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Costa SA, Nascimento GG, Leite FRM, Ribeiro CCC, de Fatima Carvalho Souza S. Intake and serum levels of micronutrients and chronic oral diseases burden. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2685-2694. [PMID: 37288704 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate pathways from micronutrient intake and serum levels to Chronic Oral Diseases Burden. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data from NHANES III (n = 7936) and NHANES 2011-2014 (n = 4929). The exposure was the intake and serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus. Considering the high correlation of those micronutrients in the diet, they were analyzed as a latent variable dubbed Micronutrient intake. The outcome was the Chronic Oral Diseases Burden, a latent variable formed by probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, furcation involvement, caries, and missing teeth. Pathways triggered by gender, age, socioeconomic status, obesity, smoking, and alcohol were also estimated using structural equation modeling. RESULTS In both NHANES cycles, micronutrient intake (p-value < 0.05) and vitamin D serum (p-value < 0.05) were associated with a lower Chronic Oral Diseases Burden. Micronutrient intake reduced the Chronic Oral Diseases Burden via vitamin D serum (p-value < 0.05). Obesity increased the Chronic Oral Diseases Burden by reducing vitamin D serum (p-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION Higher micronutrient intake and higher vitamin D serum levels seem to reduce Chronic Oral Diseases Burden. Healthy diet policies may jointly tackle caries, periodontitis, obesity, and other non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gustavo G Nascimento
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Oral Health ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Fábio R M Leite
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
- Oral Health ACP, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Cecilia Claudia Costa Ribeiro
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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2
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Anju V, Raj NS. Caries assessment and salivary microbial analysis in patients diagnosed with mucopolysaccharidosis. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2024; 42:83-90. [PMID: 38957904 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_28_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is a group of lysosomal storage disorders that cause the deposition of polysaccharides in cells. This causes systemic and oral manifestations, which can be observed clinically and radiographically. The present study aimed to assess dental caries, the effect of salivary pH, and the change of microflora on teeth in patients diagnosed with MPS. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included children affected with mucopolysaccharidosis (n = 50) and healthy children (n = 50) in the control group between 3 and 15 years of age. The pH of saliva and decayed, missing, and filled teeth/decayed extracted and filled teeth index were noted and recorded. For the microbial analysis, saliva was inoculated into blood agar, MacConkey agar, Candida CHROMagar, and Mitis Salivarius agar, then inspected for colony-forming units, which were counted and recorded based on the colony characteristics and gram staining. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Intergroup comparison of the test parameters was done using the Mann-Whitney test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The results showed significantly higher total microbial load (P = 0.00008), streptococcus viridans species (P = 0.00001), and Candida species (P = 0.0038) in the study group. The caries incidence was also higher in the study group for both primary (P = 0.0096) and permanent dentition (P = 0.0251), and salivary pH was more acidic (P = 0.00001) in the patients diagnosed with MPS. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION Patients diagnosed with MPS have a higher microbial load, more acidic saliva, and subsequently, a higher caries incidence than normal healthy children. Hence, regular dental evaluation, prevention, and treatment must be integrated into their health-care regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Anju
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, PSM College of Dental Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - N Sunil Raj
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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3
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Durá-Travé T, Gallinas-Victoriano F. Dental caries in children and vitamin D deficiency: a narrative review. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:523-528. [PMID: 37966493 PMCID: PMC10912272 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries represents one of the most prevalent health problems in childhood. Numerous studies have assessed that vitamin D deficiency is highly related to dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children. The aim of this study is to elaborate a narrative review about proposed mechanisms by which vitamin D deficiency interacts with dental caries process in children. Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may cause intrauterine enamel defects, and through childhood is accompanied by insufficient activity of antibacterial peptides, decreased saliva secretion, and a low level of calcium in saliva. Conclusion: In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency would increase the risk of caries in the primary and/or permanent dentition. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and dental caries is evident enough for vitamin D deficiency to be considered as a risk factor for dental caries in children. Optimal levels of vitamin D throughout pregnancy and childhood may be considered an additional preventive measure for dental caries in the primary and permanent dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Durá-Travé
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Avenue Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- Navarrabiomed (Biomedical Research Center), Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano
- Navarrabiomed (Biomedical Research Center), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Universitary, Pamplona, Spain
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4
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Beckett DM, Vaz Viegas S, Broadbent JM, Wheeler BJ, Bērziņš K, Fraser-Miller SJ, Gordon KC, Drummond BK, Mahoney EK, Loch C. An Exploration of Mineral Density, Elemental and Chemical Composition of Primary Teeth in Relation to Cord-Blood Vitamin D, Using Laboratory Analysis Techniques. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1846-1855. [PMID: 37877440 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Postnatally, severe vitamin D deficiency commonly results in rickets as well as potential defects in tooth mineralization. The effects of milder deficiency on oral health outcomes later in life are still unclear. This study used micro-computed tomography (μCT), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy to investigate mineral density, total density, and elemental composition of enamel and dentine in 63 exfoliated primary incisors from participants with known 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25-OHD) at birth. No differences in mineralization and chemical composition using μCT and EDX analysis were observed irrespective of 25-OHD status. Subtle structural differences were observed via Raman spectroscopy, with more crystalline enamel observed in those with sufficient 25-OHD at birth. Although subtle, the differences seen suggest further attention should be given to children with known milder levels of vitamin D deficiency in early life. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Beckett
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shaun Vaz Viegas
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan M Broadbent
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin J Wheeler
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Te Whatu Ora Southern, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kārlis Bērziņš
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Erin K Mahoney
- Dental Department, Te Whatu Ora Capital, Coast and Hutt Valley, Wellington, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Carolina Loch
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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5
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Bumbu BA, Luca MM, Buzatu R. Examining the Role of Vitamin D in Caries Susceptibility in Children's Deciduous Teeth: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4826. [PMID: 38004220 PMCID: PMC10675460 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of dental caries in deciduous teeth remains a significant health concern, affecting almost 70% of children by the age of six in specific regions. This systematic review aspired to methodically investigate the association between vitamin D levels and susceptibility to caries in children's deciduous teeth. A detailed search, guided by the PRISMA and PROSPERO guidelines, was conducted across three prominent electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, culminating in August 2023. The search integrated various keywords related to vitamin D and dental caries in primary dentition, yielding an initial pool of 1678 articles. After meticulous scrutiny, seven studies with a total of 7655 participants were deemed suitable for inclusion. The studies represented diverse geographical regions, showcasing varied vitamin D levels and sun exposure. Patient habits like brushing frequency, dental visits, and vitamin consumption also varied across studies. The analysis pinpointed vitamin D deficiency as a potential risk factor in some of the studies, with Odds Ratios (OR) ranging from 0.68 to 2.15. Statistically significant associations between vitamin D deficiency and caries susceptibility were documented in three studies (ORs of 2.15, 1.98, and 1.70). This comprehensive review elucidates the complex relationship between vitamin D levels and dental caries in children's deciduous teeth. While some studies spotlight vitamin D's pivotal role in dental health, inconsistencies across studies and regional differences necessitate more in-depth, globally representative investigations. Ensuring optimal vitamin D levels may play an integral role in dental health strategies. However, it is important to highlight that the roles of these studied factors might differ in deciduous teeth compared to permanent teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Andrei Bumbu
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Magda Mihaela Luca
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Buzatu
- Department of Dental Aesthetics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Revolutiei Boulevard 9, 300041 Timisoara, Romania;
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Li Z, Wei X, Shao Z, Liu H, Bai S. Correlation between vitamin D levels in serum and the risk of dental caries in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:768. [PMID: 37858104 PMCID: PMC10585927 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D plays a crucial role in oral health, and its deficiency is associated to significant changes in oral health diseases. We aimed to explore the relationship between levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) and dental caries in children. METHODS Four electronic databases were searched by two investigators including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Dental caries results were presented as either prevalence or based on the index of primary and permanent teeth/surfaces with decaying, missing, and filled areas, while vitamin D levels were determined through laboratory testing. Two researchers independently selected studies, collected information, assessed risk of bias, and evaluated the study quality. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion. RESULTS A total of 13 studies were included, comprising 5 cross-sectional studies, 5 cohort studies, 3 case-control studies, all of which had high methodological quality. Our meta-analysis showed that children with vitamin D deficiency had a 22% higher risk of dental caries than those with normal vitamin D levels, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.22 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.18 to 1. 25. Further subgroup analysis according to the three types of studies showed that the risk of dental caries in children with vitamin D deficiency was higher than that in normal vitamin D level group (cohort studies: 62%; cross-sectional studies, 19%; and case-control studies, 5%). Additionally, according to age, subgroup analysis also showed that the risk of dental caries in children with vitamin D deficiency was higher than that in normal vitamin D level group (permanent teeth studies, 28%; deciduous teeth studies, 68%; and mixed dentition studies 8%). CONCLUSIONS Levels of 25 (OH) D have been found negatively associated with dental caries in children, indicating that low vitamin D levels may be considered a potential risk factor to this dental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhan Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Shizhu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Digital Center of School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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7
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Tan L, Zhong MM, Zhao YQ, Zhao J, Dusenge MA, Feng Y, Ye Q, Hu J, Ou-Yang ZY, Chen NX, Su XL, Zhang Q, Liu Q, Yuan H, Wang MY, Feng YZ, Guo Y. Type 1 diabetes, glycemic traits, and risk of dental caries: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Genet 2023; 14:1230113. [PMID: 37881806 PMCID: PMC10597668 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1230113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Regarding past epidemiological studies, there has been disagreement over whether type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is one of the risk factors for dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the causative links between genetic susceptibility to T1DM, glycemic traits, and the risk of dental caries using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches. Methods: Summary-level data were collected on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T1DM, fasting glucose (FG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FI), and dental caries. MR was performed using the inverse-variance weighting (IVW) method, and sensitivity analyses were conducted using the MR-Egger method, weighted median, weighted mode, replication cohort, and multivariable MR conditioning on potential mediators. Results: The risk of dental caries increased as a result of genetic susceptibility to T1DM [odds ratio (OR) = 1.044; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.015-1.074; p = 0.003], with consistent findings in the replication cohort. The relationship between T1DM and dental caries was stable when adjusted for BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in multivariable MR. However, no significant correlations between the risk of dental caries and FG, HbA1c, or FI were found. Conclusion: These results indicate that T1DM has causal involvement in the genesis of dental caries. Therefore, periodic reinforcement of oral hygiene instructions must be added to the management and early multidisciplinary intervention of T1DM patients, especially among adolescents and teenagers, who are more susceptible to T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yun-Zhi Feng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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8
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Rigo L, Bidinotto AB, Hugo FN, Neves M, Hilgert JB. Untreated caries and serum vitamin D levels in children and youth of the United States: NHANES 2013-2014. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:99-106. [PMID: 36888850 PMCID: PMC10027104 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between serum vitamin D levels and untreated caries and determining factors in children and youth. METHODOLOGY This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2014). In total, 3,072 participants with ages ranging from 1 to 19 years were included in our sample. The main dependent variable, untreated caries, was defined as having at least one untreated carious surface in any tooth. Serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was categorized into four groups: ≥75 nmol/ml, 50-74.9 nmol/ml, 25-49.9 nmol/ml, and <25 nmol/ml. Data were analyzed using a binary logistic regression. RESULTS For children aged 1-5 years, age (OR = 1.68, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) 1.38-2.04) and low levels of vitamin D (25-49.9 nmol/ml, and <25 nmol/ml: OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.06-6.13) were associated with untreated caries. For children aged 6-11 years, low levels of vitamin D (50-74.9 nmol/ml: OR=1.45, 95% CI 1.16-1.82) remained associated with untreated caries. No associations were found in those between 12 and 19 years of age. CONCLUSION Our findings show an association between low levels of 25(OH)D and untreated caries in children between 1 and 11 years of age, suggesting that this nutrient might interfere in the caries process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Rigo
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, ATITUS, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Augusto Bacelo Bidinotto
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Neves Hugo
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Neves
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Balbinot Hilgert
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Vinod A, Raj SN, Anand A, Shirly AD. Dental Considerations for the Treatment of Patients with Morquio Syndrome. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15:707-710. [PMID: 36866126 PMCID: PMC9973083 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Morquio syndrome, also called Mucopolysaccharidosis IV (MPS IV), is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic lysosomal disorder that results in the deposition of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in various tissues and organs, resulting in an array of signs and symptoms. The aim of the study was to systematically record the clinical features with a special emphasis on oral manifestations of patients diagnosed with MPS IV and asses the dental treatment implications of the disease manifestations. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients diagnosed with MPS IV (n = 26). A complete clinical and oral examination was done and the findings were systemically recorded. Results The study showed that the patients diagnosed with MPS IV have multiple treatment challenges owing to the range of disease manifestations. Furthermore, they have higher oral health care needs because of the anatomical and pathological changes. Conclusion and clinical significance Dental professionals must be aware of the implications of the disease manifestation and their accompanying challenges while treating patients with MPS IV. The oral health needs are higher for these patients and regular dental evaluation and treatment must be incorporated into their health care regimen. How to cite this article Vinod A, Raj SN, Anand A, et al. Dental Considerations for the Treatment of Patients with Morquio Syndrome. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(6):707-710.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Vinod
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, P. S. M. College of Dental Science & Research, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Sunil N Raj
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anitha Anand
- Department of Paedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences (BIDS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Arjun Dilip Shirly
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Kollam, Kerala, India
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Vitamin D Supplementation, Characteristics of Mastication, and Parent-Supervised Toothbrushing as Crucial Factors in the Prevention of Caries in 12- to 36-Month-Old Children. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204358. [PMID: 36297042 PMCID: PMC9607142 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), defined as any sign of smooth-surface caries in a child younger than three years of age, remains a serious health issue. The aim of this study was to indicate oral health behaviours related to S-ECC. The study surveyed parents (socio-economic and medical factors, oral health behaviours) and clinically examined children including non-cavitated d1,2/cavitated d ≥ 3 lesions. %S-ECC, and caries indices (d1,2 d ≥ 3 mft and d1,2 d ≥ 3 mfs) were calculated. Spearman’s correlation and simple and multiple logistic regression were used to assess the relationships between various factors and S-ECC. A total of 496 children were examined. S-ECC occurred in 44.8%: d1,2 d ≥ 3 mft = 2.62 ± 3.88, d1,2 d ≥ 3 mfs = 4.46 ± 8.42. S-ECC was correlated with socio-economic factors, vitamin D supplementation, breastfeeding and using formula after the 18th month, and toothbrushing. Supplementation of vitamin D and toothbrushing tended to decrease the odds of S-ECC (OR = 0.49 (0.27−0.87); p = 0.016, OR = 0.46 (0.24−0.86) p = 0.015, respectively). Feeding exclusively with formula was observed to increase the odds of S-ECC (OR = 2.20 (1.29−3.76); p = 0.004). Consuming > three snacks daily (OR = 1.39 (0.97−1.98); p = 0.072) and the reluctance to eat resilient foods (OR = 1.63 (1.05−2.51); p = 0.028) were nullified by the confounding factors. Vitamin D supplementation, mastication of resilient food, breastfeeding in the first six months of a baby’s life, and parent-supervised toothbrushing are factors in the prevention of caries in toddlers. Breast- and bottle-feeding after the 18th month of life, the reluctance to eat solids, lack of vitamin D supplementation, hygienic neglect, and delay in introducing oral health behaviours may contribute to the development of caries in toddlers.
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Healthy Food, Healthy Teeth: A Formative Study to Assess Knowledge of Foods for Oral Health in Children and Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142984. [PMID: 35889941 PMCID: PMC9319718 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating patterns characterised by low intakes of processed carbohydrates and higher intakes of fat- and Vitamin D-rich foods are associated with protection against dental caries. The aim of this formative study was to evaluate the extent to which the knowledge of children and adults of foods for oral health reflects dietary guideline advice, and the evidence base for foods associated with increased and decreased caries burdens. Using a novel card-sorting task, the participants categorised foods according to their knowledge of each food for oral health. There were no differences between children and adults in the categorisation of fresh, minimally processed foods. Fish, chicken, and red meat were categorised as healthy by significantly fewer children than adults. High-sugar foods were correctly characterised as unhealthy by nearly all participants. More children categorised breakfast cereals as healthy than adults. There were no statistically significant differences between children and adults for the categorisation of brown or wholegrain breads categorised as healthy. The alignment of the participants’ beliefs with dietary guideline recommendations suggests education through health promotion initiatives is successful in achieving knowledge acquisition in children and adults. However, recommendations to increase the intake of refined carbohydrates inadvertently advocate foods associated with increased caries burdens.
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12
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The association between vitamin D levels and caries experience in children and youth participating in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016. J Am Dent Assoc 2022; 153:848-858.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Hu Z, Zhou F, Xu H. Circulating vitamin C and D concentrations and risk of dental caries and periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study. J Clin Periodontol 2022; 49:335-344. [PMID: 35112385 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM This Mendelian randomization (MR) study was performed to explore the causal relationship among circulating vitamin C and D levels, dental caries, and periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS MR analyses were conducted with the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, weighted median, MR-Egger approaches, and MR-robust adjusted profile score method to assess the causal relationships between circulating vitamin C and D concentrations and dental caries, the number of remaining natural permanent teeth in the mouth (N teeth), and periodontitis. RESULTS We found potential causal association of circulating vitamin D concentrations with N teeth (β = 0.085; 95% confidence interval: 0.019 to 0.150; p = .012) based on the IVW method. No significant causal relationship between circulating vitamin D levels and dental caries and periodontitis was observed. Similarly, no evidence supported a causal relationship between circulating vitamin C concentrations and the risk of dental caries, N teeth, and periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS There is no obvious evidence suggesting a causal relationship among circulating vitamin D, dental caries, and periodontitis, drawing into question the mechanism for any association with N teeth. Additionally, there is insufficient power to detect small effects in vitamin C levels and caries and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Hu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feixiang Zhou
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huilan Xu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Duman S, Bilmez Selen M, Demir P. Evaluation of the relationship between severe early childhood caries and vitamin D. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Vitamin D Review: The Low Hanging Fruit for Human Health. J Nutr Metab 2021; 2021:6335681. [PMID: 34900350 PMCID: PMC8660220 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6335681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an important hormone that is known for the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism. Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults leading to poor bone mineralisation and can also lead to serious dental complications in the same population. Recent studies have shown vitamin D to work as a hormone needed not only in bone and teeth but also in other body organs from intrauterine life up to old age. It has been demonstrated that Vitamin D has various effects on biological processes that deal with cell growth, differentiation, cell death, immune regulation, DNA stability, and neuronal growth. Despite being readily formed in the body through the intervention of the sun, patients are still found to have low vitamin D levels. We review studies done to show how vitamin D works.
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16
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Association between Vitamin D and Dental Caries in a Sample of Canadian and American Preschool-Aged Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124465. [PMID: 34960016 PMCID: PMC8706858 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inadequate vitamin D levels may increase the risk of caries during childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) status and severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) in preschool children. Methods: Data were obtained from children <72 months of age in two case–control studies in Winnipeg, Manitoba and Richmond, Virginia. Serum analysis assessed 25(OH)D, calcium and parathyroid concentrations. Data on demographics, dental history and oral hygiene were obtained via questionnaires. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationships between demographic and biological variables and S-ECC. A p-value of ≤0.05 was significant. Results: Data were available for 200 children with S-ECC and 144 caries-free controls. Children with S-ECC had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels than those who were caries-free (p < 0.001), and children with deficient 25(OH)D levels were 10 times more likely to have S-ECC (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed that having higher 25(OH)D and calcium concentrations (p = 0.019 and p < 0.0001, respectively), as well as being breastfed in infancy (p < 0.001), were significantly and independently associated with lower odds of S-ECC, while dental insurance (p = 0.006) was associated with higher odds of S-ECC. Conclusions: This study provides additional evidence of an association between nutritional status, specifically vitamin D and calcium levels, and S-ECC.
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Xavier TA, Madalena IR, da Silva RAB, da Silva LAB, Silva MJB, De Rossi A, Küchler EC, Fukada SY. Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for delayed tooth eruption associated with persistent primary tooth. Acta Odontol Scand 2021; 79:600-605. [PMID: 33944665 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2021.1918762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To verify the association between 25(OH)D level and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) with the disturbance in the dental development and eruption. DESIGN A total of 183 children from two datasets were evaluated. The first dataset was a case-control (15:15) designed to assess if persistent primary tooth (PPT) is associate with serum 25(OH)D level and with genetic polymorphisms in VDR. The second dataset of genomic DNA samples from 54 children with delayed tooth eruption (DTE) and 99 controls were analysed to verify if genetic polymorphisms in VDR (rs2228570 and rs739837) are associated with DTE. The 25(OH)D and the genotyping/allele distribution were analysed using the T-test and chi-square test, respectively. RESULTS The level of 25(OH)D in the PPT group (24.9 ± 6.4 mg/mL) was significantly lower than the control (30.0 ± 7.0 mg/mL) (p=.047). Our data show that children with 25(OH)D deficiency are more likely to present PPT (OR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.51, 3.70). The rs739837 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were not associated with DTE (OR = 1.44; 95%CI: 0.87, 2.39 and OR = 0.80; 95%CI: 0.45, 1.44, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for PPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Aparecida Xavier
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo – Avenida do Café, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabela Ribeiro Madalena
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratory of Tumor Biomarkers and Osteoimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Andiara De Rossi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yasuyo Fukada
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo – Avenida do Café, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Dodhia SA, West NX, Thomas SJ, Timpson NJ, Johansson I, Lif Holgerson P, Dudding T, Haworth S. Examining the causal association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and caries in children and adults: a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:281. [PMID: 34386609 PMCID: PMC8327219 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16369.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prior observational studies have reported that higher levels of vitamin D are associated with decreased caries risk in children. However, these studies are prone to bias and confounding so do not provide causal inference. Genetic variants associated with a risk factor of interest can be used as proxies, in a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, to test for causal association with an outcome. The objective was to estimate the causal association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (the commonly measured vitamin D metabolite in blood) and dental caries using a two-sample MR approach which estimates the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. Methods: A total of 79 genetic variants reliably associated with 25(OH)D were identified from genome-wide association studies and used as a proxy measure of 25(OH)D. The association of this proxy measure with three outcome measures was tested; specifically: caries in primary teeth (n=17,035, aged 3-12 years), caries in permanent teeth in childhood and adolescence (n=13,386, aged 6-18 years), and caries severity in adulthood proxied by decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS) counts (n=26,792, aged 18-93 years). Results: The estimated causal effect of a one standard deviation increase in natural log-transformed 25(OH)D could be summarized as an odds ratio of 1.06 (95%CI: 0.81, 1.31; P=0.66) for caries in primary teeth and 1.00 (95%CI: 0.76, 1.23; P=0.97) for caries in permanent teeth in childhood and adolescence. In adults, the estimated casual effect of a one standard deviation increase in natural log-transformed 25(OH)D was 0.31 fewer affected tooth surfaces (95%CI: from 1.81 fewer DMFS to 1.19 more DMFS; P=0.68) Conclusions: The MR-derived effect estimates for these three measures are small in magnitude with wide confidence intervals and do not provide evidence for a causal relationship between 25(OH)D and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena A. Dodhia
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Nicola X. West
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Steven J. Thomas
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Tom Dudding
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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19
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Mumena CH, Mudhihiri MH, Sasi R, Mlawa M, Nyerembe S, Akimbekov NS, Razzaque MS. The relevance of vitamin D in the oral health of HIV infected patients. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 211:105905. [PMID: 33962013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection affects 36.9 million people globally, and vitamin D deficiency is a global public health concern for HIV patients. Approximately 70 %-80 % of HIV-infected patients have vitamin D deficiency. The deficiency is associated with many pathologies such as immune disorders, infectious diseases, chronic inflammation, oral diseases, as well as the fast progression of HIV. The causes of vitamin D deficiency in HIV infections include HIV itself, traditional factors such as less sun exposure, mal-absorption, hypercholesterolemia, seasonal variation, poor nutrition as well as some HAART drugs like efavirenz. Vitamin D has an immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative function. In the oral cavity, it plays a significant role in preventing oral infections such as periodontal and gum diseases, dental caries, and oral candidiasis. The consequences of vitamin D deficiency are bone resorption, increased productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, T-lymphocytes, increased T-helper-1 functions, and decreased T-helper-2 functions. Consequently, this leads to increased infections, chronic inflammation, and the occurrence of oral diseases such as oral candidiasis, periodontal and gum diseases, and dental caries. The majority of these oral diseases are encountered in HIV patients. Vitamin D deficiency is significantly found in HIV patients. There is a lack of studies that directly link vitamin D to most oral diseases in HIV patients; however, the role of vitamin D in immunoregulation, prevention of oral diseases, and HIV infection is substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrispinus Hakimu Mumena
- Copper Belt University, School of Medicine, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Ndola, Zambia.
| | | | - Rajabu Sasi
- Copper Belt University, School of Medicine, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Majuto Mlawa
- Copper Belt University, School of Medicine, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Severine Nyerembe
- Copper Belt University, School of Medicine, Department of Dental Clinical Sciences, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Nuraly S Akimbekov
- Department of Biotechnology, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA, USA
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20
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Evaluation of Vitamin D (25OHD), Bone Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP), Serum Calcium, Serum Phosphorus, Ionized Calcium in Patients with Mandibular Third Molar Impaction. An Observational Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061938. [PMID: 34200107 PMCID: PMC8228145 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of vitamin D (25OHD) and other bone biomarkers in patients with third molar impaction (TMI). Thirty males and 30 females with unilateral or bilateral impacted mandibular third molar, and 15 males and 15 females as a control group (CG) were recruited. Rx-OPT was used to evaluate dental position and Pederson index to measure the difficulty of the intervention. Bone biomarkers were measured through blood venous sample in TMI group and CG. Mann-Whitney test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, linear regression model were used to compare the different parameters in the two groups. 25OHD showed lower values in TMI group than in CG (p < 0.05) with values significantly lower in bilateral impaction (p < 0.05). Pearson’s coefficient for 25OHD presented a negative correlation with the Pederson index (ρ = −0.75). Bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) showed significantly lower dosage in TMI group than CG (p = 0.02), Pearson’s coefficient for BALP presented a negative correlation with the Pederson index. Serum calcium, serum phosphorus, ionized calcium levels in TMI and CG groups were similar and Mann-Whitney test did not significantly differ between TMI and CG. TMI could be a sign of vitamin D deficiency and of low BALP levels that should be investigated.
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21
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Navarro CLA, Grgic O, Trajanoska K, van der Tas JT, Rivadeneira F, Wolvius EB, Voortman T, Kragt L. Associations Between Prenatal, Perinatal, and Early Childhood Vitamin D Status and Risk of Dental Caries at 6 Years. J Nutr 2021; 151:1993-2000. [PMID: 33982112 PMCID: PMC8245878 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that insufficient concentrations of vitamin D are associated with dental caries in primary teeth, but evidence remains inconclusive. OBJECTIVES We assessed the longitudinal associations between prenatal, perinatal, and early childhood serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations [25(OH)D] and the risk of dental caries in 6-year-old children. METHODS This research was conducted within the Generation R Study, a large, multi-ethnic, prospective cohort study located in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Dental caries were assessed in children using the decayed-missing-filled-primary teeth index at a mean age of 6.1 years (90% range, 4.8-9.1). We measured serum total 25(OH)D concentrations at 3 time points: prenatally (at 18-24 weeks of gestation), perinatally (at birth), and during early childhood (at age 6 years). We performed logistic regression analyses to determine the longitudinal association of serum 25(OH)D concentrations with caries risks in 5257 children. Additionally, we constructed a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) for the genetic predispositions to serum total 25(OH)D concentrations based on 6 vitamin D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms in a subsample of 3385 children. RESULTS Children with severe prenatal and early childhood serum 25(OH)D deficiencies (<25 nmol/L) were more likely to be diagnosed with caries [OR, 1.56 (95% CI, 1.18-2.06) and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.10-2.25), respectively] than children with optimal concentrations (≥75 nmol/L). After adjustment for residuals of serum 25(OH)D concentrations at other time points, only the early childhood serum 25(OH)D concentration was inversely associated with the caries risk at 6 years (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98). However, our GRS analysis showed that children who are genetically predisposed to have lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations do not have a higher risk of developing caries in primary teeth. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests a weak association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and risks of caries in primary teeth. Based on our results, we do not recommend vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of dental caries in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza L Andaur Navarro
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olja Grgic
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katerina Trajanoska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Justin T van der Tas
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eppo B Wolvius
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lea Kragt
- Address correspondence to LK (e-mail: )
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22
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Sachdev PK, Freeland-Graves J, Babaei M, Sanjeevi N, Zamora AB, Wright GJ. Associations Between Diet Quality and Dental Caries in Low-Income Women. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 121:2251-2259. [PMID: 33992584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) is a diet quality measure of conformity of diet to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. This tool is being used increasingly to assess relationships between diet quality and health outcomes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this research was to investigate the relationships between diet quality as measured by HEI-2015 total and component scores and Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth Index (DMFT) scores in low-income women. DESIGN In this cross-sectional study, low-income women were administered questionnaires and dental examinations on 1 occasion. The questionnaires included demographics, food frequency, and oral health questionnaires, and the US Adult Food Security Survey Module. PARTICIPANTS/SETTINGS Participants in this study were part of a larger research project-Impact of Diet and Nutrition on Dental Caries in Low-Income Women. For the larger research project, a total of 255 women aged 18 to 50 years with annual income <250% of the Federal Poverty Line were recruited from low-income housing units in Central Texas from June 1, 2018 to December 30, 2018. Of the 255 women, 28 underwent dental screenings but did not complete the questionnaires. Seven women were excluded because energy intakes exceeded 4,000 kcal/d. The final sample for the current analysis was 220 women who had completed their dental examinations and provided complete data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The exposure was diet quality and the main outcome measure was DMFT score. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Dental caries scores were calculated by addition of decayed, missing, and filled teeth. Descriptive statistics were conducted on the variables of age, race and ethnicity, education, annual household income, food security status, and frequency of brushing and flossing. Linear regression analysis was used to discern relationships between diet quality-as assessed by HEI-2015 total and component scores-and dental caries experience, adjusting for the covariates. RESULTS Caries in permanent teeth was present in 95.6% of participants. HEI-2015 total scores were inversely associated with dental caries. An increase of 1 point in total HEI-2015 score was accompanied by a decrease in DMFT score by 0.569 (P = .001). In addition, component scores for total vegetables (P = .001), greens and beans (P = .002), dairy (P = .004), refined grains (P = .001), and added sugars (P = .001) were inversely related to DMFT scores. CONCLUSIONS This research suggests that diet quality, as measured by the HEI-2015, is inversely associated with DMFT scores in low-income women. Future research is needed to investigate the influence of diet and nutrition on the integrity of oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prageet K Sachdev
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Jeanne Freeland-Graves
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
| | - Mahsa Babaei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Namrata Sanjeevi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Annemarie B Zamora
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
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Lei W, Tian H, Xia Y. Association Between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) Gene Polymorphism and Dental Caries Risk: A Meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:368-375. [PMID: 33960841 PMCID: PMC8140352 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated the association of the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene with dental caries. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SinoMed (the Chinese biomedical literature service system), and the Wiley Online Library. Overall comparisons and subgroup analyses based on ethnicity and the presence of dental caries in dentition were performed. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess associations between gene polymorphisms and the risk of dental caries. Results: Seven articles were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results revealed a significant association of the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism with dental caries in the allele contrast model (C vs. T: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.07–1.44, I2 = 42%, p = 0.005) and in the recessive genetic model (CC vs. TT/CT: OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.03–1.84, I2 = 0%, p = 0.03). A stratified analysis based on ethnicity revealed a significant association between the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism and the risk of dental caries in Asians (C vs. T: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.06–1.54, I2 = 60%, p = 0.009). Subgroup analysis based on the presence of dental caries in dentition found a significant association of the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism with permanent tooth caries in the allele contrast model (C vs. T: OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.11–1.77, I2 = 76%, p = 0.005) and the recessive genetic model (CC vs. TT/CT: OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.03–2.00, I2 = 0%, p = 0.03). Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the C allele and CC genotype of the TaqI (rs731236 T>C) polymorphism in the VDR gene are associated with an increased risk of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Haonan Tian
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinlan Xia
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
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24
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Olczak-Kowalczyk D, Kaczmarek U, Gozdowski D, Turska-Szybka A. Association of parental-reported vitamin D supplementation with dental caries of 3-year-old children in Poland: a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:6147-6158. [PMID: 33834312 PMCID: PMC8531070 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03914-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to assess the association between parental-reported vitamin D supplementation and caries in a national sample of 3-year-olds in Poland. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1900 children, representing all provinces of Poland, were invited. The questionnaires concerned vitamin D supplementation, socio-demographics, and oral health behaviours. Based on dental examination, caries scores (dmft/dmfs), prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and severe ECC (S-ECC) were calculated. The Spearman's correlation, linear regression and logistic regression were used to assess the association between various factors and caries (p < 0.05). RESULTS A total of 1638 children were tested. Of this number, 99.1% infants were supplemented with vitamin D. Supplementation had been continued seasonally in 55.2% children. ECC/S-ECC prevalence were significantly lower in children receiving vitamin D (ECC 38.3% vs. 44.7%, OR = 0.77; S-ECC 20.5% vs. 27.1%, OR = 0.69; p < 0.05). Mean dmft/dmfs were lower in those with supplementation (1.54 ± 2.72 vs. 2.24 ± 3.55; 2.40 ± 5.56 vs. 3.72 ± 7.56, respectively; p < 0.001). After controlling for confounding factors, supplementation was not significantly associated with caries; only dt/ds were still associated. Maternal education, sweetened beverages before bedtime, bottle use were significantly associated with S-ECC. CONCLUSIONS Lower caries prevalence was observed in those with vitamin D supplementation. The association between parental-reported vitamin D and ECC/S-ECC was not significant in Polish children. Decayed teeth and supplementation were still associated. Dietary habits can modify the association with caries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE There may be an association between vitamin D supplementation and lower caries in children. Parents should supplement their children during periods of significant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Olczak-Kowalczyk
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Binieckiego St. 6, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Kaczmarek
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Paedodontics, Medical University of Wroclaw, Krakowska St 26, 50 - 425, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dariusz Gozdowski
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Department of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166 ST., 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Turska-Szybka
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Binieckiego St. 6, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
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25
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Starek M, Mierzwa J, Gumułka P, Dąbrowska M. Vitamin D - current stage of knowledge about analysis and supplementation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4607-4621. [PMID: 33523712 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1877110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, topics related to the proper nutrition of the body, which requires a complex of compounds and supplementation of these ingredients have undoubtedly gained popularity, so it should come as no surprise that there is a widespread interest in vitamin D in science, medicine, analytics and nutrition. In the world of developing technologies, new directions of physiological action of this vitamin on the body are being discovered. Issues related to the demand for vitamin D in various populations and its sources in food, the appropriate form of supplementation, safety and toxicity are extremely important. The present manuscript focuses on the concise evaluation of key data in the field of vitamin D. Structure and physicochemical properties, demand and delivery trails, deficiency and its diagnosis, supplementation, interactions of vitamin D with supplements and drugs are discussed. Attention has also been paid to the methods of vitamin D analysis in various matrices, which allow for an accurate and precise quality assessment of dietary supplements, drugs and food products. The presented information allows deeper understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the development of many diseases in the context of vitamin D levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Starek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Mierzwa
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Gumułka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Dąbrowska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Serum Levels of Vitamin D and Dental Caries in 7-Year-Old Children in Porto Metropolitan Area. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010166. [PMID: 33430295 PMCID: PMC7825719 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with significant changes in dental structures. In children, it can induce enamel and dentin defects, which have been identified as risk factors for caries. This study aimed to assess the association between low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) levels (<30 ng/mL) and the prevalence of caries in the permanent teeth and mixed dentition of 7-year-old children. A sample of 335 children from the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal) was included. Data on children’s demographic and social conditions, health status, dental health behaviours, dental examination including erupted permanent first molars, and blood samples available for vitamin D analysis were collected. Dental outcomes included the presence of caries, including non-cavitated lesions (d1–6mft/D1–6MFT > 0), and advanced caries (d3–6mft/D3–6MF > 0). Serum 25(OH) D was measured using a competitive electrochemiluminescence immunoassay protein-binding assay. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used. Advanced caries in permanent teeth was significantly associated with children’s vitamin D levels <30 ng/mL, gastrointestinal disorders, higher daily intake of cariogenic food, and having had a dental appointment at ≤7 years old. Optimal childhood levels of vitamin D may be considered an additional preventive measure for dental caries in the permanent dentition.
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Madalena IR, Xavier TA, Cruz GV, Brancher JA, da Silva LAB, Paza AO, Segato RAB, Küchler EC. Evaluation of vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphisms with dental caries and developmental defects of enamel in Brazilian children. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdj.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dodhia SA, West NX, Thomas SJ, Timpson NJ, Johansson I, Lif Holgerson P, Dudding T, Haworth S. Is vitamin D a modifiable risk factor for dental caries? Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:281. [PMID: 34386609 PMCID: PMC8327219 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16369.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prior observational studies have reported that higher levels of vitamin D are associated with decreased caries risk in children. However, these studies are prone to bias and confounding so do not provide causal inference. Genetic variants associated with a risk factor of interest can be used as proxies, in a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, to test for causal association with an outcome. The objective was to estimate the causal association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (the commonly measured vitamin D metabolite in blood) and dental caries using a MR approach which estimates the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. Methods: A total of 79 genetic variants reliably associated with 25(OH)D were identified from genome-wide association studies and used as a proxy measure of 25(OH)D. The association of this proxy measure with three outcome measures was tested; specifically: caries in primary teeth (n=17,035, aged 3-12 years), caries in permanent teeth in childhood and adolescence (n=13,386, aged 6-18 years), and caries severity in adulthood proxied by decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS) counts (n=26,792, aged 18-93 years). Results: The estimated causal effect of a one standard deviation increase in natural log-transformed 25(OH)D could be summarized as an odds ratio of 1.06 (95%CI: 0.81, 1.31; P=0.66) for caries in primary teeth and 1.00 (95%CI: 0.76, 1.23; P=0.97) for caries in permanent teeth in childhood and adolescence. In adults, the estimated casual effect of a one standard deviation increase in natural log-transformed 25(OH)D was 0.31 fewer affected tooth surfaces (95%CI: from 1.81 fewer DMFS to 1.19 more DMFS; P=0.68) Conclusions: The MR-derived effect estimates for these three measures are small in magnitude with wide confidence intervals and do not provide evidence against the null hypothesis of no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena A. Dodhia
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Nicola X. West
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Steven J. Thomas
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Tom Dudding
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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Sumner O, Burbridge L. Plant-based milks: the dental perspective. Br Dent J 2020:10.1038/s41415-020-2058-9. [PMID: 32918058 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Consumption of plant-based milk in the UK is increasing at the expense of cow's milk. Cow's milk consumption has traditionally been advocated by the dental profession as 'good for teeth'.Aims To identify the range of plant-based milks available in the UK and compare their nutritional benefits with cow's milk. A secondary aim was to explore reasons behind the increase in popularity of plant-based milks and discuss dental relevance.Methods Branded plant-based milks available in UK supermarkets were identified and nutritional data collected. Data were obtained from product labelling and manufacturer websites. The sample was collected in December 2019.Results Eighty-two products were identified. Differences were observed between plant-based and cow's milk, in particular regarding calcium, iodine, vitamin B12 and sugar content. Sugar content varied from 0-7.6 g/100 ml.Conclusions Dairy is a key source of dietary iodine and many plant-based milks contain much lower levels. Many plant-based milks contain free sugars which are cariogenic. Dentists should be aware of this emerging market and be able to advise patients accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Sumner
- Post-CCST StR in Paediatric Dentistry, Newcastle Dental Hospital, Child Dental Health, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AZ, UK.
| | - Lucy Burbridge
- Consultant in Paediatric Dentistry, Newcastle Dental Hospital, Child Dental Health, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AZ, UK
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Ribaldone DG, Brigo S, Mangia M, Saracco GM, Astegiano M, Pellicano R. Oral Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Role of Non-Invasive Surrogate Markers of Disease Activity. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 7:E33. [PMID: 32560118 PMCID: PMC7345678 DOI: 10.3390/medicines7060033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), can be associated with several extra-intestinal manifestations requiring a multidisciplinary management both in terms of work-up and therapy. Oral lesions are common in patients with IBD, with a prevalence ranging from 5% to 50%. These can represent an oral location of IBD as well as a side-effect of drugs used to treat the intestinal disease. Oral manifestations, occurring in patients with IBD, can be divided in nonmalignant, specific, and non-specific ones, and malignant lesions. While there is undoubtedly a need to search for an IBD in patients with oral lesions associated with intestinal symptoms, the work-up of those with an exclusive oral lesion should be personalized. Fecal calprotectin is a non-invasive marker of intestinal inflammation and may be used to select which patients need to undergo endoscopic examination, thereby avoiding unnecessary investigations. The pharmacological armamentarium to treat oral lesions associated with IBD includes topical or systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents, and biologic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvaggia Brigo
- Bow Lane Dental Group, St George’s Hospital, Bupa Dental Care, London SW17 0QT, UK;
| | - Michela Mangia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Giorgio Maria Saracco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (G.M.S.)
| | - Marco Astegiano
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Rinaldo Pellicano
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.A.); (R.P.)
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Botelho J, Machado V, Proença L, Delgado AS, Mendes JJ. Vitamin D Deficiency and Oral Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1471. [PMID: 32438644 PMCID: PMC7285165 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) levels have been gaining growing attention in Oral Health. During growth and adulthood, VD deficiency (VDD) is associated with a wide variety of oral health disorders, and impaired VD synthesis may expedite some of these conditions. In children, severe VDD can induce defective tooth mineralization, resulting in dentin and enamel defects. As a consequence, these defects may increase the risk of the onset and progression of dental caries. Further, VDD has been associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis and gingival inflammation, and several recent preclinical and clinical studies have unveiled potential pathways through which Vitamin D may interact with the periodontium. VDD correction through supplementation may contribute to a successful treatment of periodontitis; however, alveolar bone regeneration procedures performed in baseline VDD patients seem more prone to failure. Vitamin D may also be linked with some oral pathology entities such as certain oral cancers and events of osteonecrosis of the jaw. This review aims to provide comprehensive evidence of how VD levels should be considered to promote good oral health, and to summarize how VDD may hamper oral development and its role in certain oral conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Botelho
- Periodontology Department, Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal;
- CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal; (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
| | - Vanessa Machado
- Periodontology Department, Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal;
- CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal; (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
- Orthodontics Department, CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - Luís Proença
- Quantitative Methods for Health Research Unit (MQIS), CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal;
| | - Ana Sintra Delgado
- CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal; (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
- Orthodontics Department, CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz–Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal
| | - José João Mendes
- CRU, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, 2829-511 Caparica, Almada, Portugal; (A.S.D.); (J.J.M.)
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Zhou F, Zhou Y, Shi J. The association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and dental caries in US adults. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1537-1547. [PMID: 32304260 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration is independently associated with dental caries among adults in the United States. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This investigation was a cross-sectional study. A total of 4,244 participants (aged 20-80 years) were enrolled through the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was categorized into four groups based on previous studies: normal (≥75 nmol/ml), insufficient (50-74.9 nmol/ml), deficient (25-49.9 nmol/ml), and severely deficient (<25 nmol/ml). The dependent and independent variables included dental caries and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, respectively. The data were analyzed using univariate analyses, multivariable-adjusted analyses, and subgroup analyses. RESULTS The fully adjusted model showed that 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were negatively associated with dental caries after adjusting for the confounders (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98). Compared with the normal group, the likelihood of dental caries was 2.48, 1.29, and 1.43 times higher in the severely deficient, deficient, and insufficient groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are significantly associated with the occurrence of dental caries among US adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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34
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Silva MJ, Riggs E, Kilpatrick NM. Getting ahead of the oral health game: it starts before we're born? Aust Dent J 2020; 64 Suppl 1:S4-S9. [PMID: 31144325 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting individuals of all ages. Caries in the primary dentition is one of the main risk factors for caries in the permanent dentition. Preventing the development of the first carious lesion is fundamental not only to long term health and wellbeing but to reducing the burden of this disease on individuals, families and the community. Described as the developmental origins of health and disease, events from the prenatal period are increasingly recognised as having a significant impact on later health outcomes. While social and behavioural factors from this period have long been linked with oral health, emerging evidence of the influence of epigenetics and early life programming of microbiome and host response suggests that the prenatal period provides a timely opportunity for preventive interventions. Pregnancy is an ideal time to focus on health promoting activities as most women have regular interaction with health care professionals who can target risk factors before the onset of disease. This paper summarizes contemporary understanding of the role of pre- and perinatal factors on child oral health and describes how this evidence might be used by all health professionals to ensure infants start life ahead in the oral health game.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Silva
- Facial Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Inflammatory Origins, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Riggs
- Intergenerational Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - N M Kilpatrick
- Facial Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Aribam VG, Aswath N, Ramanathan A. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in Vitamin D receptor gene and its association with dental caries in children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2020; 38:8-13. [PMID: 32174623 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_222_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though factors such as diet, oral hygiene, salivary flow and surface characteristics of the tooth enamel play a role in the causation of dental caries, genetic factors also contribute significantly in influencing the susceptibility or resistanance to the occurrence of caries. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To analyse the relationship between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the vitamin D receptor gene TaqI locus and associate its presence with dental caries in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case control study was conducted among 120 children in the age group of 6-12 years. 60 cases with a DMFT of >3 and 60 controls with a DMFT of 0 were selected. Genomic DNA was extracted from salivary samples collected from the patients and presence of polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-RFLP. RESULTS Pearson chi square test and Fisher exact tests were used for comparison of differences in genotypes or allele frequencies between groups. No significant difference between the cases and control was observed among the different genotypes and the alleles. However, there was an inclination in the incidence of caries with the genotype 'tt' and 'Tt' when compared with the genotype'TT'. CONCLUSION In this study done to analyse the SNP in vitamin D receptor gene and its association with dental caries in children indicates a higher caries risk for a patient with't' allele and 'tt' genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Guru Aribam
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nalini Aswath
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Department of Human Genetics Research Laboratory, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Silva-Sousa AC, Mazzi-Chaves JF, Freitas JV, Salles AG, Segato RABDS, Silva LABD, Antunes LAA, Antunes LS, Baratto-Filho F, Sousa-Neto MD, Küchler EC. Association between Estrogen, Vitamin D and Microrna17 Gene Polymorphisms and Periapical Lesions. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:19-24. [DOI: 10.1590/0103-644020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study evaluated the association between polymorphisms in genes encoding estrogen receptors 1 (ESR1) and 2 (ESR2), vitamin D receptor (VDR) and in microRNA17 (which binds to ESR1 and VDR) with persistent apical periodontitis (PAP) after the endodontic treatment. We included 162 patients who completed endodontic treatment at least one year ago and presented apical periodontitis at the beginning of the root canal therapy. Clinical and radiographic exams were performed to evaluate the presence of PAP or healthy periradicular tissues (healed). Saliva samples were collected as a genomic DNA. The genotyping of ESR1 (rs2234693 and rs9340799), ESR2 (rs1256049 and rs4986938), VDR (rs739837 and rs2228570) and miRNA17 (rs4284505) were performed by real-time PCR. Chi-square test was used to the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies. Haplotype analysis was also performed. Eighty-nine patients were included in the “healed” group and 73 in the “PAP” group. No association was found between the allelic and genotypic polymorphisms studied and PAP (p>0.05). Haplotype analysis also did not demonstrated an association (p>0.05). In conclusion, the genetic polymorphisms in ESR1, ESR2, VDR and miRNA17 are not associated with PAP.
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Nørrisgaard PE, Haubek D, Kühnisch J, Chawes BL, Stokholm J, Bønnelykke K, Bisgaard H. Association of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy With the Risk of Enamel Defects in Offspring: A 6-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2019; 173:924-930. [PMID: 31381020 PMCID: PMC6686764 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enamel defects of developmental origin affect up to 38% of schoolchildren and is recognized as a global public health challenge. The impaired enamel formation results in pain owing to hypersensitivity, posteruptive breakdowns, rapid caries progression, and extractions in some cases. The etiology is unknown; therefore, prevention is currently not possible. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of a high-dose vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women with enamel defects and caries in their offspring. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Post hoc analysis of a double-blind, single-center, randomized clinical trial, the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 cohort (COPSAC2010). Enrollment began March 2009 and included 623 women recruited at 24 weeks of pregnancy and 588 of their children. A dental examination was completed at age 6 years in 496 of 588 children (84%). Data were analyzed in 2018. INTERVENTION High-dose vitamin D3 (2400 IU/d; N = 315) or matching placebo tablets (N = 308) from pregnancy week 24 to 1 week post partum. In addition, all women received 400 IU/d of vitamin D3 as part of standard care. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Enamel defect was defined as having at least 1 molar affected by demarcated opacity, enamel breakdown, and/or atypical restoration. Caries was defined as decayed, missing, or filled surfaces in both the deciduous and permanent dentitions (World Health Organization standard). RESULTS The risk of enamel defects in the permanent dentition was lower in the offspring of mothers who received high-dose vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy compared with standard dose (15.1% [n = 26 of 172] vs 27.5% [n = 44 of 160]; odds ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.27-0.81). A similar association was observed for the deciduous dentition (8.6% [n = 21 of 244] vs 15.9% [n = 40 of 252]; odds ratio, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.28-0.87). There was no association between supplementation and caries. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE High-dose vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy was associated with approximately 50% reduced odds of enamel defects in the offspring. This suggests prenatal vitamin D supplementation as a preventive intervention for enamel defects, with a clinically important association with dental health. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00856947.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Elisabeth Nørrisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Dorte Haubek
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Kühnisch
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Bo Lund Chawes
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jakob Stokholm
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark,Department of Pediatrics, Naestved Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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Lauritano D, Boccalari E, Di Stasio D, Della Vella F, Carinci F, Lucchese A, Petruzzi M. Prevalence of Oral Lesions and Correlation with Intestinal Symptoms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9030077. [PMID: 31311171 PMCID: PMC6787704 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9030077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Extra-intestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are widely studied. Oral manifestations are manifold, miscellaneous, and hardly detected by general practitioners and gastroenterologists. Objectives: The main purpose of this systematic review is to find all the possible correlations between inflammatory bowel disease and the oral cavity in order to underline the importance of multidisciplinary cooperation with dental care providers, and to secure better treatments for patients. Materials and methods: Articles were searched up to June 2019 through Ebsco’s, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases. The search terms included IBD, oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, oral manifestations of Crohn’s disease or Ulcerative colitis, an extra-intestinal manifestation of IBD, oral Crohn’s disease, and paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Discussion: The prevalence of the oral manifestation of IBD ranges from 0.7% to 37% in adults and from about 7% to 23% in children. They can be divided into specific manifestations (cobblestoning mucosa, mucosal tags, cheilitis granulomatosa, pyostomatitis vegetans) and nonspecific manifestations (halitosis, dysphagia, aphthous ulcerations, deep oral fissuring, cheilitis angularis, taste changes, lichen planus). Moreover, the link between IBD and the higher prevalence of dental caries and periodontitis have also been studied. Conclusions: The presence of oral manifestations that precede or follow intestinal symptoms of IBD, must be taken into serious consideration from both gastroenterologists and dentists in order to allow for early diagnosis and improve patients’ quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Lauritano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centre of Neuroscience of Milan, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Elisa Boccalari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centre of Neuroscience of Milan, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Di Stasio
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fedora Della Vella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberta Lucchese
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania-Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Petruzzi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
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Almoudi MM, Hussein AS, Abu Hassan MI, Schroth RJ. Dental caries and vitamin D status in children in Asia. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:327-338. [PMID: 30740822 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries and vitamin D inadequacy are known to affect children worldwide. Vitamin D has a vital role in tooth formation. There is growing evidence linking suboptimal serum vitamin D level with dental caries in children. This paper reviews the literature on both the prevalence of dental caries and of vitamin D deficiency in children in four Asian regions, discusses their associated risk factors, and reviews the global evidence on the association between dental caries and vitamin D in children. Caries prevalence in children ranged from 40% to 97% in Eastern Asia, 38-73.7% in Southern Asia, and 26.5-74.7% in Western Asian countries. Moreover, a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Asian children was identified, even in countries in equatorial regions, ranging from 2.8% to 65.3% in Eastern Asia, 5-66.7% in Southern Asia, 4-45.5% in Western Asia and 38.1-78.7% in Central Asian countries. Obesity, age, female gender, higher latitude, season, darker skin pigmentation, sunlight protection behaviors, less sunlight exposure and low intake of food containing vitamin D were important factors associated with lower serum vitamin D in Asia. Suboptimal vitamin D level in children may be a significant risk factor for dental caries, and requires further research to ascertain such an association in children in Asia, as well as to understand its exact influence on caries risk and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Mohamed Almoudi
- Centre of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alaa Sabah Hussein
- Centre of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Abu Hassan
- Centre of Restorative Dentistry Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Robert J Schroth
- Department of Preventive Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Singleton R, Day G, Thomas T, Schroth R, Klejka J, Lenaker D, Berner J. Association of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency with Early Childhood Caries. J Dent Res 2019; 98:549-555. [PMID: 30870599 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519834518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alaska Native (AN) children experience one of the highest reported rates of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). Serum vitamin D concentrations in AN childbearing women in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) region have decreased since the 1960s to currently low levels, related to a decrease in traditional marine diet. Recent studies suggest an association between prenatal vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in mothers and S-ECC in their infants. We used independent t tests to analyze the influence of prenatal 25(OH)D levels in YKD AN mothers on S-ECC in their children using data collected in the Maternal Organics Monitoring Study (MOMS). Maternal 25(OH)D levels were assessed at prenatal visits and in cord blood. We queried electronic dental records to assess early childhood caries (ECC) status using highest decayed, missing, filled, primary teeth (dmft) scores at 12 to 59 mo of age. We examined prenatal and cord blood for 76 and 57 mother/infant pairs, respectively. Children 12 to 35 mo of age with "deficient" cord blood (25(OH)D <30 nmol/L) had a mean dmft score twice as high as children who were "nondeficient" at birth (9.3 vs. 4.7; P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in mean dmft scores for children aged 36 to 59 mo with deficient versus nondeficient cord blood 25(OH)D (10.9 vs. 8.7 P = 0.14). There was no significant difference in mean dmft scores for children aged 12 to 35 mo whose mothers had "sufficient" versus "insufficient" 25(OH)D during prenatal visits (9.0 vs. 7.4; P = 0.48). In this small sample, children with deficient vitamin D levels in cord blood had a dmft score at 12 to 35 mo 2-fold higher than children with nondeficient cord blood. Maternal 25(OH)D may influence the primary dentition, and improving vitamin D status in pregnant women might affect ECC rates in their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singleton
- 1 Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - G Day
- 1 Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - T Thomas
- 1 Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - R Schroth
- 2 University of Manitoba, Dr. Gerald Niznick College of Dentistry, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - J Klejka
- 3 Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corporation, Bethel, AK, USA
| | - D Lenaker
- 4 Southeast Alaska Regional Health Consortium, Sitka, AK, USA
| | - J Berner
- 1 Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK, USA
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Abstract
Vitamin D, traditionally well known for its role in maintaining optimal health through its contribution to calcium metabolism and skeletal health, has received increased attention over the past two decades, with considerable focus being placed on its nonskeletal benefits. This paper is a narrative review of the nonskeletal health benefits of vitamin D, of particular interest to inhabitants of Mediterranean countries, namely, autism, cancer, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dental caries, diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, respiratory tract infections, all-cause mortality, and pregnancy and birth outcomes, because of the relatively high incidence and/or prevalence of these disorders in this region. Currently, the best evidence is coming out of observational studies related to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations. Vitamin D clinical trials have generally been poorly designed and conducted, usually being based on vitamin D dose rather than 25(OH)D concentration. The optimal 25(OH)D concentration is above 75 nmol/l (30 ng/ml), with even better health outcomes in the range of 100-150 nmol/l. Achieving these concentrations with vitamin D3 supplements will require 1000-4000 IU/day of vitamin D3. Sensible sun exposure should also be encouraged. Countries should also consider fortifying grain and dairy products with vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA, 94164-1603, USA.
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42
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Wójcik D, Szalewski L, Pietryka-Michałowska E, Borowicz J, Pels E, Beń-Skowronek I. Vitamin D 3 and Dental Caries in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:2172137. [PMID: 30804998 PMCID: PMC6360574 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2172137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a common risk factor for multifactorial diseases, and it seems to be associated with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Vitamin D could prevent dental caries. The goal of this study was to identify whether there is an association between hormonal therapy with growth hormone (GH), vitamin D3 supplementation, vitamin D3 levels, and the occurrence of caries among children affected by GHD. The study group consisted of patients from the Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology of the University Paediatric Hospital at the Medical University of Lublin treated with recombinant human GH for pituitary GHD. It was conducted between October 2014 and June 2015. The study group included 121 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years, with 56 children from rural areas and 65 from urban areas. The study group was stratified by the area of residence. We found the statistically significant impact of vitamin D3 concentration on the average value of the DMFT (decayed, missed, and filled teeth) index and its component-DT (decayed teeth), which was noted in subjects from rural areas. Among patients from urban areas, we found a statistically significant correlation between duration of therapy and the DMFT index. An increase in duration of GH therapy by 10 months leads to a mean increase in DMFT index by 0.70. Based on multiple regression analysis, we developed the following model: value of DT = 3.10 - 0.73∗category of vitamin D3 concentration - 0.07∗duration of supplementation (in months). In this model, variables with a significant impact on the value of DT in the group of patients from rural areas include time of vitamin D3 supplementation and category of vitamin D3 concentration. Greater emphasis should be placed on promoting vitamin D3 as a potentially effective agent reducing the number of dental caries, especially among patients with GHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wójcik
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Leszek Szalewski
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Borowicz
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pels
- Chair and Department of Paedodontics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Beń-Skowronek
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology with Endocrine-Metabolic Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
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Akinkugbe AA, Moreno O, Brickhouse TH. Serum cotinine, vitamin D exposure levels and dental caries experience in U.S. adolescents. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2018; 47:185-192. [PMID: 30537281 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiologic studies of risk and protective factors for poor oral health have mostly been among children and adults, seldom focusing on adolescents. The aims of this study were to examine whether serum cotinine, a marker of tobacco exposure, and serum vitamin D are independently associated with dental caries experience among adolescents. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 2579 adolescent participants in the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey were analysed. The exposures, cotinine and vitamin D, were measured in serum while dental caries experience was determined by screening examination, and a case defined as having ≥1 decayed or filled teeth. Survey-adjusted logistic regression estimated prevalence odds ratios (POR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between the respective exposures and outcome. RESULTS The overall median (IQR) serum cotinine level was 0.15 ng/mL (0.04, 1.80) while the mean (SE) serum vitamin D concentration was 68.2 nmol/L (1.36). In contrast to participants with serum cotinine ≤3 ng/L, those with levels >3 ng/L had covariate-adjusted estimate of 1.69 (1.16, 2.47) for caries experience. Each additional mean (ng/L) serum cotinine level was associated with an 8% (95% CI = 1.01, 1.16) greater adjusted prevalence odds of having caries experience. In contrast to participants with vitamin D ≥ 50 nmol/L, those with levels of30- < 50 nmol/L and <30 nmol/L had non-statistically significant adjusted estimates of 1.02 (0.72, 1.44) and 1.23 (0.70, 2.16) respectively for caries experience. CONCLUSIONS Serum cotinine is associated with dental caries experience among adolescents and while deficient (<30 nmol/L) levels of vitamin D appear to be associated with greater prevalence odds of caries experience, this association is inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderonke A Akinkugbe
- Oral Health Services Research Core, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Oral Health in Childhood and Adolescence Core of the Institute for inquiry, Innovation and Inclusion, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Oswaldo Moreno
- Oral Health in Childhood and Adolescence Core of the Institute for inquiry, Innovation and Inclusion, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Tegwyn H Brickhouse
- Oral Health Services Research Core, Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Oral Health in Childhood and Adolescence Core of the Institute for inquiry, Innovation and Inclusion, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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44
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S Dhull K, Verma T, Dutta B. Prevalence of Deleterious Oral Habits among 3- to 5-year-old Preschool Children in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 11:210-213. [PMID: 30131643 PMCID: PMC6102427 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Oral habits during and beyond preschool age are one of the important etiological factors in developing malocclusion and other ill effects on orofacial structures. The objective of the present study was to know the prevalence of deleterious oral habits among 3- to 5-year-old preschool children in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among preschool children, in the age group of 3 to 5 years in the city of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. To carry out this study, six private schools, two from each of the three electoral constituency, were selected using cluster sampling technique. A total of 500 students, studying in LKG and UKG and their respective mothers/caregivers were selected for the study as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Prevalence of different oral habits in children was calculated from the data obtained. Using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 17.0 software, Chi-square test was applied to compare the differences present between boys and girls and their significant values (p < 0.05). Results The result of this study showed a high prevalence of oral habits (36%) among preschool children in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Lip biting was found to be the most prevalent habit (13.4%), followed closely by thumb sucking (12.8%), bruxism (12.8%), and mouth breathing (11%). Conclusion The study revealed a great dearth of a well-established dental education program for preschool children as well as their parents, caretakers, teachers, and pediatricians in order to provide an effective and timely care to the children. How to cite this article: Dhull KS, Verma T, Dutta B. Prevalence of Deleterious Oral Habits among 3- to 5-year-old Preschool Children in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):210-213.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika S Dhull
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Odisha, India
| | - Tulika Verma
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Odisha, India
| | - Brahmananda Dutta
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar Odisha, India
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Malhotra R, Gandhi K, Kumar D, Ahuja S, Kapoor R, Sahni A. A Comparative Study to evaluate Parent's Ability to assess Dental Fear in their 6- to 10-year-old Children using Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 11:205-209. [PMID: 30131642 PMCID: PMC6102428 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Parental presence often provides unique challenge in dental operatory and is directly related to the quality dental treatment. The present study was done to investigate parent's ability to assess dental anxiety of their 6- to 10-year-old child and to determine how parent's and children's fear assessments correlate with each other. Materials and methods Prior to dental treatment, 94 child-parent combinations were included to complete Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) questionnaire, and Frankl score was assigned to children during treatment by operator. Results Mean dental anxiety score reported by the children was 27.74, whereas by their parents was 39.64. There was a poor consistency of parents to predict their child dental fear (p < 0.05). Parents reported higher dental fear for their children. Conclusion Parents assessment of their child's fear may vary in accordance to factors, including their own dental fear. Such input may prevent dentists from establishing an accurate association with the child's patient.How to cite this article: Malhotra R, Gandhi K, Kumar D, Ahuja S, Kapoor R, Sahni A. A Comparative Study to evaluate Parent's Ability to assess Dental Fear in their 6- to 10-year-old Children using Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):205-209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Malhotra
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kapil Gandhi
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipanshu Kumar
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shilpa Ahuja
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabh Kapoor
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anchal Sahni
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics, Inderprastha Dental College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chaturvedi Y, Chaturvedy S, Marwah N, Chaturvedi S, Agarwal S, Agarwal N. Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase-Biomarkers of Stress in Children undergoing Extraction: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 11:214-218. [PMID: 30131644 PMCID: PMC6102441 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The anxiety of dental procedure evokes physiological response in the human body similar to fear. The level of cortisol and alpha-amylase in saliva can be considered as one of the major biomarkers of stress and anxiety. Our study was aimed to correlate the stress and anxiety with the levels of salivary cortisol (SC) and salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) in patients undergoing routine dental extraction. Materials and methods The levels of SC and SAA were assessed pre- and postextraction in the salivary samples of 20 children. Results The values of cortisol and alpha-amylase showed a significant increase postextraction. Conclusion Salivary cortisol and SAA can be considered an important and noninvasive tool for assessment of anxiety, such as dental extraction, in children. Clinical significance Increase in the stress levels of a child in the dental operatory procedures like tooth extraction suggests the use of some behavior modification and shaping techniques by dentists to overcome the anxiety of the child before commencement of the procedure. This can aid in better cooperation of the child during treatment as well as helps in internal motivation toward future dental treatment. How to cite this article: Chaturvedi Y, Chaturvedy S, Marwah N, Chaturvedi S, Agarwal S, Agarwal N. Salivary Cortisol and Alpha-amylase—Biomarkers of Stress in Children undergoing Extraction: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 11(3):214-218.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Chaturvedi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Shefali Chaturvedy
- Reader, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Nikhil Marwah
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Saurabh Chaturvedi
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Government Dental College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Swati Agarwal
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Neha Agarwal
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Mahatma Gandhi Dental College & Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan India
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Bae JH, Obounou BWO. Presence of Dental Caries Is Associated with Food Insecurity and Frequency of Breakfast Consumption in Korean Children and Adolescents. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2018; 23:94-101. [PMID: 30018886 PMCID: PMC6047872 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2018.23.2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries remains one of the most common chronic diseases affecting children worldwide with a multi-factorial etiology. The objective of the study was to evaluate the association between socioeconomic status (SES), dietary intake, food insecurity (FI), and dental caries in Korean children and adolescents. The study utilized data from the 2-year Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted with 1,559 Korean boys and 1,391 girls aged 2 to 18 years from 2012 to 2013. Fathers' education (P=0.017), mothers' education (P<0.001), and household income (P=0.049) were all significantly associated with dental caries among Korean boys. As for dietary practices, both eating breakfast (P<0.001) and frequency of eating out (P<0.001) were strongly associated with dental caries (P<0.001). Three models of FI were used and no differences were found regarding genders. In model 3, both food insecure male [odds ratio (OR)=1.682, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.999~2.832] and female (OR=1.900, 95% CI: 1.094~3.299) subjects had higher odds of developing dental caries than food secure subjects after adjusting the confounding factors. The present study showed a strong association between FI mediated by SES and dental caries. Nutrition education programs targeting low-socioeconomic families are necessary as a tool to prevent dental caries in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Bae
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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48
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Chhonkar A, Gupta A, Arya V. Comparison of Vitamin D Level of Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries and Children with No Caries. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 11:199-204. [PMID: 30131641 PMCID: PMC6102444 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To compare the levels of vitamin D in children with severe early childhood caries (SECC) and children without caries and to determine the association of vitamin D deficiency and SECC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 children each from case (with caries) and control group (without caries) of age between 3 and 6 years were selected from the Department of Pedo-dontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram. Caries status of the children was recorded using decayed, extracted, and filled teeth (deft) index. Blood samples for serum 25(OH) vitamin D were taken from each child. All the data collected were compiled and subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. RESULTS Case group has mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D level of 12.19 ng/mL [4.37 standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval of 10.5-13.8] and control group has mean serum 25(OH) vitamin D level of 20.11 ng/mL (4.12 SD, 95% confidence interval of 18.56-21.65). When the mean levels of serum 25(OH) vitamin D were compared between case and control groups, there was a statistically significant difference (p-value <0.0001). Simple linear regression in case group shows statistically significant inverse correlation between vitamin D levels and SECC (p-value<0.0001). CONCLUSION Our results showed that vitamin D deficiency is risk factor both for incidence of dental caries and for its severity in children. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Vitamin D deficiency is an important modifiable risk factor for dental caries in children. Hence, by supplementing vitamin D in children and preventing the deficiency of vitamin D, dental caries can be prevented.How to cite this article: Chhonkar A, Gupta A, Arya V. Comparison of Vitamin D Level of Children with Severe Early Childhood Caries and Children with No Caries. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(3):199-204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchal Chhonkar
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary Dental College Hospital & Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Gupta
- Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana India
| | - Vishal Arya
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, Haryana India
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Abstract
We focus on scalable public health interventions that prevent and delay the development of caries and enhance resistance to dental caries lesions. These interventions should occur throughout the life cycle, and need to be age appropriate. Mitigating disease transmission and enhancing resistance are achieved through use of various fluorides, sugar substitutes, mechanical barriers such as pit-and-fissure sealants, and antimicrobials. A key aspect is counseling and other behavioral interventions that are designed to promote use of disease transmission-inhibiting and tooth resistance-enhancing agents. Advocacy for public water fluoridation and sugar taxes is an appropriate dental public health activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Horst
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, QB3 Room 404, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jason M Tanzer
- Section on Oral Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Peter M Milgrom
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Box 357475, Seattle, WA 98195-7475, USA.
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50
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Kim IJ, Lee HS, Ju HJ, Na JY, Oh HW. A cross-sectional study on the association between vitamin D levels and caries in the permanent dentition of Korean children. BMC Oral Health 2018. [PMID: 29534753 PMCID: PMC5851071 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent study in Canada reported that vitamin D deficiency is associated with dental caries. Because Koreans have been reported to be deficient in vitamin D, we investigated the relationship between dental caries and reduced serum vitamin D levels in Korean children. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between blood vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and dental caries in the permanent dentition of Korean children. Methods Data were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey performed in 2008–2013. A total of 1688 children (10–12 years of age) were enrolled. Vitamin D intake was measured through analysis of 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Caries experience in permanent dentition was assessed using the decay-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) index and decayed-missing-filled (DMF) rate. Statistical analyses included complex samples Chi-square tests, complex samples logistic regression analyses, and Pearson’s correlations. Results The group with 25(OH) D levels lower than 50 nmol/L had a higher proportion of children with caries in the permanent dentition and permanent first molar than the group with 25(OH)D levels of 50 nmol/L or more. When external factors, such as sex, were controlled, 25(OH)D levels were not significantly correlated with caries, but were significantly correlated with first molar caries. Children with 25(OH)D levels lower than 50 nmol/L were 1.295 times more likely to have first molar caries than those with 25(OH)D levels of 50 nmol/L or more. Additionally, 25(OH)D levels and DMFT were negatively correlated; however, the degree of correlation was not strong. Conclusions The association between 25(OH)D and dental caries is still not clear. However, our findings suggested that vitamin D insufficiency may be a risk factor for dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ja Kim
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Wonkwang University, #460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Soo Lee
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Wonkwang University, #460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.,WBMI and Institute of Wonkwang Dental Research, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, #460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ju
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Wonkwang University, #460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Young Na
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Wonkwang University, #460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Won Oh
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Wonkwang University, #460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea. .,WBMI and Institute of Wonkwang Dental Research, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, #460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea.
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