover, exogenous interference of JAG1 expression in HUVECs partially neutralized the activities of hypoxic SCAPs-exosomes in promoting cell proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs. In summary, this study elucidates that exosomes from hypoxic SCAPs shows high potential to promote angiogenesis in vitro through the HIF-1α/JAG1/VEGF signaling cascade, which may provide a new perspective for the development of vascular reconstruction measures during dental regeneration engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Binwei Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenting Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150070, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guannan Tao
- Department of Stomatology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin 150010, Heilongjiang, China.
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Ruan Q, Tan S, Guo L, Ma D, Wen J. Prevascularization techniques for dental pulp regeneration: potential cell sources, intercellular communication and construction strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1186030. [PMID: 37274160 PMCID: PMC10232868 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1186030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the difficulties of pulp regeneration is the rapid vascularization of transplanted engineered tissue, which is crucial for the initial survival of the graft and subsequent pulp regeneration. At present, prevascularization techniques, as emerging techniques in the field of pulp regeneration, has been proposed to solve this challenge and have broad application prospects. In these techniques, endothelial cells and pericytes are cocultured to induce intercellular communication, and the cell coculture is then introduced into the customized artificial vascular bed or induced to self-assembly to simulate the interaction between cells and extracellular matrix, which would result in construction of a prevascularization system, preformation of a functional capillary network, and rapid reconstruction of a sufficient blood supply in engineered tissue after transplantation. However, prevascularization techniques for pulp regeneration remain in their infancy, and there remain unresolved problems regarding cell sources, intercellular communication and the construction of prevascularization systems. This review focuses on the recent advances in the application of prevascularization techniques for pulp regeneration, considers dental stem cells as a potential cell source of endothelial cells and pericytes, discusses strategies for their directional differentiation, sketches the mechanism of intercellular communication and the potential application of communication mediators, and summarizes construction strategies for prevascularized systems. We also provide novel ideas for the extensive application and follow-up development of prevascularization techniques for dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dandan Ma
- *Correspondence: Dandan Ma, ; Jun Wen,
| | - Jun Wen
- *Correspondence: Dandan Ma, ; Jun Wen,
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10
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Li A, Sasaki J, Inubushi T, Abe G, Nör J, Yamashiro T, Imazato S. Role of Heparan Sulfate in Vasculogenesis of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Dent Res 2023; 102:207-216. [PMID: 36281071 PMCID: PMC10767696 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221130682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can differentiate into vascular endothelial cells and display sprouting ability. During this process, DPSC responses to the extracellular microenvironment and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are critical in regulating their ultimate cell fate. Heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan, a major component of extracellular matrix, plays important roles in various biological cell activities by interacting with growth factors and relative receptors. However, the regulatory function of HS on vasculogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of HS in endothelial differentiation and vasculogenesis of DPSCs. Our results show that an HS antagonist suppressed the proliferation and sprouting ability of DPSCs undergoing endothelial differentiation. Furthermore, expression of proangiogenic markers significantly declined with increasing dosages of the HS antagonist; in contrast, expression of stemness marker increased. Silencing of exostosin 1 (EXT1), a crucial glycosyltransferase for HS biosynthesis, in DPSCs using a short hairpin RNA significantly altered their gene expression profile. In addition, EXT1-silenced DPSCs expressed lower levels of endothelial differentiation markers and displayed a reduced vascular formation capacity compared with control DPSCs transduced with scrambled sequences. The sprouting ability of EXT1-silenced DPSCs was rescued by the addition of exogenous HS in vitro. Next, we subcutaneously transplanted biodegradable scaffolds seeded with EXT1-silenced or control DPSCs into immunodeficient mice. Lumen-like structures positive for human CD31 and von Willebrand factor were formed by green fluorescent protein-transduced DPSCs. Numbers of blood-containing vessels were significantly lower in scaffolds loaded with EXT1-silenced DPSCs than specimens implanted with control DPSCs. Collectively, our findings unveil the crucial role of HS on endothelial differentiation and vasculogenesis of DPSCs, opening new perspectives for the application of HS to tissue engineering and dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Li
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - J.I. Sasaki
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - G.L. Abe
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - J.E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T. Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Mangal U, Kang TY, Jung JW, Kim JY, Seo JY, Cha JY, Lee KJ, Yu HS, Kim KM, Kim JM, Kwon JS, Choi SH. Polybetaine-enhanced hybrid ionomer cement shows improved total biological effect with bacterial resistance and cellular stimulation. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:554-566. [PMID: 36472228 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid ionomer cements (HICs) are aesthetic polyelectrolyte cements that have been modified with a resin. The setting of HICs occurs by both monomer polymerization and an acid-base reaction. In addition, HICs contain a resin, which is substituted for water. Thus, the competition between the setting reactions and reduced water content inherently limits polysalt formation and, consequently the bioactive interactions. In this study, we explored the effects of polybetaine zwitterionic derivatives (mZMs) on the augmentation of the bioactive response of HICs. The polybetaines were homogenized into an HIC in different proportions (α, β, and γ) at 3% w/v. Following basic characterization, the bioactive response of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) was evaluated. The augmented release of the principal constituent ions (strontium, silica, and fluoride) from the HIC was observed with the addition of the mZMs. Modification with α-mZM elicited the most favorable bioactive response, namely, increased ion elution, in vitro calcium phosphate precipitation, and excellent biofouling resistance, which deterred the growth of the bridging species of Veillonella. Moreover, α-mZM resulted in a significant increase in the hDPSC response, as confirmed by a significant increase (p < 0.05) in alizarin red staining. The results of mRNA expression tests, performed using periodically refreshed media, showed increased and early peak expression levels for RUNX2, OCN, and OPN in the case of α-mZM. Based on the results of the in vitro experiments, it can be concluded that modification of HICs with polybetaine α-mZM can augment the overall biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Mangal
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Yun Kang
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Won Jung
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Ji-Yeong Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea. .,BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Seo
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Yul Cha
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kee-Joon Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Seog Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Mahn Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Sung Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea. .,BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Choi
- Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea. .,BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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12
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Hu N, Li W, Jiang W, Wen J, Gu S. Creating a Microenvironment to Give Wings to Dental Pulp Regeneration-Bioactive Scaffolds. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:158. [PMID: 36678787 PMCID: PMC9861529 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp and periapical diseases make patients suffer from acute pain and economic loss. Although root canal therapies, as demonstrated through evidence-based medicine, can relieve symptoms and are commonly employed by dentists, it is still difficult to fully restore a dental pulp's nutrition, sensory, and immune-regulation functions. In recent years, researchers have made significant progress in tissue engineering to regenerate dental pulp in a desired microenvironment. With breakthroughs in regenerative medicine and material science, bioactive scaffolds play a pivotal role in creating a suitable microenvironment for cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation, following dental restoration and regeneration. This article focuses on current challenges and novel perspectives about bioactive scaffolds in creating a microenvironment to promote dental pulp regeneration. We hope our readers will gain a deeper understanding and new inspiration of dental pulp regeneration through our summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Weiping Li
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head & Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wentao Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jin Wen
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Shensheng Gu
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200011, China
- National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
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13
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Li A, Sasaki JI, Abe GL, Katata C, Sakai H, Imazato S. Vascularization of a Bone Organoid Using Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:5367887. [PMID: 37200632 PMCID: PMC10188257 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5367887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone organoids offer a novel path for the reconstruction and repair of bone defects. We previously fabricated scaffold-free bone organoids using cell constructs comprising only bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). However, the cells in the millimetre-scale constructs were likely to undergo necrosis because of difficult oxygen diffusion and nutrient delivery. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are capable of differentiating into vascular endothelial lineages and have great vasculogenic potential under endothelial induction. Therefore, we hypothesized that DPSCs can serve as a vascular source to improve the survival of the BMSCs within the bone organoid. In this study, the DPSCs had greater sprouting ability, and the proangiogenic marker expressions were significantly greater than those of BMSCs. DPSCs were incorporated into the BMSC constructs at various ratios (5%-20%), and their internal structures and vasculogenic and osteogenic characteristics were investigated after endothelial differentiation. As a result, the DPSCs are differentiated into the CD31-positive endothelial lineage in the cell constructs. The incorporation of DPSCs significantly suppressed cell necrosis and improved the viability of the cell constructs. In addition, lumen-like structures were visualized by fluorescently labelled nanoparticles in the DPSC-incorporated cell constructs. The vascularized BMSC constructs were successfully fabricated using the vasculogenic ability of the DPSCs. Next, osteogenic induction was initiated in the vascularized BMSC/DPSC constructs. Compared with only BMSCs, constructs with DPSCs had increased mineralized deposition and a hollow structure. Overall, this study demonstrated that vascularized scaffold-free bone organoids were successfully fabricated by incorporating DPSCs into BMSC constructs, and the biomimetic biomaterial is promising for bone regenerative medicine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aonan Li
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sasaki
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gabriela L. Abe
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Katata
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Sakai
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Imazato
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Pisciotta A, Di Tinco R, Bertani G, Orlandi G, Bertoni L, Pignatti E, Orciani M, Sena P, Bertacchini J, Salvarani C, Carnevale G. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) promote the lipofibroblast transition in the early stage of a fibro-inflammatory process. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1196023. [PMID: 37206922 PMCID: PMC10189147 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1196023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In autoimmune diseases, particularly in systemic sclerosis and chronic periaortitis, a strict correlation between chronic inflammation and fibrosis exists. Since the currently used drugs prove mostly effective in suppressing inflammation, a better comprehension of the molecular mechanisms exerted by cell types implicated in fibro-inflammation is needed to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are being matter of deep investigation to unveil their role in the evolution of fibrogenetic process. Several findings pointed out the controversial implication of MSCs in these events, with reports lining at a beneficial effect exerted by external MSCs and others highlighting a direct contribution of resident MSCs in fibrosis progression. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) have demonstrated to hold promise as potential therapeutic tools due to their immunomodulatory properties, which strongly support their contribution to tissue regeneration. Methods: Our present study evaluated hDPSCs response to a fibro-inflammatory microenvironment, mimicked in vitro by a transwell co-culture system with human dermal fibroblasts, at early and late culture passages, in presence of TGF-β1, a master promoter of fibrogenesis. Results and Discussion: We observed that hDPSCs, exposed to acute fibro-inflammatory stimuli, promote a myofibroblast-to-lipofibroblast transition, likely based on BMP2 dependent pathways. Conversely, when a chronic fibro-inflammatory microenvironment is generated, hDPSCs reduce their anti-fibrotic effect and acquire a pro-fibrotic phenotype. These data provide the basis for further investigations on the response of hDPSCs to varying fibro-inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pisciotta
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Pisciotta,
| | - Rosanna Di Tinco
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bertani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Orlandi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoni
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Pignatti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Monia Orciani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Paola Sena
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Unit of Rheumatology, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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15
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Zhang Z, Warner KA, Mantesso A, Nör JE. PDGF-BB signaling via PDGFR-β regulates the maturation of blood vessels generated upon vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:977725. [PMID: 36340037 PMCID: PMC9627550 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.977725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional vascular network requires that blood vessels are invested by mural cells. We have shown that dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) can undergo vasculogenic differentiation, and that the resulting vessels anastomize with the host vasculature and become functional (blood carrying) vessels. However, the mechanisms underlying the maturation of DPSC-derived blood vessels remains unclear. Here, we performed a series of studies to understand the process of mural cell investment of blood vessels generated upon vasculogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Primary human DPSC were co-cultured with primary human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells (HUASMC) in 3D gels in presence of vasculogenic differentiation medium. We observed DPSC capillary sprout formation and SMC recruitment, alignment and remodeling that resulted in complex vascular networks. While HUASMC enhanced the number of capillary sprouts and stabilized the capillary network when co-cultured with DPSC, HUASMC by themselves were unable to form capillary sprouts. In vivo, GFP transduced human DPSC seeded in biodegradable scaffolds and transplanted into immunodeficient mice generated functional human blood vessels invested with murine smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive, GFP-negative cells. Inhibition of PDGFR-β signaling prevented the SMC investment of DPSC-derived capillary sprouts in vitro and of DPSC-derived blood vessels in vivo. In contrast, inhibition of Tie-2 signaling did not have a significant effect on the SMC recruitment in DPSC-derived vascular structures. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PDGF-BB signaling via PDGFR-β regulates the process of maturation (mural investment) of blood vessels generated upon vasculogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Zhang
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kristy A. Warner
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrea Mantesso
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jacques E. Nör
- Angiogenesis Research Laboratory, Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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16
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Gomez-Sosa JF, Cardier JE, Caviedes-Bucheli J. The hypoxia-dependent angiogenic process in dental pulp. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:381-391. [PMID: 35998752 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, we analyzed the existing literature to elucidate how the hypoxia-dependent angiogenic processes work in dental pulp. Angiogenesis is an essential biological process in the maturation and homeostasis of teeth. It involves multiple sequential steps such as endothelial cell proliferation and migration, cell-to-cell contact, and tube formation. HIGHLIGHT Clinical implications of understanding the process of angiogenesis include how the mineralization processes of dental pulp occur and how dental pulp maintains its homeostasis, preventing irreversible inflammation or necrosis. CONCLUSION The angiogenesis process in dental pulp regulates adequate concentrations of oxygen required for mineralization in root development and defense mechanisms against chronic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Francisco Gomez-Sosa
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas-Venezuela.
| | - Jose E Cardier
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas-Venezuela
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17
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Badodekar N, Mishra S, Telang G, Chougule S, Bennur D, Thakur M, Vyas N. Angiogenic Potential and Its Modifying Interventions in Dental Pulp Stem Cells: a Systematic Review. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-022-00270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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18
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Cho YD, Kim KH, Lee YM, Ku Y, Seol YJ. Dental-derived cells for regenerative medicine: stem cells, cell reprogramming, and transdifferentiation. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2022; 52:437-454. [PMID: 36468465 PMCID: PMC9807848 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2103760188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells have been a popular research topic in regenerative medicine owing to their pluripotency and applicability. However, due to the difficulty in harvesting them and their low yield efficiency, advanced cell reprogramming technology has been introduced as an alternative. Dental stem cells have entered the spotlight due to their regenerative potential and their ability to be obtained from biological waste generated after dental treatment. Cell reprogramming, a process of reverting mature somatic cells into stem cells, and transdifferentiation, a direct conversion between different cell types without induction of a pluripotent state, have helped overcome the shortcomings of stem cells and raised interest in their regenerative potential. Furthermore, the potential of these cells to return to their original cell types due to their epigenetic memory has reinforced the need to control the epigenetic background for successful management of cellular differentiation. Herein, we discuss all available sources of dental stem cells, the procedures used to obtain these cells, and their ability to differentiate into the desired cells. We also introduce the concepts of cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation in terms of genetics and epigenetics, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. Finally, we discuss a novel therapeutic avenue for using dental-derived cells as stem cells, and explain cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation, which are used in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Dan Cho
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Kim
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Moo Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ku
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Jo Seol
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University and Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Jing X, Wang S, Tang H, Li D, Zhou F, Xin L, He Q, Hu S, Zhang T, Chen T, Song J. Dynamically Bioresponsive DNA Hydrogel Incorporated with Dual-Functional Stem Cells from Apical Papilla-Derived Exosomes Promotes Diabetic Bone Regeneration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16082-16099. [PMID: 35344325 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The regeneration of bone defects in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is remarkably impaired by hyperglycemia and over-expressed proinflammatory cytokines, proteinases (such as matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs), etc. In view of the fact that exosomes represent a promising nanomaterial, herein, we reported the excellent capacity of stem cells from apical papilla-derived exosomes (SCAP-Exo) to facilitate angiogenesis and osteogenesis whether in normal or diabetic conditions in vitro. Then, a bioresponsive polyethylene glycol (PEG)/DNA hybrid hydrogel was developed to support a controllable release of SCAP-Exo for diabetic bone defects. This system could be triggered by the elevated pathological cue (MMP-9) in response to the dynamic diabetic microenvironment. It was further confirmed that the administration of the injectable SCAP-Exo-loaded PEG/DNA hybrid hydrogel into the mandibular bone defect of diabetic rats demonstrated a great therapeutic effect on promoting vascularized bone regeneration. In addition, the miRNA sequencing suggested that the mechanism of dual-functional SCAP-Exo might be related to highly expressed miRNA-126-5p and miRNA-150-5p. Consequently, our study provides valuable insights into the design of promising bioresponsive exosome-delivery systems to improve bone regeneration in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Jing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Si Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Han Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Dize Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Fuyuan Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Liangjing Xin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
| | - Jinlin Song
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401147, P. R. China
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20
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Kwack KH, Lee HW. Clinical Potential of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Pulp Regeneration: Current Endodontic Progress and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:857066. [PMID: 35478967 PMCID: PMC9035692 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.857066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a common disease that not only destroys the rigid structure of the teeth but also causes pulp necrosis in severe cases. Once pulp necrosis has occurred, the most common treatment is to remove the damaged pulp tissue, leading to a loss of tooth vitality and increased tooth fragility. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) isolated from pulp tissue exhibit mesenchymal stem cell-like characteristics and are considered ideal candidates for regenerating damaged dental pulp tissue owing to their multipotency, high proliferation rate, and viability after cryopreservation. Importantly, DPSCs do not elicit an allogeneic immune response because they are non-immunogenic and exhibit potent immunosuppressive properties. Here, we provide an up-to-date review of the clinical applicability and potential of DPSCs, as well as emerging trends in the regeneration of damaged pulp tissue. In addition, we suggest the possibility of using DPSCs as a resource for allogeneic transplantation and provide a perspective for their clinical application in pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hwan Kwack
- Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Graduate School, Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyeon-Woo Lee,
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21
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Alipour M, Aghazadeh Z, Hassanpour M, Ghorbani M, Salehi R, Aghazadeh M. MTA-Enriched Polymeric Scaffolds Enhanced the Expression of Angiogenic Markers in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:7583489. [PMID: 35237330 PMCID: PMC8885263 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7583489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Revascularization of the pulp tissue is one of the fundamental processes and challenges in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs). In this regard, the current study is aimed at synthesizing the mineral trioxide aggregate- (MTA-) based scaffolds as a biomaterial for REPs. Poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/chitosan (CS)/MTA scaffolds were constructed and evaluated by FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA analyses. Proliferation and adhesion of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were assessed on these scaffolds by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and MTT assays, respectively. The expression of angiogenic markers was investigated in gene and protein levels by real-time PCR and western blotting tests. Our results indicated that the obtained appropriate physicochemical characteristics of scaffolds could be suitable for REPs. The adhesion and proliferation level of hDPSCs were significantly increased after seeding on PCL/CS/MTA scaffolds. The expression levels of VEGFR-2, Tie2, and Angiopoietin-1 genes were statistically increased on the PCL/CS/MTA scaffold. In support of these findings, western blotting results showed the upregulation of these markers at protein levels in PCL/CS/MTA scaffold (P < 0.05). The current study results suggested that PCL/CS/MTA scaffolds provide appropriate structures for the adhesion and proliferation of hDPSCs besides induction of the angiogenesis process in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Alipour
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Aghazadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassanpour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marjan Ghorbani
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Aghazadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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22
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Katata C, Sasaki J, Li A, Abe G, Nör J, Hayashi M, Imazato S. Fabrication of Vascularized DPSC Constructs for Efficient Pulp Regeneration. J Dent Res 2021; 100:1351-1358. [PMID: 33913364 PMCID: PMC9290113 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp regeneration is a promising approach to restore the vitality of necrotic teeth. We have previously reported the fabrication of scaffold-free cell constructs containing only dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and their ability to form pulp-like tissue in the pulpless tooth. However, the DPSC construct could not build pulp-like tissue with a full root length because it is difficult to induce blood vessels from a small root canal foramen. Therefore, we hypothesized that vascular structure could be preformed in the DPSC construct by employing endothelial differentiation capability of DPSCs, and vascularized constructs might facilitate dental pulp regeneration in the pulpless tooth. In this study, vascularized DPSC constructs were fabricated by inducing endothelial differentiation, and then we investigated the behavior of differentiated DPSCs, the internal structure of cell constructs, and their pulp regenerative ability in vivo. We observed that DPSCs positive for CD31 and von Willebrand factor were localized at the outer layer of constructs and formed a reticulated lumen structure. The cells constituting the outer layer of the construct expressed endothelial differentiation markers at higher levels than cells in the inner part. These results indicated that DPSCs in the outer layer differentiated into endothelial cells and formed vascular-like structures in the cell construct. Next, a vascularized DPSC construct was transplanted into the human pulpless tooth that was implanted into immunodeficient mice in the subcutaneous space. After 6 wk of implantation, the vascularized construct formed pulp-like tissues with higher density of human CD31-positive blood vessels when compared with specimens implanted with a DPSC construct without prevascularization. These results suggest that the vascular structure formed in the DPSC construct facilitated the blood supply and enhanced pulp regeneration. This study demonstrates that a vascularized DPSC construct is a prospective biomaterial as an implant for novel dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Katata
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Restorative
Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry,
Osaka, Japan
| | - J.I. Sasaki
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - A. Li
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - G.L. Abe
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - J.E. Nör
- Department of Cariology,
Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of
Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. Hayashi
- Department of Restorative
Dentistry and Endodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry,
Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials
Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Functional
Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka,
Japan
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23
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Shiu ST, Lee WF, Chen SM, Hao LT, Hung YT, Lai PC, Feng SW. Effect of Different Bone Grafting Materials and Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Bone Regeneration: A Micro-Computed Tomography and Histomorphometric Study in a Rabbit Calvarial Defect Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158101. [PMID: 34360864 PMCID: PMC8347101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the new bone formation potential of micro-macro biphasic calcium phosphate (MBCP) and Bio-Oss grafting materials with and without dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells (DPSCs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a rabbit calvarial bone defect model. The surface structure of the grafting materials was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The multipotent differentiation characteristics of the DPSCs and BMSCs were assessed. Four circular bone defects were created in the calvarium of 24 rabbits and randomly allocated to eight experimental groups: empty control, MBCP, MBCP+DPSCs, MBCP+BMSCs, Bio-Oss+DPSCs, Bio-Oss+BMSCs, and autogenous bone. A three-dimensional analysis of the new bone formation was performed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and a histological study after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of healing. Homogenously porous structures were observed in both grafting materials. The BMSCs revealed higher osteogenic differentiation capacities, whereas the DPSCs exhibited higher colony-forming units. The micro-CT and histological analysis findings for the new bone formation were consistent. In general, the empty control showed the lowest bone regeneration capacity throughout the experimental period. By contrast, the percentage of new bone formation was the highest in the autogenous bone group after 2 (39.4% ± 4.7%) and 4 weeks (49.7% ± 1.5%) of healing (p < 0.05). MBCP and Bio-Oss could provide osteoconductive support and prevent the collapse of the defect space for new bone formation. In addition, more osteoblastic cells lining the surface of the newly formed bone and bone grafting materials were observed after incorporating the DPSCs and BMSCs. After 8 weeks of healing, the autogenous bone group (54.9% ± 6.1%) showed a higher percentage of new bone formation than the empty control (35.3% ± 0.5%), MBCP (38.3% ± 6.0%), MBCP+DPSC (39.8% ± 5.7%), Bio-Oss (41.3% ± 3.5%), and Bio-Oss+DPSC (42.1% ± 2.7%) groups. Nevertheless, the percentage of new bone formation did not significantly differ between the MBCP+BMSC (47.2% ± 8.3%) and Bio-Oss+BMSC (51.2% ± 9.9%) groups and the autogenous bone group. Our study results demonstrated that autogenous bone is the gold standard. Both the DPSCs and BMSCs enhanced the osteoconductive capacities of MBCP and Bio-Oss. In addition, the efficiency of the BMSCs combined with MBCP and Bio-Oss was comparable to that of the autogenous bone after 8 weeks of healing. These findings provide effective strategies for the improvement of biomaterials and MSC-based bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiau-Ting Shiu
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-T.S.); (S.-M.C.); (L.-T.H.); (Y.-T.H.)
- Department of Dentistry, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fang Lee
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Min Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-T.S.); (S.-M.C.); (L.-T.H.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Liu-Ting Hao
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-T.S.); (S.-M.C.); (L.-T.H.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Yuan-Ting Hung
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-T.S.); (S.-M.C.); (L.-T.H.); (Y.-T.H.)
| | - Pin-Chuang Lai
- Department of Diagnosis and Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Sheng-Wei Feng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (S.-T.S.); (S.-M.C.); (L.-T.H.); (Y.-T.H.)
- Department of Dentistry, Division of Prosthodontics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 5107); Fax: +886-2-27362295
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Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth (SHEDs) and Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) Display a Similar Profile with Pericytes. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:8859902. [PMID: 34349804 PMCID: PMC8328701 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8859902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pericytes play an important role in forming functional blood vessels and establishing stable and effective microcirculation, which is crucial for vascular tissue engineering. The slow ex vivo expansion rate, limited proliferative capacity, and variability of tissue-specific phenotypes would hinder experimental studies and clinical translation of primary pericytes. In this study, the angiogenic and pericyte functions of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) and postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were investigated. Methods Osteogenic and adipogenic induction assays were performed to evaluate the mesenchymal potential of SHEDs, DPSCs, and pericytes. An in vitro Matrigel angiogenesis assay was conducted to reveal the ability of SHEDs, DPSCs, and pericytes to stabilize vascular-like structures. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to evaluate mRNA expression. Flow cytometry, western blotting, and immunostaining were used to assess the protein expression. Wound healing and transwell assays were performed to evaluate the migration ability of SHEDs, DPSCs, and pericytes. Results The osteogenic and adipogenic induction assays showed that SHEDs, DPSCs, and pericytes exhibited similar stem cell characteristics. The mRNA expression levels of PDGFR-β, α-SMA, NG2, and DEMSIN in SHEDs and DPSCs cultured in EC medium were significantly higher than those in the control groups on day 7 (P < 0.05), but significantly higher than those in the pericytes group on day 14 (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry showed that high proportions of SHEDs and DPSCs were positive for various pericyte markers on day 7. The DPSCs, SHEDs, and pericytes displayed strong migration ability; however, there was no significant difference among the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion The SHEDs and DPSCs display a profile similar to that of pericytes. Our study lays a solid theoretical foundation for the clinical use of dental pulp stem cells as a potential candidate to replace pericytes.
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25
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Liu K, Yu S, Ye L, Gao B. The Regenerative Potential of bFGF in Dental Pulp Repair and Regeneration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:680209. [PMID: 34354584 PMCID: PMC8329335 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.680209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative endodontic therapy intends to induce the host’s natural wound-healing process, which can restore the vitality, immunity, and sensitivity of the inflammatory or necrotic pulp tissue destroyed by infection or trauma. Myriads of growth factors are critical in the processes of pulp repair and regeneration. Among the key regulatory factors are the fibroblast growth factors, which have turned out to be the master regulators of both organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Fibroblast growth factors, a family composed of 22 polypeptides, have been used in tissue repair and regeneration settings, in conditions as diverse as burns, ulcers, bone-related diseases, and spinal cord injuries. Meanwhile, in dentistry, the basic fibroblast growth factor is the most frequently investigated. Thereby, the aim of this review is 2-fold: 1) foremost, to explore the underlying mechanisms of the bFGF in dental pulp repair and regeneration and 2) in addition, to shed light on the potential therapeutic strategies of the bFGF in dental pulp–related clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sijing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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26
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Janebodin K, Chavanachat R, Hays A, Reyes Gil M. Silencing VEGFR-2 Hampers Odontoblastic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665886. [PMID: 34249919 PMCID: PMC8267829 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are a source of postnatal stem cells essential for maintenance and regeneration of dentin and pulp tissues. Previous in vivo transplantation studies have shown that DPSCs are able to give rise to odontoblast-like cells, form dentin/pulp-like structures, and induce blood vessel formation. Importantly, dentin formation is closely associated to blood vessels. We have previously demonstrated that DPSC-induced angiogenesis is VEGFR-2-dependent. VEGFR-2 may play an important role in odontoblast differentiation of DPSCs, tooth formation and regeneration. Nevertheless, the role of VEGFR-2 signaling in odontoblast differentiation of DPSCs is still not well understood. Thus, in this study we aimed to determine the role of VEGFR-2 in odontoblast differentiation of DPSCs by knocking down the expression of VEGFR-2 in DPSCs and studying their odontoblast differentiation capacity in vitro and in vivo. Isolation and characterization of murine DPSCs was performed as previously described. DPSCs were induced by VEGFR-2 shRNA viral vectors transfection (MOI = 10:1) to silence the expression of VEGFR-2. The GFP+ expression in CopGFP DPSCs was used as a surrogate to measure the efficiency of transfection and verification that the viral vector does not affect the expression of VEGFR-2. The efficiency of viral transfection was shown by significant reduction in the levels of VEGFR-2 based on the Q-RT-PCR and immunofluorescence in VEGFR-2 knockdown DPSCs, compared to normal DPSCs. VEGFR-2 shRNA DPSCs expressed not only very low level of VEGFR-2, but also that of its ligand, VEGF-A, compared to CopGFP DPSCs in both transcriptional and translational levels. In vitro differentiation of DPSCs in osteo-odontogenic media supplemented with BMP-2 (100 ng/ml) for 21 days demonstrated that CopGFP DPSCs, but not VEGFR-2 shRNA DPSCs, were positive for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and formed mineralized nodules demonstrated by positive Alizarin Red S staining. The expression levels of dentin matrix proteins, dentin matrix protein-1 (Dmp1), dentin sialoprotein (Dspp), and bone sialoprotein (Bsp), were also up-regulated in differentiated CopGFP DPSCs, compared to those in VEGFR-2 shRNA DPSCs, suggesting an impairment of odontoblast differentiation in VEGFR-2 shRNA DPSCs. In vivo subcutaneous transplantation of DPSCs with hydroxyapatite (HAp/TCP) for 5 weeks demonstrated that CopGFP DPSCs were able to differentiate into elongated and polarized odontoblast-like cells forming loose connective tissue resembling pulp-like structures with abundant blood vessels, as demonstrated by H&E, Alizarin Red S, and dentin matrix staining. On the other hand, in VEGFR-2 shRNA DPSC transplants, odontoblast-like cells were not observed. Collagen fibers were seen in replacement of dentin/pulp-like structures. These results indicate that VEGFR-2 may play an important role in dentin regeneration and highlight the potential of VEGFR-2 modulation to enhance dentin regeneration and tissue engineering as a promising clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajohnkiart Janebodin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Aislinn Hays
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Morayma Reyes Gil
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
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27
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Li B, Ouchi T, Cao Y, Zhao Z, Men Y. Dental-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: State of the Art. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654559. [PMID: 34239870 PMCID: PMC8258348 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be identified in mammalian teeth. Currently, dental-derived MSCs (DMSCs) has become a collective term for all the MSCs isolated from dental pulp, periodontal ligament, dental follicle, apical papilla, and even gingiva. These DMSCs possess similar multipotent potential as bone marrow-derived MSCs, including differentiation into cells that have the characteristics of odontoblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, epithelial cells, neural cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes. Besides, DMSCs also have powerful immunomodulatory functions, which enable them to orchestrate the surrounding immune microenvironment. These properties enable DMSCs to have a promising approach in injury repair, tissue regeneration, and treatment of various diseases. This review outlines the most recent advances in DMSCs' functions and applications and enlightens how these advances are paving the path for DMSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Takehito Ouchi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Men
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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28
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Zhang Y, Liu J, Zou T, Qi Y, Yi B, Dissanayaka WL, Zhang C. DPSCs treated by TGF-β1 regulate angiogenic sprouting of three-dimensionally co-cultured HUVECs and DPSCs through VEGF-Ang-Tie2 signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:281. [PMID: 33971955 PMCID: PMC8112067 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maintaining the stability and maturation of blood vessels is of paramount importance for the vessels to carry out their physiological function. Smooth muscle cells (SMCs), pericytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are involved in the maturation process of the newly formed vessels. The aim of this study was to investigate whether transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) treatment could enhance pericyte-like properties of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and how TGF-β1-treated DPSCs for 7 days (T-DPSCs) stabilize the newly formed blood vessels. Methods We utilized TGF-β1 to treat DPSCs for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to analyze the expression of SMC markers. Functional contraction assay was conducted to assess the contractility of T-DPSCs. The effects of T-DPSC-conditioned media (T-DPSC-CM) on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and migration were examined by MTT, wound healing, and trans-well migration assay. Most importantly, in vitro 3D co-culture spheroidal sprouting assay was used to investigate the regulating role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-angiopoietin (Ang)-Tie2 signaling on angiogenic sprouting in 3D co-cultured spheroids of HUVECs and T-DPSCs. Angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) and VEGF were used to treat the co-cultured spheroids to explore their roles in angiogenic sprouting. Inhibitors for Tie2 and VEGFR2 were used to block Ang1/Tie2 and VFGF/VEGFR2 signaling. Results Western blotting and immunofluorescence showed that the expression of SMC-specific markers (α-SMA and SM22α) were significantly increased after treatment with TGF-β1. Contractility of T-DPSCs was greater compared with that of DPSCs. T-DPSC-CM inhibited HUVEC migration. In vitro sprouting assay demonstrated that T-DPSCs enclosed HUVECs, resembling pericyte-like cells. Compared to co-culture with DPSCs, a smaller number of HUVEC sprouting was observed when co-cultured with T-DPSCs. VEGF and Ang2 co-stimulation significantly enhanced sprouting in HUVEC and T-DPSC co-culture spheroids, whereas VEGF or Ang2 alone exerted insignificant effects on HUVEC sprouting. Blocking Tie2 signaling reversed the sprouting inhibition by T-DPSCs, while blocking VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling boosted the sprouting inhibition by T-DPSCs. Conclusions This study revealed that TGF-β1 can induce DPSC differentiation into functional pericyte-like cells. T-DPSCs maintain vessel stability through Ang1/Tie2 and VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02349-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junqing Liu
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yubingqing Qi
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baicheng Yi
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Waruna Lakmal Dissanayaka
- Applied Oral Sciences & Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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29
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Mattei V, Martellucci S, Pulcini F, Santilli F, Sorice M, Delle Monache S. Regenerative Potential of DPSCs and Revascularization: Direct, Paracrine or Autocrine Effect? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1635-1646. [PMID: 33829353 PMCID: PMC8553678 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new source of mesenchymal stem cells has recently been discovered, the so-called dental pulp derived stem cells (DPSCs) which therefore could represent potentially tools for regenerative medicine. DPSC originate from the neural crest and are physiologically involved in dentin homeostasis; moreover, they contribute to bone remodeling and differentiation into several tissues including cartilage, bone, adipose and nervous tissues. DPSCs have also been shown to influence the angiogenesis process, for example through the release of secretory factors or by differentiating into vascular and/or perivascular cells. Angiogenesis, that has a pivotal role in tissue regeneration and repair, is defined as the formation of new vessels from preexisting vessels and is mediated by mutual and reciprocal interactions between endothelial cells and perivascular cells. It is also known that co-cultures of perivascular and endothelial cells (ECs) can form a vascular network in vitro and also in vivo. Since DPSCs seem to have characteristics similar to pericytes, understanding the possible mechanism of interaction between DPSCs and ECs during neo-angiogenesis is dramatically important for the development of advanced clinical application in the field of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, 02100, Rieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, 02100, Rieti, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Fanny Pulcini
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Santilli
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, 02100, Rieti, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Delle Monache
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
- StemTeCh Group, Chieti, Italy.
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30
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Arthur A, Gronthos S. Eph-Ephrin Signaling Mediates Cross-Talk Within the Bone Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:598612. [PMID: 33634116 PMCID: PMC7902060 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.598612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal integrity is maintained through the tightly regulated bone remodeling process that occurs continuously throughout postnatal life to replace old bone and to repair skeletal damage. This is maintained primarily through complex interactions between bone resorbing osteoclasts and bone forming osteoblasts. Other elements within the bone microenvironment, including stromal, osteogenic, hematopoietic, endothelial and neural cells, also contribute to maintaining skeletal integrity. Disruption of the dynamic interactions between these diverse cellular systems can lead to poor bone health and an increased susceptibility to skeletal diseases including osteopenia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteomalacia, and major fractures. Recent reports have implicated a direct role for the Eph tyrosine kinase receptors and their ephrin ligands during bone development, homeostasis and skeletal repair. These membrane-bound molecules mediate contact-dependent signaling through both the Eph receptors, termed forward signaling, and through the ephrin ligands, referred to as reverse signaling. This review will focus on Eph/ ephrin cross-talk as mediators of hematopoietic and stromal cell communication, and how these interactions contribute to blood/ bone marrow function and skeletal integrity during normal steady state or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Liu Y, Zhuang X, Yu S, Yang N, Zeng J, Liu X, Chen X. Exosomes derived from stem cells from apical papilla promote craniofacial soft tissue regeneration by enhancing Cdc42-mediated vascularization. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:76. [PMID: 33482924 PMCID: PMC7821694 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reconstruction of complex critical-size defects (CSD) in the craniofacial region is a major challenge, and soft tissue regeneration is crucial in determining the therapeutic outcomes of craniofacial CSD. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP) are neural crest-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are homologous to cells in craniofacial tissue and represent a promising source for craniofacial tissue regeneration. Exosomes, which contain compound bioactive compounds, are the key factors in stem cell paracrine action. However, the roles of exosomes derived from SCAP (SCAP-Exo) in tissue regeneration are not fully understood. Here, we explored the effects and underlying mechanisms of SCAP-Exo on CSD in maxillofacial soft tissue. Methods SCAP-Exo were isolated and identified by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The effects of SCAP-Exo on wound healing and vascularization were detected by measuring the wound area and performing histological and immunofluorescence analysis on the palatal gingival CSD of mice. Real-time live-cell imaging and functional assays were used to assess the effects of SCAP-Exo on the biological functions of endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of SCAP-Exo-mediated EC angiogenesis in vitro were tested by immunofluorescence staining, Western blot, and pull-down assays. Finally, in vivo experiments were carried out to verify whether SCAP-Exo could affect vascularization and wound healing through cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42). Results We found that SCAP-Exo promoted tissue regeneration of palatal gingival CSD by enhancing vascularization in the early phase in vivo and that SCAP-Exo improved the angiogenic capacity of ECs in vitro. Mechanistically, SCAP-Exo elevated cell migration by improving cytoskeletal reorganization of ECs via Cdc42 signalling. Furthermore, we revealed that SCAP-Exo transferred Cdc42 into the cytoplasm of ECs and that the Cdc42 protein could be reused directly by recipient ECs, which resulted in the activation of Cdc42-dependent filopodium formation and elevation in cell migration of ECs. Conclusion This study demonstrated that SCAP-Exo had a superior effect on angiogenesis and effectively promoted craniofacial soft tissue regeneration. These data provide a new option for SCAP-Exo to be used in a cell-free approach to optimize tissue regeneration in the clinic. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02151-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110002, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueying Zhuang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110002, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Yu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Jianhong Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110002, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110002, China.,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, 117 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110002, China. .,Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China.
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Stem Cell-based Dental Pulp Regeneration: Insights From Signaling Pathways. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1251-1263. [PMID: 33459973 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deep caries, trauma, and severe periodontitis result in pulpitis, pulp necrosis, and eventually pulp loss. However, no clinical therapy can regenerate lost pulp. A novel pulp regeneration strategy for clinical application is urgently needed. Signaling transduction plays an essential role in regulating the regenerative potentials of dental stem cells. Cytokines or growth factors, such as stromal cell-derived factor (SDF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), WNT, can promote the migration, proliferation, odontogenic differentiation, pro-angiogenesis, and pro-neurogenesis potentials of dental stem cells respectively. Using the methods of signaling modulation including growth factors delivery, genetic modification, and physical stimulation has been applied in multiple preclinical studies of pulp regeneration based on cell transplantation or cell homing. Transplanting dental stem cells and growth factors encapsulated into scaffold regenerated vascularized pulp-like tissue in the root canal. Also, injecting a flowable scaffold only with chemokines recruited endogenous stem/progenitor cells for pulp regeneration. Notably, dental pulp regeneration has gradually developed into the clinical phase. These findings enlightened us on a novel strategy for structural and functional pulp regeneration through elaborate modulation of signaling transduction spatially and temporally via clinically applicable growth factors delivery. But challenges, such as the adverse effects of unphysiological signaling activation, the controlled drug release system, and the safety of gene modulation, are necessary to be tested in future works for promoting the clinical translation of pulp regeneration.
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Di Tinco R, Bertani G, Pisciotta A, Bertoni L, Bertacchini J, Colombari B, Conserva E, Blasi E, Consolo U, Carnevale G. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect of Air-Polishing Treatments and Their Influence on Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Seeded on Titanium Disks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020865. [PMID: 33467097 PMCID: PMC7830275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental implants are one of the most frequently used treatment options for tooth replacement, and titanium is the metal of choice due to its demonstrated superiority in resisting corrosion, lack of allergic reactions and mechanical strength. Surface roughness of titanium implants favors the osseointegration process; nevertheless, its topography may provide a suitable substrate for bacterial biofilm deposition, causing peri-implantitis and leading to implant failure. Subgingival prophylaxis treatments with cleansing powders aimed to remove the bacterial accumulation are under investigation. Two different air-polishing powders—glycine and tagatose—were assayed for their cleaning and antimicrobial potential against a Pseudomonas biofilm and for their effects on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs), seeded on sandblasted titanium disks. Immunofluorescence analyses were carried out to evaluate cell adhesion, proliferation, stemness and osteogenic differentiation. The results demonstrate that both the powders have a great in vitro cleaning potential in the early period and do not show any negative effects during hDPSCs osteogenic differentiation process, suggesting their suitability for enhancing the biocompatibility of titanium implants. Our data suggest that the evaluated cleansing systems reduce microbial contamination and allow us to propose tagatose as an adequate alternative to the gold standard glycine for the air-polishing prophylaxis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Di Tinco
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Giulia Bertani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Alessandra Pisciotta
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Laura Bertoni
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Bruna Colombari
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Enrico Conserva
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
- Operative Unit of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department Integrated Activity-Specialist Surgeries, University-Hospital of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Ugo Consolo
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
- Operative Unit of Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department Integrated Activity-Specialist Surgeries, University-Hospital of Modena, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.D.T.); (G.B.); (A.P.); (L.B.); (J.B.); (B.C.); (E.C.); (E.B.); (U.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Atlas Y, Gorin C, Novais A, Marchand MF, Chatzopoulou E, Lesieur J, Bascetin R, Binet-Moussy C, Sadoine J, Lesage M, Opsal-Vital S, Péault B, Monnot C, Poliard A, Girard P, Germain S, Chaussain C, Muller L. Microvascular maturation by mesenchymal stem cells in vitro improves blood perfusion in implanted tissue constructs. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120594. [PMID: 33387754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood perfusion of grafted tissue constructs is a hindrance to the success of stem cell-based therapies by limiting cell survival and tissue regeneration. Implantation of a pre-vascularized network engineered in vitro has thus emerged as a promising strategy for promoting blood supply deep into the construct, relying on inosculation with the host vasculature. We aimed to fabricate in vitro tissue constructs with mature microvascular networks, displaying perivascular recruitment and basement membrane, taking advantage of the angiogenic properties of dental pulp stem cells and self-assembly of endothelial cells into capillaries. Using digital scanned light-sheet microscopy, we characterized the generation of dense microvascular networks in collagen hydrogels and established parameters for quantification of perivascular recruitment. We also performed original time-lapse analysis of stem cell recruitment. These experiments demonstrated that perivascular recruitment of dental pulp stem cells is driven by PDGF-BB. Recruited stem cells participated in deposition of vascular basement membrane and vessel maturation. Mature microvascular networks thus generated were then compared to those lacking perivascular coverage generated using stem cell conditioned medium. Implantation in athymic nude mice demonstrated that in vitro maturation of microvascular networks improved blood perfusion and cell survival within the construct. Taken together, these data demonstrate the strong potential of in vitro production of mature microvasculature for improving cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Atlas
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Gorin
- Université de Paris, UR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Paris, France; AP-HP, Services Odontologie, (GH Paris Est, Paris Nord, Henri Mondor), France
| | - Anita Novais
- Université de Paris, UR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Paris, France; AP-HP, Services Odontologie, (GH Paris Est, Paris Nord, Henri Mondor), France
| | - Marion F Marchand
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Eirini Chatzopoulou
- Université de Paris, UR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Paris, France; AP-HP, Services Odontologie, (GH Paris Est, Paris Nord, Henri Mondor), France
| | - Julie Lesieur
- Université de Paris, UR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Rumeyza Bascetin
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Clément Binet-Moussy
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jeremy Sadoine
- Université de Paris, UR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Lesage
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Sibylle Opsal-Vital
- Université de Paris, UR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Paris, France; AP-HP, Services Odontologie, (GH Paris Est, Paris Nord, Henri Mondor), France
| | - Bruno Péault
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UCLA and Orthopaedic Hospital, Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, Los Angeles, United States; Center for Cardiovascular Science, MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Monnot
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anne Poliard
- Université de Paris, UR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Girard
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Germain
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- Université de Paris, UR2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant, Paris, France; AP-HP, Services Odontologie, (GH Paris Est, Paris Nord, Henri Mondor), France.
| | - Laurent Muller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, CNRS UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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Matoug-Elwerfelli M, Nazzal H, Raif EM, Wilshaw SP, Esteves F, Duggal M. Ex-vivo recellularisation and stem cell differentiation of a decellularised rat dental pulp matrix. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21553. [PMID: 33299073 PMCID: PMC7725831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementing the principles of tissue engineering within the clinical management of non-vital immature permanent teeth is of clinical interest. However, the ideal scaffold remains elusive. The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of decellularising rat dental pulp tissue and evaluate the ability of such scaffold to support stem cell repopulation. Rat dental pulps were retrieved and divided into control and decellularised groups. The decellularisation protocol incorporated a low detergent concentration and hypotonic buffers. After decellularisation, the scaffolds were characterised histologically, immunohistochemistry and the residual DNA content quantified. Surface topography was also viewed under scanning electron microscopy. Biocompatibility was evaluated using cytotoxicity assays utilising L-929 cell line. Decellularised scaffolds were recellularised with human dental pulp stem cells up to 14 days in vitro. Cellular viability was assessed using LIVE/DEAD stain kit and the recellularised scaffolds were further assessed histologically and immunolabelled using makers for odontoblastic differentiation, cytoskeleton components and growth factors. Analysis of the decellularised scaffolds revealed an acellular matrix with histological preservation of structural components. Decellularised scaffolds were biocompatible and able to support stem cell survival following recellularisation. Immunolabelling of the recellularised scaffolds demonstrated positive cellular expression against the tested markers in culture. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of developing a biocompatible decellularised dental pulp scaffold, which is able to support dental pulp stem cell repopulation. Clinically, decellularised pulp tissue could possibly be a suitable scaffold for use within regenerative (reparative) endodontic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Matoug-Elwerfelli
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Clinical Dental Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Nazzal
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Hamad Dental Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - El Mostafa Raif
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Stacy-Paul Wilshaw
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Filomena Esteves
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Monty Duggal
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,Discipline of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, National University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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36
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Epigenetic Regulation of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Fate. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:8876265. [PMID: 33149742 PMCID: PMC7603635 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8876265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation, mainly involving DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNAs, affects gene expression without modifying the primary DNA sequence and modulates cell fate. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental pulp, also called dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), exhibit multipotent differentiation capacity and can promote various biological processes, including odontogenesis, osteogenesis, angiogenesis, myogenesis, and chondrogenesis. Over the past decades, increased attention has been attracted by the use of DPSCs in the field of regenerative medicine. According to a series of studies, epigenetic regulation is essential for DPSCs to differentiate into specialized cells. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms involved in the epigenetic regulation of the fate of DPSCs.
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Hata M, Omi M, Kobayashi Y, Nakamura N, Miyabe M, Ito M, Makino E, Kanada S, Saiki T, Ohno T, Imanishi Y, Himeno T, Kamiya H, Nakamura J, Ozawa S, Miyazawa K, Kurita K, Goto S, Takebe J, Matsubara T, Naruse K. Transplantation of human dental pulp stem cells ameliorates diabetic polyneuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic nude mice: the role of angiogenic and neurotrophic factors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:236. [PMID: 32546222 PMCID: PMC7298811 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have high proliferation and multi-differentiation capabilities that maintain their functionality after cryopreservation. In our previous study, we demonstrated that cryopreserved rat DPSCs improved diabetic polyneuropathy and that the efficacy of cryopreserved rat DPSCs was equivalent to that of freshly isolated rat DPSCs. The present study was conducted to evaluate whether transplantation of cryopreserved human DPSCs (hDPSCs) is also effective for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. METHODS hDPSCs were isolated from human impacted third molars being extracted for orthodontic reasons. Eight weeks after the induction of diabetes in nude mice, hDPSCs (1 × 105/limb) were unilaterally transplanted into the hindlimb skeletal muscle, and vehicle (saline) was injected into the opposite side as a control. The effects of hDPSCs were analyzed at 4 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS hDPSC transplantation significantly ameliorated reduced sensory perception thresholds, delayed nerve conduction velocity, and decreased the blood flow to the sciatic nerve in diabetic mice 4 weeks post-transplantation. Cultured hDPSCs secreted the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) proteins. A subset of the transplanted hDPSCs was localized around the muscle bundles and expressed the human VEGF and NGF genes at the transplanted site. The capillary/muscle bundle ratio was significantly increased on the hDPSC-transplanted side of the gastrocnemius muscles in diabetic mice. Neutralizing antibodies against VEGF and NGF negated the effects of hDPSC transplantation on the nerve conduction velocity in diabetic mice, suggesting that VEGF and NGF may play roles in the effects of hDPSC transplantation on diabetic polyneuropathy. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that stem cell transplantation with hDPSCs may be efficacious in treating diabetic polyneuropathy via the angiogenic and neurotrophic mechanisms of hDPSC-secreted factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hata
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maiko Omi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Nakamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Megumi Miyabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Mizuho Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Eriko Makino
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Saki Kanada
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Saiki
- Department of Pharmacy, Dental Hospital, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tasuku Ohno
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Imanishi
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuhito Himeno
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideki Kamiya
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Jiro Nakamura
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shogo Ozawa
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kurita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun Takebe
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Matsubara
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8651, Japan
| | - Keiko Naruse
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, 2-11 Suemori-dori, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8651, Japan.
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Pisciotta A, Bertani G, Bertoni L, Di Tinco R, De Biasi S, Vallarola A, Pignatti E, Tupler R, Salvarani C, de Pol A, Carnevale G. Modulation of Cell Death and Promotion of Chondrogenic Differentiation by Fas/FasL in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (hDPSCs). Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:279. [PMID: 32500073 PMCID: PMC7242757 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) are characterized by high proliferation rate, the multi-differentiation ability and, notably, low immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties exerted through different mechanisms including Fas/FasL pathway. Despite their multipotency, hDPSCs require particular conditions to achieve chondrogenic differentiation. This might be due to the perivascular localization and the expression of angiogenic marker under standard culture conditions. FasL stimulation was able to promote the early induction of chondrogenic commitment and to lead the differentiation at later times. Interestingly, the expression of angiogenic marker was reduced by FasL stimulation without activating the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in standard culture conditions. In conclusion, these findings highlight the peculiar embryological origin of hDPSCs and provide further insights on their biological properties. Therefore, Fas/FasL pathway not only is involved in determining the immunomodulatory properties, but also is implicated in supporting the chondrogenic commitment of hDPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pisciotta
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Bertani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Bertoni
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Tinco
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Vallarola
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisa Pignatti
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Rossella Tupler
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Carlo Salvarani
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Unitá Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Anto de Pol
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Carnevale
- Department of Surgery, Medicine Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Sasaki J, Zhang Z, Oh M, Pobocik A, Imazato S, Shi S, Nör J. VE-Cadherin and Anastomosis of Blood Vessels Formed by Dental Stem Cells. J Dent Res 2020; 99:437-445. [PMID: 32028818 PMCID: PMC7088203 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520902458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can be induced to differentiate into vasculogenic endothelial (VE) cells. However, the process that results in sprouting and anastomosis of DPSC-derived vessels remains unclear. Here, we performed studies to understand the mechanisms underpinning the anastomosis of the host vasculature with blood vessels generated by DPSCs (a model for mesenchymal stem cells). VE-cadherin-silenced primary human DPSCs seeded in tooth slice/scaffolds and transplanted into the subcutaneous space of immunodeficient mice generated fewer functional blood vessels (i.e., anastomosed with the host vasculature) than control DPSCs transduced with scrambled sequences. Both VE-cadherin-silenced and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1)-silenced cells showed a decrease in the number of capillary sprouts in vitro. Interestingly, DPSC stably transduced with a VE-cadherin reporter demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces VE-cadherin expression in sprouting DPSCs undergoing anastomosis, but not in quiescent DPSCs. To begin to understand the mechanisms regulating VE-cadherin, we stably silenced MEK1 and observed that VEGF was no longer able to induce VE-cadherin expression and capillary sprout formation. Notably ERG, a transcriptional factor downstream from MEK/ERK, binds to the promoter region of VE-cadherin (chip assay) and is induced by VEGF in DPSCs. Collectively, these data defined a signaling pathway triggered by VEGF that results in phosphorylation of MEK1/ERK and activation of ERG leading to expression of VE-cadherin, which is required for anastomosis of DPSC-derived blood vessels. In conclusion, these results unveiled a signaling pathway that enables the generation of functional blood vessels upon vasculogenic differentiation of DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.I. Sasaki
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Z. Zhang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M. Oh
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A.M. Pobocik
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S. Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita City, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J.E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan College of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Caseiro AR, Santos Pedrosa S, Ivanova G, Vieira Branquinho M, Almeida A, Faria F, Amorim I, Pereira T, Maurício AC. Mesenchymal Stem/ Stromal Cells metabolomic and bioactive factors profiles: A comparative analysis on the umbilical cord and dental pulp derived Stem/ Stromal Cells secretome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221378. [PMID: 31774816 PMCID: PMC6881058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem/ Stromal Cells assume a supporting role to the intrinsic mechanisms of tissue regeneration, a feature mostly assigned to the contents of their secretome. A comparative study on the metabolomic and bioactive molecules/factors content of the secretome of Mesenchymal Stem/ Stromal Cells derived from two expanding sources: the umbilical cord stroma and the dental pulp is presented and discussed. The metabolic profile (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy) evidenced some differences in the metabolite dynamics through the conditioning period, particularly on the glucose metabolism. Despite, overall similar profiles are suggested. More prominent differences are highlighted for the bioactive factors (Multiplexing Laser Bear Analysis), in which Follistatin, Growth Regulates Protein, Hepatocyte Growth Factor, Interleukin-8 and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 dominate in Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem/ Stromal Cells secretion, while in Dental Pulp Stem/ Stromal Cells the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A and Follistatin are more evident. The distinct secretory cocktail did not result in significantly different effects on endothelial cell populations dynamics including proliferation, migration, tube formation capacity and in vivo angiogenesis, or in chemotaxis for both Mesenchymal Stem/ Stromal Cells populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Caseiro
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto, Portugal
- Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Lordemão, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Santos Pedrosa
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto, Portugal
| | - Galya Ivanova
- REQUIMTE- LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Vieira Branquinho
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Almeida
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto, Portugal
- Indústria Transformadora de Subprodutos—I.T.S, SA, Grupo ETSA, Rua Padre Adriano, Olivais do Machio, Santo Antão do Tojal, Loures, Portugal
| | - Fátima Faria
- Departamento de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Departamento de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação da Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Pereira
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Colette Maurício
- Departamento de Clínicas Veterinárias, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto (ICETA), Rua D. Manuel II, Apartado, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: ,
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Novais A, Lesieur J, Sadoine J, Slimani L, Baroukh B, Saubaméa B, Schmitt A, Vital S, Poliard A, Hélary C, Rochefort GY, Chaussain C, Gorin C. Priming Dental Pulp Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth with Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Enhances Mineralization Within Tissue-Engineered Constructs Implanted in Craniofacial Bone Defects. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:844-857. [PMID: 31016898 PMCID: PMC6646701 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The craniofacial area is prone to trauma or pathologies often resulting in large bone damages. One potential treatment option is the grafting of a tissue-engineered construct seeded with adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The dental pulp appears as a relevant source of MSCs, as dental pulp stem cells display strong osteogenic properties and are efficient at bone formation and repair. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and/or hypoxia primings were shown to boost the angiogenesis potential of dental pulp stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). Based on these findings, we hypothesized here that these primings would also improve bone formation in the context of craniofacial bone repair. We found that both hypoxic and FGF-2 primings enhanced SHED proliferation and osteogenic differentiation into plastically compressed collagen hydrogels, with a much stronger effect observed with the FGF-2 priming. After implantation in immunodeficient mice, the tissue-engineered constructs seeded with FGF-2 primed SHED mediated faster intramembranous bone formation into critical size calvarial defects than the other groups (no priming and hypoxia priming). The results of this study highlight the interest of FGF-2 priming in tissue engineering for craniofacial bone repair. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:844&857.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Novais
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
- AP‐HP Département d'OdontologieHôpitaux Universitaires PNVS, Charles Foix et Henri MondorIle de FranceFrance
| | - Julie Lesieur
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
| | - Jérémy Sadoine
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
| | - Lotfi Slimani
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
| | - Brigitte Baroukh
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Cellular and Molecular Imaging FacilityInserm US25, CNRS UMS 3612, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Alain Schmitt
- Cochin Institute, Transmission Electron Microscopy Platform, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Sibylle Vital
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
- AP‐HP Département d'OdontologieHôpitaux Universitaires PNVS, Charles Foix et Henri MondorIle de FranceFrance
| | - Anne Poliard
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
| | - Christophe Hélary
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de ParisSorbonne Universités, CNRS, Collège de FranceParisFrance
| | - Gaël Y. Rochefort
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
- AP‐HP Département d'OdontologieHôpitaux Universitaires PNVS, Charles Foix et Henri MondorIle de FranceFrance
| | - Caroline Gorin
- EA 2496 Pathologies, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales et Plateforme Imagerie du Vivant (PIV)Dental School, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris CitéMontrougeFrance
- AP‐HP Département d'OdontologieHôpitaux Universitaires PNVS, Charles Foix et Henri MondorIle de FranceFrance
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Gong T, Xu J, Heng B, Qiu S, Yi B, Han Y, Lo ECM, Zhang C. EphrinB2/EphB4 Signaling Regulates DPSCs to Induce Sprouting Angiogenesis of Endothelial Cells. J Dent Res 2019; 98:803-812. [PMID: 31017515 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519843886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are capable of facilitating angiogenesis resembling pericytes when located adjacent to endothelial cells (ECs). Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms orchestrating their proangiogenic functions remain unclear. Using a 3-dimensional (3-D) fibrin gel model, we aimed to investigate whether EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling in DPSCs plays a role in supporting vascular morphogenesis mediated by ECs, together with the underlying mechanism involved. The EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling was inhibited either by a pharmacological inhibitor of EphB4 receptor or by knocking down the expressions of EphrinB2 and EphB4 using lentiviral small hairpin RNA (shRNA). DPSCs were either encapsulated in fibrin gel together with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) or cultured as a monolayer on top of HUVECs to investigate both paracrine and juxtacrine interactions simultaneously. Following 10 d of direct coculture, we found that pharmacological inhibition of EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling severely impaired vessel formation and laminin deposition. When directly cocultured with HUVECs, knockdown of EphrinB2 or EphB4 in DPSCs significantly inhibited endothelial sprouting, resulting in less capillary sprouts with reduced vessel length (P < 0.05). By contrast, when DPSCs were not in direct contact with HUVECs, attenuation of EphrinB2 or EphB4 expression levels in DPSCs did not exert any significant effects on capillary morphogenesis. Noticeably, exogenous stimulation with soluble EphrinB2-Fc or EphB4-Fc (1 µg/mL) enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion from DPSCs, thereby moderately promoting angiogenic cascades in the fibrin matrix. This study, for the first time, reveals a crucial role of EphrinB2/EphB4 signaling in regulating the capacity of DPSCs to induce sprouting angiogenesis. These findings advance our understanding of postnatal angiogenesis and may have future regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gong
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,4 HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Hong Kong, China
| | - J Xu
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - B Heng
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - S Qiu
- 2 Shenzhen Key Laboratory of ENT, Institute of ENT & Longgang ENT Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - B Yi
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y Han
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - E C M Lo
- 3 Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Zhang
- 1 Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,4 HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Hong Kong, China
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Vascularity and VEGF/VEGFR2 Signaling in the Dentine-Pulp Complex of Immature and Mature Permanent Teeth. Eur Endod J 2018; 3:153-159. [PMID: 32161871 PMCID: PMC7006575 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2018.07269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the microvessel density (MVD) and spatial distribution of endothelial cells and angiogenic activity in immature and mature permanent teeth using immunohistochemistry. Methods Healthy third molars with immature and mature root development were formalin-fixed, decalcified in 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and processed for routine immunohistochemistry with endothelial cell markers anti-CD34 and anti-CD146 and angiogenic markers anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2). Staining was visualized with diaminobenzidine and examined using light microscopy. The distribution of markers was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in the coronal, middle, and apical regions of the dentine-pulp complex. Results There were spatial differences in protein expression for immature and mature teeth. The pulps of immature teeth were more vascular, had a greater number of CD34+ and CD146+ cells, and a significantly higher MVD in the coronal region than those of mature teeth (P=0.03). The apical papilla contained few blood vessels. VEGF/VEGFR2 activity was significantly greater for immature teeth (P=0.001). VEGF was expressed throughout the pulp-dentine complex, but there was significantly more growth factor coronally (immature P=0.04 and mature P=0.02). VEGFR2 was expressed less than VEGF but was seen on the endothelial cells and single cells unrelated to a vessel lumen. Conclusion The spatial distribution of vascular and angiogenic (VEGF/VEGFR2) markers indicates the potential for altered healing responses in the pulps of immature and mature teeth. Immature teeth have a greater MVD and VEGF/VEGFR2 expression than mature teeth, and the increased expression of these markers in the coronal region of both tooth types is important for pulp healing.
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Koutsoumparis A, Vassili A, Bakopoulou A, Ziouta A, Tsiftsoglou AS. Erythropoietin (rhEPOa) promotes endothelial transdifferentiation of stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP). Arch Oral Biol 2018; 96:96-103. [PMID: 30205239 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted worldwide attention for their capacity to repair damaged tissue, immunosuppression, ability to differentiate into several cell types and their secretome. Earlier studies have demonstrated their angiogenic potential in vitro and in vivo. However, little is known regarding pro-angiogenic inducers of stable endothelial transdifferentiation of MSCs. Here, we employed human MSCs from the Apical Papilla (SCAP) and investigated whether recombinant human erythropoietin-alpha (rhEPOa) could act as such inducer. DESIGN Cultured SCAP cells were exposed to rhEPOa and assessed for cell growth kinetics, viability and morphology, as well as their capacity to form capillary tubule structures in selected microenvironments. RT-PCR was used to monitor endothelial markers and activation of EPO/EPOR pathway signaling components; while gelatin zymographies to assess activation of MMP-2. RESULTS rhEPOa treatment initially (48 h) accelerated cell proliferation and allowed SCAP to sprout micro-tubular structures. Morphological and biochemical differentiation was accompanied by activation of MMP-2 and upregulation of PECAM-1, VEGFR2, vWF and VE-cadherin/CDH5. SCAP expressed the cognate EPO-R, while rhEPOa-treated SCAP exhibited higher expression of molecules involved in EPO/EPOR pathway (EPOR and JAK2). CONCLUSION rhEPOa is capable of promoting endothelial transdifferentiation of SCAP which may be of clinical value in treating of ischemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Koutsoumparis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Angelina Vassili
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Argyro Ziouta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece
| | - Asterios S Tsiftsoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (A.U.Th), Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.
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Marei MK, El Backly RM. Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Translational Regenerative Dentistry: From Artificial to Biological Replacement. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:49. [PMID: 29770323 PMCID: PMC5941981 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentistry is a continuously changing field that has witnessed much advancement in the past century. Prosthodontics is that branch of dentistry that deals with replacing missing teeth using either fixed or removable appliances in an attempt to simulate natural tooth function. Although such "replacement therapies" appear to be easy and economic they fall short of ever coming close to their natural counterparts. Complications that arise often lead to failures and frequent repairs of such devices which seldom allow true physiological function of dental and oral-maxillofacial tissues. Such factors can critically affect the quality of life of an individual. The market for dental implants is continuously growing with huge economic revenues. Unfortunately, such treatments are again associated with frequent problems such as peri-implantitis resulting in an eventual loss or replacement of implants. This is particularly influential for patients having co-morbid diseases such as diabetes or osteoporosis and in association with smoking and other conditions that undoubtedly affect the final treatment outcome. The advent of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine therapies along with the enormous strides taken in their associated interdisciplinary fields such as stem cell therapy, biomaterial development, and others may open arenas to enhancing tissue regeneration via designing and construction of patient-specific biological and/or biomimetic substitutes. This review will overview current strategies in regenerative dentistry while overviewing key roles of dental mesenchymal stem cells particularly those of the dental pulp, until paving the way to precision/translational regenerative medicine therapies for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona K Marei
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania M El Backly
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Endodontics, Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Angiogenic Capacity of Dental Pulp Stem Cell Regulated by SDF-1 α-CXCR4 Axis. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:8085462. [PMID: 28588623 PMCID: PMC5447288 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8085462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the perivascular characteristics of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were reported, which suggested the potential application of DPSCs as perivascular cell source. In this study, we investigated whether DPSCs had angiogenic capacity by coinjection with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vivo; in addition, we determined the role of stromal cell-derived factor 1-α (SDF-1α) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) axis in the mutual interaction between DPSCs and HUVECs. Primarily isolated DPSCs showed mesenchymal stem cell- (MSC-) like characteristics. Moreover, DPSCs expressed perivascular markers such as NG2, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), and CD146. In vivo angiogenic capacity of DPSCs was demonstrated by in vivo Matrigel plug assay. We could observe microvessel-like structures in the coinjection of DPSCs and HUVECs at 7 days postinjection. To block SDF-1α and CXCR4 axis between DPSCs and HUVECs, AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, was added into Matrigel plug. No significant microvessel-like structures were observed at 7 days postinjection. In conclusion, DPSCs have perivascular characteristics that contribute to in vivo angiogenesis. The findings of this study have potential applications in neovascularization of engineered tissues and vascular diseases.
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Piva E, Tarlé SA, Nör JE, Zou D, Hatfield E, Guinn T, Eubanks EJ, Kaigler D. Dental Pulp Tissue Regeneration Using Dental Pulp Stem Cells Isolated and Expanded in Human Serum. J Endod 2017; 43:568-574. [PMID: 28216268 PMCID: PMC5797986 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental pulp-derived stem cells (DPSCs) have the potential to regenerate dentin and dental pulp tissue because of their differentiation capacity and angiogenic properties. However, for regenerative approaches to gain regulatory and clinical acceptance, protocols are needed to determine more feasible ways to cultivate DPSCs, namely, without the use of xenogeneic-derived components (animal sera) and exogenous growth factors. METHODS In this study, human DPSCs were isolated from third molars and expanded in standard culture conditions containing fetal bovine serum (DPSCs-FBS) or conditions containing human serum (DPSCs-HS). After cell characterization and evaluation of their angiogenic secretome, DPSCs were seeded in tooth slice/scaffolds and implanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. After 30 days, tooth slices were retrieved and evaluated for dental pulp tissue regeneration. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to quantify blood vessel formation and evaluate predentin and dentin formation. RESULTS After culture, DPSCs-HS produced concentrations of angiogenic growth factors equivalent to DPSCs-FBS. Additionally, in DPSCs-HS, several angiogenic factors were produced in at least 1-fold higher concentrations than in DPSCs-FBS. In vivo, it was determined that DPSCs-HS produced a robust angiogenic response and regeneration of dentin equivalent to DPSCs-FBS. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that DPSCs can be isolated and expanded to clinical scale numbers in media devoid of animal serum or exogenous growth factors and still maintain their pulp regenerative properties. The implications of these findings are significant for further development of clinical protocols using DPSCs in cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Piva
- Department of Cariology and Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Susan A Tarlé
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jacques E Nör
- Department of Cariology and Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Duohong Zou
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth Hatfield
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tyler Guinn
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily J Eubanks
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Darnell Kaigler
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Stem Cells of Dental Origin: Current Research Trends and Key Milestones towards Clinical Application. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:4209891. [PMID: 27818690 PMCID: PMC5081960 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4209891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), including Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs), Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth (SHED), and Stem Cells From Apical Papilla (SCAP), have been extensively studied using highly sophisticated in vitro and in vivo systems, yielding substantially improved understanding of their intriguing biological properties. Their capacity to reconstitute various dental and nondental tissues and the inherent angiogenic, neurogenic, and immunomodulatory properties of their secretome have been a subject of meticulous and costly research by various groups over the past decade. Key milestone achievements have exemplified their clinical utility in Regenerative Dentistry, as surrogate therapeutic modules for conventional biomaterial-based approaches, offering regeneration of damaged oral tissues instead of simply “filling the gaps.” Thus, the essential next step to validate these immense advances is the implementation of well-designed clinical trials paving the way for exploiting these fascinating research achievements for patient well-being: the ultimate aim of this ground breaking technology. This review paper presents a concise overview of the major biological properties of the human dental MSCs, critical for the translational pathway “from bench to clinic.”
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Rombouts C, Giraud T, Jeanneau C, About I. Pulp Vascularization during Tooth Development, Regeneration, and Therapy. J Dent Res 2016; 96:137-144. [PMID: 28106505 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516671688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulp is a highly vascularized tissue situated in an inextensible environment surrounded by rigid dentin walls, with the apical foramina being the only access. The pulp vascular system is not only responsible for nutrient supply and waste removal but also contributes actively to the pulp inflammatory response and subsequent regeneration. This review discusses the underlying mechanisms of pulp vascularization during tooth development, regeneration, and therapeutic procedures, such as tissue engineering and tooth transplantation. Whereas the pulp vascular system is established by vasculogenesis during embryonic development, sprouting angiogenesis is the predominant process during regeneration and therapeutic processes. Hypoxia can be considered a common driving force. Dental pulp cells under hypoxic stress release proangiogenic factors, with vascular endothelial growth factor being one of the most potent. The benefit of exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor application in tissue engineering has been well demonstrated. Interestingly, dental pulp stem cells have an important role in pulp revascularization. Indeed, recent studies show that dental pulp stem cell secretome possesses angiogenic potential that actively contributes to the angiogenic process by guiding endothelial cells and even by differentiating themselves into the endothelial lineage. Although considerable insight has been obtained in the processes underlying pulp vascularization, many questions remain relating to the signaling pathways, timing, and influence of various stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rombouts
- 1 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France
| | - T Giraud
- 1 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France.,2 Service d'Odontologie, Hôpital Timone, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - C Jeanneau
- 1 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France
| | - I About
- 1 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, Inst Movement Sci, Marseille, France
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The Neurovascular Properties of Dental Stem Cells and Their Importance in Dental Tissue Engineering. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9762871. [PMID: 27688777 PMCID: PMC5027319 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9762871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the field of tissue engineering, natural tissues are reconstructed by combining growth factors, stem cells, and different biomaterials to serve as a scaffold for novel tissue growth. As adequate vascularization and innervation are essential components for the viability of regenerated tissues, there is a high need for easily accessible stem cells that are capable of supporting these functions. Within the human tooth and its surrounding tissues, different stem cell populations can be distinguished, such as dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human deciduous teeth, stem cells from the apical papilla, dental follicle stem cells, and periodontal ligament stem cells. Given their straightforward and relatively easy isolation from extracted third molars, dental stem cells (DSCs) have become an attractive source of mesenchymal-like stem cells. Over the past decade, there have been numerous studies supporting the angiogenic, neuroprotective, and neurotrophic effects of the DSC secretome. Together with their ability to differentiate into endothelial cells and neural cell types, this makes DSCs suitable candidates for dental tissue engineering and nerve injury repair.
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